2018年5月6日托福考试真题解析!
5月6日托福口语真题解析
5月6日托福口语真题解析2017年5月6日托福口语考题回忆Task 1 The university decides to remodel the dormitory and add a new space to it. Which space do you recommend to add in your dormitory?1.Cafe2.Study room3.Game roomSample Answer:I suppose most of us would like to have a new study room. There are two reasons.直接明确，表明我支持哪一个观点，有两个支持论点。
The first reason is it can help us study. Nowadays, GPA becomes more and more important for college students. Good grades can help us in getting an ideal job after graduation.First是逻辑词，让论述结构清晰，简介明了地引出第一个原因，举一个细节例子——学习好了有利于找工作。
The second reason is during the final exams, an additional study place will be necessary for us. At that time there will be crowds of people getting up early to study in our library. It will be difficult to have a seat in there. So if we can have an additional study room in our dormitory, it will be much more convenience when our library is full of people.Second和First一样，作为逻辑词使论述层次更清晰。
2018年5月6日托福口语考试机经
Task 11.do you improve the education system of your country？Personally， quite a few measures could be taken to improve our education system. Firstly， everybody in China should attach less importance to the results of exams. Students from primary school， even from kindergarten suffer a lot from it. They have to spend extra time studying in order to get a higher score. It is a shame for them not to have any time to enjoy the only childhood they have. Besides， people could be educated in different ways. People are born differently. They are interested in different things. We should encourage them to chase their dreams instead of forcing them to do anything they dislike， or even hate. Furthermore， we could encourage them to be compassionate and independent.2.about an object， tool， or piece of equipment that you depend on in your daily life. Explain how it makes your life easier.I depend on my Smartphone in my daily life and it has made my life a lot easier because all the information and apps I need for work and social life are in my Smartphone. For example，I don’t use an alarm clock in the morning because there’s an app for that in my phone. Once I leave my apartment， I use the GPS in my phone to navigate the route with the least traffic to my offi ce. If I’m stuck in thetraffic，I can start checking for important emails from clients or colleagues in my car or even make some phone calls to get some problems solved before I，m actually in the office. After work， I use instant messengers on my phone to connect with friends. Without my Smartphone，everything in life would be time consuming and complicated.3.a high school is planning to organize an after-schoolactivity for its students， what kind of activity would you recommend and why？I strongly recommend that the high school should organize basketball matches for the students. The most important reason is that basketball matches will help students build up their stamina， which brings great benefits to their study and the activities will certainly encourage more students to take part in sports rather than spend all day long on their academic study， which leads to a poor health condition and low efficiency in study. Second， Basketball matches are able tohelp students learn cooperation and competition， which are essentialfor them when they get started to work.4.h one you will learn： play a piano， swim， and repair a car.I would say mypreference is to play my free time. The main reason is that I want to makeevery minute in my life count even in my free time. Time is so important andprecious that I don’t wanna waste any single minute and I believe if we makedecisions about the activities we like to do in advance， we can get startedright away when we have time off. Actually before every national day holiday Ialways make good plans for my vacation and I’m not only able to do what Ireally want to do but also get refreshed and have a good rest during theholidays.。
2018年5月托福真题回忆及解析
2018年5月托福真题回忆及解析信念和斗志宜聚，懈怠和悲观宜散，我们的斗志因信念而燃起，不懈怠、不悲观，落实每一个知识点。
无忧考网搜集整理了2018年5月托福真题回忆及解析，希望对大家有所帮助。
2018年5月举行了5场考试，时间分别为5月6日、5月12日、5月19日、5月26日。
以下内容仅供参考。
5月6日托福口语真题回忆：Task 1You are required to be a volunteer in a school beatification day, which of the following would you like to choose.1 planting in campus flowers garden2 picking up garbage and collect the recyclable material3 paint natural and outside artsGive specific reasons to support your answer.Task2Do you agree or disagree that important business meetings should be held in person rather than use technology such as video conference call. Give specific reasons to support your answer.Task3class auditing。
某老师不允许随堂听课，理由一新教室小没空间;理由二随堂生问问题挤占教师上课时间。
男生 disappont：理由一有空间，可站可坐地上像他这样有兴趣的学生愿意这么做;理由二只准停课不准问问题其他老师也这么做。
Task4概念：Self-assembly 定义：It is a rare form of cooperation for insects to join to alarger body to face the challenge together. 昆虫连结身体客服困难提高存活率。
最新-2018年托福考试：语法模拟试题及答案详解精品
2018年托福考试：语法模拟试题及答案详解1. Most doctors of the Colonial period believed _______ was caused by an imbalance of humors in the body.A. in diseaseB. that diseaseC. of diseaseD. about disease答案：B分析：动词believe 的用法：直接加that引导的宾语从句。
这里that为连接adv.，在句中不作任何成分，其后接完整句。
参考译文：大多数殖民时期的医生认为疾病来源人体内不平衡的体液。
2. In 1976 Sarah Caldwell became _________ at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City.A. she was the first woman to conductB. the first woman conductorC. the woman was first conductingD. the woman conducts first答案：B分析：缺宾语，答案中只有B，D可以作宾语，但D的语序不对。
参考译文：1976，Sarah Caldwell成为在第一个在纽约Metropolitan Opera House演出的演奏家补充：常考the first/second/… one to do sth3. On January 7，1955，Marian Anderson became _________ to sing a major role at New York City's Metropolitan Opera House.A. the first African AmericanB. the first African American wasC. she was the first African AmericanD. when the first African American答案：A分析：缺宾语，C，D都不能作宾语。
5月6日托福写作真题解析
5月6日托福写作真题解析2017年05月06日托福写作考题回忆综合阅读：美国的一种叫auklet的海鸟出现了die-off的情况。
1.可能是由于在发生die-off之前的夏天，auklet的数量激增，导致对于食物的竞争加强，有些auklet就饿死了。
2.Auklet可能接触sea stars的时候，感染了sea stars病毒，导致Auklet死亡。
3.海水温度升高，导致zooplankton的质量下降，而Auklet是以zooplankton为食的，所以受到了影响。
听力：以上列举的没有一个能够解释auklet的die-off.1.竞争可能会导致一些auklet的数量减少，但是不会导致这么多auklet的死亡，并且食物和auklet之前的平衡没有办法修复。
2.如果是少了病毒感染的话，那么auklet会带有相应的病毒，但是研究发现，死去的auklet上面并没有病毒存在。
3.其他的一些以zooplankton为食的动物没有发生死亡现象。
为什么只有auklet出现了这个情况，这说不通。
Sample Answer:The writer presents three reasons to explain why auklets in America died off. However, the professor demonstrates a different idea that these reasons are all unconvincing.To question the first reason presented in the passage that auklets might die from starvation because of their large population and the relative little food, the professor points out that the balance between the number of a species and the food availability could actually be balanced. Therefore, even we assume that auklets would need to compete with each other for food because the number of them had increased in the previous summer and some of them didn’t win that competition and died, the food then would be enough for those auklets that had remained alive. In this case, theywould not completely die out.Another important point showed in the reading material is that auklets might be infected by some deadly virus from sea stars. But the professor presents a conflicting idea that scientist didn’t find this kind of virus in auklets’body. It is strange that they got infected by virus but didn’t had any in their body. The second reason in the reading passage is wrong again.Finally, the professor states that zooplankton still could not be the reason for auklets’die-off. Because there are other sea animals that also feed on zooplankton but they are not affected. This challenges the third theory made by the writer who says that the drop of zooplankton’s quality caused the die-off of auklets.(248 words)独立Do you agree or disagree: It is impossible to always be completely honest with your friends?Sample Answer:题目分析：同意不同意类中的单一论述题。
2018年托福独立写作真题
2018年12月16日Some teachers prefer to record the lecture in advance so that students can familiarize first. And students will practise what they have learned from the lecture in the class. Do you think it is an effective way to learn?2018年12月15日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?In order to success in study or job，the ability to adjust or adapt to changing condition or circumstance is more important than having knowledge.2018年12月8日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?One can learn about one person from books and movies that person like?2018年12月1日Is it as important for older people to learn and study new things as young people to do so？2018年11月17日The most important factors that affect the lasting time of friendship1）Help each other on crisis or when things go wrong2）Have same interests3）Trust each other completely2018年11月11日Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?政府没有做足够的工作来教育人们营养和健康饮食的重要性。
托福独立写作常考题目汇总
托福独立写作常考题目汇总初入托福备考的学生可能会感受到，托福写作也许并不是我们想象中的那么简单。
相比托福口语，对于中国学生来说，托福写作也可以算的上是第二大弱项了。
其中语法、用词以及逻辑思维是写作的问题所在。
只有在日常生活中多读些范文，了解托福写作中满分作文的逻辑思维，从哪方面考虑问题，句型难度，才可更好的进行锻炼。
在以下内容中，我们就为大家分类整理一下常见的托福写作题目，希望能为你的备考带来帮助。
托福独立写作常考题目汇总2022年1月6日独立写作Do you agree or disagree with the following statement.Nowadays it is not important for people to have regularly family meals together.2022年1月13日独立写作你同意还是不同意以下观点：政府投资太空旅行或太空探索完全是浪费钱2022年1月27日独立Which one do you think is the most important factor for a student to success at college or university?1. Tutors in university.2. The encouragement from family and friends.3. High-quality education from high school.2022年1月28日独立写作政府想资助以下方面来提高孩子的教育，Which approach is the best?1. Hire more teachers to teach in a small class2. Preschool education before kindergarten3. To provide some training courses so that teachers can be more professional2022年2月4日独立写作：Agree or disagree? It is better for the younger people to take risk and e某plore new things than the older people.2022年3月10日独立写作：People can solve important problems bythemselves or with the help from their family members, so there is no need forthe government to help them.2022年3月11日独立写作Do you agree or disagree with the following statement：Most people can solve important problems in their lives by themselves or with the help of their families; help from the government is often unnecessary.2022年3月24日独立写作重复2022年7月6日(A/D) People should take time to rela某 with hobbies or physical activities that are very different from what they do at work.√ Agree:Point 1: to broaden one’s horizons/develop one’s intere sts.Point 2: to enlarge one’s friend circle.Point 3: combination of one’s career & interestSimilar Topics:Topic 1: Workers would be much happier if they are doing different types of tasks during their workday than doing the same task.Topic 2: It is more likely for people with more skills to succeed.托福写作范文:要想取得成功必须接受新观点6月18日托福独立写作真题回顾To be a successful person, one must be open to new ideas and willing to change his or her mind. (大陆)6月18日托福独立写作点睛：题目大意：要想取得成功，人们必须要接受新的观点并且愿意改变自己原有的观点。
2018年5月6日托福写作真题回忆与解析
2018年5月6日托福写作真题回忆与解析2018年5月6日的托福考试已经考完了，同学们肯定非常想知道自己的成绩吧！今天就和店铺一起来了解一下2018年5月6日托福写作真题回忆与解析。
综合总论点：Male Deer’s antlers have some functions. There are three theories.阅读观点：There are three possible functions.1、Dissipate excess body heat2、Self-defense3、Communicate dominance to each other听力观点：It’s plausible but has some problems.1、deer的antlers在夏天之后很长一段时间，还会继续长，甚至一直长到冬天，而冬天不需要给身体降温；另外，在最冷的地方，deer的antlers反而更长。
2、为什么female deer没有antlers去保护自己，female保护和照顾孩子，更需要antlers；deer的主要捕食者是wolf，研究发现wolf主要是被deer踢（kick）。
3、在fight中，antlers更长的deer反而会walk away，而不是像阅读部分说的antlers的size越大，越有主导地位。
独立Do you agree or disagree with the following statement？Some lessons for young students （5~8 years old）increase their interest to learn，including video games. But some people believe it will distract young students.Sample Answer ：同意。
1.提供多样化的课堂内容，提高学生的兴趣。
[实用参考]2018托福口语真题分析与范文.docx
![[实用参考]2018托福口语真题分析与范文.docx](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/84d492c3910ef12d2af9e791.png)
2.252017年01月07日托福口语考题回忆Task1 Theuniversitywantstoprovidestudentmoreentertainmentsandthreechoic esprovidedbelow,whichdoyoupreferandwhy. lAtheaterperformancebythestudentactors lAconcertprovidedbyprofessionalmusician lAlecturefromaprofessorSampleAnswer:Well,asastudent,Iwillchooseatheaterperformancebythestudentactors.For onething,thiskindofactivitywillimprovetheircooperationskills.Tobemores pecific,atheaterperformanceincludesthewholeprocessoforganizing,partic ipating,andpromotinganevent.Whetherthestudentdirectorortheactortak etheresponsibilitytoachievehis/herduty,sothisisagreatopportunityforthe mtolearnhowtodealwithotherpeople.Moreover,aperformancecouldgreat lyinspirethemtobemorecreative.Imean,inordertomakeagoodshow,stude ntsmayhavelotsofdifficultiestocopewith,sotheyhavetobefleGibletofacean yemergency.Asaresult,theymaycomeupwithlotsofnewideastomakeit.Bec auseofthesetworeasons,Ibelievethisisthebestchoice.(140words)Task2Friendsmaydisagreewitheachother,andstillmaintainfriendship.Doyouagr eewithordisagreewiththisidea,why?SampleAnswer:OfcourseIagreewiththisidea.Firstlypeopleareboundtobedifferent.Wehave variousfamilybackgroundaswellaseducationbackgroundeventhoughwea refriends.Soitisquitenaturallythattherecomeupdifferentideastowardonep roblem.ForeGampleIlikewatchingmovieinthemovietheatrewhilemybestfri endAmyhatesittinginthedarkplace.ButIneverrequirehertogowithme;wear estillveryclosefriends.Also,thefriendwhoholdsadifferentattitudewithmeso metimescouldinspiremetothinkfromanotherway.Maybeaverysharpdiscus sioncanleadmetoaninspiringidea.Afterall,theeGperiencesandknowledge ofonepersonislimited.Forme,Ilikethefriendwhoaredifferfromme.(132wor ds)Task3阅读标题：CreateaStudentMagazine原因1：Studentsspendalotoftimeontheirpaper,andsomeofthemhavehighquality. Soweneedamagazinetopublishthosegoodqualitypapers.原因2：Publishstudents’papercanshareinformationabouttheiracademicachievementandprovidet hemconfidence态度：Approval原因1：Therearealotofpaper,wecanselectsomeofthemtopublishonamagazine.Thi swillbeanencouragementforthestudents.原因2：Otherstudentswillbeabletofindusefulmaterialfromthesepaperandtheycan learnhowtoorganizetheirownpaper.SampleAnswer: ThestudentinthelettersuggeststhatschoolshouldcreateaStudentMagazin ebecausetheyneedamagazinetopublishthosegoodqualitypaperswrittenb ystudentsandinthiswaystudentscanshareinformationabouttheiracademic achievementandprovidethemconfidence.Themanintheconversationtotall yagreeswiththisideabecauseforonething,therearealotofpapersforthemto selectsomeofthemtopublishonamagazine,especiallythosegoodqualityon es.Thiswillbeagreatencouragementforthestudents.Foranotherthing,other studentswillbeabletofindusefulmaterialsfromthesepaperssotheycanlearn howtoorganizetheirownpaper.Consideringthosebenefits,themanthinksiti sagoodidea.(125words)Task4阅读标题：LifeStageofAnimalMigrationIndifferentlifestages,someanimalneedtomigratetovariousplacestolive,be causeofthedietandsafety.Whentheyareyoung,theymaysafeandhaveenou ghfoodintheoriginalplace.However,iftheygrowolder,theoriginalplacemay havethreadsfromthepredatorsandthefoodmaybeinsufficient.听力例子：Anglerfishlayeggsindeepsea.Then,theeggswillfloattothesurfaceofthesea, wheretheyoungerAnglerfishcanenjoyenoughfoodandsunlight.Butwhent heygrowolder,theypredatorwillbeagreatthreattothem,sotheywillmigratet othedeepsea.SampleAnswer: LifeStageofAnimalMigrationmeansindifferentlifestages,someanimalneed tomigratetovariousplacestolivebecauseofthedietandsafety.Whentheyare young,theymaysafeandhaveenoughfoodintheoriginalplacewhiletheymay migratetootherplaceswhentheirlivesarethreatenedbytheirpredators.Thep rofessortakesanglerfishasaneGample.Theanglerfishlayeggsindeepsea.Th entheeggswillfloattothesurfaceoftheseawheretheyoungeranglerfishcane njoyenoughfoodandsunlight.Butwhentheygrowolder,theirpredatorwillbe agreatthreattothem,whichmeanstheoriginalplacewhichmeansthatthefoo dmaybeinsufficientforthemtoliveon.Asaresult,theywillmigratetothedeeps eatosurvive.(135words)Task5Thegirlmovedtoanewapartment,andthewindowglasswasbrokenwhenherf riendhelpherhangingapicturetothewall.Theyneedtoreplacetheglass,butiti seGpensive.解决方案1：Herfriendandshesharethecostofwindowglass.优点1：itisnotmuchmoneyiftheysharethecost.Only50dollareach.缺点1：Herfriendcametohelpheranddoesnotbreakitpurposely.Shefeelsit’sunfairforherfriend.解决方案2：Shewillcoverthewholecost.优点2：itwillbefairforherfriendandshewillfeelbetter.缺点2：100dollariseGpensiveforher.SampleAnswer:Thewoman’sproblemisthatshejustmovedtoanewapartment,butthewind owglasswasbrokenwhenherfriendhelpherhangingapictureonthewall.The yneedtoreplacetheglass,butitisquiteeGpensive.Therearetwosolutions,the firstisthatsheandherfriendcouldsplitthecostofwindowglasswhichisonly50 dollarforeachpersonbutshefeelsit’sunfairforherfriend.Theothersolutioni sthatshewillcoverthewholecostbut100dollariseGpensivetoher.Iprefershet akethesecondsolutionforsure.Foronething,herfrien ddidn’tbreakthewin dowpurposelyanditwasagreatfavorthatthefriendhelpedher.Moreover,mo neyisnotabigproblemcomparingwithherfriend’skindnessandmaybeshecoulddosomepart-timejobtomakethemoneybackwhichisnotthatdifficult.(153words)Task6话题：BusinessNetworks要点1：Weareinabusinessnetwork.Differentpeopleengageinvariousoccupations. Theyhavedifferentknowledgeandskills.例子1：Awomanrunningarestaurantmayhavefriendsorcustomersengagedinvario usoccupations.Whensheneedsanaccountant,shewillfindonefromherbusin essnetwork.Shewilltrustmoreontheaccountantwhomsheknewthanthoses hedoesnotknow.要点2：Inabusinessnetwork,wenotonlytrustthepeoplefromourownnetworks,weal sotrustthepersonswhoarerecommendedbythepeopleweknew.例子2：Thewomenwillintroduceoneofherfriendstoanother,whomayneedtheprof essionalhelpbutdoesnotknowapersoninhis/herownnetwork. SampleAnswer:Inthelecture,theprofessormainlytalksabouttwoaspectsofbusinessnetwork s.Thefirstpointispeoplemayhavedifferentknowledgeandskillsfrombusines snetworksbecausetheyengageinvariousoccupations.ForeGample,awomanrunningarestaurantmayhavefriendsorcustomersengagedinvariousoccu pations.Whensheneedsanaccountant,shewillfindonefromherbusinessnet work.Shewilltrustmoreontheaccountantwhomsheknewthanthoseshedoe snotknow.Thesecondpointisthatinabusinessnetwork,wenotonlytrustthep eoplefromourownnetworks,wealsotrustthepersonswhoarerecommended bythepeopleweknew.AlsotakethewomanasaneGample,shewillintroduceo neofherfriendstoanother,whomayneedtheprofessionalhelpbutdoesnotk nowapersoninhis/herownnetwork.(142words)2017年01月14日托福口语考题回忆Task1 Youwillneedtoaccomplishanassignmenttodoapresentation.Whichwillyou choose?1.Actoutascenefromaplay(withapartner)2.EGplainyourreviewofanovelyourecentlyyouread3.ReadaselectionofpoemSampleAnswer:Amongthethreepresentationchoices,Iwouldchoosetoactoutaplaywithmy partner.Asaliteraturemajor,Ihavebeendeeplyentrancedbydramas,accordi ngly,I'dratherconsideractingasaformofamusementthanregardingitasajob .Toillustrate,Irememberthefirstyearincollege,Imadearatherunusualdecisio ntodeliveraperformanceonShakespeare'sDrama-Hamlet atNewYear’spartyinsteadofparticipatinginstudent’schoirinsinging.Asaresult,thedecisionpaidoffsinceIwasgrantedanactingpositionatcity' sdramaclub,asarewardformyauthenticandimpressiveperformance.Eversin cethen,actinghasbecomepartofmydailyritualformypassionandadorationf oritneverdiesout.(125words)Task2 Someonechoosetoworkinasmallcompanyororganizationwithafewworker s.Othersprefertoworkinalargecompanyororganizationwiththousandsofe mployees.Whichdoyouthinkisbetter?SampleAnswer: Iaminfavorofworkinginalargecorporationratherthanasmallfirmbecauselar gecorporationsoftenareruledandgovernedbystableregulationswhereass mallfirmoftenundergoesmanagementtransformationsinwhichcausingem ployeestimetoadjustandadapttothenewleaderships.TakemybrotherJimas anillustration,heusedtoworkasahigh-techpersonalinapetitefirmwhichwasspecializinginvirtualrealitytechnolog y.Initiallyhewassopassionateaboutthejobthathebarelytookanyweekends offforhisownpleasure,hewassodeterminedthathe'dbepromotedwithsuch eGceptionalskillsandprofessionalism.Buthewaswrong,afterafewyears,he wasspirituallyandpsychicallywornoutbecausethemanagementseatswerec onstantlygoingthroughchangesandhispromotionswereneverbroughtupo ntheagendabecausethenewsupervisorsalwaysbringtheirownpersonalstot akechargeincompanyaffairs.Consequently,Jimhadnochoicebuttoquitthe oldfirmandjoinanelitecorporationthathasbusinessdealingsnationwide,hiseGcellentworkhassoontobespottedbythemanagementandhewasgranted promotioninashortterm.Therefore,I'minclinedtolistentomybrotherJiman dworkinalargecompanywithstableleadership.(213words)Task3阅读标题：WeekendArtWorkshop原因1：ThiswillprovidestudentswhosemajorsarenotartarelaGedenvironmenttole arnartwithoutconcerningaboutgrade.原因2：Thiswillgiveart-majoredstudentsmoreopportunitiestopractice. 听力态度：不同意原因一：学习目前已经有艺术类选修课程，是不评分的。
2018年托福阅读练习题及答案(2篇)
2018年托福阅读练习题及答案（2篇）托福阅读考试介绍：托福考试满分为120分，分为4部分，考试顺序为：阅读→听力→口语→写作。
托福阅读考试时间：1个小时(遇加试时，时间为1个小时40分钟)。
阅读部分包括3篇文章，每篇650至750个单词，每篇对应11至13道试题。
题目类型包括：图表题，篇章总结题(从给出的选项中选择能够概括文章内容的句子)，变换措辞题，词汇题(在一定的上下文中)，指代关系题，简化句子题，插入文本题，事实信息题，推断题，修辞目的题以及否定排除题(例如，下列各项均正确除……之外)。
在完成答题的过程中，考生可以使用“复查”功能瞬间找出没有回答的题目，而不必每道题都过一遍。
PASSAGE 1By the mid-nineteenth century, the term icebox had entered the American language, but icewas still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice tradegrew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by someforward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865),as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, halfthe ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, andBaltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston andChicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new householdconvenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenthcentury, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration,was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the icefrom melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling.Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept theice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve thedelicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the righttrack. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which th e villageof Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport hisbutter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff inthe tubs ofhis competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-poundbricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have totravel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The influence of ice on the diet(B) The development of refrigeration(C) The transportation of goods to market(D) Sources of ice in the nineteenth century2. According to the passage , when did the word icebox become part of the language of the United States?(A) in 1803(B) sometime before 1850(C) during the civil war(D) near the end of the nineteenth century3. The phrase forward-looking in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) progressive(B) popular(C) thrifty(D) well-established4. The author mentions fish in line 4 because(A) many fish dealers also sold ice(B) fish was shipped in refrigerated freight cars(C) fish dealers were among the early commercial users of ice(D) fish was not part of the ordinary person's diet before the invention of the icebox5. The word it in line 5 refers to(A) fresh meat(B) the Civil War(C) ice(D) a refrigerator6. According to the passage , which of the following was an obstacle to the development of the icebox?(A) Competition among the owners of refrigerated freight cars(B) The lack of a network for the distribution of ice(C) The use of insufficient insulation(D) Inadequate understanding of physics7. The word rudimentary in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) growing(B) undeveloped(C) necessary(D) uninteresting8. According to the information in the second paragraph, an ideal icebox would(A) completely prevent ice from melting(B) stop air from circulating(C) allow ice to melt slowly(D) use blankets to conserve ice9. The author describes Thomas Moore as having been on the right track (lines 18-19) to indicate that(A) the road to the market passed close to Moore's farm(B) Moore was an honest merchant(C) Moore was a prosperous farmer(D) Moore's design was fairly successful10. According to the passage , Moore's icebox allowed him to(A) charge more for his butter(B) travel to market at night(C) manufacture butter more quickly(D) produce ice all year round11. The produce mentioned in line 25 could include(A) iceboxes(B) butter(C) ice(D) marketsAnswers:BBACC DBCDA BPASSAGE 2The geology of the Earth's surface is dominated by the particular properties of water. Presenton Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. It dissolves,transports, and precipitates many chemical compounds and is constantly modifying the face ofthe Earth.Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported bywind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent ofcontinental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles down to form brooks,streams, and rivers, constituting what are called the hydrographic network. This immensepolarized network channels the water toward a single receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominatesthis entire step in the cycle because watertends to minimize its potential energy by running fromhigh altitudes toward the reference point, that is, sea level.The rate at which a molecule of water passes though the cycle is not random but is a measureof the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the average time for awater molecule to pass through one of the three reservoirs —atmosphere, continent, and ocean—we see that the times are very different. A water molecule stays, on average, eleven days inthe atmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years in the ocean. Thislast figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere butalso the rapidity of water transport on the continents.A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the continents.Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved andtransported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form thethin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes soils are destroyed andtransported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of the continents thus results from twoclosely linked andinterdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Theirrespective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors.1. The word modifying in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) changing(B) traveling(C) describing(D) destroying2. The word which in line 5 refers to(A) clouds(B) oceans(C) continents(D) compounds3. According to the passage , clouds are primarily formed by water(A) precipitating onto the ground(B) changing from a solid to a liquid state(C) evaporating from the oceans(D) being carried by wind4. The passage suggests that the purpose of the hydrographic network (line 8) is to(A) determine the size of molecules of water(B) prevent soil erosion caused by flooding(C) move water from the Earth's surface to the oceans(D) regulate the rate of water flow from streams and rivers5. What determines the rate at which a molecule of water moves through the cycle, as discussed in the third paragraph?(A) The potential energy contained in water(B) The effects of atmospheric pressure on chemical compounds(C) The amounts of rainfall that fall on the continents(D) The relative size of the water storage areas6. The word rapidity in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) significance(B) method(C) swiftness(D) reliability7. The word they in line 24 refers to(A) insoluble ions(B) soluble ions(C) soils(D) continents8. All of the following are example of soluble ions EXCEPT(A) magnesium(B) iron(C) potassium(D) calcium9. The word efficiency in line 27 is closest in meaning to(A) relationship(B) growth(C) influence(D) effectivenessAnswers:AACCD CABD。
18年托福阅读真题附答案
The Extinction of the Dinosaursmillion years ago) and the Paleocene period (65..C55 million years ago) in part by the types and amounts of rocks and fossils they contain or lack. Before the limit of 65 million years ago，marine2.strata are rich in calcium carbonate due to accumulations of fossils of microscopic algaedeposited on the sea floor. Above the 65-million-year limit，sea-floor sediments contain much less calcium carbonate ，and fossils of several families of mollusks are no longer found.In continental sediments ，dinosaur fossils ，though frequent before 65 million years ago ，are totally absent. By3.contrast，new families of mammals appear，including large mammals for the first time.Scientists wondered for many years about what could have caused the dinosaurs' rapiddisappearance at the end of the Cretaceous period，coming up with a great variety of theories and scenarios. For some, it could have been due to unfavorable genetic changes triggered bya dramatic increaseby a factor of 10，100，1，000 in cosmic-ray particles reaching the Earthafter a supernova explosion somewhere in the neighborhood of the solar system. For these high-energy particles to affect life，they would have to get through the protective barrier of the Earth's magnetosphere ，the region of the upper atmosphere controlled by Earth'smagnetic field. That could have happened if the cloud of particles from the supernovaexplosion reached the Earth during a period when the magnetosphere was weakened ，something that may happen when the Earth's magnetic field changes direction. And we know that the magnetic north and south poles of the Earth switch on the average twice everymillion years. However，this is not the only possible explanation for dinosaur destruction . 4.Other theories have raised the possibility of strong climate changes in the tropics (but theythen must be explained) . Certainly，if climate changes，the changed distributions oftemperature and rainfall modify the conditions that favor one ecosystem over another. The extinction of a particular family，genus，or species may result from a complicated chain of indirect causes and effects. Over thirty years ago ，scientist Carl Sagan quoted onesuggestion that the demise of the dinosaurs resulted from the disappearance of a species of fern plant that was important for dinosaur digestion. Other theories involved a worldwidecold wave following the spread of a layer of cold but not very salty water in the world'soceans ，which floated on the surface because，with its low salinity，the water was less dense.5.Proponents of another theory that remains under consideration today postulate that theextinction of the dinosaurs corresponds to a period of intense volcanic activity. It's not a question of just one or even of a thousand eruptions comparable to the explosion of Krakatoa in 1883，one of the largest volcanic events in modern times ，but rather of a prolonged period of activity. On the Deccan plateau in India，basalt (volcanic) rocks cover more than 500，000 square kilometers (nearly 200，000 square miles)，and correspond to massive lava outflows occurring precisely at the end of the Cretaceous. This sort of outflow could correspond tovolcanic activity similar to the activity that drives sea-floor spreading ，with lava emerging from elongated fractures in the crust rather than from craters.6.The volcanic convulsion that buried the Deccan plateau in lava must also have changed thecomposition of the atmosphere and severely affected climate. Initially，there must have been strong sudden cooling resulting from the blocking of sunlight by sulfate aerosol veils in thestratosphere (part of the Earth's atmosphere). If strong cooling lasted a year after the formation of the aerosols ， it would have been the death of tropical species unable to adapt to such a volcanic winter. 7. However ，a long period of strong volcanic activity (again ，remember thousands of Krakatoas) would at the same time have added a substantial amount of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere ， reinforcing the greenhouse effect. This would gradually warm things up ，ending the extended cold snap and producing global warming together with geographic shifts of humid and arid (dry) zones. Certainly things would change to upset living conditions ，leading to the extinction of some species while others would profit ，if only from the disappearance of predators. 1..According to paragraph 1，which of the following is true of Paleocene sediments A. They lack fossils from some families of mammals found in Cretaceous sediments. B. They contain fossils of dinosaurs. C. They contain fossils of some animals that did not exist during the Cretaceous. D. They contain fossils of more kinds of mollusks than are found in Cretaceous sediments. 2..The word unfavorable in the passage is closest in meaning to A. Unusual B. Disadvantageous C. Sudden D. major 3..The word triggered in the passage is closest in meaning to A. initiated B. intensifie C. followed D. aided 4..Why does the author include the information that the magnetic north and south poles of the Earth switch on the average twice every million years A. To provide evidence showing that Earth's protective barrier is difficult to get through B. To show that it is reasonable to think that particles from a supernova explosion could have reached Earth C. To explain why some scientists believe a supernova explosion may have occurred near our solar system D. To help explain why some scientists have rejected the theory presented in paragraph 2 5..According to the theory discussed in paragraph 2，a weakening of Earth's magnetosphere may haveA. caused a supernova to explode near our solar systemcBBBBB. allowed gene-altering particles to reach Earth's surfaceC. forced Earth's magnetic field to change directionD. allowed clouds of protective particles to escape from Earth's upper atmosphere 6..AII of the following are mentioned in paragraph 3 as possible causes for the extinction of the dinosaurs EXCEPT A. a change in the diet of dinosaurs B. a change in the climate of the tropics C. a decrease in global temperatures D. a decrease in deep ocean salinity 7..ln paragraph 3，why does the author include the quotation by Carl Sagan A. To explain the connection between dinosaur extinction and the extinction of other animal species B. To support the claim about species extinction being due to indirect causes and effects C. To show that scientists have revised their ideas greatly in the last thirty years D. To identify the differences between the various theories for the extinction of dinosaurs 8..According to paragraph 4，what was one unusual aspect of the volcanic activity at the end of the Cretaceous A. Some explosions were much larger than Krakatoa. B. Eruptions occurred over a long period of time . C. Active volcanoes were sometimes separated by many kilometers. D. There were active volcanoes in the sea as well as on land. 9..Which of the following is presented in paragraph 4 as evidence that intense volcanic activity occurred at about the time that the dinosaurs became extinct A. The size of the volcanic craters on the Deccan plateau B. An increase in sea-floor spreading C. The formation in India of large amounts of a type of rock associated with volcanoes D. The occurrence of a thousand or more volcanic explosions the size of Krakatoa 10..The word severely in the passage is closest in meaning to A. certainly B. consequently C. greatly D. permanently11..The word reinforcing in the passage is closest in meaning toA. making possible A9iu ˇBDBcDB. spreadingC. introducingD. strengthening 12..According to paragraph 5，all of the following are theorized to have occurred as a result of volcanic activity EXCEPTA. a decrease in the amount of sunlight reaching Earth's surfaceB. a reduction in the number of sulfate aerosol veils in the stratosphereC. increased dryness in some areas that were once more humidD. changes in the atmosphere's composition resulting in an increase in temperature13.. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Thus ，ecosystems following periods of extensive volcanic activity necessarily had different combinations of species than earlier ecosystems did.Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.14.. Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong. To review the passage ，click on View Text Answer ChoicesA. Cosmic rays from a nearby supernova explosion may have penetrated Earth's atmosphere ，causing genetic changes that dinosaur populations could not survive.B. Climate changes in the tropics may have set off a chain of indirect effects that negativelyaffected the ecosystems in which dinosaurs lived.C. The spread of lava over large pa 同s of previously favored habitats such as the DeccanPlateau may have made these favored areas uninhabitable for many years.D. Although the volcanic winter resulting from the formation of sulfate aerosols eventuallyended ，temperatures may have remained below levels required by dinosaurs to survive.E. Temperature changes and geographic shifts in climate zones due to the atmospheric effects ofvolcanic activity may have been significant enough to cause extinction.F. To be convincing ，theories about what caused dinosaurs to become extinct must be able toexplain the disappearance of other predators in the food chain at the same time BE A DB。
2018年硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二真题及问题详解
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试真题英语二Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B , C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful? Because humans have an inherent need to 1 uncertainty, according to a recent study in Psychological Science. The new research reveals that the need to know is strong that people will 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will 3 .In a series of experiments, behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago and the Wisconsin school of Business tested students’ willingness to 4 themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity. For one 5 , each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment. The twist? Half of the pens would 6 an electric shock when clicked.Twenty-seven students were told with pens were electrified; another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified. 7 left alone in the room. The students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew that would 8 . Subsequent experiments reproduced this effect with other stimuli, 9 the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.The drive to 10 is deeply rooted in humans, much the same as the basic drives for 11 or shelter, says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago. Curiosity is often considered a good instinct—it can 12 new scientific advances, for instance —but sometimes such 13 can backfire. The insight that curiosity can drive you to do 14 things is a profound one.Unhealthy curiosity is possible to 15 , however. In a final experiment, participants who were encouraged to 16 how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to 17 to see such an image. These results suggest that imagining the 18 of following through on one’s curiosity ahead of time can help determine 19 it is worth the endeavor. Thinking about long-term 20 is key to reducing the possible negative effects of curiosity,” Hsee says. In other words, don’t read online comments.1. A. ignore B. protect C. discuss D. resolve2. A. refuse B. seek C. wait D. regret3. A. rise B. last C. hurt D. mislead4. A. alert B. expose C. tie D. treat5. A. trial B. message C. review D. concept6. A. remove B. deliver C. weaken D. interrupt7. A. Unless B. If C. When D. Though8. A. change B. continue C. disappear D. happen9. A. such as B. rather than C. regardless of D. owing to10. A. disagree B. forgive C. discover D. forget11. A. pay B. food C. marriage D. schooling12. A. begin with B. rest on C. lead to D. learn from13. A. inquiry B. withdrawal C. persistence D. diligence14. A. self-deceptive B. self-reliant C. self-evident D. self-destructive15. A. trace B. define C. replace D. resist16. A. conceal B. overlook C. design D. predict17. A. choose B. remember C. promise D. pretend18. A. relief B. outcome C. plan D. duty19. A. how B. why C. where D. whether20. A. limitations B. investments C. consequences D. strategiesSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A],[B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future.Mr. Koziatek is part of something pioneering. He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and mechanical memorization, but practical. When did it become accepted wisdom that students should be able to name the 13th president of the United States but be utterly overwhelmed by a broken bike Chain?As Koziatek know, there is learning in just about everything. Nothing is necessarily gained by forcing students to learn geometry at a graffitied desk stuck with generations of discarded chewing gum. They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.But he’s also found a kind of insidious prejudice. Working with your hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiority. School in the family of vocational education “have that stereotype...that it’s for kids who can’t make it academically,” he says.On one hand, that viewpoint is a logical product of America’s evolution. Manufacturing is not the economic engine that it once was. The job security that the US economy once offered to high school graduates has largely evaporated. More education is the new principle. We want more for our kids, and rightfully so.But the headlong push into bachelor’s degrees for all—and the subtle devaluing of anything less—misses an important point: That’s not the only thing the American economy needs. Yes, a bachelor’s degree opens more doors. But even now, 54 percent of the jobs in the country are middle-skill jobs, such as construction and high-skillmanufacturing. But only 44 percent of workers are adequately trained.In other words, at a time when the working class has turned the country on its political head, frustrated that the opportunity that once defined America is vanishing, one obvious solution is staring us in the face. There is a gap in working-class jobs, but the workers who need those jobs most aren’t equipped to do them. Koziatek’s Manchester School of Technology High School is trying to fill that gap.Koziatek’s school is a wake-up call. When education becomes one-size-fits-all, it risks overlooking a nation’s diversity of gifts.21. A broken bike chain is mentioned to show students’ lack of.A. academic trainingB. practical abilityC. pioneering spiritD. mechanical memorization22. There exists the prejudice that vocational education is for kids who.A. have a stereotyped mindB. have no career motivationC. are financially disadvantagedD. are not academically successful23. we can infer from Paragraph 5 that high school graduates.A. used to have more job opportunitiesB. used to have big financial concernsC. are entitled to more educational privilegesD. are reluctant to work in manufacturing24. The headlong push into bachelor’s degrees for all.A. helps create a lot of middle-skill jobsB. may narrow the gap in working-class jobsC. indicates the overvaluing of higher educationD.is expected to yield a better-trained workforce25. The author’s attitude toward Koziatek’s school can be described as.A. tolerantB. cautiousC. supportiveD. disappointedText 2While fossil fuels—coal，oil，gas—still generate roughly 85 percent of the world’s energy supply, it's clearer than ever that the future belongs to renewable sources such as wind and solar. The move to renewables is picking up momentum around the world：They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line.Some growth stems from a commitment by governments and farsighted businesses to fund cleaner energy sources. But increasingly the story is about the plummeting prices of renewables，especially wind and solar. The cost of solar panels has dropped by 80 percent and the cost of wind turbines by close to one-third in the past eight years.In many parts of the world renewable energy is already a principal energy source. In Scotland，for example，wind turbines provide enough electricity to power 95 percent of homes. While the rest of the world takes the lead，notably China and Europe，the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift. In March，for the first time，wind and solar power accounted for more than 10 percent of the power generated inthe US，reported the US Energy Information Administration.President Trump has underlined fossil fuels—especially coal—as the path to economic growth. In a recent speech in Iowa，he dismissed wind power as an unreliable energy source. But that message did not play well with many in Iowa，where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the state’s electricity generation —and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.The question“what happens when the wind doesn’t blow or the sun doesn’t shine?”has provided a quick put-down for skeptics. But a boost in the storage capacity of batteries is making their ability to keep power flowing around the clock more likely.The advance is driven in part by vehicle manufacturers，who are placing big bets on battery-powered electric vehicles. Although electric cars are still a rarity on roads now, this massive investment could change the picture rapidly in coming years.While there’s a long way to go，the trend lines for renewables are spiking. The pace of change in energy sources appears to be speeding up—perhaps just in time to have a meaningful effect in slowing climate change. What Washington does—or doesn’t do—to promote alternative energy may mean less and less at a time of a global shift in thought.26.The word“ plummeting ”(Line 3，Para.2)is closest in meaning to.A. stabilizingB. changingC. fallingD. rising27. According to Paragraph 3，the use of renewable energy in America.A.is progressing notablyB.is as extensive as in EuropeC. faces many challengesD. has proved to be impractical28. It can be learned that in Iowa.A. wind is a widely used energy sourceB. wind energy has replaced fossil fuelsC. tech giants are investing in clean energyD. there is a shortage of clean energy supply29. Which of the following is true about clean energy according to Paragraphs 5&6?A. Its application has boosted battery storage.B. It is commonly used in car manufacturing.C. Its continuous supply is becoming a reality.D. Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that renewable energy.A. will bring the US closer to other countriesB. will accelerate global environmental changeC.is not really encouraged by the US governmentD.is not competitive enough with regard to its costText 3The power and ambition of the giants of the digital economy is astonishing—Amazon has just announced the purchase of the upmarket grocery chain Whole Foods for$13.5bn，but two years ago Facebook paid even more than that to acquire the What’s App messaging service，which doesn’t have any physical product at all. What WhatsApp offered Facebook was an intricate and finely detailed web of its users’ friendships and social lives.Facebook promised the European commission then that it would not link phone numbers to Facebook identities，but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through. Even without knowing what was in the messages，the knowledge of who sent them and to whom was enormously revealing and still could be. What political journalist，what party whip，would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa May’s enemies are currently plotting? It may be that the value of Whole Foods to Amazon is not so much the 460 shops it owns, but the records of which customers have purchased what.Competition law appears to be the only way to address these imbalances of power. But it is clumsy. For one thing, it is very slow compared to the pace of change within the digital economy. By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the marketplace, to be replaced by new abuses of power. But there is a deeper conceptual problem, too. Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services don’t pay for them. The users of their services are not their customers. That would be the people who buy advertising from them—and Facebook and Google，the two virtual giants，dominate digital advertising to the disadvantage of all other media and entertainment companies.The product they’re selling is data，and we，the users，convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants. Just as some ants farm the bugs called aphids for the honeydew they produce when they feed, so Google farms us for the data that our digital lives yield. Ants keep predatory insects away from where their aphids feed; Gmail keeps the spammers out of our in boxes. It doesn’t feel likea human or democratic relationship，even if both sides benefit.31. According to Paragraph 1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its.A. digital productsB. user informationC. physical assetsD. quality service32. Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may.A. worsen political disputesB. mess up customer recordsC. pose a risk to Facebook usersD. mislead the European commission33. According to the author, competition law.A. should serve the new market powersB. may worsen the economic imbalanceC. should not provide just one legal solutionD. cannot keep pace with the changing market34. Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because.A. they are not defined as customersB. they are not financially reliableC. the services are generally digitalD. the services are paid for by advertisers35. The ants analogy is used to illustrate.A. a win-win business model between digital giantsB. a typical competition pattern among digital giantsC. the benefits provided for digital giants’ customersD. the relationship between digital giants and their usersText 4To combat the trap of putting a premium on being busy, Cal Newport, author of Deep work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted world, recommends building a habit of “deep work”—the ability to focus without distraction.There are a number of approaches to mastering the art of deep work—be it lengthy retreats dedicated to a specific task; developing a daily ritual; or taking a “journalistic” approach to seizing moments of deep work when you can throughout the day. Whichever approach, the key is to determine your length of focus time and stick to it.Newport also recommends “deeps cheduling” to combat constant interruptions and get more done in less time.“ At any given point, I should have deep work scheduled for roughly the next month. Once on the calendar I protect this time like I would a doctor’s appointment or important meeting”, he writes.Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how you prioritize your day—in particular how we craft our to-do lists. Tim Harford, author of Messy: The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives, points to a study in the early 1980s that divided undergraduates into two groups: some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities; others were told to plan activities and goals in much more detail, day by day.While the researchers assumed that the well-structured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks, they were wrong: the detailed daily plans demotivated students. Harford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to-do list ineffective, while leaving room for improvisation in such a list can reap the best results.In order to make the most of our focus and energy. We also need to embrace downtime, or as Newport suggests, “be lazy.”“Idleness is not just a vacation, an indulgence or a vice; it is as indispensable to be brain as Vitamin D is to the body...[idleness]is, paradoxically, necessary to getting any work done,” he argues.Srini Pillay, an assistant professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, believes this counter-intuitive link between downtime and productivity may be due to the way our brains operate When our brains switch between being focused andunfocused on a task, they tend to be more efficient.“What people don’t realise is that in order to complete these tasks they need to use both the focus and unfocus circuits in their brain”. says Pillay.36. The key to mastering the art of deep work is to ________.A. keep to your focus timeB. list your immediate tasksC. make specific daily plansD. seize every minute to work37. The study in the early 1980s cited by Harford shows that ________.A. distractions may actually increase efficiencyB. daily schedules are indispensable to studyingC. students are hardly motivated by monthly goalsD. detailed plans many not be as fruitful as expected38. According to Newport, idleness is ________.A. a desirable mental state for busy peopleB. a major contributor to physical healthC.an effective way to save time and energyD.an essential factor in accomplishing any work39. Pillay believes that our brains’ shift between being focused and unfocused _______.A. can result in psychological well-beingB. can bring about greater efficiencyC.is aimed at better balance in workD.is driven by task urgency40. This text is mainly about _______.A. ways to relieve the tension of busy lifeB. approaches to getting more done in less timeC. the key to eliminating distractionsD. the cause of the lack of focus timePart BDirections:Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. Just say itB. Be presentC. Pay a unique complimentD. Name, places, thingsE. Find the “me too”sF. Skip the small talkG. Ask for an opinionFive ways to make conversation with anyoneConversations are links, which means when you have a conversation with a new person a link gets formed and every conversation you have after that moment will strengthen the link.You meet new people every day: the grocery worker, the cab driver, new people at work or the security guard at the door. Simply starting a conversation with them will form a link.Here are five simple ways that you can make the first move and start a conversation with strangers.41.____________Suppose you are in a room with someone you don’t know and something within you says “I want to talk with this person”—this is something the mostly happens with all of us. You wanted to say something—the first word—but it just won’t come out. It feels like it is stuck somewhere, I know the feeling and here is my advice just get it out.Just think: that is the worst that could happen? They won’t talk with you? Well, they are not talking with you now!I truly believe that once you get that first word out everything else will just flow. So keep it simple: “Hi”, “Hey” or “Hello”—do the best you can to gather all of the enthusiasm and energy you can, put on a big smile and say “Hi”.42.____________It’s a problem all of us face: you have limited time with the person that you want to talk with and you want to make this talk memorable.Honestly, if we got stuck in the rut of “hi”, “hello”, “how are you?” and “what’s going on?” you will fail to give the initial jolt to the conversation that’s can make it so memorable.So don’t be afraid to ask more personal questions. Trust me, you’ll be surprised to see how much people are willing to share if you just ask.43.____________When you meet a person for the first time, make an effort to find the things which you and that person have in common so that you can build the conversation from that point. When you start conversation from there and then move outwards, you’ll find all of a sudden that the conversation becomes a lot easier.44.____________Imagine you are pouring your heart out to someone and they are just busy on their phone, and if you ask for their attention you get the response “I can multitask”.So when someone tries to communicate with you, just be in that communication wholeheartedly. Make eye contact, you can feel the conversation.45.____________You all came into a conversation where you first met the person, but after some time you may have met again and have forgotten their name. Isn’t that awkward!So remember the little details of the people you met or you talked with; perhaps the places they have been to the place they want to go, the things they like, the thing the hate—whatever you talk about.When you remember such thing you can automatically become investor in theirwellbeing. So the feel a responsibility to you to keep that relationship going.That’s it. Five amazing ways that you can make conversation with almost anyone. Every person is a really good book to read, or to have a conversation with!Section Ⅲ Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)A fifth garder gets a homework assignment to select his future career path from a list of occupations. He ticks “astronaut” but quickly adds “scientist” to the list and selects it as well. The boy is convinced that if he reads enough. He can explore as many career paths as he likes. And so he reads—everything from encyclopedias to science fiction novels. He reads so passionately that his parents have to institute a “no reading policy” at the dinner table.That boy was Bill Gates, and he hasn’t stopped reading yet—not even after becoming one of the most science fiction and reference books; recently, he revealed that he reads at least so nonfiction books a year. Gates chooses nonfiction title because they explain how the world works. “Each book opens up new avenues of knowledge,” Gates says.Section Ⅳ WritingPart A47. Directions:Suppose you have to cancel your travel plan and will not be able to visit Professor Smith. Write him an email to1) Apologize and explain the situation, and2) Suggest a future meeting.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write your address.(10 points)Part B48. Directions：Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing you should1) Interpret the chart and2) Give your commentsYou should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)其他 4.7%价格 8.4%特色 36.3%环境 23.8%服务26.8%2017年某市消费者选择餐厅时的关注因素一、完形填空：1. A. resolveresolve 解决 protect 保护 discuss 讨论 ignore忽视联系上下文“the need to know”，显然是人类有解决未知(resolve uncertainty)的内在需要。
托福考试2018年5月6日内容解析--威学一百
托福考试2018年5月6日内容解析--威学一百阅读1.明治维新时期的税收本来政府没有建立系统的机制管理市场什么的，农民的税收不靠个人上交，是以村（village)为单位的，而且也没有什么统一的标准，基本就是粮价上涨的时候农民就要交更多税所以他们要卖更多的粮食，很苦，后来建立了统一的标准，农民在粮价上涨的时候就可以获得更多利润了。
中间还说政府鼓励贸易之类的，最后说政府还修建了铁路，并鼓励私人投资铁路，铁路资金由政府和私人共同承提供，到某一年已经修了40000km的铁路了。
2.动物灭绝的主要原因有几个不同的理论来说猛犸象还是什么的大型动物为啥灭绝。
一是说人类捕猎导致，二是说气候变化导致水食物变少，最后又跳出一个人说在座的都是垃圾，都忽略了重要的一点，生态圈是环环相扣的，每一个小变化都会导致蝴蝶效应，所以是上述理论结合起来的结果，他的理论也弥补了上述理论的不足，比如理论一没有大量捕杀遗迹来支撑。
3.14世纪欧洲经济下滑14世纪欧洲经济的衰退。
首先因为气温变低，虽然就低了那么几度，但是稍微一点温度的变化都会对农业产生很大的影响，由于气温低了影响了农业，农作物产量就会下降，农民的生活就变得很惨，于是就拿不出钱，农业不好，资本又少了。
然后因为东亚一个M帝国的崛起，M重视信仰轻视商业，因此欧洲向亚洲的贸易之路就逐渐衰退了，他们开始向大西洋和非洲发展。
4.工业革命古罗马帝国的工业，开始说是农业是主要的，然后讲了陶器的生产，然后是raw material ，说是工业在罗马帝国时代不太发达，主要是upper上层阶级不支持，说是一直用animal和人力，不用更新后提供energy的设备。
5.海水酸化对海洋生物的影响讲述海洋酸化的原因，是化石燃料的燃烧产生更多的CO2，CO2和海水作用生成碳酸，如今海水的酸化程度比工业革命之前高出了30%。
进入结果影响部分，表明海水酸化对海洋生物造成影响，以白垩纪恐龙的灭绝事件来做类比。
托福试题2018及答案
托福试题2018及答案1. 阅读部分A. 阅读材料一1.1 问题一：文章主要讨论了什么？答案：文章主要讨论了气候变化对农业的影响。
1.2 问题二：作者对于气候变化的看法是什么？答案：作者认为气候变化是不可避免的，但可以通过科技和政策来缓解其影响。
B. 阅读材料二2.1 问题一：文章中提到的主要人物是谁？答案：文章中提到的主要人物是玛丽·居里。
2.2 问题二：玛丽·居里的主要贡献是什么？答案：玛丽·居里的主要贡献是发现了镭和钋两种元素。
2. 听力部分A. 听力材料一1.1 问题一：演讲者的主要观点是什么？答案：演讲者认为教育应该更注重培养学生的批判性思维能力。
1.2 问题二：演讲者提到了哪些教育方法？答案：演讲者提到了项目式学习和小组讨论等教育方法。
B. 听力材料二2.1 问题一：对话中两位学生讨论的主题是什么？答案：对话中两位学生讨论的主题是校园内新开的咖啡馆。
2.2 问题二：他们对咖啡馆的看法是什么？答案：他们认为咖啡馆的咖啡味道很好，但是价格有点贵。
3. 口语部分A. 口语任务一1.1 问题一：描述你最喜欢的季节，并解释原因。
答案：我最喜欢的季节是秋天，因为秋天天气凉爽，而且秋天的景色非常美丽。
B. 口语任务二2.1 问题一：讨论一下你认为科技对教育的影响。
答案：我认为科技极大地提高了教育的效率和质量，例如在线课程和电子书籍。
4. 写作部分A. 写作任务一1.1 问题一：描述一个你认为重要的社会问题，并提出解决方案。
答案：我认为环境污染是一个重要的社会问题。
为了解决这个问题，我们可以推广使用可再生能源和减少一次性塑料的使用。
B. 写作任务二2.1 问题一：讨论一下你认为团队合作在工作和学习中的重要性。
答案：我认为团队合作在工作和学习中非常重要，因为它可以促进信息的交流和问题的解决。
5月6日托福听力真题及解析
5月6日托福听力真题及解析2017年05月06日托福听力考题回忆Conversation 1话题分类：学生和接待员（receptionist）内容回忆：学生去找receptionist说明自己目前做一个研究项目，想去拍一节学生们上课的录像，需要和工作人员确认下时间，学生想知道明天是否可以，工作人员说拍录像之前需要获得学生的同意，也就是需要参与的学生们提前填写一份类似调查问卷的同意书，还有如果要拍摄的话需要提前3天左右提交一份已经获得准许拍摄的证明，学生说到，那可能来不及，因为下周就要开始项目了，工作人员还问学生是否就她一个人来负责拍摄工作，学生说还有另外两位同学，工作人员说那还需要提交一份关于费用的申请说明，学生最后总结说这些程序太麻烦了。
Conversation 2话题分类：学生和教授内容回忆：学生去找professor谈论关于他做的Microbeat相关的项目的费用方面的问题，教授的意思是学生的项目花费有点多，可以适当减少，研究的范围太广了，教授建议学生研究的范围可以聚集在一些小的问题上面，比如校园的水问题上面，不必放在海洋的水方面，还有第二点如果要分析结构的话，可以在一些固定的地方收集样品，并给出了一些可以收集样品的地方，学生最后表示接下去有好多工作要做，会根据建议进行相应的修正的。
Lecture 1学科分类：art history标题：关于conceptual art中一些有名的作品的解释。
内容回忆：一开始讲述了conceptual art的概念，即凡是能够引发人们思考的作品，都是成功的艺术作品，主要介绍了两位艺术家的作品，第一位是Joseph Kesuth 的one and three chairs ,这个作品中并且没有真的出现chair,但是可以让人们联想到chair，介绍完一系列的特点之后，教授说了一句good work for JK(后面有考题，问题教授对KJ的态度)；第二个艺术家是William Wegman,先说了他的一个作品是Spelling lesson，说这个作品和他之前的作品特点不一样，接着说了他的第二个作品是一些关于dogs dressing in human clothes的照片，体现了荒诞主义的观点。
2023年5月6日托福考试真题
2023年5月6日托福考试真题一、托福听力Conversation1.学校新开了planetarium, 学生想要安排课外活动Lecture1.anthropology: 人类进化过程是按照hunger-gathering, horticultural, agrarian, industrial 来推进的2.18世纪科学家和诗歌的关系：启蒙运动时期, Newton 作为科学家, 写书提出光的特性, 启发了一些诗人二、托福口语Task 1Your university is organizing a series of guest lectures. Some people think that speakers with controversial opinions should not be invited to speak at the university. Others believe that the university should feature a variety of speakers, regardless of their opinions. Which point of view do you agree with? Explain why, using details and examples in your response.Task 2阅读：教授要把他的office hours改成学生make anappointment听力：男生同意了，原因是住在校外的学生和教授都很方便，教授不用再去office，学生也不用等待很久Task 3About Psychology: Older people are more likely to recall positive things than younger people do.Task 4About Botany: two ways for plants to resist fungus.1. external barriers: physical layers releasing chemicals to defense;2. have the infected tissues or parts die and seperate from bodies.三、托福阅读Passage1.地球的年龄地质学可以通过不同的方法推算地球的年龄，一个地质学家巧妙地通过测量海水盐度变化值来估算地球的年龄。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
2018年5月6日托福考试真题解析！5月第一场托福听力还是不负众望的难出新高度快来看看都考了什么逆天的题目吧......阅读部分Reading1.动物灭绝有几个不同的理论来说猛犸象还是什么的大型动物为啥灭绝。
一是说人类捕猎导致，二是说气候变化导致水食物变少，最后又跳出一个人说在座的都是垃圾，都忽略了重要的一点，生态圈是环环相扣的，每一个小变化都会导致蝴蝶效应，所以是上述理论结合起来的结果，他的理论也弥补了上述理论的不足，比如理论一没有大量捕杀遗迹来支撑。
2.Economic Decline in Europe during the Fourteenth Century14世纪欧洲经济的衰退。
首先因为气温变低，虽然就低了那么几度，但是稍微一点温度的变化都会对农业产生很大的影响，由于气温低了影响了农业，农作物产量就会下降，农民的生活就变得很惨，于是就拿不出钱，农业不好，资本又少了。
然后因为东亚一个M帝国的崛起，M重视信仰轻视商业，因此欧洲向亚洲的贸易之路就逐渐衰退了，他们开始向大西洋和非洲发展。
3.Olmec culture在Mesopotamia area 发现了重要的ceremonial sites.东部high lands 有一些sacred precinct。
里面重要的art and architecture. Kunze axe的发现帮助确立了这是Olmec culture.一开始发现的时候，研究者就十分确定这属于Mesopotamia地区，但是因为既不属于埃及文明也不属于希腊文明，使得研究者困惑了很长时间其起源。
后来结合一系列其它文物的发现证明属于Olmec 文化。
而且我们今天所认为的Maya calendar 其实是Olmec人发明的。
Olmec culture存在一套表示文化的consistent code，例如Kunze axe 里面也运用的howling baby’s face 就一直沿用至今天，而期间没有发生太大的变化。
4.Ocean Acidification讲述海洋酸化的原因，是化石燃料的燃烧产生更多的CO2，CO2和海水作用生成碳酸，如今海水的酸化程度比工业革命之前高出了30%。
进入结果影响部分，表明海水酸化对海洋生物造成影响，以白垩纪恐龙的灭绝事件来做类比。
恐龙灭绝时海洋生物也受到影响，但奇怪的是，一些海洋浮游生物(plankton)灭绝了，另一些活下来了，浅水的贝壳类(shellfish)灭绝了，但深水的贝壳类活下来了，并且珊瑚几乎消失了。
因为小行星撞击地球带来很多硫酸盐(sulfate)，这些硫酸盐和大气中的氧气作用生成硫酸(sulfuric acid)，这些硫酸以降雨的方式落到海洋，将海水酸化，由此溶解了海洋生物的碳酸钙壳，造成含有碳酸钙壳的浮游生物灭绝，而不含有碳酸钙壳的浮游生物就不受影响；并且海洋的浅水部分酸化，导致浅水贝壳灭绝，而深水部分尚没有酸化，所以深水贝壳不受影响。
碳酸对海洋生物的碳酸钙壳的影响类似于硫酸。
海洋生物的碳酸钙壳分为两种形式：霰石(aragonite)和方解石(calcite)，霰石是方解石溶解速度的2倍，所以由霰石组成的生物壳更容易受到海水酸化的影响，例如珊瑚就是这样。
又提到一个例子，牡蛎(oyster)，成年牡蛎的碳酸钙壳虽然是方解石结构，但是幼年牡蛎(oyster larvae)的碳酸钙壳却是霰石结构，因此很多牡蛎幼体无法忍受酸化海水而被溶解(dissolve)，尤其是遇上深层海水上扬(upwell)，带来大量冷水，在冷水低温下碳酸钙壳的溶解速度更快。
人类渔业的影响，很多牡蛎养殖受到重创，同时其他商业鱼类也由于没有了浮游生物提供食物、没有了珊瑚提供栖息地而数量下降，还有小丑鱼等鱼类由于海水酸化而丧失气味辨别能力，本来可以利用气味躲避捕猎者，结果这些小丑鱼丧失该能力、死亡率大大增加。
5.Disappearing Fungi目前已经发现很多fungi但是很多没有发现都没有记录就灭绝了。
(此处有题有的选项是什么compare 已知的新的灭绝更多?反正各种比较好像都不太对)然后说总的fungi的数量减少了平均每公里(大概是)的密度和种类也少了(此处有题)还讲了fungi灭绝对forest有不好的影响 fungi比tree在吸收mineral方面更好，所以可以帮助tree(此处有题)。
还比较了fungi和其他aerial plants区别，fungi没有covering所以更容易灭亡好像是(恶劣环境下)fungi还可检测周围环境是否是toxic(好像是)大概是如果有fuel leak它们会死。
还举了一个动物or植物B什么也能察觉泄漏。
最后一段说了在美国，食用mushroom和fungi之类的并不多，所以对于fungi的减少并没有太多记录，但是这并不能代表在美国fungi就没有减少。
related 头the lichen，lichen在decline，由此推出fungi也在减少。
6.The First Eyes讲eyes是什么时候形成的，主要看怎么定义eyes，如果认为eyes是器官，那就是要在细胞分裂以后，但很多protists很早就可以通过光线调整日常活动，比如新陈代谢等（有题，问protist的描述不包括，选生存在水环境中）。
然后举了个典型例子，且由于这些现代的protists跟记载的ancient的极其相似，所以估计很早就有eyes了。
（有题，问相似说明什么，选exist for long）。
给了个eyes的定义，然后指出这个定义解释了eyes的基本功能，但是存在漏洞，没有涉及到一些其他因素，比如眼部运动，图像等等。
但eyes一开始的功能也就这样了，且有些动物一开始就是有眼睛的。
（有题，问early eyes 的描述，选开始进化时就可以detect）。
Precambrian时期，动物稀少，证据不多，但5千万年后的Cambrian时期，就有好多动物了。
（有题，问 Cambrian时期特征，选 abundant animals）第四段：接着一个 Cambian时期后的 deposit（叫Burges Shale）为origin of eyes提供了 direct evidence，指的是这个 deposit 里面发现的软体动物化石（有题，问关于Burges Shales哪个描述不正确，选有Precambrian和Cambrian的化石）第五段：在 Burges 化石的动物中，部分是有eyes的，跟现代生物的眼睛长蛮像，然后解释有些shrimp和crab的眼睛长在stalk上面，这样视野更广，有的眼睛是长身体表面的，比如有个Opa的动物，还举了一些眼睛比较特殊的动物的例子。
（有题，问为什么要提stalk上长眼睛，选跟现代生物像）。
虽然上述化石表明眼睛存在很久，但这里发现的眼睛应该不是最原始的，所以就定位eyes的origin大概是在Cambian和Burges之间。
（有题，问first eyes的信息，选出现在Burges 之前）7.Industry during the Rome Empire马帝国的工业，开始说是农业是主要的，然后讲了陶器的生产，然后是raw material ，说是工业在罗马帝国时代不太发达，主要是upper上层阶级不支持，说是一直用animal和人力，不用更新后提供energy的设备。
社交型昆虫的分工第一段还是第二段介绍了一种蜂，依据体型分类，不过一般的蜂除了女王特别大别的蜂体型都差不多，没有显差异，很多昆虫是靠年龄来分工的。
第三段先说了黄蜂，它们是按年龄分的，不过他们在同一年龄阶段的工作比较随意，就是同样年龄的蜂既可能负责这项工作也可能负责那项工作。
然后说了蜜蜂，有比较明确的不同年龄层的分工，年轻蜜蜂专门负责养小蜜蜂，大点的蜜蜂负责外出什么的。
第四还是第五段说科学家想知道他们的分工会不会改变，所以他们改变了一种蜂的年龄层结构，然后发现年纪更大的老蜜蜂把巢内的工作让给年轻蜜蜂，然后马上转去巢外的工作了，所以说明他们的分工是可变的。
8.明治维新时期日本经济的发展本来政府没有建立系统的机制管理市场什么的，农民的税收不靠个人上交，是以村（village)为单位的，而且也没有什么统一的标准，基本就是粮价上涨的时候农民就要交更多税所以他们要卖更多的粮食，很苦，后来建立了统一的标准，农民在粮价上涨的时候就可以获得更多利润了。
中间还说政府鼓励贸易之类的，最后说政府还修建了铁路，并鼓励私人投资铁路，铁路资金由政府和私人共同承提供，到某一年已经修了40000km的铁路了。
9.热带雨林由于气温升高，湿度降低，土壤的变化对很多的物种的生存和栖息地的破坏和影响，其中有一种植物Vine能在此种环境下特殊生存，由于雨林遭到了破坏，风在此过程中加剧了对于栖息地的侵袭，（雨林具有降低风速的能力），但现在风能无所顾及的进入雨林，导致土壤更加干燥，甚至直接吧树木吹倒。
枯死的树木，人类的焚烧，以及气温的升高，也加剧了大火的潜在发生。
10.开垦的原因不是自然气候变化，而人类是主要原因，文章通过例举一系列动物数字的灭绝，同时例举了毛利人以及欧洲人在捕杀动物的一些事实，充分论证人类是物种灭绝最主要的原因。
同时最后提到过度捕鱼现象，需要引起更多人的重视。
开头介绍了当地的土壤和环境不适合大量作物，但随着温度上升等原因，土壤的质置提升，可以种植大量的燕麦。
接着提到Natufian人群，有更强的种植和收割植物的能力，同时也学会了在农作物储存在有利位置，随着作物的充足，人口也大置激增，人口进行扩张，在此过程中也出现了阶级概念，然而有遇到了干旱问题，他们由原来的hill zone去了 high altitude地区，因为对cereal 非常熟悉，所以也能保证农作物生长。
11.The Global Industrial Revolution古埃及商业的发展12.地中海的一张图听力部分ListeningConversation1.一个学生想去日本参加夏季intern,因为觉得那对以后的工作都会有帮助，而且她在日本住过一段时间（这个点后面才提到，这两点出题双选）一开始对方建议该学生去参加一个一月的五天的活动学生表示有点intense；后来男的表示你去参加那个夏季intern就没有学分哦你怎么办？（该处有题）女生陷入思考...2.女生想要玩音乐希望教授能帮她推荐一下，因为教授是music department的（这里出题）。
而且她有上教授的一门乐理课（有题，问女生是怎么认识教授的）她学了很久的钢琴，很喜欢音乐，之所以选择学术是因为觉得对未来比较好（有题：为什么学术？）但发现自己还是比较向往音乐，毕竟理论和实际玩音乐还是不太一样。