chapter2(1)习题

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国际商务谈判 Chapter 2

国际商务谈判 Chapter 2
International Business Negotiations
Chapter 2
Preparation for Negotiation
Lubrication
Preparation Every negotiation requires preparation. The preparation work functions, in a sense, as lubrication on either regular or an ad hoc basis.
1. The desirable target
is what negotiators wish to attain but in reality rarely reach. It serves two purposes in negotiations: A. setting a potential goal for negotiators to strive for; B. leaving room for bargaining in negotiations.
1. lack of sensitivity to differences in culture, consumer tastes, and market demands. 2. limited appreciation for the different environment abroad. Due to pressure to satisfy short-term financial goal, they are unwilling to spend money to find out about the differences.
3. The bottom target

chapter2-热力学第一定律

chapter2-热力学第一定律

chapter2-热力学第一定律例题2-1 一个装有2kg 工质的闭口系经历如下过程:过程中系统散热25kJ ,外界对系统做功100kJ ,比热力学能减少15kJ/kg ,并且整个系统被举高1000m 。

试确定过程中系统动能的变化。

解 由于需要考虑闭口系统动能及位能的变化,所以应用第一定律的一般表达式(2-7b ),即2f12Q U m c mg z W =∆+∆+∆+ 于是 2f1KE 2m cQ W U mg z∆=∆=--∆-∆(25kJ)(100kJ)(2kg)(15kJ/k g)=----- 2-3(2kg)(9.8m/s )(1000m 10)-⨯⨯ =+85.4kJ结果说明系统动能增加了85.4kJ 。

讨论(1) 能量方程中的Q ,W ,是代数符号,在代入数值时,要注意按规定的正负号含义代入。

U ∆,mg z ∆及2f12m c ∆表示增量,若过程中它们减少应代负值。

(2) 注意方程中每项量纲的一致,为此mg z∆项应乘以310-。

例题2-2 一活塞汽缸设备内装有5kg 的水蒸气,由初态的比热力学能12709.0kJ/kgu =,膨胀到22659.6kJ/kgu=,过程中加给水蒸气的热量为 80kJ ,通过搅拌器的轴输入系统18.5kJ 的轴功。

若系统无动能、位能的变化,试求通过活塞所做的功解 依题意画出设备简图,并对系统与外界的相互作用加以分析。

如图2-4所示,这是一闭口系,所以能量方程为Q U W =∆+方程中是总功,应包括搅拌器的轴功和活塞膨胀功,则能量方程为paddlepistonQ U W W =∆++ psitonpaddle 21()WQ W m u u =---(+80kJ)(18.5kJ)(5kg)(2659.62709.9)kJ/kg=----350kJ=+讨论(1) 求出的活塞功为正值,说明系统通过活塞膨胀对外做功。

(2) 我们提出膨胀功12d W p V=⎰,此题中因不知道p V -过程中的变化情况,因此无法用此式计算pistonW(3) 此题的能量收支平衡列于表2-3中。

管理学第十一版Chapter2 (1)

管理学第十一版Chapter2 (1)

Chapter2Management Yesterday and Today Historical Background of Management Ancient Management(古代的管理)Egypt (pyramids) and China (Great Wall)Venetians (floating warship assembly lines)Adam Smith(亚当.斯密)Published “The Wealth of Nations” in 1776 Advocated the division of labor (job specialization) to increase the productivity of workers提倡劳动分工(工作专业化)以提高劳动者的劳动生产率Industrial Revolution(工业革命)Substituted machine power for human laborCreated large organizations in need of management创建出需要管理的大型组织Development of Major Management Theories主要管理理论的发展古典方法Scientific Management(科学管理)General Administrative Theory(一般行政管理)定量方法Quantitative Management(定量管理)行为方法Organizational Behavior(组织行为)当代方法Systems Approach(系统方法)Contingency Approach(情境方法)1.Scientific Management科学管理Fredrick Winslow Taylor弗雷德里克·温斯洛·泰勒——The “father” of scientific management科学管理理论之父Published Principles of Scientific Management《科学管理原理》(1911)The theory of scientific managementUsing scientific methods to define the “one best way” for a job to be done:用科学的方法来定义一种完成工作的“最佳方法”:1.Putting the right person on the job with the correct tools and equipment.把使用合适的工具和设备的人放在合适的工作上。

国际商务英语Chapter 2-1

国际商务英语Chapter 2-1


quasi-pubic 半公有公司
quasi a combining form meaning ―resembling,‖ ―having some, but not all of the features of,‖ used in the formation of compound words: quasi-definition; quasi-monopoly; quasi-official; quasi-scientific. 1. He was a quasi actor. 他有点象演员。 2. In some people's view, TV series is a kind of quasiart. 在某些人看来,电视连续剧是一种准艺术。

1. proprietorship — 所有权 2. stockholder — 股东,持股人 3. partnership — 合伙企业 4. entity — 实体 5. bankruptcy — 破产 6. joint-stock company — 合股公司 7. dividend —红利,股息 8. bylaw — 附则,细则 9. treasurer — 司库,财务长 10. comptroller —主计长,总会计师
tort: n. 侵权行为 a wrongful act, not including a breach of contract or trust, that results in injury to another's person, property, reputation, or the like, and for which the injured party is entitled to compensation.

Chapter 2 Advantage of International Trade (1)

Chapter 2 Advantage of International Trade (1)

Answer
Difference:
Different supposed conditions absolute advantage: one country has an absolute cost advantage (that is, it can produce goods using fewer resources) in the production of one product, whereas the other country has absolute cost advantage in the other product. comparative advantage: one country has comparative advantage in production of goods A relative to its goods B, whereas the other country has comparative advantage in the production of goods B relative to its goods A.
(3) Illustration of the principle of comparative advantage (p284-285) (p284-
Question2: Try to compare absolute advantage with comparative advantage.
Exercise
proficient; trace; divert; sacrifice; devote
1.The location of the majority of industries today can be traced back to the distribution of fuel and power, raw materials and particular skills. 2.A nation with coal resources near the surface will need to devote smaller amounts of labor per ton to exploitation than a nation with coal resources at great depths. 3.Man should concentrate his efforts on the production of the goods in which he was particularly proficient and leave others to produce the goods that called for skills which he did not possess. 4.France should divert the labor from wine to textiles, which it can make more benefits with smaller sacrifices. sacrifices.

深圳牛津英语七年级下册Chapter2课文语言点解析及练习题

深圳牛津英语七年级下册Chapter2课文语言点解析及练习题

Chapter2 protecting our environment一、课文重点语言点1.Pollution means.... making things dirty and unhealthy.Make的用法:★重点▲ make sth.\sb. + adj. 使...处于某种状态,如:the good news made me happy.▲做使役动词:make/let/ have sb.do sth. 使某人做某事(使役动词后接动词原形),如:The boss made his workers work 15 hours a day.Don't let him do the job.2. The best-known flowers in ....these sweet-smelling flowers are known as the flowers of Shenzhen city.▲best-known 最有名的(well-known的最高级well-known=famous著名的)▲be know n as=be famous as 作为...而著名be known for= be famous for 因为....而著名3.Trees give out harmful gases. ★重点▲give out ①发出光、热、气味等,如:the sun gives out light and heat. ②分发he gave out all his money to the poor. ③被耗尽,用光:our food has given out▲拓展和give 相关的词组:give off= give out, give up doing放弃,停止做某事4.Trees can pass information to one another.▲pass sb. sth. = pass sth. to sb. 向某人传递某物如:Pass me the book.=Pass the book to me.▲可接双宾的还有give, buy, show, offer, provide,bring等词▲ one another和each other:都表示“互相”,可通用。

合成化学Chapter 2-1

合成化学Chapter 2-1

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Example 3 在合成中的应用
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5. 芳环的烷基化反应(Alkylation of aromatic compounds) 1)芳基卤化物与烯醇盐的反应 (Reactions of aromatic halide with enolates)
Example
Mechanism
36
关键是要有形成苯炔的条件。
此类化合物比较活泼,一般用乙醇钠等中强。
Eg:
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应用一 :制备取代丙酮(甲基酮)类化合物
单取代丙酮
二取代丙酮
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应用二 :制备螺环化合物
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3. 选择性 (Selectivity)
3.1 Chemoselectivity (C-alkylation & O-alkylation)
Example 1
5
6
7
稳定碳负离子的反应
在有机合成中的应用
烷基化反应: E = 烷化剂
缩合反应: E = 醛、酮、酯等
增长碳链
合成b-羟基羰基化合物 or ,b-不饱和羰基化合物
Michael 加成:E =
合成1,5-二羰基化合物
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烷基化反应 (alkylation)
亲电试剂 (Electrophilic reagent)为烷基时与碳负离子发生的反应。
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2)Friedel-Craft Reaction
Note: 当烷基化试剂的碳原子数在3个以上时,烷基化往往会发生异构化, 其原因是碳正离子发生重排,另外,当芳环上连有吸电子基团,烷基化 很难发生,甚至不发生。
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6、 不对称酮的选择性烷基化反应 (Selective alkylation of asymmetric ketones)

chapter2合同条款拟定(1)-品质、数量和包装

chapter2合同条款拟定(1)-品质、数量和包装

❖ 皮蛋按重量、大小分为套、 排、特、顶、大五级。
❖ 其中套为每千只重量大于
75公斤,每减少5公斤就
减一级。
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王志华改编
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(3)用标准(standard)表示
标准是指经政府机关或工商业团体统 一制定和公布的规格或等级。在国外, 标准除了由政府机构和国际上的标准化 组织颁布外,有的由行业公会、贸易协 会或商品交易所制定。
样品买卖,又凭规格买卖的方法成交。 ( × )
❖ 4.在合同中规定的品质机动幅度和品质公差范围
√ 2020/1内0/7 ,货物的品质差异一王志般华改编不另行增减价格。( )36
§ 2.2 商品的数量(quantity)
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❖ 《联合国国际货物销售公
约》规定,按约定的数量
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练习 判断改错
❖ 1.某外商来电要我提供芝麻一批,按含油量45%, 含水分12%,杂质3%的规格订立合同,对此,在
一般情况下,我方可以接受。 ( ×)
❖ 2.按照买方来样复制一样品供买方确认,这一样
品称为复样。 ( × )
❖ 3.在出口贸易中,为了明确责任,最好采用既凭
❖ 选用合适的品名:为降低关税、方便进
出口和节省运费开支,应选用于我方有
利的品名(虎骨木瓜酒)。
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例1 品名:东北大豆 Name of Commodity:Northeast Soybean
例2 品名:中国桐油 Name of Commodity:Chinese Tong Oil
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商务沟通chapter2习题

商务沟通chapter2习题

1.(单选题)Nonverbal signals can be more influential than spoken language becauseA.body language is difficult to control and therefore difficult to fake,so listeners often put more trust in nonverbal cues than in the words a speaker usesB.nonverbal signals communicate faster than spoken language, and most people are impatientC.body language saves listeners from the trouble of paying attention to what a speaker is sayingD.nonverbal signals are universal and work the same in every culture2.(单选题)If you are analyzing the logic behind a speaker's conclusions and recommendations,which style of listening are you using?A.Content listeningB.Defensive listeningC.Empathic listeningD.Critical listening3.(单选题)Which of the following is the best general advice about touch in the workplace?A.Touch is a complex subject best left to individual interpretationB.Other than handshakes, the best general advice forthe workplace is to avoid touching anyone under any circumstancesC.Friendly touching should be encouraged as a way to build team rapportD.Decisions about touch should be determined by cultural norms4.(单选题)Which of the following is true about nonverbal signals?A.They convey 93 percent of the information in a spoken exchangeB.They convey 7 percent of the information in a spoken exchangeC.They can convey some portion of the information in a spoken exchangeD.They always convey more than spoken language5.(单选题)Which of these is the best strategy for interpreting nonverbal signals while you are listening to someone speak in person?AUse nonverbal signals as a guide to interpretation,but don't assume anything;if you sense a disconnect between what you are seeing and what the person is saying, ask the speaker an honest and respectful question to clarifyBIf you know the person well,you can safely assume that the nonverbal signals you are seeing are more truthful than whatever the person is sayingCTrust your instincts and ability to "read someone likea book",even if that means concluding the opposite of what the person is sayingDPay particular attention to eye contact; anyone who won't look you in the eye is hiding something6.(单选题)Which of these is not one of the potential benefits identified in the Chapter 2 of unplanned,informal conversations that take place during a typical workday?AThey present rare opportunities to get a few minutes of "face time" with senior executives and other influential peopleBThey are opportunities to network with people acrossthe company and to learn more about the company and its operationsCThey are an important way to "blow off steam" so that you can release pent-up frustrations and thereby focus more effectively on your workDThey can make work more satisfying by helping youand your colleagues relate to one another on a more personal or social level7.(单选题)How should you prepare yourself for a conversation that might involve unwelcome information,such as a performance review from your boss?ARemind yourself where you stand in the corporatehierarchy; it's a waste of energy to dispute information coming from a superiorBCome armed with plenty of information to back up your positionCBolster your confidence and determination by reminding yourself of how hard you work and how much you contribute to the organizationDRemind yourself not to get defensive and to treat the conversation as an exchange of useful and important information8.(单选题)Why is it important to prepare thoroughly before having a difficult conversation?A.Preparation helps ensure that the conversation won't get sidetracked with heated arguments over detailsB.Victory in any dispute nearly always goes to the person who is better preparedC.Thorough preparation helps you ignorethe emotional element of the conversationD.You are unlikely to show intellectualdominance if you attempt to "wing it"9.(单选题)Why is it important to take the time required toidentify the true source of conflict before attempting to resolve it?A.Failing to do so leaves a company vulnerable to legal actionB.Conflict is never about what it appears to be aboutC.The apparent conflict might not be the real conflictD.It's a vital step to verify that you are not at fault。

(完整版)高级英语视听说2参考答案(1)

(完整版)高级英语视听说2参考答案(1)

Chapter 1 The PopulationI 2 populous 3 race 4 origin 5 geographical distPrelisteningB 1 census ribution6 made up of7 comprises8 relatively progressively9 Metropolitan densely 10 decreased death rate11 birth rate increasing 12 life expectancyD 1 a 18.5 mill b 80% c 1/2 d 13.4 mill e 2: 10f 4%g 1990h 40%i 3/4j 33.1%2 a3 b 1 c 2 d 5 e 4II First ListeningST1 population by race and originST2 geographical distributionST3 age and sexIII PostlisteningA 1. People’s Republic of China, India2. 281 mill3. Hispanics(12.5%)4. Texas5. the South and the West6. 20%7. by more than 5 million8. about 6 years9. 2.2 years10. a decreasing birth rate and an increasing life expectancyChapter 2: Immigration: Past and Present PRELISTENINGB. Vocabulary and Key Conceptsimmigratednatural disasters/ droughts/ faminespersecutionsettlers/ colonistsstageswidespread unemploymentscarcityexpanding/ citizensfailuredecreaselimitedquotassteadilytrendskills/ unskilledD Notetaking PreparationDates: Teens and Tens18501951The 1840sFrom 1890 to 1930Between 1750 and 18501776188213291860From approximately 1830 to 1930Language Conventions: Countries and NationalitiesThe Scandinavian countries are Swed en, Norway, and Denmark. The Southern European countries are Italy, Greece, Spain, and Portugal. The Eastern European countries are Russia and Poland.LISTENINGFirst ListeningMajor SubtopicsST1 the Great ImmigrationST2 reasons for the Great Immigration and why it endedST3 immigration situation in the United States todayPOSTLISTENINGA. Accuracy Checkcolonists or settl ersDutch, French, German, Scotch-Irish, BlacksThe third, 1890-1930Southern Europe and Eastern EuropeThe population doubled, there was wid espread unemployment, and there was a scarcity of farmlandfree land, plentiful jobs, and freed om from religious and political persecutionthe failure of the potato crop in Irelandlaws limiting immigration from certain area, the Great Depression, and World War ⅡThey are largely non-European.Industry d oesn’t need a large number of unskilled workers。

例题_Chapter2

例题_Chapter2

Chapter2数制转换:【例】:将(116.842)10转换为二进制数(截断法,保留6位小数)解:【例】: 将(233.8125)10转换为十六进制数。

解:【例】: 将(1011100.10111)2转换为八进制和十六进制数。

解:整数部分高位补0,小数部分低位补0转为八进制数:(001 011 100.101 110)2 = (134.56)8转为十六进制数:(0101 1100.1011 1000)2 = (5C.B8)16【例】:(76.12)8=(111 110.001 010)2【例】:(8E.4A)16=(1000 1110.0100 1010)2【例:】将(36.25)8转换为十六进制数。

解:带符号数的表示:【例】:设某计算机的字长为8位,采用纯整数表示。

求表中机器数在不同表示形式中对应的十进制真值。

解:注意:先判“正、负”,在求真值。

四种机器数的比较:(1) 最高位都表示符号位。

原码、反码和补码的符号位均是0表示+,1表示-,移码码相反。

(2) 移码、补码和反码的符号位可和数值位一起参加运算;原码码的符号位必须分开进行处理。

(3) 对于正数,除移码码外,其他码值都等于真值本身,而对于负数各有不同的表示。

(4) 对于真值0,原码和反码各有两种不同的表示形式,而补码和移码只有唯一的一种表示形式。

(5) 原码、反码表示的范围是一样的;补码、移码表示的范围是一样的,且比前二者能多表示一个最负的数:-2n(纯整数)或-1(纯小数)。

【例】:单项选择题已知[X1]原= 11001010,[X2]补= 11001010[X3]反= 11001010 ,则X1、X2、X3的关系是:DA)X1 >X2 >X3 B)X2 >X3 >X1C)X3 >X1 >X2 D)X3 >X2 >X1解:按照真值大小比较(写出二进制真值):X1= -(1001010)[X2]原=10110110,X2= -(0110110)[X3]原=10110101,X3= -(0110101)都是负数,绝对值大的数小。

Chapter 2 (1) 加注与释义

Chapter 2 (1) 加注与释义
第二章 翻译的技巧(一)
Annotation & Paraphrase
1. Annotation
Annotation is used in translation of some cultural terms which have no equivalent expression in another language.
Annotation
(1)音译加注(Transliteration plus 音译加注( 音译加注 annotation)(see p.20) ) 1) pizza 2) Sahara 3) AIDS 6) Jazz 7) He did it a Jordan.
New York was never Mecca to me. 纽约从不是我心中的圣地麦加。 圣地麦加 纽约从不是我心中的圣地麦加。 Like a son of Bachus, he can drink up two bottles of whisky at a breath. 他简直像酒神巴赫斯的儿子 酒神巴赫斯的儿子, 他简直像酒神巴赫斯的儿子,能一口气喝光两 瓶威士忌。 瓶威士忌。 *巴赫斯是古希腊神话中的酒神。 巴赫斯是古希腊神话中的酒神。 巴赫斯是古希腊神话中的酒神
She and her mother are as like as two peas. 她和她母亲长得一模一样. (as like as two peas 不能译为 "像两颗豌 豆一样相似")
In-class Exercise
“Don’t you know that I only love you in the world--- you, who are a stone to me.” The audience brought down the house. Our son must go the school. He must break out of the pot that hold us in. The crafty enemy was ready to launch a new attack while holding out the olive branch. The staff members folded like an accordion(手风琴). The baby was brought up on the bottle. He ran away like one o’clock. Our appeal remained a dead letter. “你难道不知道我爱的是你?你对我就像石头一样冥顽不灵。” 观众们全场喝彩。 我们的儿子一定得上学,一定要出人头地。 狡猾的敌人,一边伸出橄榄枝,表示愿意讲和,一边在准备发动新的攻势。 这个工作人员就像合拢的手风琴一样一声不吭了。 这个婴儿是喝牛奶或羊奶长大的。 他飞快地跑掉了。 我们的呼吁石沉大海。

抽象代数Chapter2习题答案

抽象代数Chapter2习题答案
Math 5285H: Fundamental Structures of Algebra I
HW 2 Solutions, (October 5th, 2011)
All problems from Chapter 2 of Artin’s Algebra. 1.3 If map r : N → N was a right inverse for the shift map s, then the composition sr would send 1 to 1. However, the number 1 is not in the image of s so such a right inverse is impossible. For any n ∈ N, define the map ℓn by ℓn (i) = i − 1 if i ≥ 2 and ℓn (1) = n. Then the composition ℓn s is the identity on N. Thus we have exhibited an infinite number of left inverses. 2.1 Group multiplication table for S3 = {e, (12), (13), (23), (123), (132)} with first row (resp. column) corree (12) (23) (13) (123) (132) (12) e (123) (132) (23) (13) (23) (132) e (123) (13) (12) sponding to left (resp. right-) multiplication by identity e: . (13) (123) (132) e (12) (23) (123) (13) (12) (23) (132) e (132) (23) (13) (12) e (123) 2.2 Let S ′ be the subset of S consisting of invertible elements. We must show that the associative law of composition, ◦, on S restricts to a law of composition on S ′ . In other words, we need to show closure: if s1 and s2 are invertible (i.e. in S ′ ), then s1 ◦ s2 is also invertible (i.e. in S ′ ). But this is clearly true since 1 −1 ′ s− 2 ◦ s1 is the inverse of s1 ◦ s2 . This law of composition on S is associative since it is associative on S . To complete the proof that subset S ′ is a group, we need to check that identity and inverses are in S ′ , and these follow quickly. 2.4 a) Yes, GLn (R) is a subgroup of GLn (C), clearly the product of two invertible matrices with real entries is an invertible matrix with real entries (implies closure ). The identity matrix has real entries, and the inverse of a matrix with real entries also has real entries. b) Yes, {−1, 1} is a subgroup of R× . (Similar technique as in part (a).) c) No, the inverse of a positive integer (under addition) is not a positive integer. d) Yes, {positive reals} is a subgroup of R× . (Similar technique as in part (a).) e) No, matrix a 0 is not invertible. 0 0 1

Chapter 2-1task-based teaching approach

Chapter 2-1task-based teaching approach
—转引自张琳琳(2004)
the features of Task-based Language Teaching
1.TBLT offers the opportunity for ―natural‖ learning inside the classroom. 2.It emphasizes meaning over form but can also cater for learning form.
任务: 人们在学习、理解、 体会语言之后所开展 的活动。
1. Meaning is primary. (意义是首要的)。
2.There is a communicative problem to be solved. (有某 个交际问题需要解决。)
3.There is some sort of relationship to comparable realworld activities.(任务具有在现实生活中有发生的可能 性。)
personal experiences as important contributing elements to classroom learning.
把学习者个人的经历作为课堂学习的重要因素。
5. An attempt to link classroom language learning with language activation outside the classroom.
3.It is intrinsically motivating.
4.It is compatible with a learner-centered educational philosophy. 5.It can be used alongside a more traditional approach.

chapter-2-1

chapter-2-1
XA 、XB 分别为相应元素的电负性
(2.10)
2-3-2 派生键合(Secondary Bonding): 作用力也是库仑引力(与离子键相同但弱得多,不存在电子交换) 1.分子间引力(Intermolecular Attraction):
分子(或电中性原子)间的结合力 又称范氏(van der Waals)力。
H: (1) Na: (11) 1s1 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
有些过渡元素中4s电子的能量低于
(但接近于)3d电子的能量,导致 能级出现交叉。如Ti,Mn等。
2-2-4 电子壳层的能级
(Energy Levels of Electron Shells)
愈接近原子核,电子能级愈低,电子愈稳定; 愈远离原子核,电子能级愈高,电子愈不稳定。
电子可以在轨道间跃迁:低能级轨道
高能级轨道
高能级轨道(吸收能量)
低能级轨道(释放能量)
2-2-5 电离能和亲合能 (Ionization Energy
and Electron Affinity)
电离能:
从孤立原子中,去除 束缚最弱的电子所需的 能量。 金属的电离能较小 电子亲合能: 原子接受一个额外 的电子通常要释放能量, 所放能量即电子亲合能。
• • • •
• •
2-2-2 原子中电子的空间位置和能量 1. 电子的统计性形态法描述 n , 第一量子数(主~): K,L,M ….
(Electrons in Atoms)
四个量子数 (Quantum Numbers): 决定体系的能量
n = 1,2,3….(整数), n =1 时为最低能级
l , 第二量子数(角~):决定体系角动量和电子几率分布的空间 对称性 l = 0,1,2,3,4 (n -1) s p d f g 状态 n =1,l = 0 n =2,l = 0,1 (即s, p)

CHAPTER 2-1

CHAPTER 2-1
热能区 近似为介质的麦克斯韦分布 慢化区 1/E谱 1/E谱 高能区 U-235的裂变谱 235的裂变谱
高能区(E>0.1MeV) 高能区(E>0.1MeV) 中子从裂变产生尚未充分慢化, 中子从裂变产生尚未充分慢化,其能谱与裂变中 子谱非常近似。 子谱非常近似。 慢化区(1eV<E<0.1MeV) 慢化区(1eV<E<0.1MeV) 在弱吸收介质中, 在弱吸收介质中,这一能区内中子通量密度近似 于费米谱(1/E谱 于费米谱(1/E谱)
在具有相对较小ξ值的 介质中的慢化。 介质中的慢化。
用Nc表示中子从初始能量E1慢化到能量E2 表示中子从初始能量E 慢化到能量E 所需要的平均碰撞次数。则可以得到: 所需要的平均碰撞次数。则可以得到:
Nc = ln E1 −ln E2 = E ln 1 E2
ξ 平均散射角余弦 u0
ξ
1 E' E' cosθl = ( A+1) −( A−1) 2 E E Acosθc +1 = A2 +2Acosθc +1 1 π 2 u0 = ∫ cosθl f (θl )dθl = 20 3A
思考题2 思考题2
设某一吸收剂的微观吸收截面σ (E)服从 设某一吸收剂的微观吸收截面σa(E)服从 1/v律,假定近似中子能谱服从1/E谱,求 1/v律,假定近似中子能谱服从1/E谱,求 该吸收剂的第g 该吸收剂的第g群(Eg-1,Eg)的平均微观吸收 截面。
可以看出,散射函数与碰撞后中子能量无关,等于 可以看出,散射函数与碰撞后中子能量无关, 一个常数,也即散射后的能量分布是均匀的。 一个常数,也即散射后的能量分布是均匀的。
平均对数能降增量
中子从MeV数量级降低到 的数量级,为方便 数量级降低到eV的数量级 中子从 数量级降低到 的数量级, 表示,我们使用对数能降的概念。 对数能降的概念 表示,我们使用对数能降的概念。 •对数能降: 对数能降

Chapter 2_1

Chapter 2_1

Chapter 2第二章一个星期之后。

翁斯洛花园街上的沃特金小姐公馆。

菲利普正坐在客厅的地板上。

他没有兄弟姐妹,已习惯于独个儿玩耍取乐。

客厅里摆满了厚实的家具,每张长沙发上都有三只大靠垫。

每张安乐椅上也放着一只椅垫。

菲利普把这些软垫全拿过来,又借助于几张轻巧而易于挪动的镀金雕花靠背椅,煞费苦心地搭成个洞穴。

他藏身在这儿,就可以躲开那些潜伏在帷幔后面的印第安人。

菲利普把耳朵贴近地板,谛听野牛群在草原上狂奔疾驰。

不一会儿,他听见门打开了,赶紧销声敛息,生怕被人发现;但是,一只有力的手猛地拖开靠背椅,软垫纷纷跌落在地。

"淘气鬼,你要惹沃特金小姐生气啦。

""你好啊,埃玛?"他说。

保姆弯下腰吻了吻他,然后将软垫抖抖干净,一只只放回原处。

"我该回家了,是吗?"他问道。

"是呀,我特地来领你的。

""你穿了件新衣裙哩。

"这是一八八五年。

她身上穿一件黑天鹅绒裙袍,腰里衬着裙撑,窄袖削肩,裙子上镶了三条宽荷叶边;头上戴一顶系有天鹅绒饰带的黑色无边帽。

她犹豫起来。

她原以为孩子一见面,一定会提出那个问题,结果压根儿没提,这一来,她预先准备好的回答也就无从出口了。

"你不想问问你妈妈身体好吗?"最后她只好自己这么说了。

"噢,我忘了。

妈妈身体好吗?"埃玛这会儿胸有成竹。

"你妈妈身体很好,也很快活。

""哦,我真高兴。

""你妈妈已经去了,你再也见不着她了。

"菲利普没听懂她的意思。

"为什么见不着了?""你妈妈已在天国里了。

"埃玛失声痛哭,菲利普虽不完全明白是怎么回事,但也跟着号喝起来。

埃玛是个高身材、宽骨架的妇人,一头金头,长得粗眉大眼。

她是德文郡人,尽管在伦敦帮佣多年,却始终乡音未改。

她这么一哭可真动了感情,难以自禁;她一把将孩子紧搂在怀里。

chapter2习题答案

chapter2习题答案

chapter2习题答案⼀.名词解释1.假根是Rhizopus(根霉属)等低等真菌匍匐菌丝与固体基质接触处分化出来的根状结构,具有固着和吸取养料等功能。

2.假菌丝当酵母菌进⾏⼀连串的芽殖后,如果长⼤的⼦细胞与母细胞不⽴即分离,其间仅以狭⼩的⾯积相连,则这种藕节状的细胞串就称为假菌丝3.⽓⽣菌丝伸展到空间的菌丝体,颜⾊较深、直径较粗的分枝菌丝,其成熟后分化成孢⼦丝4.⼦囊果能产⽣有性孢⼦的、结构复杂的⼦实体称为⼦囊果5.⽣活史⼜称⽣命周期,指上⼀代⽣物经⼀系列⽣长、发育阶段⽽产⽣下⼀代个体的全部过程为⽣活史6、异宗配合:指⽑霉在形成接合孢⼦时,凡是由不同性的菌丝体上形成的性器官结合⽽产⽣有性孢⼦的则称异宗配合。

7、同宗配合:指⽑霉在形成接合孢⼦时,凡是由同⼀个菌丝体上形成的配⼦囊结合⽽产⽣有性孢⼦的则称同宗配合。

8、锁状联合:指担⼦菌亚门的次⽣菌丝的菌丝尖端⽣长⽅式。

9Saccharomyces cerevisiae 酿酒酵母⼆.填空1、真菌的⽆性繁殖⽅式有裂殖、芽殖、⽆性孢⼦繁殖和菌丝体断裂。

2、酵母菌的⽆性繁殖⽅式主要有裂殖、芽殖。

3、真菌的有性孢⼦的种类有:卵孢⼦、接合孢⼦、⼦囊孢⼦和担孢⼦四种;真菌的⽆性孢⼦的种类有:游动孢⼦、⼦囊孢⼦、分⽣孢⼦、节孢⼦和厚垣孢⼦五种。

4、根霉的形态特征是具有假根和匍匐功丝且菌丝⽆隔;曲霉的形态特征是具顶囊和⾜细胞,菌丝有隔;青霉的形态特征是具扫帚状的分⽣孢⼦梗。

5.粘菌可分为__细胞粘菌___和_原质团粘菌__两个门.6.真核微⽣物细胞质核糖体类型为80S,原核微⽣物核糖体类型为_70S___.7.⼦囊果有闭囊果,_⼦囊壳_____ 和_____⼦囊盘________三种类型。

8. 同的酵母菌产⽣的有性孢⼦有⼦囊孢⼦和_担孢⼦9. 类酵母的营养体只能以⼆倍体形式存在,酿酒酵母的营养体能以单倍体和⼆倍体形式存在,⼋孢酵母的营养体能以单倍体形式存在。

10.根霉属于接合菌门,⾹菇属于担⼦菌门。

Chapter 2 phonetics(1)

Chapter 2 phonetics(1)

While the English users find it difficult to address(speak) a Chinese whose family name is ―张”(zhang) or ―常” (chang) which is Pinyin—the alphabets to t r a n s c r i b e t h e pronunciation of Chinese c h a r a c t e r s .
We can analyze speech sounds from various perspectives and the two major areas of study are phonetics and phonology.
Different languages may use different SPEECH SOUNDs in their spoken language system. Chinese doesn’t have the [W] sound which initiates (begins) the English word think.
3.teeth ridge (alveolus)
4. Hard palate
5.soft palate (velum)
6.uvula 7.tip of tongue
8. Blade of tongue (舌面)
9. Back of tongue 10.vocal cords 11.pharyngeal cavity 12. Nasal cavity
Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech called voicing(浊音化 ), which is the feature of all vowels and some consonants in English. When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless(清音).
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一、选择题
1、下列步骤中,(C )不是创建进程所必须的。

A 建立一个进程控制块
B 为进程分配内存
C 为进程分配CPU
D 将其控制块放入就绪队列
2、在进程管理中,当(B )时,进程从运行状态变为就绪状态。

A 进程被调度程序选中
B 时间片用完
C 等待某一个事件发生
D 等待的事件发生
3、进程和程序的最根本区别在于(B )。

A 对资源的占有类型和数量。

B 进程是动态的,而程序是静态的。

C 看它们是否能够并发地在处理机上运行
D 进程规模较小,程序规模较大
4、一个进程被唤醒意味着(C )。

A 该进程的优先数变大
B 该进程获得了CPU
C 该进程从阻塞状态变为就绪状态
D 该进程排在了就绪队列的队首
5、进程的3 种状态之间,下列(C )转换是不能进行的。

A 就绪状态到运行状态
B 运行状态到阻塞状态
C 阻塞状态到运行状态
D 阻塞状态到就绪状态
6、下列情况下,在(A )时,进程从阻塞状态转换到就绪状态。

A 等待的某事件已经发生了
B 时间片用完了
C 分配到必要的资源并获得了处理机
D 等待某事件
7、下面对父进程和子进程的叙述中,正确的是(B,D )。

A 父进程创建子进程,因此父进程执行完了,子进程才能运行。

B 父进程和子进程之间可以并发执行
C 撤消子进程时,应同时撤消其父进程
D 撤消父进程时,应同时撤消其子进程
8、某进程所申请一次打印事件结束,则该进程的状态可能发生改变是(D )
A 运行状态转变到就绪状态
B 阻塞状态转变到运行状态
C 就绪状态转变到运行状态
D 阻塞状态转变到就绪状态
9、下列哪一个体现了原语的主要特点?( D )
A 并发性
B 异步性
C 共享性
D 不可分割性
10、在具有挂起状态的系统中,若当前内存空间高度吃紧,系统将使请求I/O 的一个执行状态的进程进入(D )状态。

A 活动就绪
B 静止就绪
C 活动阻塞
D 静止阻塞
11、如果单处理器系统中有n 个进程,则就绪队列中进程的个数最多可达到( C )个。

A n+1
B n
C n-1
D 1
12、在分时系统中,下列描述中,(C )不属于响应时间的一部分。

A 处理机对请求信息进行处理的时间
B 从键盘输入的请求信息传送到处理机的时间
C 请求信息在外存队列上排队等待的时间
D 所形成的响应回送到终端显示器的时间
13、信箱通信是一种(B )通信方式。

A 直接
B 间接
C 低级
D 信号量
14、操作系统通过( B )对进程进行管理。

A JC
B B PCB
C DCT
D CHCT
二、判断题
1、进程执行的相对速度不能由进程自己来控制。

(1)
2、一般来说,用户进程的PCB 存放在用户区,系统进程的PCB 存放在操作系统系统区。

(0 )
3、进程可以由程序、数据和进程控制块描述。

( 1 )
4、进程是程序在一个数据集合上的过程,它是系统进行资源分配和调度的一个独立单位。

( 1 )。

三、填空题
1、进程的基本状态由执行、就绪、阻塞。

2、进程的基本特征是动态性、并发性、独立性、异步性、结构特征。

3、进程由程序段、数据段、PCB三部分组成。

4、进程是一个程序对某个数据集的一次执行过程。

5、若一个进程已进入临界区,其他欲进入临界区的进程必须(等待)。

6、程序并发执行与顺序执行时相比产生了一些新特征,分别是间断性、失去封闭性、不可再性。

7、高级通信方式分为三大类:共享存储器系统、消息传递系统、管道通信系统。

四、简答题
1、在操作系统中为什么要引入进程概念?
答:因为在多道程序环境下,程序的执行属于并发执行。

可是与此同时,他们将失去其封闭性,并具有间断性及不可再现性的特征。

这决定了通常的程序是不能参与并发执行。

为了使程序能并发执行,且为了对并发执行的程序加以描述和控制,人们引入了"进程"的概念。

2、试说明PCB 的作用。

答:OS 调度进程的主要数据依据记录进程的有关信息,供系统对进程进行控制标志进程的存在。

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