中英文翻译混凝土配合比的选择英文原文
混凝土工艺中英文对照外文翻译文献
混凝土工艺中英文对照外文翻译文献混凝土工艺中英文对照外文翻译文献混凝土工艺中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Concrete technology and developmentPortland cement concrete has clearly emerged as the material of choice for the construction of a large number and variety of structures in the world today. This is attributed mainly to low cost of materials and construction for concrete structures as well as low cost of maintenance.Therefore, it is not surprising that many advancements in concrete technology have occurred as a result of two driving forces, namely the speed of construction and the durability of concrete.During the period 1940-1970, the availability of high early strength portland cements enabled the use of high water content in concrete mixtures that were easy to handle. This approach, however, led to serious problems with durability of structures, especially those subjected to severe environmental exposures.With us lightweight concrete is a development mainly of the last twenty years.Concrete technology is the making of plentiful good concrete cheaply. It includes the correct choice of the cement and the water, and the right treatment of the aggregates. Those which are dug near by and therefore cheap, must be sized, washed free of clay or silt, and recombined in the correct proportions so as to make a cheap concrete which is workable at a low water/cement ratio, thus easily comoacted to a high density and therefore strong.It hardens with age and the process of hardening continues for a long time after the concrete has attained sufficient strength.Abrams’law, perhaps the oldest law of concrete technology, states that the strength of a concrete varies inversely with its water cement ratio. This means that the sand content (particularly the fine sand which needs much water) must be reduced so far as possible. The fact that the sand “drinks” large quantities of water can easily be established by mixing several batches of x kg of cement with y kg of stone and the same amount of water but increasing amounts of sand. However if there is no sand the concrete will be so stiff that it will be unworkable thereforw porous and weak. The same will be true if the sand is too coarse. Therefore for each set of aggregates, the correct mix must not be changed without good reason. This applied particularly to the water content.Any drinkable and many undrinkable waters can be used for making concrete, including most clear waters from the sea or rivers. It is important that clay should be kept out of the concrete. The cement if fresh can usually be chosen on the basis of the maker’s certificates of tensile or crushing tests, but these are always made with fresh cement. Where strength is important , and the cement at the site is old, it should be tested.This stress , causing breakage,will be a tension since concretes are from 9 to 11times as strong in compression as in tension, This stress, the modulus of rupture, will be roughly double the direct tensile breaking stress obtained in a tensile testing machine,so a very rough guess at the conpressive strength can be made by multiplying the modulus of rupture by 4.5. The method can be used in combination with the strength results of machine-crushed cubes or cylinders or tensile test pieces but cannot otherwise be regarded as reliable. With these comparisons,however, it is suitable for comparing concretes on the same site made from the same aggregates and cement, with beams cast and tested in the same way.Extreme care is necessary for preparation,transport,plating and finish of concrete in construction works.It is important to note that only a bit of care and supervision make a great difference between good and bad concrete.The following factors may be kept in mind in concreting works.MixingThe mixing of ingredients shall be done in a mixer as specified in the contract.Handling and ConveyingThe handling&conveying of concrete from the mixer to the place of final deposit shall be done as rapidly as practicable and without any objectionable separation or loss of ingredients.Whenever the length of haul from the mixing plant to the place of deposit is such that the concrete unduly compacts or segregates,suitable agitators shall be installed in the conveying system.Where concrete is being conveyed on chutes or on belts,the free fall or drop shall be limited to 5ft.(or 150cm.) unless otherwise permitted.The concrete shall be placed in position within 30 minutes of its removal from the mixer.Placing ConcreteNo concrete shall be placed until the place of deposit has been thoroughly inspected and approved,all reinforcement,inserts and embedded metal properly security in position and checked,and forms thoroughly wetted(expect in freezing weather)or oiled.Placing shall be continued without avoidable interruption while the section is completed or satisfactory construction joint made.Within FormsConcrete shall be systematically deposited in shallow layers and at such rate as to maintain,until the completion of the unit,a plastic surface approximately horizontal throughout.Each layer shall be thoroughly compacted before placing the succeeding layer.CompactingMethod. Concrete shall be thoroughly compacted by means of suitable tools during and immediately after depositing.The concrete shall be worked around all reinforcement,embedded fixtures,and into the comers of the forms.Every precaution shall be taken to keep the reinforcement and embedded metal in proper position and to prevent distortion.Vibrating. Wherever practicable,concrete shall be internally vibrated within the forms,or in the mass,in order to increase the plasticity as to compact effectively to improve the surface texture and appearance,and to facilitate placing of the concrete.Vibration shall be continued the entire batch melts to a uniform appearance and the surface just starts to glisten.A minute film of cement paste shall be discernible between the concrete and the form and around the reinforcement.Over vibration causing segregation,unnecessary bleeding or formation of laitance shall be avoided.The effect spent on careful grading, mixing and compaction of concrete will be largely wasted if the concrete is badly cured. Curing means keeping the concretethoroughly damp for some time, usually a week, until it has reached the desired strength. So long as concrete is kept wet it will continue to gain strength, though more slowly as it grows older.Admixtures or additives to concrete are materials arematerials which are added to it or to the cement so as to improve one or more of the properties of the concrete. The main types are:1. Accelerators of set or hardening,2. Retarders of set or hardening,3. Air-entraining agents, including frothing or foaming agents,4. Gassing agents,5. Pozzolanas, blast-furnace slag cement, pulverized coal ash,6. Inhibitors of the chemical reaction between cement and aggregate, which might cause the aggregate to expand7. Agents for damp-proofing a concrete or reducing its permeability to water,8. Workability agents, often called plasticizers,9. Grouting agents and expanding cements.Wherever possible, admixtures should be avouded, particularly those that are added on site. Small variations in the quantity added may greatly affect the concrete properties in an undesiraale way. An accelerator can often be avoided by using a rapid-hardening cement or a richer mix with ordinary cement, or for very rapid gain of strength, high-alumina cement, though this is very much more expensive, in Britain about three times as costly as ordinary Portland cement. But in twenty-four hours its strength is equal to that reached with ordinary Portland cement in thirty days.A retarder may have to be used in warm weather when a large quantity of concrete has to be cast in one piece of formwork, and it is important that the concrete cast early in the day does not set before the last concrete. This occurs with bridges when they are cast in place, and the formwork necessarily bends underthe heavy load of the wet concrete. Some retarders permanently weaken the concrete and should not be used without good technical advice.A somewhat similar effect,milder than that of retarders, is obtained with low-heat cement. These may be sold by the cement maker or mixed by the civil engineering contractor. They give out less heat on setting and hardening, partly because they harden more slowly, and they are used in large casts such as gravity dams, where the concrete may take years to cool down to the temperature of the surrounding air. In countries like Britain or France, where pulverized coal is burnt in the power stations, the ash, which is very fine, has been mixed with cement to reduce its production of heat and its cost without reducing its long-term strength. Up to about 20 per cent ash by weight of the cement has been successfully used, with considerable savings in cement costs.In countries where air-entraining cement cement can be bought from the cement maker, no air-entraining agent needs to be mixed in .When air-entraining agents draw into the wet cement and concrete some 3-8 percent of air in the form of very small bubbles, they plasticize the concrete, making it more easily workable and therefore enable the water |cement ratio to be reduced. They reduce the strength of the concrete slightly but so little that in the United States their use is now standard practice in road-building where heavy frost occur. They greatly improve the frost resistance of the concrete.Pozzolane is a volcanic ash found near the Italian town of Puzzuoli, which is a natural cement. The name has been given to all natural mineral cements, as well as to the ash from coal or the slag from blast furnaces, both of which may become cementswhen ground and mixed with water. Pozzolanas of either the industrial or the mineral type are important to civil engineers because they have been added to oridinary Portland cement in proportions up to about 20 percent without loss of strength in the cement and with great savings in cement cost. Their main interest is in large dams, where they may reduce the heat given out by the cement during hardening. Some pozzolanas have been known to prevent the action between cement and certain aggregates which causes the aggregate to expand, and weaken or burst the concrete.The best way of waterproof a concrete is to reduce its permeability by careful mix design and manufacture of the concrete, with correct placing and tighr compaction in strong formwork ar a low water|cement ratio. Even an air-entraining agent can be used because the minute pores are discontinuous. Slow, careful curing of the concrete improves the hydration of the cement, which helps to block the capillary passages through the concrete mass. An asphalt or other waterproofing means the waterproofing of concrete by any method concerned with the quality of the concrete but not by a waterproof skin.Workability agents, water-reducing agents and plasticizers are three names for the same thing, mentioned under air-entraining agents. Their use can sometimes be avoided by adding more cement or fine sand, or even water, but of course only with great care.The rapid growth from 1945 onwards in the prestressing of concrete shows that there was a real need for this high-quality structural material. The quality must be high because the worst conditions of loading normally occur at the beginning of the life of the member, at the transfer of stress from the steel to theconcrete. Failure is therefore more likely then than later, when the concrete has become stronger and the stress in the steel has decreased because of creep in the steel and concrete, and shrinkage of the concrete. Faulty members are therefore observed and thrown out early, before they enter the structure, or at least before it The main advantages of prestressed concrete in comparison with reinforced concrete are :①The whole concrete cross-section resists load. In reinforced concrete about half the section, the cracked area below the neutral axis, does no useful work. Working deflections are smaller.②High working stresses are possible. In reinforced concrete they are not usually possible because they result in severe cracking which is always ugly and may be dangerous if it causes rusting of the steel.③Cracking is almost completely avoided in prestressed concrete.The main disadvantage of prestressed concrete is that much more care is needed to make it than reinforced concrete and it is therefore more expensive, but because it is of higher quality less of it needs to be needs to be used. It can therefore happen that a solution of a structural problem may be cheaper in prestressed concrete than in reinforced concrete, and it does often happen that a solution is possible with prestressing but impossible without it.Prestressing of the concrete means that it is placed under compression before it carries any working load. This means that the section can be designed so that it takes no tension or very little under the full design load. It therefore has theoretically no cracks and in practice very few. The prestress is usually applied by tensioning the steel before the concrete in which it isembedded has hardened. After the concrete has hardened enough to take the stress from the steel to the concrete. In a bridge with abutments able to resist thrust, the prestress can be applied without steel in the concrete. It is applied by jacks forcing the bridge inwards from the abutments. This methods has the advantage that the jacking force, or prestress, can be varied during the life of the structure as required.In the ten years from 1950 to 1960 prestressed concrete ceased to be an experinmental material and engineers won confidence in its use. With this confidence came an increase in the use of precast prestressed concrete particularly for long-span floors or the decks of motorways. Whereever the quantity to be made was large enough, for example in a motorway bridge 500 m kong , provided that most of the spans could be made the same and not much longer than 18m, it became economical to usefactory-precast prestressed beams, at least in industrial areas near a precasting factory prestressed beams, at least in industrial areas near a precasting factory. Most of these beams are heat-cured so as to free the forms quickly for re-use.In this period also, in the United States, precast prestressed roof beams and floor beams were used in many school buildings, occasionally 32 m long or more. Such long beams over a single span could not possibly be successful in reinforced concrete unless they were cast on site because they would have to be much deeper and much heavier than prestressed concrete beams. They would certainlly be less pleasing to the eye and often more expensive than the prestressed concrete beams. These school buildings have a strong, simple architectural appeal and will be a pleasure to look at for many years.The most important parts of a precast prestressed concrete beam are the tendons and the concrete. The tendons, as the name implies, are the cables, rods or wires of steel which are under tension in the concrete.Before the concrete has hardened (before transfer of stress), the tendons are either unstressed (post-tensioned prestressing) or are stressed and held by abutments outside the concrete ( pre-tensioned prestressing). While the concrete is hardening it grips each tendon more and more tightly by bond along its full length. End anchorages consisting of plates or blocks are placed on the ends of the tendons of post-tensioned prestressed units, and such tendons are stressed up at the time of transfer, when the concrete has hardened sufficiently. In the other type of pretressing, with pre-tensioned tendons, the tendons are released from external abutments at the moment of transfer, and act on the concrete through bond or archorage or both, shortening it by compression, and themselves also shortening and losing some tension.Further shortening of the concrete (and therefore of the steel) takes place with time. The concrete is said to creep. This means that it shortens permanently under load and spreads the stresses more uniformly and thus more safely across its section. Steel also creeps, but rather less. The result of these two effects ( and of the concrete shrinking when it dries ) is that prestressed concrete beams are never more highly stressed than at the moment of transfer.The factory precasting of long prestressed concrete beams is likely to become more and more popular in the future, but one difficulty will be road transport. As the length of the beam increases, the lorry becomes less and less manoeuvrable untileventually the only suitable time for it to travel is in the middle of the night when traffic in the district and the route, whether the roads are straight or curved. Precasting at the site avoids these difficulties; it may be expensive, but it has often been used for large bridge beams.混凝土工艺及发展波特兰水泥混凝土在当今世界已成为建造数量繁多、种类复杂结构的首选材料。
钢筋混凝土中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料对照外文翻译目录1 中文翻译 (1)1.1钢筋混凝土 (1)1.2土方工程 (2)1.3结构的安全度 (3)2 外文翻译 (6)2.1 Reinforced Concrete (6)2.2 Earthwork (7)2.3 Safety of Structures (9)1 中文翻译1.1钢筋混凝土素混凝土是由水泥、水、细骨料、粗骨料（碎石或；卵石）、空气，通常还有其他外加剂等经过凝固硬化而成。
将可塑的混凝土拌合物注入到模板内，并将其捣实，然后进行养护，以加速水泥与水的水化反应，最后获得硬化的混凝土。
其最终制成品具有较高的抗压强度和较低的抗拉强度。
其抗拉强度约为抗压强度的十分之一。
因此，截面的受拉区必须配置抗拉钢筋和抗剪钢筋以增加钢筋混凝土构件中较弱的受拉区的强度。
由于钢筋混凝土截面在均质性上与标准的木材或钢的截面存在着差异，因此，需要对结构设计的基本原理进行修改。
将钢筋混凝土这种非均质截面的两种组成部分按一定比例适当布置，可以最好的利用这两种材料。
这一要求是可以达到的。
因混凝土由配料搅拌成湿拌合物，经过振捣并凝固硬化，可以做成任何一种需要的形状。
如果拌制混凝土的各种材料配合比恰当，则混凝土制成品的强度较高，经久耐用，配置钢筋后，可以作为任何结构体系的主要构件。
浇筑混凝土所需要的技术取决于即将浇筑的构件类型，诸如：柱、梁、墙、板、基础，大体积混凝土水坝或者继续延长已浇筑完毕并且已经凝固的混凝土等。
对于梁、柱、墙等构件，当模板清理干净后应该在其上涂油，钢筋表面的锈及其他有害物质也应该被清除干净。
浇筑基础前，应将坑底土夯实并用水浸湿6英寸，以免土壤从新浇的混凝土中吸收水分。
一般情况下，除使用混凝土泵浇筑外，混凝土都应在水平方向分层浇筑，并使用插入式或表面式高频电动振捣器捣实。
必须记住，过分的振捣将导致骨料离析和混凝土泌浆等现象，因而是有害的。
水泥的水化作用发生在有水分存在，而且气温在50°F以上的条件下。
英文翻译后
Concrete consist primarily of a mixture of cement and coarse aggregates (sand,gravel,crushed rock,and/or other materials)to which water has been added as a necessary ingredient for the chemical reaction of curing. The bulk of the mixture consists of the fine and coarse aggregates. The resulting concerete strength and durability are a function of the proportions of the mix as well as other factors, such as the concrete placing , finishing and curing history.混凝土主要由水泥和粗骨料（沙子、碎岩石和其它材料）的混合物构成，其中必须添加水以完成固化反应。
混合物的大部分是粗细沙石。
合成的混凝土的强度和耐用度受混合比例的影响，也受其它因素如混凝土浇注、精加工和固化时间等的影响。
The compressive strength of concrete is relatively high.Yet it is a relatively brittle material,the tensile strength of which is small compared with its compressive strength.Hence steel reinforcing rods(which have high tensile and compressive strength)are used in combination with the concrete;the steel will resist the tension and the concrete the compression.Reinforced concrete is the result of this combination of steel and concrete.In many instances,steel and concrete are positioned in members so that they both resist compression.混凝土的抗压强度相对较高。
混凝土工艺中英文对照外文翻译文献
混凝土工艺中英文对照外文翻译文献混凝土工艺中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Concrete technology and developmentPortland cement concrete has clearly emerged as the material of choice for the construction of a large number and variety of structures in the world today. This is attributed mainly to low cost of materials and construction for concrete structures as well as low cost of maintenance.Therefore, it is not surprising that many advancements in concrete technology have occurred as a result of two driving forces, namely the speed of construction and the durability of concrete.During the period 1940-1970, the availability of high early strength portland cements enabled the use of high water content in concrete mixtures that were easy to handle. This approach, however, led to serious problems with durability of structures, especially those subjected to severe environmental exposures.With us lightweight concrete is a development mainly of the last twenty years.Concrete technology is the making of plentiful good concrete cheaply. It includes the correct choice of the cement and the water, and the right treatment of the aggregates. Those which are dug near by and therefore cheap, must be sized, washed free of clay or silt, and recombined in the correct proportions so as to make a cheap concrete which is workable at a low water/cement ratio, thus easily comoacted to a high density and therefore strong.It hardens with age and the process of hardening continues for a long time after the concrete has attained sufficient strength.Abrams’law, perhaps the oldest law of concrete technology, states that the strength of a concrete varies inversely with its water cement ratio. This means that the sand content (particularly the fine sand which needs much water) must be reduced so far as possible. The fact that the sand “drinks” large quantities of water can easily be established by mixing several batches of x kg of cement with y kg of stone and the same amount of water but increasing amounts of sand. However if there is no sand the concrete will be so stiff that it will be unworkable thereforw porous and weak. The same will be true if the sand is too coarse. Therefore for each set of aggregates, the correct mix must not be changed without good reason. This applied particularly to the water content.Any drinkable and many undrinkable waters can be used for making concrete, including most clear waters from the sea or rivers. It is important that clay should be kept out of the concrete. The cement if fresh can usually be chosen on the basis of the maker’s certificates of tensile or crushing tests, but these are always made with fresh cement. Where strength is important , and the cement at the site is old, it should be tested.This stress , causing breakage,will be a tension since concretes are from 9 to 11times as strong in compression as in tension, This stress, the modulus of rupture, will be roughly double the direct tensile breaking stress obtained in a tensile testing machine,so a very rough guess at the conpressive strength can be made by multiplying the modulus of rupture by 4.5. The method can be used in combination with the strength results of machine-crushed cubes or cylinders or tensile test pieces but cannot otherwise be regarded as reliable. With these comparisons, however, it is suitable for comparing concretes on the same site made from the same aggregates and cement, with beams cast and tested in the same way.Extreme care is necessary for preparation,transport,plating and finish of concrete in construction works.It is important to note that only a bit of care and supervision make a great difference between good and bad concrete.The following factors may be kept in mind in concreting works.MixingThe mixing of ingredients shall be done in a mixer as specified in the contract.Handling and ConveyingThe handling&conveying of concrete from the mixer to the place of final deposit shall be done as rapidly as practicable and without any objectionable separation or loss of ingredients.Whenever the length of haul from the mixing plant to the place of deposit is such that the concrete unduly compacts or segregates,suitable agitators shall be installed in the conveying system.Where concrete is being conveyed on chutes or on belts,the free fall or drop shall be limited to 5ft.(or 150cm.) unless otherwise permitted.The concrete shall be placed in position within 30 minutes of its removal from the mixer.Placing ConcreteNo concrete shall be placed until the place of deposit has been thoroughly inspected and approved,all reinforcement,inserts and embedded metal properly security in position and checked,and forms thoroughly wetted(expect in freezing weather)or oiled.Placing shall be continued without avoidable interruption while the section is completed or satisfactory construction joint made.Within FormsConcrete shall be systematically deposited in shallow layers and at such rate as to maintain,until the completion of the unit,a plastic surface approximately horizontal throughout.Each layer shall be thoroughly compacted before placing the succeeding layer.CompactingMethod. Concrete shall be thoroughly compacted by means of suitable tools during and immediately after depositing.The concrete shall be worked around all reinforcement,embedded fixtures,and into the comers of the forms.Every precaution shall be taken to keep the reinforcement and embedded metal in proper position and to prevent distortion.Vibrating. Wherever practicable,concrete shall be internally vibrated within the forms,or in the mass,in order to increase the plasticity as to compact effectively to improve the surface texture and appearance,and to facilitate placing of the concrete.Vibration shall be continued the entire batch melts to a uniform appearance and the surface just starts to glisten.A minute film of cement paste shall be discernible between the concrete and the form and around the reinforcement.Over vibration causing segregation,unnecessary bleeding or formation of laitance shall be avoided.The effect spent on careful grading, mixing and compaction of concrete will be largely wasted if the concrete is badly cured. Curing means keeping the concretethoroughly damp for some time, usually a week, until it has reached the desired strength. So long as concrete is kept wet it will continue to gain strength, though more slowly as it grows older.Admixtures or additives to concrete are materials are materials which are added to it or to the cement so as to improve one or more of the properties of the concrete. The main types are:1. Accelerators of set or hardening,2. Retarders of set or hardening,3. Air-entraining agents, including frothing or foaming agents,4. Gassing agents,5. Pozzolanas, blast-furnace slag cement, pulverized coal ash,6. Inhibitors of the chemical reaction between cement and aggregate, which might cause the aggregate to expand7. Agents for damp-proofing a concrete or reducing its permeability to water,8. Workability agents, often called plasticizers,9. Grouting agents and expanding cements.Wherever possible, admixtures should be avouded, particularly those that are added on site. Small variations in the quantity added may greatly affect the concrete properties in an undesiraale way. An accelerator can often be avoided by using a rapid-hardening cement or a richer mix with ordinary cement, or for very rapid gain of strength, high-alumina cement, though this is very much more expensive, in Britain about three times as costly as ordinary Portland cement. But in twenty-four hours its strength is equal to that reached with ordinary Portland cement in thirty days.A retarder may have to be used in warm weather when a large quantity of concrete has to be cast in one piece of formwork, and it is important that the concrete cast early in the day does not set before the last concrete. This occurs with bridges when they are cast in place, and the formwork necessarily bends under the heavy load of the wet concrete. Some retarders permanently weaken the concrete and should not be used without good technical advice.A somewhat similar effect,milder than that of retarders, is obtained with low-heat cement. These may be sold by the cement maker or mixed by the civil engineering contractor. They give out less heat on setting and hardening, partly because they harden more slowly, and they are used in large casts such as gravity dams, where the concrete may take years to cool down to the temperature of the surrounding air. In countries like Britain or France, where pulverized coal is burnt in the power stations, the ash, which is very fine, has been mixed with cement to reduce its production of heat and its cost without reducing its long-term strength. Up to about 20 per cent ash by weight of the cement has been successfully used, with considerable savings in cement costs.In countries where air-entraining cement cement can be bought from the cement maker, no air-entraining agent needs to be mixed in .When air-entraining agents draw into the wet cement and concrete some 3-8 percent of air in the form of very small bubbles, they plasticize the concrete, making it more easily workable and therefore enable the water |cement ratio to be reduced. They reduce the strength of the concrete slightly but so little that in the United States their use is now standard practice in road-building where heavy frost occur. They greatly improve the frost resistance of the concrete.Pozzolane is a volcanic ash found near the Italian town of Puzzuoli, which is a natural cement. The name has been given to all natural mineral cements, as well as to the ash from coal or the slag from blast furnaces, both of which may become cements when ground and mixed with water. Pozzolanas of either the industrial or the mineral type are important to civil engineers because they have been added to oridinary Portland cement in proportions up to about 20 percent without loss of strength in the cement and with great savings in cement cost. Their main interest is in large dams, where they may reduce the heat given out by the cement during hardening. Some pozzolanas have been known to prevent the action between cement and certain aggregates which causes the aggregate to expand, and weaken or burst the concrete.The best way of waterproof a concrete is to reduce its permeability by careful mix design and manufacture of the concrete, with correct placing and tighr compaction in strong formwork ar a low water|cement ratio. Even an air-entraining agent can be used because the minute pores are discontinuous. Slow, careful curing of the concrete improves the hydration of the cement, which helps to block the capillary passages through the concrete mass. An asphalt or other waterproofing means the waterproofing of concrete by any method concerned with the quality of the concrete but not by a waterproof skin.Workability agents, water-reducing agents and plasticizers are three names for the same thing, mentioned under air-entraining agents. Their use can sometimes be avoided by adding more cement or fine sand, or even water, but of course only with great care.The rapid growth from 1945 onwards in the prestressing of concrete shows that there was a real need for this high-quality structural material. The quality must be high because the worst conditions of loading normally occur at the beginning of the life of the member, at the transfer of stress from the steel to the concrete. Failure is therefore more likely then than later, when the concrete has become stronger and the stress in the steel has decreased because of creep in the steel and concrete, and shrinkage of the concrete. Faulty members are therefore observed and thrown out early, before they enter the structure, or at least before it The main advantages of prestressed concrete in comparison with reinforced concrete are :①The whole concrete cross-section resists load. In reinforced concrete about half the section, the cracked area below the neutral axis, does no useful work. Working deflections are smaller.②High working stresses are possible. In reinforced concrete they are not usually possible because they result in severe cracking which is always ugly and may be dangerous if it causes rusting of the steel.③Cracking is almost completely avoided in prestressed concrete.The main disadvantage of prestressed concrete is that much more care is needed to make it than reinforced concrete and it is therefore more expensive, but because it is of higher quality less of it needs to be needs to be used. It can therefore happen that a solution of a structural problem may be cheaper in prestressed concrete than in reinforced concrete, and it does often happen that a solution is possible with prestressing but impossible without it.Prestressing of the concrete means that it is placed under compression before it carries any working load. This means that the section can be designed so that it takes no tension or very little under the full design load. It therefore has theoretically no cracks and in practice very few. The prestress is usually applied by tensioning the steel before the concrete in which it is embedded has hardened. After the concrete has hardened enough to take the stress from the steel to the concrete. In a bridge with abutments able to resist thrust, the prestress can be applied without steel in the concrete. It is applied by jacks forcing the bridge inwards from the abutments. This methods has the advantage that the jacking force, or prestress, can be varied during the life of the structure as required.In the ten years from 1950 to 1960 prestressed concrete ceased to be an experinmental material and engineers won confidence in its use. With this confidence came an increase in the use of precast prestressed concrete particularly for long-span floors or the decks of motorways. Whereever the quantity to be made was large enough, for example in a motorway bridge 500 m kong , provided that most of the spans could be made the same and not much longer than 18m, it became economical to usefactory-precast prestressed beams, at least in industrial areas near a precasting factory prestressed beams, at least in industrial areas near a precasting factory. Most of these beams are heat-cured so as to free the forms quickly for re-use.In this period also, in the United States, precast prestressed roof beams and floor beams were used in many school buildings, occasionally 32 m long or more. Such long beams over a single span could not possibly be successful in reinforced concrete unless they were cast on site because they would have to be much deeper and much heavier than prestressed concrete beams. They would certainlly be less pleasing to the eye and often more expensive than the prestressed concrete beams. These school buildings have a strong, simple architectural appeal and will be a pleasure to look at for many years.The most important parts of a precast prestressed concrete beam are the tendons and the concrete. The tendons, as the name implies, are the cables, rods or wires of steel which are under tension in the concrete.Before the concrete has hardened (before transfer of stress), the tendons are either unstressed (post-tensioned prestressing) or are stressed and held by abutments outside the concrete ( pre-tensioned prestressing). While the concrete is hardening it grips each tendon more and more tightly by bond along its full length. End anchorages consisting of plates or blocks are placed on the ends of the tendons of post-tensioned prestressed units, and such tendons are stressed up at the time of transfer, when the concrete has hardened sufficiently. In the other type of pretressing, with pre-tensioned tendons, the tendons are released from external abutments at the moment of transfer, and act on the concrete through bond or archorage or both, shortening it by compression, and themselves also shortening and losing some tension.Further shortening of the concrete (and therefore of the steel) takes place with time. The concrete is said to creep. This means that it shortens permanently under load and spreads the stresses more uniformly and thus more safely across its section. Steel also creeps, but rather less. The result of these two effects ( and of the concrete shrinking when it dries ) is that prestressed concrete beams are never more highly stressed than at the moment of transfer.The factory precasting of long prestressed concrete beams is likely to become more and more popular in the future, but one difficulty will be road transport. As the length of the beam increases, the lorry becomes less and less manoeuvrable until eventually the only suitable time for it to travel is in the middle of the night when traffic in the district and the route, whether the roads are straight or curved. Precasting at the site avoids these difficulties; it may be expensive, but it has often been used for large bridge beams.混凝土工艺及发展波特兰水泥混凝土在当今世界已成为建造数量繁多、种类复杂结构的首选材料。
道路路桥工程中英文对照外文翻译文献
道路路桥工程中英文对照外文翻译文献Asphalt Mixtures: ns。
Theory。
and Principles1.nsXXX industry。
XXX。
The most common n of asphalt is in the n of XXX "flexible" XXX them from those made with Portland cement。
XXX2.XXXXXX the use of aggregates。
XXX。
sand。
or gravel。
and a binder。
XXX for the pavement。
XXX。
The quality of the asphalt XXX to the performance of the pavement。
as it must be able to XXX。
3.PrinciplesXXX。
with each layer XXX layers typically include a subgrade。
a sub-base。
a base course。
and a surface course。
The subgrade is the natural soil or rock upon which the pavement is built。
while the sub-base and base courses provide nal support for the pavement。
The surface course is the layer that comes into direct contact with traffic and is XXX。
In n。
the use of XXX.The n of flexible pavement can be subdivided into high and low types。
建筑工程英标规范(混凝土)中英文
SECTION: 2 第2章混凝土PART 1 GENERAL 第1节总则1 DESCRIPTION 说明All concrete work is governed by this Section. 所有混凝土工程受本章的管理。
Work Included: Provide all cast-in-place concrete, complete and in place, as required by the Work, specified herein on the drawings and specifications. 包括的工作：按照图纸上规定的工作和相关标准要求，完整而到位地提供所有现浇混凝。
RELATED WORK: 有关工作1 General Requirements 一般要求2 Material 材料3 Concrete Mix 混凝土配合比4 Construction Requests 施工要求1.1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS:一般要求1.1.1. Concrete shall be batched only with approved materials, approved mix designs, and atapproved facilities. 只能使用批准的材料、批准的配合比设计和在批准的设施内对混凝土进行配料。
1.1.2. The Contractor shall define the method of design of the mix, by reference to a recognisedpublished design method. 承包商应通过参考认可的设计方法确定配合比设计。
1.1.3. Plant trials shall be carried out for each grade and type of concrete in the contract, 你unless approved otherwise by the Engineer. 除非监理工程师另有批准，应对每种标号和种类的混凝土进行工厂试验。
土木工程专业外语混凝土含翻译
4 Where fresh concrete is placed on hardened concrete, a good bond must be developed.5 The temperature of fresh concrete must be controlled from the time of mixing through final placement, and protected after placement.。
to avoid segregation.Selection of the most appropriate technique for economy depends on jobsite conditions, especially project size, equipment, and the contractor’s experience.In building construction，power-operated buggies; drop bottom buckets with a inclined chutes; flexible and rigid pipe by pumping;which either dry materials and water are sprayed separately or mixed concrete is shot against the forms; and for underwater placing, tremie chutes (closed flexible tubes).side-dump cars on narrow-gageFor pavement, concrete may be placed by bucket from the swinging boom of a paving mixer, directly by dump truck or mixer truck, or7 Even within the specified limits on slump and water-cementitious materials ratio, excess water must be avoided.In this context, excess water is presented for the conditions of placing if evidence of water rise (vertical segregation) or water flow (horizontal segregation) occurs.Excess water also tends to aggravate surface defects by increasedleakage through form openings. The result may be honeycomb, variations in color, or soft spots at the surface.8 In vertical formwork, water rise causes weak planes between each layer deposited. In addition to the deleterious structural effect, such planes, when hardened, contain voids which water may pass through.9 In horizontal elements, such as floor slabs, excess water rises and strength, low high and generallypoor quality.10 The purpose of consolidation is to eliminate voids of air and to ensure intimate complete contact of the concrete with the surfaces of the forms and the reinforcement.Intense vibration, however, may also reduce the volume of desirable entrained air; but this reduction can be compensated by adjustment of the mix proportions11 Powered internal vibrators are usually used to achieve consolidation. For thin slabs, however, high-quality, low-slump concrete can be effectively consolidated, without excess water, by mechanical surface vibrators.For precast elements in rigid external vibration is highly effective. External vibration is also effective with in-place forms, but should not be used unless the formwork is for theimpact of the vibrator.12 Except in certain paving operations, vibration of the reinforcement should be it is effective, thevertical rebars passing into partly set concrete below may be harmful.Note, however, that re-vibration of concrete before the final set, under controlled conditions, can improve concrete strength markedly and reduce surface voids.This technique is too difficult to control for general use on field-cast vertical elements, but it is very effective in finishing slabs with powered vibrating equipment.13 The interior of columns is usually congested; it contains a large volume of reinforcing steel compared with the volume of concrete, and has a large height compared with its cross-sectional dimensions.Therefore, though columns should be continuously cast, the concrete should be placed in 2-to 4-ft-deep increments and consolidated with internal vibrators. These should be lifted after each increment has been vibrated.If delay occurs in concrete supply before a beenWhen the remainder of the column isportion slightly.14 In all columns and reinforced narrow walls, concrete placing should begin with 2 to 4 inches of grout. Otherwise, loose stone will collect at the bottom, resulting in the formation of honeycomb. This grout should be proportioned for about the same slump as the concrete or slightly more, but at the same or lower water-cementitious material ratio.the same proportions of butWhen concrete is placed for walls,the only practicable means to avoid segregation is to place no more than a 24-in layer in one pass. Each layer should be vibrated separately and kept nearly level.15 For walls deeper than 4 ft, concrete should be placed through vertical. The concrete should not fall free more than 4 ft or segregation will occur, with the coarse aggregate ricocheting off thelayers after the initial layer should be penetrated by.can be beneficial (re-vibration), but control under variable jobsite conditions is too uncertain for recommendation of this practice for general use.16 The results of poor placement in walls are frequently observed:slope layer lines; honeycombs, leaking, if water is present; and, if cores are taken at successive heights, up to a 50% reduction in strength from bottom to top. Some precautions necessary to avoid these ill effects are:17 Do not move concrete laterally with vibrators18 For deep, long walls, reduce the slump for upper layers 2 to 3 in below the slump for the starting layer.19 On any placing of layers, vibrate the concrete20 Concrete should be inspected for the owner before, during, and after casting. Before concrete is placed, the formwork must be free of ice and debris and properly coated with bond-breaker oil.The rebars must be in place, properly supported to bear any traffic they will receive during concrete placing.inserts, and other items to be embedded must be inConstruction personnel should be available, usually carpenters, bar placers and other trades, if piping or electrical conduit is to be embedded, to act as form watchers and to reset any rebars, conduit, or piping displaced.21 As concrete is cast, the slump of the concrete must be observed and regulated within prescribed limits, or the specified strengths based on the expected slump may be reduced.An inspector of placing who is also responsible for sampling and making cylinders, should test slump, temperatures, and unit weights, during concreting and should control any field adjustmentThe inspector should also that handling, placing, and finishing procedures that agreed on in advance are properly followed, to avoid segregated concrete.should ensure that any construction joints made necessary by stoppage of concrete supply, rain, or other delays are properly located and made in accordancewith procedures specified or approved by the engineer.22 Inspection is complete only when concrete is cast, finished, protected for curing, and attains full strength.1混凝土适当放置的原则是：2在混合器和放置点之间的所有操作（包括最终固结和精整）期间必须避免分离。
混凝土专业毕业设计外文翻译---混合物配合比设计[管理资料]
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附录外文翻译MIX DESIGN & PROPORTIONING（一）MIX DESIGNThe concrete mix design (CMD) for QC/QA superstructure concrete must produce a workable concrete mixture having properties that will not exceed the maximum and/or minimum values defined in the special provision. Workability in concrete defines its capacity to be placed, consolidated, and finished without harmful segregation or bleeding. Workability is affected by aggregate gradation, particle shape, proportioning of aggregate, amount and qualities of cementitious materials, presence of entrained air, amount and quality of high range water reducer, and consistency of mixture.Consistency of the concrete mixture is its relative mobility and is measured in terms of slump. The higher the slump the more mobile the concrete, affecting the ease with which the concrete will flow during placement. Consistency is not synonymous with workability. Two different mix designs may have the same slump; however, their workability may be different.Selection of target parameters by the contractor for any mix design must consider the influence of the following:1. material availability and economics2. variability of each material throughout period of usage3. control capability of production plant4. ambient conditions expected at the time(s) of concrete placement5. logistics of concrete production, delivery, and placement6. variability in testing concrete propertiesof heat in large structural elements and differential in thermal gradientThe qualities of the cementitious paste provide a primary influence on the properties of concrete. Proper selection of the cementitious content and water/cementitious ratio is dependent on the experience of the concrete producer and becomes a very important first step in preparing a design. For workable concrete, ahigher water cementitious ratio is typically required when aggregate becomes more angular and rough textured. The presence of air, certain pozzolans, and aggregate proportioning will work to lower the water cementitious ratio; however the most significant reduction in water demand comes through the use of a high range water reducing chemical admixture.Water/cementitious ratio is determined from the net, per unit, quantity of water and total cementitious materials. The net water content excludes water that is absorbed by the aggregates. For a given set of materials and conditions, as water/cementitious ratio increases, strength and unit weight will decrease. Compressive strength is a concrete parameter used in combination with unit weight and air content to evaluate the durability of the superstructure concrete's exposure to freeze / thaw action, and exposure to deicing salts. It is important to note that the designer of the bridge structure does not recognize the benefit of increased compressive strength. The slab still relies on a minimum design compressive strength (f'c) of 4000 psi at 28-days.Proportioning of aggregates is defined by the volume of fine aggregate to the volume of coarse aggregate, as a percent. The lower percentage of fine to total aggregate provides an increase in compressive strength at the expense of workability. The gradation, particle shape and texture of the coarse aggregate along with fineness modulus of the fine aggregate will determine how low the fine to total aggregate percentage can be for a given workability requirement.（二）MIXING PROPORTIONINGOnce the cement content, pozzolan content, water/cementitious ratio, and fine to total aggregate percentage are defined for the concrete's intended use in the superstructure, proportioning of the mix in terms of design batch weights can begin. Specific gravities must be accurately defined for each material being utilized in order to proportion the mix properly by the absolute volume method. Cement is typically accepted as having a specific gravity of . Pozzolans will typically vary between and . Pozzolan suppliers should readily be able to provide current values for their material. Approximate specific gravities are identified for each source on the Department's Approved/Prequalified Materials list; however, they should not be considered the most current.Bulk specific gravity, in the saturated surface dry condition, must be used toproportion the fine and coarse aggregate. Accurate testing of one or more samples of fine and coarse aggregate must be accomplished by the Contractor as part of any proportioning for a mix design. Subsequent shifts in benching at the aggregate source may cause significant shifts in bulk specific gravity and absorption. These are important aggregate properties to monitor as part of concrete quality control.Proportioning concrete by the absolute volume method involves calculating the volume of each ingredient and its contribution to making one y d3or 27 f t3of concrete. V olumes are subsequently converted to design weights, which then become the basis for actual production of concrete from the plant. For cementitious materials and water, the weight to volume conversion is accomplished by dividing the weight (lbs) by the specific gravity of the material and again dividing by the density of water. Converting from volume to weight is accomplished simply by taking the known volume of the ingredient and multiplying by the specific gravity of the ingredient and again multiplying by the density of water. V olume to weight conversions for aggregates are accomplished by the same series of computations; however, bulk specific gravity (SSD) must be used. The target air content is established at % by the special provision, which converts to a volume of f t3within a cubic yard of concrete.（三）LINEAR EQUATION OF UNIT WEIGHT vs. AIR CONTENTIt is known that the unit weight of plastic concrete is inversely proportional to air content. That is to say, as air content increases unit weight decreases. This relationship becomes a very useful tool when evaluating plastic concrete. Unit weight and air content are properties of plastic concrete that can be easily and quickly measured in the field. A unit weight measurement, at a known air content, that deviates excessively from the linear relationship provides information as to the possible deficiencies in the mix and potential effects on properties such as workability, durability, and strength.The linear equation to predict unit weight based on a given air content is presented below in directional form:UW = m (Air) + bWhere: m is the slope of lineAir is the plastic concrete air content (independent variable, xcoordinateor abscissa of point)b is the y-interceptUW is the plastic concrete unit weight (dependent variable, ycoordinate,or ordinate of point)If all points (Air, UW) associated with the solution set of this linear equation were plotted on a graph, there would be a straight line as illustrated by Figure . This linear relationship can be determined for any concrete mix design.（四）THRESHOLD FOR MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE W ATER / CEMENTITIOUS RATIOJust as concrete unit weight is affected by changes in air content, it is also affected by the amount of water that is available to react with cementitious materials. As the amount of water increases the water/cementitious ratio also increases, producing concrete of inferior quality. This serves to lower the concrete unit weight at any given air content. Since the maximum allowable water/cementitious ratio for QC/QA superstructure concrete is , a threshold line or limit can be determined. This threshold line would be parallel to the linear equation for the mix design; however, the unit weight would be lower. The threshold limit has relevancy to results from quality control as well as Acceptance sampling and testing. Should the measured unit weight at any given air content be at or lower than the threshold, it could indicate that the maximum allowable water cementitious ratio was exceeded. It is important to understand that quality control works to center production about the linear equation for the mix design.There are several ways in which additional water could enter a concrete mix. The methodology presented in this chapter assumes that the increase in water/cementitious ratio is due soley to excessive batch water. This provides a simple and accuratedetermination of the threshold limit equation. The methodology begins with the linear equation already established for the mix design. By establishing a single point below the linear equation, representing concrete with excessive water, the equation for threshold limit can be determined. The easiest point to select is at the y-intercept, where the concrete has no entrapped nor entrained air. This point is defined as Point 3, having coordinates (x3, y3). The line for the threshold equation should be parallel to the linear equation for the mix design, which results in the same slope. Knowing the slope and y-intercept the threshold limit equation can then be written.（五）Mix Design & Proportioning WorksheetsIf at least two points are known to be a solution to the equation, algebra can be utilized to solve for the two unknown variables (. slope and y-intercept). The form in Appendix D (under tab 11) entitled "WORKSHEET FOR CMD LINEAR EQUATION" provides the format in which two points can be defined and the equation determined.The Cartesian coordinates of one solution point is already available from the mix design. We can define this as Point 2 with coordinates (x2, y2). The value of x2is the target air content of the mix design (. x2= %). The value of y2is the unit weight of the concrete stated in the mix design. This is determined by obtaining the summation of the design batch weights and dividing by the summation of designabsolute volumes which will always be ft3. The following example calculations for the worksheet are based on the mix design and proportioning values presented earlier in this chapter.Example: x2 = %= Σ Design Batch Weights ÷ ft3y2= 3871 lbs ÷ ft3y2y= lbs/f ft3(rounded to the first decimal place)2A plot of the coordinates for Point 2 (x2= , y2= ) is illustrated in Figure . It is important to note that the unit weight for Point 2 is calculated to the nearest lbs/ ft3 Point 1, representing the y-intercept having coordinates (x1, y1), must now be determined. This is accomplished by theoretically removing all the entrapped and entrained air from the mixture and calculating the concrete unit weight. The value ofx1is % air content. The value of y1is determined by again obtaining the summation of the design batch weights and divide by the summation of design absolute volumes except for entrapped or entrained air. This volume will always be ft3 – ft3= ft3. The following example illustrates how the worksheet calculates the coordinates for Point 1.Example: x1= %y1= Σ Design Batch Weights ÷ ft3y1= 3871 lbs ÷ ft3y1= lbs/ ft3(rounded to the first decimal place)The Cartesian coordinates of Point 1, (x1= ,y1= ), is graphed along with Point 2 in Figure , to illustrate the example. Again note that the unit weight is calculated to the nearest lbs/ ft3It is important to remember that as air is removed from concrete the individual weights of cementitious materials, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water no longer represent amounts relative to yd3of concrete. Concrete without the % target air content ( ft3) would only yield yd3of concrete. The actual cement and water contents per yd3concrete would increase as a result of the under yielding. If air content increases over the % target, the actual cement and water contents per yd3 would be less as a result of the over yielding. However, in either case the water cementitious ratio and fine to total aggregate ratio remain unchanged.From the x and y coordinates of Points 1 & 2, there is now enough information to solve for the variables of slope and y-intercept in the linear equation. The worksheet calculation for slope, also known as "rise / run", is exemplified as follows: Example:slope = m = ( y2 - y1) / (x2 - x1)m = ( – ) / ( – )m = (⎯ ) / ()m = ⎯(negative value, rounded to second decimal place)It is important to note that slope will always be negative since unit weight is inversely proportional to air content.The y-intercept value (b) is simply the ordinate of Point 1, which has already been determined. In the example problem, the worksheet would show the solution b as follows:Example:y-intercept = b = y1b = lbs/ ft3The calculated and rounded values for slope and y-intercept can now be inserted in the linear equation for the variables m and b, respectively. The linear equation can now be written for the concrete mix design. The numbers from the example result in the following:Example:Predicted Unit Weight = m (Air) + bPredicted Unit Weight = ⎯ (Air) +（六）DEPARTMENT CONCURRENCE OF MIX DESIGNIt is the responsibility of the Department's Project Engineer / Project Supervisor to conduct a complete and thorough review of every mix design and proportioning for QC/QA Superstructure Concrete. There is a substantial amount of work that is based on the targets established by the CMD, not the least of which is the linear equation forthe threshold limit that represents the maximum allowable water/cementitious ratio. This threshold limit is of critical importance in determining whether additional cylinders are to be cast as part of an acceptance sample for testing per AASHTO T 277 and subsequent action, which may involve a failed material investigation.The first step in proper review of a CMD is to verify that the materials are from current approved sources. The list of Approved and/or Prequalified Materials is to be used to verify approved sources of cement, fly ash, GGBFS, silica fume, chemical admixtures and air entraining agents. The fine and coarse aggregate ingredients of the concrete mix must be materials from an approved Certified Aggregate Producer. The gradation and quality requirement for the aggregates must also be verified, particularly if stay-in-place metal deck forms are used to facilitate construction of the deck. If AP Quality coarse aggregate is required in the superstructure, the PE/PS will substantiate the quality status. This would include the nature of the mining operations that produce aggregates of the desired quality. The PE/PS should contact the District Materials & Tests Engineer or the District Geologist for confirmation.In addition to the aggregates gradations the PE/PS must verify the bulk specific gravity (SSD) and absorption for the fine and coarse aggregate as being reasonable for the source. If the Contractor's value for absorption differs by more than the multi labortory precision defined within the appropriate test method, the discrepancy will be investigated.The bulk specific gravity and absorption for aggregates are measured by the Department as part of the annual "Summary of Production Quality Results", and periodic Point-Of-Use samples. This data provides the correct basis for comparison of absorption and specific gravity. Figures and graphs of bulk specific gravity (ssd) vs. absorption for a fine and coarse aggregate and are presented as examples of what historical data might look like for specific products at an aggregate source.Usually sources will demonstrate a trend of bulk specific gravity (SSD) being inversely proportional to absorption; however, such may not always be the case. Figure represents data from the INDOT Summary of Production Quality Results for a specific source of #8 coarse aggregate. The AP quality stone comes from ledges 1803, 1804, 19, & 20 processed as one working bench. These four ledges have thicknesses of ft, ft, ft, and ft, respectively. Since these ledges range in absorption from 2 % to 4 %, the consistency of bulk specific gravity and absorption depends on the aggregate source's ability to process the bench in a uniform manner. The District Geologist is the best source for obtaining historical data from "Summary of Production Quality Results" and "Point-of-Use" samples obtained from the aggregate source. They will assist the PE/PS in the proper review of contractor testresults for aggregates.It is important to understand that INDOT historical records for bulk specific gravity (dry or SSD) from coarse aggregate sources are based on procedure of AASHTO T 85. The Contractor must therefore test the coarse aggregate according to the same procedure even though the result is typically not appropriate for concrete mix design. If the mix design is submitted with enough advance notice, it becomes preferable for the Department to obtain a Point-Of-Use sample of the coarse aggregate and test for bulk specific gravity (SSD) by procedure of AASHTO T 85, which is appropriate for concrete mix design. Splitting a sample between the Contractor and the Department to compare test results would be even better.The air entraining and chemical admixtures that are approved for use are as stated in the special provision and the Approved/Prequalified Materials List referenced therein. It is important to recognize the limitations of Type F admixtures or HRWR Admixture Systems. These chemical admixtures have no retarding capability and would not be appropriate for superstructure concrete that is placed in conditions where concrete and ambient temperatures are above 65°F, and where dead load deflections are of concern.After verifying the materials as being approved for the concrete, the initial parameters for the Mix Design must be checked against the specification requirements. The remainder of the PE/PS check involves checking the math for proportioning, and the linear equations for the CMD and threshold limit. Use of the forms and worksheets by the contractor will provide the quickest and most complete review by the Department and therefore help eliminate unnecessary delays by recognizing problems early on.混合物配合比设计（一）混合物设计混凝土配合比设计混凝土质量保证上层建筑（CMD）用于QC /QA必须出示有一个和易性好的混凝土混合物的性能，将不会超过最大和/或最低的特别规定定义的值。
建筑结构中英文翻译
Aacceptable quality：合格质量acceptance lot：验收批量aciera：钢材admixture：外加剂against slip coefficient between friction surface of high-strength bolted connection：高强度螺栓摩擦面抗滑移系数aggregate：骨料air content：含气量air-dried timber：气干材allowable ratio of height to sectional thickness of masonry wall or column：砌体墙、柱容许高厚比allowable slenderness ratio of steel member：钢构件容许长细比allowable slenderness ratio of timber compression member：受压木构件容许长细比allowable stress range of fatigue：疲劳容许应力幅allowable ultimate tensile strain of reinforcement：钢筋拉应变限值allowable value of crack width：裂缝宽度容许值allowable value of deflection of structural member：构件挠度容许值allowable value of deflection of timber bending member：受弯木构件挠度容许值allowable value of deformation of steel member：钢构件变形容许值allowable value of deformation of structural member：构件变形容许值allowable value of drift angle of earthquake resistant structure：抗震结构层间位移角限值amplified coefficient of eccentricity：偏心距增大系数anchorage：锚具anchorage length of steel bar：钢筋锚固长度approval analysis during construction stage：施工阶段验算arch：拱arch with tie rod：拉捍拱arch—shaped roof truss：拱形屋架area of shear plane：剪面面积area of transformed section：换算截面面积aseismic design：建筑抗震设计assembled monolithic concrete structure：装配整体式混凝土结构automatic welding：自动焊接auxiliary steel bar：架立钢筋Bbackfilling plate：垫板balanced depth of compression zone：界限受压区高度balanced eccentricity：界限偏心距bar splice：钢筋接头bark pocket：夹皮batten plate：缀板beam：次梁bearing plane of notch：齿承压面(67)bearing plate：支承板(52)bearing stiffener：支承加劲肋(52)bent-up steel bar：弯起钢筋(35)block：砌块(43)block masonry：砌块砌体(44)block masonry structure：砌块砌体结构(41)blow hole：气孔(62)board：板材(65)bolt：螺栓(54)bolted connection：(钢结构)螺栓连接(59)bolted joint：(木结构)螺栓连接(69)bolted steel structure：螺栓连接钢结构(50)bonded prestressed concrete structure：有粘结预应力混凝土结构(24) bow：顺弯(71)brake member：制动构件(7)breadth of wall between windows：窗间墙宽度(46)brick masonry：砖砌体(44)brick masonry column：砖砌体柱(42)brick masonry structure：砖砌体结构(41)brick masonry wall：砖砌体墙(42)broad—leaved wood：阔叶树材(65)building structural materials：建筑结构材料(17)building structural unit：建筑结构单元(building structure：建筑结构(2built—up steel column：格构式钢柱(51bundled tube structure：成束筒结构(3burn—through：烧穿(62butt connection：对接(59butt joint：对接(70)butt weld：对接焊缝(60)Ccalculating area of compression member：受压构件计算面积(67) calculating overturning point：计算倾覆点(46)calculation of load-carrying capacity of member：构件承载能力计算(10) camber of structural member：结构构件起拱(22)cantilever beam ：挑梁(42)cap of reinforced concrete column：钢筋混凝土柱帽(27)carbonation of concrete：混凝土碳化(30)cast-in—situ concrete slab column structure ：现浇板柱结构cast-in—situ concrete structure：现浇混凝土结构(25)cavitation：孔洞(39)cavity wall：空斗墙(42)cement：水泥(27)cement content：水泥含量(38)cement mortar：水泥砂浆(43)characteriseic value of live load on floor or roof：楼面、屋面活荷载标准值(14) characteristi cvalue o fwindload：风荷载标准值(16)characteristic value of concrete compressive strength：混凝土轴心抗压强度标准值(30) characteristic value of concrete tensile strength：混凝土轴心抗拉标准值(30) characteristic value of cubic concrete compressive strength：混凝土立方体抗压强度标准值(2 9)characteristic value of earthquake action：地震作用标准值(16)characteristic value of horizontal crane load：吊车水平荷载标准值(15)characteristic value of masonry strength：砌体强度标准值(44)characteristic value of permanent action·：永久作用标准值(14)characteristic value of snowload：雪荷载标准值(15)characteristic value of strength of steel：钢材强度标准值(55)characteristic value of strength of steel bar：钢筋强度标准值(31)characteristic value of uniformly distributed live load：均布活标载标准值(14) characteristic value of variable action：可变作用标准值(14)characteristic value of vertical crane load：吊车竖向荷载标准值(15)charaeteristic value of material strength：材料强度标准值(18)checking section of log structural member·，：原木构件计算截面(67)chimney：烟囱(3)circular double—layer suspended cable：圆形双层悬索(6)circular single—layer suspended cable：圆形单层悬索(6)circumferential weld：环形焊缝(60)classfication for earthquake—resistance of buildings·：建筑结构抗震设防类别(9)clear height：净高(21)clincher：扒钉(?0)coefficient of equivalent bending moment of eccentrically loaded steel memher(beam-colum n) ：钢压弯构件等效弯矩系数(58)cold bend inspection of steelbar：冷弯试验(39)cold drawn bar：冷拉钢筋(28)cold drawn wire：冷拉钢丝(29)cold—formed thin—walled sectionsteel：冷弯薄壁型钢(53)cold-formed thin-w al l ed steel st ructure·…：冷弯薄壁型钢结构(50)cold—rolled deformed bar：冷轧带肋钢筋(28)column bracing：柱间支撑(7)combination value of live load on floor or roof：楼面、屋面活荷载组合值(15) compaction：密实度(37)compliance control：合格控制(23)composite brick masonry member：组合砖砌体构件(42)composite floor system：组合楼盖(8)composite floor with profiled steel sheet：压型钢板楼板(8)composite mortar：混合砂浆(43)composite roof truss：组合屋架(8)compostle member：组合构件(8)compound stirrup：复合箍筋(36)compression member with large eccentricity·：大偏心受压构件(32) compression member with small eccentricity·：小偏心受压构件(32) compressive strength at an angle with slope of grain：斜纹承压强度(66) compressive strength perpendicular to grain：横纹承压强度(66) concentration of plastic deformation：塑性变形集中(9)conceptual earthquake—resistant design：建筑抗震概念设计(9)concrete：混凝土(17)concrete column：混凝土柱(26)concrete consistence：混凝土稠度(37)concrete floded—plate structure：混凝土折板结构(26)concrete foundation：混凝土基础(27)concrete mix ratio：混凝土配合比(38)concrete wall：混凝土墙(27)concrete-filled steel tubular member：钢管混凝土构件(8)conifer：针叶树材(65)coniferous wood：针叶树材(65)connecting plate：连接板(52)connection：连接(21)connections of steel structure：钢结构连接(59)connections of timber structDdecay：腐朽(71)decay prevention of timber structure：木结构防腐(70)defect in timber：木材缺陷(70)deformation analysis：变形验算(10)degree of gravity vertical for structure or structural member·：结构构件垂直度(40) degree of gravity vertical forwall surface：墙面垂直度(49)degree of plainness for structural memer：构件平整度(40)degree of plainness for wall surface：墙面平整度(49)depth of compression zone：受压区高度(32)depth of neutral axis：中和轴高度(32)depth of notch：齿深(67)design of building structures：建筑结构设计(8)design value of earthquake-resistant strength of materials：材料抗震强度设计值(1 design value of load—carrying capacity of members·：构件承载能力设计值(1 designations 0f steel：钢材牌号(53designvalue of material strength：材料强度设计值(1destructive test：破损试验(40detailing reintorcement：构造配筋(35detailing requirements：构造要求(22diamonding：菱形变形(71)diaphragm：横隔板(52dimensional errors：尺寸偏差(39)distribution factor of snow pressure：屋面积雪分布系数dogspike：扒钉(70)double component concrete column：双肢柱(26)dowelled joint：销连接(69)down-stayed composite beam：下撑式组合粱(8)ductile frame：延性框架(2)dynamic design：动态设计(8)Eearthquake-resistant design：抗震设计(9：earthquake-resistant detailing requirements：抗震构造要求(22)effective area of fillet weld：角焊缝有效面积(57)effective depth of section：截面有效高度(33)effective diameter of bolt or high-strength bolt·：螺栓(或高强度螺栓)有效直径(57) effective height：计算高度(21)effective length：计算长度(21)effective length of fillet weld：角焊缝有效计算长度(48)effective length of nail：钉有效长度(56)effective span：计算跨度(21)effective supporting length at end of beam：梁端有效支承长度(46)effective thickness of fillet weld：角焊缝有效厚度(48)elastic analysis scheme：弹性方案(46)elastic foundation beam：弹性地基梁(11)elastic foundation plate：弹性地基板(12)elastically supported continuous girder·：弹性支座连续梁(u)elasticity modulus of materials：材料弹性模量(18)elongation rate：伸长率(15)embeded parts：预埋件(30)enhanced coefficient of local bearing strength of materials·：局部抗压强度提高系数(14) entrapped air：含气量(38)equilibrium moisture content：平衡含水率(66)equivalent slenderness ratio：换算长细比(57)equivalent uniformly distributed live load·：等效均布活荷载(14)etlectlve cross—section area of high-strength bolt·：高强度螺栓的有效截面积(58) ettectlve cross—section area of bolt：螺栓有效截面面积(57)euler‟s cri t i cal l oad：欧拉临界力(56)euler‟s cri t i cal st ress：欧拉临界应力(56)excessive penetration：塌陷(62)Ffiber concrete：纤维混凝仁(28)filler plate：填板门2)fillet weld：角焊缝(61)final setting time：终凝时间()finger joint：指接(69)fired common brick：烧结普通砖(43)fish eye：白点(62)fish—belly beam：角腹式梁(7)fissure：裂缝(?0)flexible connection：柔性连接(22)flexural rigidity of section：截面弯曲刚度(19)flexural stiffness of member：构件抗弯刚度(20)floor plate：楼板(6)floor system：楼盖(6)four sides(edges)supported plate：四边支承板(12)frame structure：框架结构(2)frame tube structure：单框筒结构(3)frame tube structure：框架—简体结构(2)frame with sidesway：有侧移框架(12)frame without sidesway：无侧移框架(12)frange plate：翼缘板(52)friction coefficient of masonry：砌体摩擦系数(44)full degree of mortar at bed joint：砂浆饱满度(48)function of acceptance：验收函数(23)Ggang nail plate joint：钉板连接()glue used for structural timberg：木结构用胶glued joint：胶合接头glued laminated timber：层板胶合木(¨)glued laminated timber structure：层板胶合结构…61)grider：主梁((㈠grip：夹具grith weld：环形焊缝(6÷))groove：坡口gusset plate：节点板(52)Hhanger：吊环hanging steel bar：吊筋heartwood ：心材heat tempering bar：热处理钢筋(28)height variation factor of wind pressure：风压高度变化系数(16) heliral weld：螺旋形僻缝high—strength bolt：高强度螺栓high—strength bolt with large hexagon bea：大六角头高强度螺栓high—strength bolted bearing type join：承压型高强度螺栓连接，high—strength bolted connection：高强度螺栓连接high—strength bolted friction—type joint：摩擦型高强度螺栓连接high—strength holted steel slsteel structure：高强螺栓连接钢结构hinge support：铰轴支座(51)hinged connection：铰接(21)hlngeless arch：无铰拱(12)hollow brick：空心砖(43)hollow ratio of masonry unit：块体空心率(46)honeycomb：蜂窝(39)hook：弯钩(37)hoop：箍筋(36)hot—rolled deformed bar：热轧带肋钢筋(28)hot—rolled plain bar：热轧光圆钢筋(28)hot-rolled section steel：热轧型钢(53)hunched beam：加腋梁(?)Iimpact toughness：冲击韧性(18)impermeability：抗渗性(38)inclined section：斜截面(33)inclined stirrup：斜向箍筋(36)incomplete penetration：未焊透(61)incomplete tusion：未溶合(61)incompletely filled groove：未焊满(61)indented wire：刻痕钢丝(29)influence coefficient for load—bearing capacity of compression member：受压构件承载能力影响系数(46)influence coefficient for spacial action ：空间性能影响系数(46)initial control：初步控制(22)insect prevention of timber structure：木结构防虫(?o)inspection for properties of glue used in structural member：结构用胶性能检验(71) inspection for properties of masnory units：块体性能检验(48)inspection for properties of mortar：砂浆性能检验(48)inspection for properties of steelbar：钢筋性能检验(39)integral prefabricated prestressed concrete slab—column structure：整体预应力板柱结构(25) intermediate stiffener：中间加劲肋(53)intermittent weld：断续焊缝(60)Jjoint of reinforcement：钢筋接头(35)Kkey joint：键连接(69)kinetic design：动态设计(8)knot：节子(木节)(70)Llaced of battened compression member：格构式钢柱(51)lacing and batten elements：缀材(缀件)(51)lacing bar：缀条(51)lamellar tearing：层状撕裂(62)lap connectlon：叠接(搭接)(59)lapped length of steel bar：钢筋搭接长度(36)large pannel concrete structure：混凝土大板结构(25)large-form cocrete structure：大模板结构(26)lateral bending：侧向弯曲(40)lateral displacement stiffness of storey：楼层侧移刚度(20)lateral displacement stiffness of structure·：结构侧移刚度(20)lateral force resistant wallstructure：抗侧力墙体结构(12)leg size of fillet weld：角焊缝焊脚尺寸(57)length of shear plane：剪面长度(67)lift—slab structure：升板结构(25)light weight aggregate concrete：轻骨料混凝土(28)limit of acceptance：验收界限(23)limitimg value for local dimension of masonry structure·：砌体结构局部尺寸限值(47) limiting value for sectional dimension：截面尺寸限值(47)limiting value for supporting length：支承长度限值(47)limiting value for total height of masonry structure·：砌体结构总高度限值(47)linear expansion coeffcient：线膨胀系数(18)lintel：过梁(7)load bearing wall：承重墙(7)load-carrying capacity per bolt：单个普通螺栓承载能力(56)load—carrying capacity per high—strength holt：单个高强螺桂承载能力(56) load—carrying capacity per rivet：单个铆钉承载能力(55)log：原木(65)log timberstructure：原木结构(64)long term rigidity of member：构件长期刚度(32)longitude horizontal bracing：纵向水平支撑(5)longitudinal steel bar：纵向钢筋(35)longitudinal stiffener：纵向加劲肋(53)longitudinal weld：纵向焊缝(60)losses of prestress：…预应力损失(33)lump material：块体(42)Mmain axis：强轴(56)main beam·：主梁(6)major axis：强轴(56)manual welding：手工焊接(59)manufacture control：生产控制(22)map cracking：龟裂(39)masonry：砌体(17)masonry lintel：砖过梁(43)masonry member：无筋砌体构件(41)masonry units：块体(43)masonry—concrete structure：砖混结构(¨)masonry—timber structure：砖木结构(11)mechanical properties of materials·：材料力学性能(17)melt—thru：烧穿(62)method of sampling：抽样方法(23)minimum strength class of masonry：砌体材料最低强度等级(47)minor axls·：弱轴(56)mix ratio of mortar：砂浆配合比(48)mixing water：拌合水(27)modified coefficient for allowable ratio of height to sectionalthickness of masonry wall ：砌体墙容许高厚比修正系数(47)modified coefficient of flexural strength for timber curved mem—：弧形木构件抗弯强度修正系数(68)modulus of elasticity of concrete：混凝土弹性模量(30)modulus of elasticity parellel to grain：顺纹弹性模量(66)moisture content：含水率(66)moment modified factor：弯矩调幅系数monitor frame：天窗架mortar：砂浆multi—defence system of earthquake—resistant building·：多道设防抗震建筑multi—tube supported suspended structure：多筒悬挂结构Nnailed joint：钉连接，net height：净高lnet span：净跨度net water／cementratio：净水灰比non-destructive inspection of weld：焊缝无损检验non-destructive test：非破损检验non-load—bearingwall：非承重墙non—uniform cross—section beam：变截面粱non—uniformly distributed strain coefficient of longitudinal tensile reinforcement：纵向受拉钢筋应变不均匀系数normal concrete：普通混凝土normal section：正截面notch and tooth joint：齿连接number of sampling：抽样数量Oobligue section：斜截面oblique—angle fillet weld：斜角角焊缝one—w ay reinforced(or prest ressed)concret e sl ab……：单向板open web roof truss：空腹屋架，ordinary concrete：普通混凝土(28)ordinary steel bar：普通钢筋(29)orthogonal fillet weld：直角角焊缝(61)outstanding width of flange：翼缘板外伸宽度(57)outstanding width of stiffener：加劲肋外伸宽度(57)over-all stability reduction coefficient of steel beam·：钢梁整体稳定系数(58)overlap：焊瘤(62)overturning or slip resistance analysis ：抗倾覆、滑移验算(10)Ppadding plate：垫板(52)partial penetrated butt weld：不焊透对接焊缝(61)partition：非承重墙(7)penetrated butt weld：透焊对接焊缝(60)percentage of reinforcement：配筋率(34)perforated brick：多孔砖(43)pilastered wall：带壁柱墙(42)pit·：凹坑(62)pith：髓心(?o)plain concrete structure：素混凝土结构(24)plane hypothesis：平截面假定(32)plane structure：平面结构(11)plane trussed lattice grids：平面桁架系网架(5)plank：板材(65)plastic adaption coefficient of cross—section：截面塑性发展系数(58)plastic design of steel structure：钢结构塑性设计(56)plastic hinge·：塑性铰(13)plastlcity coefficient of reinforced concrete member in tensile zone：受拉区混凝土塑性影响系数(34)plate—like space frame：干板型网架(5)plate—like space truss：平板型网架(5)plug weld：塞焊缝(60)plywood：胶合板(65)plywood structure：胶合板结构(64)pockmark：麻面(39)polygonal top-chord roof truss：多边形屋架(4)post—tensioned prestressed concrete structure：后张法预应力混凝土结构(24)precast reinforced concrete member：预制混凝土构件(26)prefabricated concrete structure：装配式混凝土结构(25)presetting time：初凝时间(38)prestressed concrete structure：预应力混凝土结构(24)prestressed steel structure：预应力钢结构(50)prestressed tendon：预应力筋<29)pre—tensioned prestressed concrete structure·：先张法预应力混凝土结构(24)primary control：初步控制(22)production control：生产控制(22)properties of fresh concrete：可塑混凝土性能(37)properties of hardened concrete：硬化混凝土性能(38)property of building structural materials：建筑结构材料性能(17)purl i n“—”—：檩条(4)Qqlue timber structurer：胶合木结构(㈠)quality grade of structural timber：木材质量等级(?0)quality grade of weld：焊缝质量级别(61)quality inspection of bolted connection：螺栓连接质量检验(63)quality inspection of masonry：砌体质量检验(48)quality inspection of riveted connection：铆钉连接质量检验(63)quasi—permanent value of live load on floor or roof，：楼面、屋面活荷载准永久值(15)Rradial check：辐裂(70)ratio of axial compressive force to axial compressive ultimate capacity of section：轴压比(35) ratio of height to sectional thickness of wall or column：砌体墙柱高、厚比(48)ratio of reinforcement：配筋率(34)ratio of shear span to effective depth of section：剪跨比(35)redistribution of internal force：内力重分布(13)reducing coefficient of compressive strength in sloping grain for bolted connection：螺栓连接斜纹承压强度降低系数(68)reducing coefficient of liveload：活荷载折减系数(14)reducing coefficient of shearing strength for notch and tooth connection：齿连接抗剪强度降低系数(68)regular earthquake—resistant building：规则抗震建筑(9)reinforced concrete deep beam：混凝土深梁(26)reinforced concrete slender beam：混凝土浅梁(26)reinforced concrete structure：钢筋混凝土结构(24)reinforced masonry structure：配筋砌体结构(41)reinforcement ratio：配筋率(34)reinforcement ratio per unit volume：体积配筋率(35)relaxation of prestressed tendon：预应筋松弛(31)representative value of gravity load：重力荷载代表值(17)resistance to abrasion：耐磨性(38)resistance to freezing and thawing：抗冻融性(39)resistance to water penetration·：抗渗性(38)reveal of reinforcement：露筋(39)right—angle filletweld：直角角焊缝(61)rigid analysis scheme：刚性方案(45)rigid connection：刚接(21)rigid transverse wall：刚性横墙(42)rigid zone：刚域(13)rigid-elastic analysis scheme：刚弹性方案(45)rigidity of section：截面刚度(19)rigidly supported continous girder：刚性支座连续梁(11)ring beam：圈梁(42)rivet：铆钉(55)riveted connecction：铆钉连接(60)riveted steel beam：铆接钢梁(52)riveted steel girder：铆接钢梁(52)riveted steel structure：铆接钢结构(50)rolle rsupport：滚轴支座(51)rolled steel beam：轧制型钢梁(51)roof board：屋面板(3)roof bracing system：屋架支撑系统(4)roof girder：屋面梁(4)roof plate：屋面板(3)roof slab：屋面板(3)roof system：屋盖(3)roof truss：屋架(4)rot：腐朽(71)round wire：光圆钢丝(29)Ssafety classes of building structures：建筑结构安全等级(9) safetybolt：保险螺栓(69)sapwood：边材(65)sawn lumber+A610：方木(65)sawn timber structure：方木结构(64)saw-tooth joint failure：齿缝破坏(45)scarf joint：斜搭接(70)seamless steel pipe：无缝钢管(54)seamless steel tube：无缝钢管(54)second moment of area of tranformed section：换算截面惯性矩(34) second order effect due to displacement：挠曲二阶效应(13) secondary axis：弱轴(56)secondary beam：次粱(6)section modulus of transformed section：换算截面模量(34) section steel：型钢(53)semi-automatic welding：半自动焊接(59)separated steel column：分离式钢柱(51)setting time：凝结时间(38)shake：环裂(70)shapefactorofwindload：风荷载体型系数(16)shear plane：剪面(67)shearing rigidity of section：截面剪变刚度(19)shearing stiffness of member：构件抗剪刚度(20)short stiffener：短加劲肋(53)short term rigidity of member：构件短期刚度(31)shrinkage：干缩(71)shrinkage of concrete：混凝干收缩(30)silos：贮仓(3)skylight truss：天窗架(4)slab：楼板(6)slab—column structure：板柱结构(2)slag inclusion：夹渣(61)sloping grain：…斜纹(70)slump：坍落度(37)snow reference pressure：基本雪压(16)solid—web steel column：实腹式钢柱(space structure：空间结构(11)space suspended cable：悬索(5)spacing of bars：钢筋间距(33)spacing of rigid transverse wall：刚性横墙间距(46)spacing of stirrup legs：箍筋肢距(33)spacing of stirrups：箍筋间距(33)specified concrete：特种混凝上(28)spiral stirrup：螺旋箍筋(36)spiral weld：螺旋形焊缝(60)split ringjoint：裂环连接(69)square pyramid space grids：四角锥体网架(5)stability calculation：稳定计算(10)stability reduction coefficient of axially loaded compression：轴心受压构件稳定系数<13) stair：楼梯(8)static analysis scheme of building：房屋静力汁算方案(45)static design：房屋静力汁算方案(45)statically determinate structure：静定结构(11)statically indeterminate structure：超静定结构(11)sted：钢材(17)steel bar：钢筋(28)steel column component：钢柱分肢(51)steel columnbase：钢柱脚(51)steel fiber reinforced concrete structure·：钢纤维混凝土结构(26)steel hanger：吊筋(37)steel mesh reinforced brick masonry member：方格网配筋砖砌体构件(41)steel pipe：钢管(54)steel plateelement：钢板件(52)steel strip：钢带(53)steel support：钢支座(51)steel tie：拉结钢筋(36)steel tie bar for masonry：砌体拉结钢筋(47)steel tube：钢管(54)steel tubular structure：钢管结构(50)steel wire：钢丝(28)stepped column：阶形柱(7)stiffener：加劲肋(52)stiffness of structural member：构件刚度(19)stiffness of transverse wall：横墙刚度(45)stirrup：箍筋(36)stone：石材(44)stone masonry：石砌体(44)stone masonry structure：石砌体结构(41)storev height：层高(21)straight—line joint failure：通缝破坏(45)straightness of structural member：构件乎直度(71)strand：钢绞线(2，)strength classes of masonry units：块体强度等级(44)strength classes of mortar：砂浆强度等级(44)strength classes of structural steel：钢材强度等级(55)strength classes of structural timber：木材强度等级(66)strength classes(grades) of concrete：混凝土强度等级(29)strength classes(grades) of prestressed tendon：预应力筋强度等级(30) strength classes(grades) of steel bar ：普通钢筋强度等级(30)strength of structural timber parallel to grain：木材顺纹强度(66) strongaxis：强轴(56)structural system composed of bar：”杆系结构(11)structural system composed of plate：板系结构(12)structural wall：结构墙(7)superposed reinforced concrete flexural member：叠合式混凝土受弯构件(26) suspended crossed cable net：双向正交索网结构(6)suspended structure：悬挂结构(3)Ttensile(compressive) rigidity of section：截面拉伸(压缩)刚度(19)tensile(compressive) stiffness of member：构件抗拉(抗压)刚度(20) tensile(ultimate) strength of steel：钢材(钢筋)抗拉(极限)强度(18)test for properties of concrete structural members：构件性能检验(40)：thickness of concrete cover：混凝土保护层厚度(33)thickness of mortarat bed joint：水平灰缝厚度(49)thin shell：薄壳(6)three hinged arch：三铰拱(n)tie bar：拉结钢筋(36)tie beam，…：系梁(22)tie tod：系杆(5)tied framework：绑扎骨架(35)timber：木材(17)timber roof truss：木屋架(64)tor-shear type high-strength bolt：扭剪型高强度螺栓(54)torsional rigidity of section：截面扭转刚度(19)torsional stiffness of member：构件抗扭刚度(20)total breadth of structure：结构总宽度(21)total height of structure：结构总高度(21)total length of structure：结构总长度(21)transmission length of prestress：预应力传递长度(36)transverse horizontal bracing：横向水平支撑(4)transverse stiffener·：横向加劲肋(53)transverse weld：横向焊缝(60)transversely distributed steelbar：横向分布钢筋(36)trapezoid roof truss：梯形屋架(4)triangular pyramid space grids：三角锥体网架(5)triangular roof truss：三角形屋架(4)trussed arch：椽架(64)trussed rafter：桁架拱(5)tube in tube structure：筒中筒结构(3)tube structure：简体结构(2)twist：扭弯(71)two hinged arch：双铰拱(11)two sides(edges) supported plate：两边支承板(12)two—way reinforced (or prestressed) concrete slab：混凝土双向板(27)Uul t im at e co m pressi ve st rai n of concret e‟”：混凝土极限压应变(31)unbonded prestressed concrete structure：无粘结预应力混凝土结构(25)undercut：咬边(62)uniform cross—section beam：等截面粱(6)unseasoned timber：湿材(65)upper flexible and lower rigid complex multistorey building·：上柔下刚多层房屋(45) upper rigid lower flexible complex multistorey building·：上刚下柔多层房屋(45) Vvalue of decompression prestress ：预应力筋消压预应力值(33)value of effective prestress：预应筋有效预应力值(33)verifi cat ion of servi ceabi l i t y lim i t st at es· ”：正常使用极限状态验证(10)verification of ultimate limit states ：承载能极限状态验证(10)vertical bracing：竖向支撑(5)vierendal roof truss：空腹屋架(4)visual examination of structural member：构件外观检查(39)visual examination of structural steel member：钢构件外观检查(63) visual examination of weld：焊缝外观检查(62)Wwall beam：墙梁(42)wall frame：壁式框架(门)wall—slab structure：墙板结构(2)warping：翘曲(40)，(71)warping rigidity of section：截面翘曲刚度(19)water retentivity of mortar：砂浆保水性(48)water tower：水塔(3)water／cement ratio·：水灰比(3g)weak axis·：弱轴(56)weak region of earthquake—resistant building：抗震建筑薄弱部位(9) web plate：腹板(52)weld：焊缝(6[))weld crack：焊接裂纹(62)weld defects：焊接缺陷(61)weld roof：焊根(61)weld toe：焊趾(61)weldability of steel bar：钢筋可焊性(39)welded framework：焊接骨架()welded steel beam：焊接钢梁(welded steel girder：焊接钢梁(52)welded steel pipe：焊接钢管(54)welded steel strueture：焊接钢结构(50)welding connection·：焊缝连接(59)welding flux：焊剂(54)welding rod：焊条(54)welding wire：焊丝(54)wind fluttering factor：风振系数(16)wind reference pressure：基本风压(16)wind—resistant column：抗风柱(?)wood roof decking：屋面木基层(64)Yyield strength (yield point) of steel：钢材(钢筋)屈服强度(屈服点)。
中英文翻译混凝土配合比的选择英文原文
规范5.2－混凝土配合比的选择5.2.1－混凝土配比的确定有以下规定：（a）和易性和稠度使混凝土在浇筑时，易于成型和易于与钢筋粘结，不会离析或泌水。
（b）按第四章的要求，混凝土具有抵抗侵蚀的性能。
（c）符合5.6节中强度试验要求。
5.2.2－不同材料用在不同部分，起不同作用，要评测每一个组合。
5.2.3－混凝土配比要与5.3节或5.4节相一致，而且要满足适用性。
5.3－以现场试验和（或）试拌配料注释R5.2－混凝土配合比的选择“普通混凝土，重混凝土，大体积混凝土配比选择标准”(ACI 211.1) 5.1给出了选择混凝土配比的细节规则。
（提供了两种选择和调整普通混凝土配比的方法：估计重量和绝对体积方法。
给出了两种方法的计算实例。
按绝对体积方法配制的重混凝土的配比查看附录。
）“结构用轻骨料混凝土配比选择标准”(ACI 211.1) 5.2给出了轻质混凝土选料的方法。
（提供了选择和调整不同建筑等级轻骨料混凝土的配比方法。
）R5.2.1－所用水灰比要足够低，或者轻骨料混凝土的抗压强度足够高,以满足强度标准（见5.3或5.4）和特殊环境（第四章）的要求。
该条规范不包括极恶劣暴露环境的要求，如：酸性条件，高温条件，同时也没考虑美学效果，如表面装修。
这些方面超出了该规范的范围，应包含在工程技术要求中。
混凝土配比要满足该规范的最低要求，以及合同附加的条款。
R5.2.3－本规范强调混合物的现场试验或试验室试拌（见5.3）作为首选的混凝土配比方法。
R5.3－以现场试验和（或）试拌配料在选择合适的混凝土混合料时，遵循以下三步。
第一，确定样品标准偏差。
第二，确定要求的混凝土平均抗压强度。
第三，根据传统配制试验或合理的经验记录，选择满足该平均强度要求的混凝土配合比。
Fig.R5.3是选择配料的流程图。
注释图表R5.3:混凝土配合比选择和文件编制流程图5.3.1－试样标准偏差5.3.1.1－有了混凝土的试验记录，就可以得到样品标准偏差s s，计算s s试验记录：（a）应代表相似的材料、质量控制过程、环境，在试验中材料和配比的改变不能实际工程的严格。
[中英文翻译]混凝土配合比的选择(英文原文)
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规范5.2－混凝土配合比的选择5.2.1－混凝土配比的确定有以下规定：（a）和易性和稠度使混凝土在浇筑时，易于成型和易于与钢筋粘结，不会离析或泌水。
（b）按第四章的要求，混凝土具有抵抗侵蚀的性能。
（c）符合5.6节中强度试验要求。
5.2.2－不同材料用在不同部分，起不同作用，要评测每一个组合。
5.2.3－混凝土配比要与5.3节或5.4节相一致，而且要满足适用性。
5.3－以现场试验和（或）试拌配料注释R5.2－混凝土配合比的选择“普通混凝土，重混凝土，大体积混凝土配比选择标准”(ACI 211.1) 5.1给出了选择混凝土配比的细节规则。
（提供了两种选择和调整普通混凝土配比的方法：估计重量和绝对体积方法。
给出了两种方法的计算实例。
按绝对体积方法配制的重混凝土的配比查看附录。
）“结构用轻骨料混凝土配比选择标准”(ACI 211.1) 5.2给出了轻质混凝土选料的方法。
（提供了选择和调整不同建筑等级轻骨料混凝土的配比方法。
）R5.2.1－所用水灰比要足够低，或者轻骨料混凝土的抗压强度足够高,以满足强度标准（见5.3或5.4）和特殊环境（第四章）的要求。
该条规范不包括极恶劣暴露环境的要求，如：酸性条件，高温条件，同时也没考虑美学效果，如表面装修。
这些方面超出了该规范的范围，应包含在工程技术要求中。
混凝土配比要满足该规范的最低要求，以及合同附加的条款。
R5.2.3－本规范强调混合物的现场试验或试验室试拌（见5.3）作为首选的混凝土配比方法。
R5.3－以现场试验和（或）试拌配料在选择合适的混凝土混合料时，遵循以下三步。
第一，确定样品标准偏差。
第二，确定要求的混凝土平均抗压强度。
第三，根据传统配制试验或合理的经验记录，选择满足该平均强度要求的混凝土配合比。
Fig.R5.3是选择配料的流程图。
注释图表R5.3:混凝土配合比选择和文件编制流程图5.3.1－试样标准偏差5.3.1.1－有了混凝土的试验记录，就可以得到样品标准偏差s s，计算s s试验记录：（a）应代表相似的材料、质量控制过程、环境，在试验中材料和配比的改变不能实际工程的严格。
混凝土工程中英文(个人整理)
混凝土工程concrete works一、材料袋装水泥bagged cement散装水泥bulk cement砂sand骨料aggregate商品混凝土commercial concrete现浇混凝土concrete-in-situ预制混凝土precast concrete预埋件embedment（fit 安装）外加剂admixtures抗渗混凝土waterproofing concrete石场aggregate quarry垫块spacer二、施工机械及工具搅拌机mixer振动器vibrator电动振动器electrical vibrator振动棒vibrator bar抹子（steel wood）trowel磨光机glasser混凝土泵送机concrete pump橡胶圈rubber ring夹子clip混凝土运输车mixer truck自动搅拌站auto-batching plant输送机conveyor塔吊tower crane汽车式吊车motor crane铲子shovel水枪jetting water橡胶轮胎rubber tires布袋cloth-bags塑料水管plastic tubes喷水雾spray water fog三、构件及其他专业名称截面尺寸section size（section dimension）混凝土梁concrete girder简支梁simple supported beam挑梁cantilever beam悬挑板cantilevered slab檐板eaves board封口梁joint girder翻梁upstand beam楼板floor slab空调板AC board飘窗bay window（suspending window）振捣vibration串筒a chain of funnels混凝土施工缝concrete joint水灰比ratio of water and cement砂率sand ratio大体积混凝土large quantity of pouring混凝土配合比concrete mixture rate混凝土硬化hardening of concrete(in a hardening process 硬化中)规定时间regulated period质保文件quality assurance program设计强度design strength永久工程permanent works临时工程temporary works四、质量控制及检测不符合规格的non-standard有机物organic matters粘土clay含水率moisture content（water content）中心线central line安定性soundness （good soundness 优良的安定性）坍落度slump (the concrete with 18m m±20mm slump)混凝土养护concrete curing标养混凝土试件standard curing concrete test sample同条件混凝土试件field-cure specimen收缩shrinkage初凝时间initial setting time终凝时间final setting time成品保护finished product protection混凝土试件concrete cube偏心受压eccentric pressing保护层concrete cover孔洞hole裂缝crack蜂窝honeycomb五、句子1，Usually we control the cement within 2% 我们将水泥的误差控制在2%2，Are there any pipe clogging happened during the concreting?浇筑混凝土中有堵管现象吗？3，Will the pipe be worn out very fast？管道磨损很快吗？4，This embedment is fixed at 1500mm from the floor and 350mm from the left edge of the column. Would you measure the dimension by this meter?预埋件的位置在地面上1500mm，离柱边350mm。
钢筋混凝土中英文资料外文翻译文献
钢筋混凝土中英文资料翻译1 外文翻译1.1 Reinforced ConcretePlain concrete is formed from a hardened mixture of cement ,water ,fine aggregate, coarse aggregate (crushed stone or gravel),air, and often other admixtures. The plastic mix is placed and consolidated in the formwork, then cured to facilitate the acceleration of the chemical hydration reaction lf the cement/water mix, resulting in hardened concrete. The finished product has high compressive strength, and low resistance to tension, such that its tensile strength is approximately one tenth lf its compressive strength. Consequently, tensile and shear reinforcement in the tensile regions of sections has to be provided to compensate for the weak tension regions in the reinforced concrete element.It is this deviation in the composition of a reinforces concrete section from the homogeneity of standard wood or steel sections that requires a modified approach to the basic principles of structural design. The two components of the heterogeneous reinforced concrete section are to be so arranged and proportioned that optimal use is made of the materials involved. This is possible because concrete can easily be given any desired shape by placing and compacting the wet mixture of the constituent ingredients are properly proportioned, the finished product becomes strong, durable, and, in combination with the reinforcing bars, adaptable for use as main members of anystructural system.The techniques necessary for placing concrete depend on the type of member to be cast: that is, whether it is a column, a bean, a wall, a slab, a foundation. a mass columns, or an extension of previously placed and hardened concrete. For beams, columns, and walls, the forms should be well oiled after cleaning them, and the reinforcement should be cleared of rust and other harmful materials. In foundations, the earth should be compacted and thoroughly moistened to about 6 in. in depth to avoid absorption of the moisture present in the wet concrete. Concrete should always be placed in horizontal layers which are compacted by means of high frequency power-driven vibrators of either the immersion or external type, as the case requires, unless it is placed by pumping. It must be kept in mind, however, that over vibration can be harmful since it could cause segregation of the aggregate and bleeding of the concrete.Hydration of the cement takes place in the presence of moisture at temperatures above 50°F. It is necessary to maintain such a condition in order that the chemical hydration reaction can take place. If drying is too rapid, surface cracking takes place. This would result in reduction of concrete strength due to cracking as well as the failure to attain full chemical hydration.It is clear that a large number of parameters have to be dealt with in proportioning a reinforced concrete element, such as geometrical width, depth, area of reinforcement, steel strain, concrete strain, steel stress, and so on. Consequently, trial and adjustment is necessary in the choice of concrete sections, with assumptions based on conditions at site, availability of the constituent materials, particular demands of the owners, architectural and headroom requirements, the applicable codes, and environmental reinforced concrete is often a site-constructed composite, in contrast to the standard mill-fabricated beam and column sections in steel structures.A trial section has to be chosen for each critical location in a structural system. The trial section has to be analyzed to determine if its nominal resisting strength is adequate to carry the applied factored load. Since more than one trial is often necessary to arrive at the required section, the first design input step generates into a series of trial-and-adjustment analyses.The trial-and –adjustment procedures for the choice of a concrete section lead to the convergence of analysis and design. Hence every design is an analysis once a trial section is chosen. The availability of handbooks, charts, and personal computers and programs supports this approach as a more efficient, compact, and speedy instructionalmethod compared with the traditional approach of treating the analysis of reinforced concrete separately from pure design.1.2 EarthworkBecause earthmoving methods and costs change more quickly than those in any other branch of civil engineering, this is a field where there are real opportunities for the enthusiast. In 1935 most of the methods now in use for carrying and excavating earth with rubber-tyred equipment did not exist. Most earth was moved by narrow rail track, now relatively rare, and the main methods of excavation, with face shovel, backacter, or dragline or grab, though they are still widely used are only a few of the many current methods. To keep his knowledge of earthmoving equipment up to date an engineer must therefore spend tine studying modern machines. Generally the only reliable up-to-date information on excavators, loaders and transport is obtainable from the makers.Earthworks or earthmoving means cutting into ground where its surface is too high ( cuts ), and dumping the earth in other places where the surface is too low ( fills). Toreduce earthwork costs, the volume of the fills should be equal to the volume of the cuts and wherever possible the cuts should be placednear to fills of equal volume so as to reduce transport and double handlingof the fill. This work of earthwork design falls on the engineer who lays out the road since it is the layout of the earthwork more than anything else which decides its cheapness. From the available maps ahd levels, the engineering must try to reach as many decisions as possible in the drawing office by drawing cross sections of the earthwork. On the site when further information becomes available he can make changes in jis sections and layout,but the drawing lffice work will not have been lost. It will have helped him to reach the best solution in the shortest time.The cheapest way of moving earth is to take it directly out of the cut and drop it as fill with the same machine. This is not always possible, but when it canbe done it is ideal, being both quick and cheap. Draglines, bulldozers and face shovels an do this. The largest radius is obtained with the dragline,and the largest tonnage of earth is moved by the bulldozer, though only over short distances.The disadvantages of the dragline are that it must dig below itself, it cannot dig with force into compacted material, it cannot dig on steep slopws, and its dumping and digging are not accurate.Face shovels are between bulldozers and draglines, having a larger radius of action than bulldozers but less than draglines. They are anle to dig into a vertical cliff face in a way which would be dangerous tor a bulldozer operator and impossible for a dragline.Each piece of equipment should be level of their tracks and for deep digs in compact material a backacter is most useful, but its dumping radius is considerably less than that of the same escavator fitted with a face shovel.Rubber-tyred bowl scrapers are indispensable for fairly level digging where the distance of transport is too much tor a dragline or face shovel. They can dig the material deeply ( but only below themselves ) to a fairly flat surface, carry it hundreds of meters if need be, then drop it and level it roughly during the dumping. For hard digging it is often found economical to keep a pusher tractor ( wheeled or tracked ) on the digging site, to push each scraper as it returns to dig. As soon as the scraper is full,the pusher tractor returns to the beginning of the dig to heop to help the nest scraper.Bowl scrapers are often extremely powerful machines;many makers build scrapers of 8 cubic meters struck capacity, which carry 10 m ³ heaped. The largest self-propelled scrapers are of 19 m ³ struck capacity ( 25 m ³ heaped )and they are driven by a tractor engine of 430 horse-powers.Dumpers are probably the commonest rubber-tyred transport since they can also conveniently be used for carrying concrete or other building materials. Dumpers have the earth container over the front axle on large rubber-tyred wheels, and the container tips forwards on most types, though in articulated dumpers the direction of tip can be widely varied. The smallest dumpers have a capacity of about 0.5 m ³, and the largest standard types are of about 4.5 m ³. Special types include the self-loading dumper of up to 4 m ³and the articulated type of about 0.5 m ³. The distinction between dumpers and dump trucks must be remembered .dumpers tip forwards and the driver sits behind the load. Dump trucks are heavy, strengthened tipping lorries, the driver travels in front lf the load and the load is dumped behind him, so they are sometimes called rear-dump trucks.1.3 Safety of StructuresThe principal scope of specifications is to provide general principles and computational methods in order to verify safety of structures. The “ safety factor ”, which according to modern trends is independent of the nature and combination of the materials used, can usually be defined as the ratio between the conditions. This ratio is also proportional to the inverse of the probability ( risk ) of failure of the structure.Failure has to be considered not only as overall collapse of the structure but also as unserviceability or, according to a more precise. Common definition. As the reaching of a “limit state ” which causes the construction not to accomplish the task it was designedfor. There are two categories of limit state :(1)Ultimate limit sate, which corresponds to the highest value of the load-bearing capacity. Examples include local buckling or global instability of the structure; failure of some sections and subsequent transformation of the structure into a mechanism; failure by fatigue; elastic or plastic deformation or creep that cause a substantial change of the geometry of the structure; and sensitivity of the structure to alternating loads, to fire and to explosions.(2)Service limit states, which are functions of the use and durability of the structure. Examples include excessive deformations and displacements without instability; early or excessive cracks; large vibrations; and corrosion.Computational methods used to verify structures with respect to the different safety conditions can be separated into:(1)Deterministic methods, in which the main parameters are considered as nonrandom parameters.(2)Probabilistic methods, in which the main parameters are considered as random parameters.Alternatively, with respect to the different use of factors of safety, computational methods can be separated into:(1)Allowable stress method, in which the stresses computed under maximum loads are compared with the strength of the material reduced by given safety factors.(2)Limit states method, in which the structure may be proportioned on the basis of its maximum strength. This strength, as determined by rational analysis, shall not be less than that required to support a factored load equal to the sum of the factored live load and dead load ( ultimate state ).The stresses corresponding to working ( service ) conditions with unfactored live and dead loads are compared with prescribed values ( service limit state ) . From the four possible combinations of the first two and second two methods, we can obtain some useful computational methods. Generally, two combinations prevail:(1)deterministic methods, which make use of allowable stresses.(2)Probabilistic methods, which make use of limit states.The main advantage of probabilistic approaches is that, at least in theory, it is possible to scientifically take into account all random factors of safety, which are then combined to define the safety factor. probabilistic approaches depend upon :(1) Random distribution of strength of materials with respect to the conditions offabrication and erection ( scatter of the values of mechanical properties through out the structure );(2) Uncertainty of the geometry of the cross-section sand of the structure ( faults and imperfections due to fabrication and erection of the structure );(3) Uncertainty of the predicted live loads and dead loads acting on the structure;(4)Uncertainty related to the approximation of the computational method used ( deviation of the actual stresses from computed stresses ).Furthermore, probabilistic theories mean that the allowable risk can be based on several factors, such as :(1) Importance of the construction and gravity of the damage by its failure;(2)Number of human lives which can be threatened by this failure;(3)Possibility and/or likelihood of repairing the structure;(4) Predicted life of the structure.All these factors are related to economic and social considerations such as：(1) Initial cost of the construction;(2) Amortization funds for the duration of the construction;(3) Cost of physical and material damage due to the failure of the construction;(4) Adverse impact on society;(5) Moral and psychological views.The definition of all these parameters, for a given safety factor, allows construction at the optimum cost. However, the difficulty of carrying out a complete probabilistic analysis has to be taken into account. For such an analysis the laws of the distribution of the live load and its induced stresses, of the scatter of mechanical properties of materials, and of the geometry of the cross-sections and the structure have to be known. Furthermore, it is difficult to interpret the interaction between the law of distribution of strength and that of stresses because both depend upon the nature of the material, on the cross-sections and upon the load acting on the structure. These practical difficulties can be overcome in two ways. The first is to apply different safety factors to the material and to the loads, without necessarily adopting the probabilistic criterion. The second is an approximate probabilistic method which introduces some simplifying assumptions ( semi-probabilistic methods ) 。
抗渗混凝土的配合比
抗渗混凝土的配合比英文回答：Reinforced concrete is a widely used construction material due to its high strength and durability. To enhance its resistance to water penetration, an appropriate mix design known as the water-resistant concrete mix design is used. This mix design involves the careful selection and proportioning of various materials to achieve the desired properties.The water-resistant concrete mix design typically includes the use of special additives such as waterproofing admixtures and pozzolanic materials. Waterproofing admixtures, such as hydrophobic agents or crystalline compounds, are added to the concrete mix to reduce water absorption and increase its impermeability. These admixtures create a barrier within the concrete, preventing water from seeping through.Pozzolanic materials, such as fly ash or silica fume, are also commonly used in water-resistant concrete mix designs. These materials react with calcium hydroxide in the presence of water to form additional cementitious compounds. This reaction not only improves the strength and durability of the concrete but also reduces its permeability.In addition to the special additives, the water-to-cement ratio (w/c ratio) is a critical factor in achieving a water-resistant concrete mix. A lower w/c ratio results in a denser and less permeable concrete, as there is less water available for absorption. However, it is important to strike a balance between a low w/c ratio and workability, as a very low w/c ratio can make the concrete difficult to place and finish.Furthermore, the use of a well-graded aggregate with a low water absorption capacity is essential in water-resistant concrete. The aggregate acts as a skeleton in the concrete, providing strength and stability. By using aggregates with low water absorption, the overallpermeability of the concrete can be further reduced.To illustrate the importance of a water-resistant concrete mix design, consider a scenario where regular concrete is used in a basement construction. Over time, the concrete starts to show signs of water penetration,resulting in dampness and mold growth. However, if a water-resistant concrete mix design had been used, the concrete would have been able to withstand the water pressure and prevent water from seeping through. This would haveresulted in a dry and mold-free basement.中文回答：抗渗混凝土是一种广泛应用的建筑材料，具有高强度和耐久性。
6.4 Concrete and cement译文
6.4 Concrete and cementHello, everbody, we would like to talk about concrete and cement.译文：你好，我们想谈谈混凝土和水泥。
Concrete means an artificial stone made by mixing sand, stone, Portland cement and water. This mixture cast into a form of the desired shape and size, hardens into a stone-like mass: called the concrete.混凝土是由沙子、石头、硅酸盐水泥和水混合而制成的人造石。
这种混合物形成了一种所要形状和大小，硬化变成了一种石头般的物质，称为混凝土。
译文：混凝土是由沙子、石头、硅酸盐水泥和水混合而制成的人造石。
这种混合物形成了一种所要形状和大小，硬化变成了一种石头般的物质，称为混凝土。
There are basically three materials we start with to make concrete: One is the aggregate, which is made up of the fine and coarse aggregates together, for example, the sand and broken stones. The other is the water. The finally material is the binding material, which is usually Portland cement. 混凝土主要有三种材料，分别是骨料，它是由细和粗的骨料组成，如沙子和碎石。
另一个是水。
最后的材料是粘结材料，通常是硅酸盐水泥。
译文：混凝土主要有三种材料，分别是骨料，它是由细和粗的骨料组成，如沙子和碎石。
土木工程材料普通混凝土配合比设计
英文回答：When designing a standard concrete mix, it is imperative to take into account the desiredpressive strength, workability, and durability of the concrete. The process of mix design entails determining the proportions of the various constituents in order to achieve the desired properties while also ensuring that the mix is cost-effective and feasible to produce. The fundamental constituents of a concrete mixprise cement, water, fine aggregate (such as sand), and coarse aggregate (such as gravel or crushed stone). The selection of mix proportions is influenced by factors such as the concrete's strength grade, exposure conditions, and the availability of materials.在设计标准混凝土组合时，必须考虑到混凝土的预期强度、可使用性和耐久性。
混合设计过程需要确定各种成分的比例，以便实现理想的属性，同时确保混合具有成本效益和生产可行。
混凝土混凝土水泥、水、精细的聚合物（如沙子）和粗糙的集合物（如砾石或碎石等）的基本成分。
混合比例的选择受到混凝土强度分级，接触条件，材料供应等因素的影响。
混凝土配合比 英语
混凝土配合比英语Concrete Mix Ratio.Concrete, a vital material in the construction industry, is a composite material composed of cement, sand, aggregate, and water. The proportions of these ingredients determine the properties and characteristics of the concrete. The concrete mix ratio is the proportion of cement, sand, and aggregate in a concrete mix. This ratio is crucial as it affects the strength, durability, and workability of the concrete.There are several types of concrete mix ratios depending on the desired properties of the concrete. The most common concrete mix ratios are 1:2:4, 1:1.5:3, and1:3:6. These ratios represent the proportion of cement, sand, and aggregate, respectively. For example, in a 1:2:4 mix ratio, for every part of cement, there are two parts of sand and four parts of aggregate.The choice of the concrete mix ratio depends on several factors such as the type of cement used, the size and type of aggregate, the required strength of the concrete, and the workability desired. Different mix ratios can produce concrete with varying compressive strengths, ranging from low-strength concrete used for non-structural applications to high-strength concrete used in bridges, high-rise buildings, and other critical structures.The cement is the binding agent in concrete, and its quality and type have a significant impact on the properties of the concrete. There are several types of cement available, including Portland cement, blast furnace slag cement, pozzolana cement, and others. The type of cement chosen depends on the specific requirements of the project.Sand, another critical ingredient in concrete, acts as a filler between the cement and aggregate. It provides bulk to the concrete and helps in the uniform distribution of cement throughout the mix. The type and gradation of sand used affect the workability and strength of the concrete.Aggregate, typically made up of crushed stone, gravel, or sand, provides the bulk and strength to the concrete. The size and type of aggregate used affect the strength and durability of the concrete. Larger aggregate particles provide better compressive strength, while smallerparticles improve the workability of the concrete.Water is the final ingredient in concrete and is essential for hydration of the cement. The amount of water used affects the workability and strength of the concrete. Too much water can lead to a weak and porous concrete, while too little water can make the concrete difficult to place and consolidate.To achieve the desired concrete mix ratio, it is essential to use accurate measurement techniques. Concrete mixers and batching plants are commonly used in the construction industry to ensure precise measurement and mixing of the ingredients. These equipment help in achieving a uniform mix and ensure that the concrete is mixed thoroughly.Concrete mix ratios are also affected by environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity. For example, higher temperatures can加速 the hydration process of cement, affecting the strength development of the concrete. Therefore, it is essential to adjust the mix ratio according to the environmental conditions to ensure the desired properties of the concrete.In conclusion, the concrete mix ratio is a crucial aspect of concrete production and determines the properties and characteristics of the concrete. It is essential to choose the appropriate mix ratio based on the type of cement, aggregate, sand, and water used, as well as the environmental conditions. Accurate measurement and mixing techniques are also crucial to achieve the desired concrete properties. With the right mix ratio and proper production methods, concrete can be a durable and reliable materialfor various construction applications.。
水泥配合比的基本要求
水泥配合比的基本要求英文回答：Basic Requirements for Concrete Mix Design.Concrete mix design involves determining the optimal proportions of cement, water, aggregates, and admixtures to produce concrete with specific properties, such as strength, durability, and workability. A well-designed concrete mix meets the following basic requirements:Strength: The concrete must have sufficient strengthto resist the anticipated loads it will be subjected to. Strength is primarily determined by the water-cement ratio and the type of cement used.Durability: The concrete must be able to withstand the effects of the environment, including exposure to moisture, freeze-thaw cycles, and chemical attack. Durability is improved by using appropriate admixtures, such as airentrainers and corrosion inhibitors.Workability: The concrete must be easy to place, consolidate, and finish. Workability is primarily determined by the slump and air content of the concrete.Economy: The concrete mix design should be economical, using the least amount of materials necessary to meet the required performance specifications.中文回答：水泥配合比的基本要求。
(22792) 中英文朗读
5.3.7砌石、混凝土护坡与土体之间必须设置垫层。
常用垫层材料有砂、砾石或碎5.3.7 masonry, concrete slope protection must be set between the cushion with the soil. Commonly used with sand, gravel or crushed cushion material石、石渣等，其厚度不小于0.1m。
Stone, stone slag, etc., the thickness is not less than 0.1 m.护坡下的垫层也可采用土工织物材料，其孔径应符合反滤层设计的准则，并应核算沿Under the slope protection of cushion can also with geotextile materials, its aperture should comply with the filter layer design guidelines, and accounting土工织物滑动的稳定性。
The stability of geotextiles sliding.5.3.8浆砌石、混凝土等护坡，应设置排水孔。
一般排水孔的孔径5～10cm纵横间5.3.8 slurry masonry, concrete slope protection, such as drain should be set up. General scupper the aperture of 5 ~ 10 cm between the vertical and horizontal距2～3m，呈梅花型布设。
From 2 ~ 3 m, torx layout.混凝土、浆砌石护坡应设置变形缝，其间距根据当地气候条件、堤基地质情况及结构Concrete, grouting masonry slope protection should be setting deformation joint, the spacing according to local climate conditions, the dam base quality and structure型式确定，缝内填防水材料。
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规范5.2－混凝土配合比的选择5.2.1－混凝土配比的确定有以下规定：（a）和易性和稠度使混凝土在浇筑时，易于成型和易于与钢筋粘结，不会离析或泌水。
（b）按第四章的要求，混凝土具有抵抗侵蚀的性能。
（c）符合5.6节中强度试验要求。
5.2.2－不同材料用在不同部分，起不同作用，要评测每一个组合。
5.2.3－混凝土配比要与5.3节或5.4节相一致，而且要满足适用性。
5.3－以现场试验和（或）试拌配料注释R5.2－混凝土配合比的选择“普通混凝土，重混凝土，大体积混凝土配比选择标准”(ACI 211.1) 5.1给出了选择混凝土配比的细节规则。
（提供了两种选择和调整普通混凝土配比的方法：估计重量和绝对体积方法。
给出了两种方法的计算实例。
按绝对体积方法配制的重混凝土的配比查看附录。
）“结构用轻骨料混凝土配比选择标准”(ACI 211.1) 5.2给出了轻质混凝土选料的方法。
（提供了选择和调整不同建筑等级轻骨料混凝土的配比方法。
）R5.2.1－所用水灰比要足够低，或者轻骨料混凝土的抗压强度足够高,以满足强度标准（见5.3或5.4）和特殊环境（第四章）的要求。
该条规范不包括极恶劣暴露环境的要求，如：酸性条件，高温条件，同时也没考虑美学效果，如表面装修。
这些方面超出了该规范的范围，应包含在工程技术要求中。
混凝土配比要满足该规范的最低要求，以及合同附加的条款。
R5.2.3－本规范强调混合物的现场试验或试验室试拌（见5.3）作为首选的混凝土配比方法。
R5.3－以现场试验和（或）试拌配料在选择合适的混凝土混合料时，遵循以下三步。
第一，确定样品标准偏差。
第二，确定要求的混凝土平均抗压强度。
第三，根据传统配制试验或合理的经验记录，选择满足该平均强度要求的混凝土配合比。
Fig.R5.3是选择配料的流程图。
注释图表R5.3:混凝土配合比选择和文件编制流程图5.3.1－试样标准偏差5.3.1.1－有了混凝土的试验记录，就可以得到样品标准偏差s s，计算s s试验记录：（a）应代表相似的材料、质量控制过程、环境，在试验中材料和配比的改变不能实际工程的严格。
（b）应代表所配制的满足规定抗压强度的或者抗压强度相差不超过7MPa的混凝土。
（c）应至少由30次连续试验或者由5.6.2.4中规定的总数至少为30次的两组试验得到。
5.3.1.2—当混凝土生产单位没有满足5.3.1.1要求的记录，但有依据15至29次连续试验记录的试样标准偏差s s乘以表5.3.1.2的修正系数，作为产品的计算试样偏差。
试验记录满足5.3.1.1的（a）和（b）的要求方可采用，仅仅是代表不超过45天内的连续试验的单一记录。
†确定表5.3.2.1中要求的平均抗压强度f c r′应用修正的样品标准偏差，s s，在选择混凝土配合比时，需使混凝土的配制强度高于设计强度等级。
配料的等级取决于试验的结果的变化情况。
R5.3.1 －试样标准偏差当混凝土生产单位有所预期的材料和条件下的连续30次试验的合理记录，根据这些结果按下式计算的试样标准偏差：2/12)1()(⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎣⎡--=∑nxxs is其中：s s= 试样标准偏差，MPax i= 5.6.2.4定义的单个强度试验结果。
x = n次试验结果的平均值n = 连续强度试验次数用试样标准偏差来确定满足 5.3.2.1.要求的平均强度。
如果用两组不少于30次的试验记录计算，试样标准偏差由每个试验记录计算的统计平均值求得，按下式计算：2/121222211)2())(1())(1(⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡-+-+-=nnsnsns sss其中：ss= 两组试验的试样标准偏差的统计平均值。
s s1, s s2 = 分别根据两组试验记录计算的样品标准偏差。
n1, n2 = 分别为每组试验的记录次数。
如果试验次数少于30，但至少有15次可用的试验，计算的试样标准偏差根据表5.3.1.2中的系数增大。
这个流程导致过于保守的所需平均强度。
表5.3.1.2中的值是根据分布取样得到的，避免出现小样品低估了真实值或整体偏差。
用来计算平均强度的试样标准偏差要在“相似或所预期的条件”（见5.3.1.1（a））下得到。
这是保证混凝土验收的重要要求。
如果与实际应用的混凝土的配料及生产流程相当，以及如果指定混凝土的强度与规定的混凝土强度偏差小于7MPa,（见5.3.1.1（b）），测试混凝土标准偏差的环境要与5.3.2－所需平均强度5.3.2.1－作为选择混凝土配比的所需平均抗压强度f cr ′由表5.3.2.1确定，计算中使用了5.3.1.1或5.3.1.2中计算的样品标准偏差。
表5.3.2.1－当数据可以建立样品标准偏差时，所需的混5.3.2.2－当混凝土生产设备没有计算满足5.3.1.1或5.3.1.2要求的计算s s 的现场试验记录时，f cr ′由表5.3.2.2确定，平均强度应符合5.3.3的要求。
表5.3.2.2－当没有能建立试样标准偏差的资料时，所需所要求的一致。
混凝土类型的改变和强度的增长会加大试样偏差。
这种情况通常发生在骨料类型改变的情况，（例如由普通骨料变成轻骨料，反之亦然。
）或者从非加气混凝土到加气混凝土的改变。
试样标准偏差会随混凝土强度水平提高而提高，虽然提高的比例比强度提高的比例小。
当有理由怀疑时，用来计算混凝土所需强度时的试样标准偏差总是应该保守些。
本规范用每平方英尺多少磅的试样标准偏差来代替以百分比记的变异系数。
R 5.3.2－所需平均强度R 5.3.2.1－当试样标准偏差确定以后，规定强度f c ′小于等于35MPa 时，所需强度f cr ′ 选择式（5－1）和（5－2）的最大值。
规定强度f c ′大于35MPa 时，所需强度f cr ′ 选择式（5－1）和（5－3）的最大值。
式（5－1）是根据三次连续试验的平均值从100个试件中抽取一个的值可能低于规定的混凝土抗压强度f c ′。
式（5－2）式依据每个试验在规定的强度下超过3.5MPa 的近似可能性。
式（5－3）是依据从100个试件中抽取1个试件，每个试验的强度小于0.9 f c ′的可能性。
计算试件标准偏差的公式相当于无限多次试验的整体值，因此使用从100次或更多次试验估计的试样标准偏差是可取的。
当可以做30次试验时，某种程度上比从100个试件中抽取1个试件测试的失效率要大。
采用附加的方法改进从100个中抽取1个的做法是不可取的，因为收集试验材料的过程和混凝土生产的过程类似，有很多不确定因素。
5.3.3－平均抗压强度的证明文件所配混凝土的平均抗压强度大于等于所要求的平均抗压强度f cr′的证明文件，由一次现场强度试验记录，几次强度试验，或者试验配合组成。
5.3.3.1－当试验记录用来证明提供的混凝土的比例将配制成强度为f cr′（见5.3.2）的混凝土时，这些记录应是代表实际的材料和条件。
在试验中材料、条件、配比的改变不要比实际情况更严格。
为说明混凝土潜在的平均强度，当记录时间大于等于45天时，大于10次少于30次的连续试验的记录是可用的。
所需混凝土配比可以用两次或多于两次试验的强度及配比进行插值得到，其中的强度和配比要满足本节的其他要求。
5.3.3.2：当一现场的试验结果不可用时，可用满足下面要求的实验室配比：（a）材料是用于实际工作的材料。
（b）配比和浓度与实际工作的混凝土一致的实验室试验要用至少3种不同的水灰比或水化胶结材料含量，配制一系列的强度趋于f cr′的混凝土。
（c）试验的混合物的塌落度最大允许值是±20mm，对于加气混凝土最大允许含气量在±0.5％以内。
（d）对于每种水灰比或水化胶结材料的含量，每个龄期至少要做3个圆柱体试验，以满足“制作混凝土实验室试验的试块的标准做法”（ASTM C 192M）。
圆柱体试验在28天进行或在为确定f c′所指定的龄期进行。
（e）从圆柱体试验的结果的曲线图表中应看出水灰比或水化胶结材料含量与指定龄期的混凝土强度之间的关系。
（f）在实际应用的混凝土最大水灰比和水化胶结材料含量应在配制满足5.3.2要求的曲线表中反映出来，，除了第四章要求的较低的水灰比或较高的强度。
R5.3.3－平均抗压强度的证明文件如果所需的平均抗压强度f cr′已知，下一步要选择配合比，要使配制的混凝土平均抗压强度大于等于所需的平均强度，同时也满足第四章的特殊环境要求。
这个说明包括一次强度测试记录，几次强度测试记录或合理的现场试验或实验室试验，一般的，用来测试强度的试验记录也是用来测试标准偏差。
然而，如果试验记录结果显示的平均抗压强度比所需的平均抗压强度低或者高，，需要调整配比。
这这种情况下可用少于10次试验的平均值，配比可以根据不同强度的插值和这样连续两组试验的配比来确定。
所有建立所需强度配比的试验记录应满足5.3.3.1的“同等材料和条件”的要求。
对于强度超过35MPa，平均强度说明是依据混合物实验室试验得到的，适当的提高提高表5.3.2.2计算的f cr′，从而可以混凝土实验室试验和实际生产的的强度降低。
规范注释5.4－没有现场经验和实验室试验的条件下配制混凝土5.4.1－如果没有5.3要求的资料数据，混凝土配比根据注册设计师认可的其他经验和信息。
用与以往实际应用的类似的材料配制的所需混凝土平均抗压强度要至少比f c′高8.3MPa。
当混凝土的f c′高于35MPa时，不能用这些方法。
5.4.2－按本节要求配制的混凝土要符合第四章耐久性的要求和5.6的混凝土抗压强度测试标准。
5.5－抗压强度平均值的折减当在建造过程中，材料数据可用时，强度时可以折减的，根据折减量，所需混凝土平均抗压强度f cr′必须超过f c′。
如果：（a）有30次或更多的试验结果可用，以及测试结果的平均值超过5.3.2.1的要求，用符合5.3.1.1计算的一个试样标准偏差，或（b）有15至29次试验结果以及测试结果的平均值超过5.3.2.1的要求，用符合5.3.1.2计算的一个试样标准偏差，以及（c）满足第四章的特殊环境要求。
5.6－混凝土的评估和验收5.6.1－被测混凝土应符合5.6.2到5.6.5的要求。
在施工现场由有资格的技术人员对素混凝土进程测试，制作现场凝结固化的试样，制作试验室测试的试样，以及记录当制作强度试验的试样时的温度。
有资格的实验室技术人员要进行所有要求的实验室试验。
R5.4－没有现场经验和实验室试验的条件下配制混凝土R5.4.1－当没有以前的经验（5.3.3.1）或实验室试验数据（5.3.3.2）能满足这几节规范的要求时，仅在专门允许的情况下，可以用其他的经验。
因为强度相当的混凝土的配料也可能不一样。
当f c′大于35MPa或所需平均抗压强度比f c′大8.3MPa时，不能用这种方法。