非谓语动词 (4)

非谓语动词

一．概念

非谓语动词就是指在句中不能单独作谓语的动词，并且不受主语的人称或数的制约。非谓语动词可分为不定式，动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）。二．基本特点：

三种非谓语动词都具有动词的特征，虽然它们没有人称和数的变化，但是它们都能带自己的状语或有时跟宾语。

它们都有各自的特征：

不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句子中能够做主语、宾语、表语、补足语或状语。

分词具有形容词和副词的特征，在句子中能够做定语、表语、状语或补足语等；动名词具有名词的特，在句子中能够做主语、宾语、表语等；

动词不定式

1.动词不定式的基本结构

to + 动词原形。

2.动词不定式的形式

时态主动态被动态

一般式to do to be done

实行式to be doing

完成式to have done to have been done

完成实行式to have been doing

Eg.1.John said that he had run in order to catch the bus. （一般式的主动态）

2：He hated to be misunderstood by others. (一般式的被动态)

3：He pretended to be listening attentively. (实行式)

4：He intended to have told you that. (完成式主动态)

5：This work of art seemed to have been created several centuries ago.

(完成式的被动态)

6：We’re happy to have been working with yo u. (完成实行式)

3. 动词不定式的用法,

在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等

(1)作主语。例如：

To see you is always a pleasure.

To make money is not the only purpose of our life.

在很多情况下，常用it 来充当动词不定式的形式主语。例如：

It’s difficult for us to learn English well.

It’s kind of you to help me.

(2)作动词的宾语，常用在以下动词后：

agree, forget, remember, like, dislike, love, wish, hope, expect begin, demand, desire, expect, hate, hope, learn, decide, seem, intend, try, hesitate, manage, order, fail, choose, forget, mean, pretend, promise 等。例如： He managed to pass the exam.

I begin to do my homework.

I didn’t expect to see you here.

在某些复合宾语中，常先用it作形式宾语，而把不定式放到后面去。例如：

He made it a rule to get up early.

I think it impossible to finish the work on time.

I find if important to learn English well.

（3）表语

1. My job is to help the patient.

2. Your task is to clean the classroom

(4)作宾语补足语

1．使役动词及感官动词后作宾语补足语，可用省略to的动词不定式，如let, make, have, hear, see, feel, smell, hear, watch等。例如：

The teacher makes me rewrite the composition.

I heard her say that she was fed up.

2．某些动词如：ask，permit order, persuade, invite, forbid ,wish, allow ,teach等后要用to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。

(5)作定语（常置于名词之后）。

1.由only, last, next 序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式做定语; She is always the first student to arrive at school.

He is always the last one to leave the office.

I don’t think he is the best man to do the job.

2.不定式还可用作名词或代词的定语(time, way, wish attempt, chance, desire, decision, effort, intention, need, opportunity, place, plan, promise, reason, right, nothing, something ,anything, ability,) 例如: I have no desire to travel. I have the right to know the truth.

You’ll find something to eat here.

I have nothing to do now

注：动词不定式to后所接动词若是不及物动词，而不定式与其修饰的动词之间有动宾关系，这个不定式后就应有必要的介词。例如：

I have a big room to live in .

I haven’t decided which hotel to stay at.

I found no one to play with.

不定式做定语与所修饰的词之间有三种关系：