大学英语语法 第二十五讲 句式与修辞
英语中的修辞手法和例句PPT课件一等奖新名师优质课获奖比赛公开课
事啊（真实含义是应该明确早上时间观
念）
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12.Pun 双关
双关就是用一个词在句子中双重含义,借题发挥.作出各种解释,旁 敲侧击,从而到达意想不到幽默.滑稽效果.它主要以相同词形.词 意友好音方式出现.
Customer： Waiter， will the pancage be long? Waiter: No, sir, round.
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6.Personification 拟人
拟人是把生命赋予无生命事物. 比如: 1>.The night gently lays her hand at
our fevered heads.（把夜拟人化）
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7.Hyperbole 夸大
夸大是以言过其实说法表示强调目标. 它能够加强语势,增加表示效果：
Shall we allow those untruths to go unanswered?
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15.Antithesis 对照,对比,对偶
Give me liberty, or give me death.
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16. Paradox 矛盾修辞法
这是一个貌似矛盾,但包含一定哲理意 味深长说法,是一个矛盾修辞法..
比如: A friend in need is a friend to be
avoided. 处于危难之中朋友是一个为众人所 躲
避朋友。
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14.Rhetorical question 修辞疑问 （反问）
它与疑问句不一样在于它并不以得到回 复为目标,而是以疑问为伎俩,取得修辞 上效果,其特点是:必定问句表示强烈否 定,而否定问句表示强烈必定.它答案往 往是不言而喻.
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英语修辞及举例说明【优质PPT】
言语上的反语往往需要配合上下文来理解，它不尽然表达 批评或讽刺，有些时候也能表达赞扬和幽默。
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My love is like a red, red rose2
Metaphor 暗喻
对两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比；所不 同的是在形式上，暗喻中本体和喻体之间多通过Be 动词来联系。省掉比喻词。
明喻：Life is like an unexplored river, full of twists and turns, great beauty and dangerous surprises .
提喻的本体与喻体之间的关系是局部—全体，具体—抽象 之间的关系，而换喻的本体与喻体之间的关系更为复杂。
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类比 analogy
将两类本质上不同的事物之间的共同点加以比较，
在形式上很像比喻，也用比喻词。常用来阐释复杂的概念。
类比最常见的句型为 A is to B as C is to D
The friendly gardner had a lot of thyme(time) for the woman.
那位和善的园丁留了许多百里香（与“时间”谐音）给那 个女人。
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矛盾修辞法 oxymoron
用两种不调和、甚至截然相反的特征来形容一项事 物，在矛盾中寻求哲理，以达到修辞效果。它是反 论的一种浓缩形式。
Can enemies become mortal friends ? 敌人能 成为不共戴天的朋友吗？
大学英语修辞整理及例子
l.Alliteration 头韵heart,home2.Assonance 元韵late,make“The rain in spain falls mainly in the plain.”The kind guide said aside he would chop the way for us.好心的导游在一旁说他将替我们开路。
3.Consonance 辅韵They left half a loaf in the safe.4.Onomatopoeia 拟声The stream murmurs through the woods.5.Aposiopesis ［田'pDosaioepi:sis］说话中断法，跳脱"You’d better do this or else・・・”6.Apostrophe 呼语Captain!my captain!rise up and hear the bells:7.Pun 双关ball:(1)any round or spherical object (2)a formal social dance8.Repetition 重复The rain pours and pours.9.Anaphora 首语重复法Light come, light go.10.Epiphora 句末重复法Waste not,want not.11.Simploce 首结语重复法This is the world,s fight, This is civilization,s fight.12.anadiplosis 顶针With Bewick on my knee,I was then happy:happy at least in my way.13.Parallelism 平行结构The young actor was tall,dark,and handsome.14.Antithesis 对偶Marriage is easyjhousekeepin g is hard.15.Climax 层进法We want peace,we want freedom,we want a better life.16.Anticlimax 突降法Where shall I find hope, happiness friends, cigarettes?17.Syllepsis 一语双叙He lost his coat and his temper.18. Zeugma 轭式修辞法We ate a bun and a glass of milk.19. Chiasmus 回文One should eat to live,not live to eat.20.Asyndeton 连词省略法Nothing is insider them, they were sealed up before the creation of pestilence.21.Polysyndeton 连词叠用法I am a soul, or a body, a mind.22.Rhetorical question 反问Isn’t it the best choice?23.Simile 明喻Time flies like an arrow.24.Metaphor 暗喻You are my sunshine.25.Metonymy 借喻He has a good ear for music.26.Synecdoche 提喻He paid the workers $5 per head.27.Antonomasia换称He is modern Hitler---a tyrant.Jack is Michael Jordan on our basketball team.28.Personification 拟人The bird is singing joyfully.29.Parody 仿拟I had no outlook,but an uplook rather.30.Synesthesia 通感The music breathing from her face.31.Transferred epithet 移情a sleepless bed32.. understatement轻描淡写，低调陈述1.AUTHOR &WORKS1>William Faulkner is the author of.A.Far From the Madding CrowdB. Sound and FuryC. For Whom the Bell TollsD. Scarlet LetterKey B2>The Old Man and the Sea is one of the great works by.A. Jack LondonB. Charles DickensC. Samuel ColeridgeD. Ernest HemingwayKey: D3>James Joyce is the author of all the following novels EXCEPT.A. DublinersB. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young ManC. Jude the ObscureD. UlyssesKey: C4>Which of the following is NOT a poem by Emily Dickinson?A. This is my letter to the world.B. / heard a fly buzz —when I died.C. This is just to say.D. Because I could not stop for death.Key: C (William Carlos Williams)5>Francis Bacon' s is a great essay on education.A. The Advancement of LearningB.The Importance of Being EarnestC.The New AtlanticD.The Learned Reading upon the Statute of UsesKey: A6>William Makepeace Thackeray' s most famous work is.A. The School for ScandalB. Past and PresentC. Major BarbaraD. Vanity FairKey: D7>Which of the following poems is NOT written by George Gordon Byron?A.She Walks in Beauty.B.The Solitary Reaper.C.When We Two Parted.D.Childe Harold' s Pilgrimage.Key: B8> William Golding' s first and most well-known novel is.A. Coral IslandB. Lord of the FliesC. Treasure IslandD. The Brass ButterflyKey: B9> Moby Dick is the most important work by.A. Jack LondonB. Herman MelvilleC. Sinclair LewisD. Ralph EllisonKey: B10>Stephen Crane is famous for.A. An American TragedyB. The AmbassadorsC. Main StreetD. The Red Badge of CourageKey: D11>Robert Frost is a famous.A. novelistB. playwrightC. poetD. literary criticKey: C12>Eugene 0' Neil is an American.A. novelistB. playwrightC. poetD. essayist KEY:B 13>is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare, and his representative works are plays inspired by social criticism.A. Richard SheridanB. Oliver GoldsmithC. Oscar WildeD. Bernard ShawKEY:D14>Who is the only woman writer that has won both Pulitzer Prize and Nobel Prize?A. Pearl Buck.B. Virginia Woolf.C. Tony Morrison.D. Katharine Mansfield.KEY: A15>is NOT among the postwar poets in modem American literature.A. Robert LowellB. Gary SynderC. Alien GinsbergD. e. e. cummingsKEY: D16>Shylock is a character in.A. The Merchant of VeniceB. The Twelfth NightC. The Winter's TaleD. MacbethKEY: A17>This line "If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?' is quoted fromA. Don Juan.B. Kubla KhanC. To AutumnD. Ode to the West Wind KEY: D18>The sentence "Shall I compare thee to a summer' s day" is quoted from Shakespeare' s.A. comediesB. tragediesC. historiesD. sonnetsKEY : D19>"Beauty is truth, truth beauty" is an epigrammatic line by.A. John KeatsB. William BlakeC. William WordsworthD. Percy Bysshe ShelleyKEY: A19>"Beauty is truth, truth beauty" is an epigrammatic line by.A. John KeatsB. William BlakeC. William WordsworthD. Percy Bysshe Shelley KEY: A20>Tess is a character created by.A. D. H. LawrenceB. James JoyceC. Thomas HardyD. Dylan Thomas Key: C21>As a literary figure, Heathcliff appears in.A. Jane EyreB. Oliver TwistC. Wuthering HeightsD. Middlemarch Key: C22>Emily Grierson is a literary figure created by.A. Willa GatherB. Doris LessingC. William FaulknerD. Nathaniel Hawthorn Key: C 23> Mr. Micawber in David Copperfield and Sam Well in Pickwick Papers are perhaps the best characters created by CharlesDickens.A. comicB. tragicC. roundD. sophisticated Key: A24> Mr. Darcy is a character in.A. Tess of the D' UrhervillesB. Pride and PrejudiceC. Happy PrinceD. The Mill on the Floss Key: B25> The image of the famous "henpecked husband" is created by. A. Washington Irving B. Fennimore CooperC. Edith WhartonD. William Dean Howells Key: A 26>is a popular literary form in the medieval period.A. RomanceB. NovelC. SonnetD. Drama Key: A27>was the most important person of the transcendental club.A.HawthornB. WhitmanC. EmersonD. Thoreau Key: C28> The literary spokesman of the Jazz is often thought to beA. O'NeilB. PoundC. Robert FrostD. Scott Fitzgerald Key: D29>Together with Lawrence and Joyce,is considered one of the three giants of the modern English novel and a master of English prose. A. Henry James B. Joseph ConradC. E. M. ForsterD. Aldous Huxley Key: B30>,the author of The Interpretation of Dreams has great impact on literary creation and criticism.A. Carl JungB. Jean-Paul SartreC. Friedrich Wilhelm NietzscheD. Sigmund Freud Key: D 31> Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of Modernism? A.To elevate the individual and inner being over the social being.B.To put the stress on traditional values.C.To portray the distorted and alienated relationships between man and his environment.D.To advocate a conscious break with the past. Key: B32>Whitman's poems are characterized by all the following features EXCEPT.A. a strict poetic formB. a simple and conversational languageC.a free and natural rhythmic patternD. an easy flow of feelings Key: A33> Who initiated the name of the Lost Generation?A. Hemingway.B. Fitzgerald.C. Gertrude Stein.D. William Faulkner. Key: C34> The high tide of Romanticism in American literature occurred aroundA. 1820B. 1850C. 1880D. 1920 Key: A35> The success of Jane Eyre is partly due to its introduction to the English novel the first heroine.A. explorerB. peasantC. workerD. governess Key: D 36>is the representative work of the Beat Generation.A. The Great GatsbyB. On the RoadC. Look Back in AngerD. The Sun Also Rises Key: B 37>The most significant idea of the Renaissance is.A. humanismB. realismC. naturalismD. skepticism Key: A 38>The title of Thackeray's "Vanity Fair" is taken from —A. The Holy BibleB. The Faerie QueenC.The Pilgrim's ProgressD. Paradise Lost Key: C39>Who is considered the father of American poetry?A. Philip Freneau.B. William Cullen Bryant.C. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.D. Henry David Thoreau.Key: A ( The Wild Honey Suckle)40>Iceberg Theory is a writing principle proposed and closely followed by.A. Jack LondonB. Sinclair LewisC. William FaulknerD. Earnest Hemingway Key: D41>is featured by black humor.A. CaricatureB. Catch-22C. The Catcher in the RyeD. Death of a Salesman Key: B 42>has won the Pulitzer Prize four times and Nobel Prize.A. Ernest HemingwayB. John SteinbeckC. Eugene 0' NeilD. William Faulkner Key: C43>is known as "the poet' s poet".A. ShakespeareB. MarloweC. SpenserD. Donne Key: C44> Robert Burns is a poet from.A. EnglandB. New EnglandC. IrelandD. Scotland Key: D45>Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between and centuries.A. 14th/mid-17thB. 14th/mid-18thC. 16th/mid-18thD. 16th/mid-17th Key: A46>O Captain! My Captain! was written in memory of.A. Walt WhitmanB. Benjamin FranklinC. Abraham LincolnD. Martin Luther King Key: C47>The first book of the Old Testament is called.A. ExodusB. NumbersC. LeviticusD. Genesis Key: D 48>WilliamBlake' s The Tiger is collected in.A. Songs of InnocenceB. Songs of ExperienceC. Marriage of Heaven and HellD. Poetical Sketches Key: B 49>Who is the father of English poetry?A. Shakespeare.B. Edmund Spencer.C. John Milton.D. Geoffrey Chaucer. Key: D50>The 1954 Nobel Prize for literature was awarded to for his "mastery of the art of modem narration".A.William FaulknerB. John SteinbeckC. Saul BellowD. Ernest Hemingway Key: D51>It is generally regarded that Keats' s most important and mature poems are in the form of.A. odeB. elegyC. epicD. sonnet Key: A52> 0. Henry earned his fame mainly for his.A. novelsB. poemsC. short storiesD. dramas Key: C 53> Works by are characterized by stream-of-consciousness.A. George EliotB. Jane AustenC. Emily BronteD. Virginia Woolf Key: D54>Who of the followings is a playwright of the "theater of absurd" ?A.John Osborn.B. Wystan Hugh Auden.C. Bernard Shaw.D. Samuel Beckett. Key: D55>In the works of such aesthetics, as and Walter Pater, thetheory of "art for art' s sake" is advocated.A. Oscar WildeB. Mrs. GaskellC. Alexander PopeD. Charles Lamb Key: A56>The Romantic Age in England came to an end with the death of .A. Jane AustinB. Walter ScottC.Samuel Taylor ColeridgeD. William Wordsworth Key: B 57>The Victorian Age was largely an age of, eminently represented by Dickens and Thackeray.A. pessimismB. naturalismC. modernismD. critical realism Key: D58>In which novel can "Yahoo" be found?A. John Bunyan' s Pilgrim' s Progress.B.Edmund Spencer' s The Faerie Queen.C. Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels.D.Henry Fielding' s Tom Jones.Key: C (Lilliput, Brobdingnag, Laputa, Yahoo)59>The Bronte Sisters published the following famous novels EXCEPTA. The Tenant of Wildfell HallB. Jane EyreC. Wuthering HeightsD. Agnes Grey Key: A 60>Beowulf narrates a story taking place in.A. the MediterraneanB. Northern EuropeC. EnglandD. Scandinavia Key: D1.The national epic of the Anglo-Saxons is.A . Robin Hood B. Sir Gawain and the Green KnightC. The Canterbury TalesD. Beowulf2.was the most outstanding single romance on the Arthurian legend written in alliterative verse.A. The Canterbury TalesB. Piers the PlowmanC. Sir Gawain and the Green KnightD. Beowulf3. Most of the ballads of the 5 th century focused on the legend aboutas a heroic figure.A. Green NightsB. GawainC. Robin HoodD. Hamlet4.In the 16th century, Thomas More' s work became immediately popular after its publication.A. Paradise LostB. A Pleasant Satire of the Three EstatesC. Of BeautyD. Utopia5.was Edmund Spencer' s masterpiece which has been regarded as one of the great poems in the English language.A. AmorettiB. The Shepherd' s CalendarC. The Faerie QueenD. Four Hymns6.is from Shakespeare' s sonnet No.18.A.Let me not to the marriage of true mindsB.“To be or not to be: that is the question”C.“ Shall I compare thee to a summer' s day”D.“No longer mourn for me when I am dead”7.The vivid portrayal of by Shakespeare in Henry IV has earned for him an enviable place in the history of English literature.A . Julius Caesar B. Falstaff C. Hamlet D. King Henry 8.The four great tragedies written by Shakespeare are Hamlet, Macbeth, Othello and. A. Antony and Cleopatra B. Julius CaesarC. Twelfth NightD. King Lear9.Which of the following does not belong to Shakespeare' s romantic love comedies?A. Twelfth NightB. The TempestC. As You Like ItD. The Merchant of Venice10.The hero who has fallen a victim to his own ambition must be.1.Hamlet B. Othello C. King Lear D. Macbeth 11.is acclaimed as “the poets ' poet” ,A. ShakespeareB. SpenserC. KeatsD. Chaucer 12. The allusion “A Pound of Flesh” comes from Shakespeare ' sA. HamletB. The Merchant of VeniceC. King LearD. Othello13.At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries appeared in Englandas a new trend in literature.A. RenaissanceB. ReformationC. RomanticismD. Sentimentalism14.Of studies was written by.A. John Bunyan.B. John Donne.C. Francis Bacon.D. William Blake.15.Which of the following is the highest form of literary expression?A. Prose.B. Poetry.C. Novel.D. Speech.16.The 18th century in English literature is an age of.A. novelB. poemC. proseD. play17.Which of the following work tells how Satan rebelled against God and how Adam and Eve were driven out of Eden?A. Paradise LostB. Paradise Regained.C. L' ALLegro.D. Lycidas.18.Who is the creator and a great master of the historical novel?A. John Keats.B. Walter Scott.C. Jane Austen.D. Charles Lamb.19.Bunyan 's most important work is, written in the old-fashioned, medieval form of allegory and dream.A. The FootprintB. On His BlindnessC. Vanity FairD. The Pilgrim's Progress20.Romanticism as a literary movement came into being in England early in the latter half the century.A. 16thB. 17thC. 18thD. 19th21.The novel Oliver Twist was written by.A. Jane AustenB. John Keats C . Charles Dickens D. George Eliot 22.In Anglo-Saxon period, “Beowulf” represented the poetry.A. paganB. religionsC. romanticD. sentimental 23. The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama. It was who made blank verse the principal vehicleof expression in drama.A. Christopher MarloweB. Thomas LodgeC. Edmund SpenserD. Thomas More24.At the beginning of the 16th century the outstanding humanist wrote his Utopia in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of the people 's suffering and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.A. Thomas MoreB. Thomas MarloweC. Francis BaconD. William Shakespeare25.Of the following plays is not a comedy.A. A Midsummer Night 's DreamB. The Merchant of VeniceC. Twelfth NightD. Romeo and Juliet26.The first poem in The lyrical Ballads is Coleridge 's masterpieceA. Kubla KhanB. The PreludeC. The Rime of Ancient MarinerD. Tintern Abbey27.Dickens takes the French Revolution as the background of the novel.A. A Tale of Two CitiesB. Great ExpectationsC. Hard TimesD. David Copperfield28.Chaucer was the first important poet of a royal court to write in after the Norman Conquest.A. FrenchB. LatinC. EnglishD. Greek29.Beowulf was written in.A. Old EnglishB. Middle EnglishC. Early Modem EnglishD. French30. The English Renaissance period was an age of B. poetry and drama D. romance and poetry 6-10 C B D B D 16-20 C A B D C 26-30 C A C A B A. drama and novelC. novel and poetry1---5 D C C D C 11-15 B B C C B 21-25C A A A D。
大学英语修辞
大学英语修辞1) Simile：(明喻）2) Metaphor：(暗喻）3) Analogy: (类比）4) Personification: (拟人）5) Hyperbole: (夸张）6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述）7) Euphemism: (委婉）8) Metonymy (转喻）9) Synecdoche (提喻）10) Antonomasia (换称）11) Pun: (双关语）12) Syllepsis: (一语双叙）13) Zeugma: (轭式搭配）14) Irony: (反语）15) Innuendo: (暗讽）16) Sarcasm: (讽刺）17) Paradox: (隽语）18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰）19) Antithesis: (对照）20) Epigram: (警句）21) Climax: (渐进）22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降）23) Apostrophe：(顿呼）24) Transferred Epithet: (一就修饰语）25) Alliteration: (头韵）26) Onomatopoeia: (拟声）修辞格(figures of speech)是提高语言表达效果的语言艺术。
它能使语言生动形象、具体活泼，给人以美的享受。
（一）音韵修辞格(phonological rhetorical devices)顾名思义，音韵修辞格是利用词语的语音特点创造出来的修辞手法。
包括: a) Onomatopoeia(拟声) 是模仿事物发出的声响,如：Presently there came theclick of high-heeled shoes.高跟皮鞋声咯咯地传了过来。
b) Alliteration(头韵) 就是在一个词组或一个诗行中，有两个以上彼此靠近的词，其开头的音节（或其他重读音节）具有同样的字母或声音；如：Peter Piper picked a peck of picking pepper.皮特.派特咽下了一口腌菜用的胡椒粉。
大学英语写作修辞
大学英语写作修辞英语写作中对于修辞手法的巧妙运用，可不是大学生的专利，任何一个学习英语的人都可以做到。
下面是店铺给大家整理的大学英语写作修辞，供大家参阅!大学英语写作中修辞手法的运用修辞手段一般主要用于文学性写作中。
但在大学英语的英文写作中有时也需要运用一定的具有英文特征的修辞手段，而且运用得好，会使语句生动从而增添语句亮点。
因此，掌握一些一般常用修辞手段对于实现语句亮点也是非常必要的。
对于大学英语写作来说，主要应该掌握以下修辞手段，又称语句辞格，包括结构辞格与语义辞格。
对比、排比、重复、倒装等为结构辞格，转义、双关、矛盾等则为语义辞格。
1.对比正反对比就是要巧妙地运用对称的英文句式来表达互为补充的意思，因此恰当地运用反义词语往往是必不可少的。
如果一旦所要表达的内容具有这种情况，就应尽力选用这种对称的句式并选用适当的反义词语来加强语句，实现语句的亮点。
1)如“很多人很快就会发现，他们在物质上是富裕了，精神上却很贫乏”，可以这样达：Many people will soon find themselves rich in goods，but ragged in spirit.(注：句中rich in与ragged in，goods与spirit具有正反对比的关系和效果。
)2)如“利远远大于弊”，可以这样表达：The advantages for outweigh the disadvantages.(注：句中the advantages与the disadvantages具有正反对比的关系和效果。
)3)如“他们注意到了这些说法中的一些道理，但他们却忽视了一个重要的事实”，可以这样表达：They have noticed a grain of truth in the statements，but have ignored a more important fact.(注：句中have noticed与have ignored，a grain of truth inthe statements与a more important fact具有正反对比的关系和效果。
论英语语法与修辞
论英语语法与修辞语法和修辞既是相通的，又是有区别的。
语法是语言的组织规律，讲的是语言的结构形式；因此语法学家研究的对象是语言本身规律的一部分，是研究如何造出合乎语法的句子。
因为只有合乎语法规则的句子才具有可理解的性质，才有可能被用作表达思想的基本语言单位。
修辞不同于语法，它是研究语言使用的规律，是和语言的使用目的和使用场合密切相关的。
因此，修辞学研究的对象是如何在具体交际场合中取得最好的语言表达效果，即如何根据不同的对象和场合把话说好，把文章做好，以便更好地达到交际目的。
但是，修辞和语法又密切相关，可以说，修辞知识是语法知识的延伸，前者是建筑在后者基础上。
因为语法告诉我们，同一个意思可以有不同的合乎语法的表达方式，而修辞则告诉我们如何恰当地选用语法形式，以达到最好的语言表达效果。
语法结构形式的选用，关系到使用领域（即语体）的问题。
比如在学术论文中，不可用适合于口头的表达方式；在法律文书中，不可用形象生动的文学语言；对上级或者长辈讲话，用语不可太随便；跟朋友谈心，用语又不可太庄重。
因此，一本好的语法书必然要涉及修辞问题。
我们学习语法不能只重视分析语言的能力；更重要的是要培养自觉、恰当地运用语言的能力。
从这个角度来看，语法必须结合修辞，语法书的编写不能局限于词法和句法而必须超越句法的范围，讲一点如何恰当地使用语法知识的规律。
恰当地使用语法知识规律可以简单地归纳为以下内容：表达思想，分清主次；关系明确，避免歧义；言语简练，用词经济；句式多样，灵活交替。
一、表达思想，分清主次这是修辞的第一条要求。
在使用语言进行交际时，总是要把主要的住处突出起来，以便引起对方的注意，能为对方所理解并把握住意义的重心。
这就涉及语法中一系列强调手段的运用问题。
这些强调手段包括后置和前置、主从句、分裂句、层进法等，只要用之得当，便可在组词成句中突出主要的信息，分清主要次要的意思。
1、后置后置，作为一种突出主要思想的手段，是现代英语的词序特征。
大学英语修辞格
大学英语修辞格大学英语常见修辞格所谓修辞是指依据题旨情境恰当地选择语言手段和表达方式, 以有效地表情达意。
修辞的目的是使作品更加形象生动、引人入胜。
了解英语中的修辞, 有助于我们更好地理解、欣赏文章,也有助于在写作中丰富我们自己的表达。
英语修辞格按其构成大致可以分为三类:(一)词义修辞格(Lexical Rhetorical Devices)词义修辞格主要是指借助语义的联想和语言的变化等特点创造出来的修辞手法。
大学英语中常见的词义修辞格有以下几种:1. Simile 明喻与汉语的明喻基本相同,是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比,表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系。
常用来表示明喻的喻词有like, as, as if, as though等。
如:Learning is like rowing upstream; not to advance is to drop back. 学如逆水行舟,不进则退。
2. Metaphor 暗喻暗喻也是一种比喻, 但不用比喻词, 因此被称为"缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)"。
它是根据两个事物间的某些共同的特征, 用一事物去暗示另一事物的比喻方式。
如:And yet, while most of us are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism, we are somehow reluctant to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise. 但是,尽管我们中的很多人太容易给别人批评的冷风,却不知何故不愿意给我们的同伴赞扬的阳光。
(该句中,将criticism比喻成cold wind,将praise比喻成warm sunshine,但是未使用任何比喻词,因此为暗喻。
)3. Metonymy转喻/借代转喻类似于汉语中的借代修辞,是通过相近的联想, 借喻体代替本体,它根本不说出本体事物, 直接用比喻事物代替本体事物。
大学英语语法(全)PPT课件
38
• 2、天气糟透了。整天刮大风下大雨的。 The weather was so bad. It blew hard and rained heavily all the day.
（翻译时必须补出主语It。）
15
• 这位父亲问他女儿的男朋友（其正准备开车带他 女儿出门）：Do you drink?他真正的意思是问这 个年轻男子是否有饮酒的习惯，即在询问情况， 而不是问他现在想不想喝酒，即不是在提议。
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• 因此，从交际的角度去看待语法，在具体语境中考 查语法规则的使用，通过语篇、语境驾驭语法来达 到十分具体的交际目的。我们不仅知道“应该”怎 么说（what learners should say）,更应该去了解为 什么英语本族语者要“这样”说（what native speakers of English actually do say and why）。
5
语法的三个层面:形式、意义、用法
• 形式：某个语法结构怎样构成的。比如 “现在完成进行时”的结构形式是have been doing。这是使用语法规则的起点， 即首先要做到能够准确地构造某个语法结 构，这是语法结构的准确性问题。
6
• 意义：某个语法结构表达的意义。比如“现在完成 进行时”可以表示“一个活动从过去一直延续到现 在说话时刻”这样的含义，这就是现在完成时态这 一结构所具备的语法意义。由此可以看出，特定意 义一般是对应于特定的结构形式的，或者说，特定 的结构形式能够表达特定的意义（Particular forms will express their particular meanings）。对于一个句子，它的含义不仅仅是 来自于句中所使用的词汇的含义，而是还有来自于 其中特定语法结构所含有的语法意义。
浅析《大学英语》中常用英语修辞格
浅析《大学英语》中常用英语修辞格浅析《大学英语》中常用英语修辞格一些语言和文章之所以流传广泛，经久不衰，是因为它们极有表现力，其中不乏准确恰当的修辞手段，从而使文章更加形象生动、意蕴丰富并且引人入胜。
本文根据《大学英语》中出现的最常见的几种修辞格加以分析，希望有助于大家在学习英语的过程中能够恰当地选择修辞手段来丰富自己的表达。
明喻(Simile)明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法，是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体的关系，两者都在对比中出现，其基本格式是“A像B”，常用的比喻词有as, like, as if, as though 等。
例如：●He jumped back as if he had been stung, and the blood rushed into his wrinkled face.（他往后一跳，好像被什么东西叮了一下似的，他那张布满皱纹的脸顿时涨得通红。
）在《品尝家》一文中老人对“我”的慷慨施舍的反应如同被蜜蜂叮过一样，生动地刻画出一个处境凄凉内心却极度敏感的可怜老人的形象。
●The cheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing. (支票跌落到地上，像一只断了翅膀的小鸟。
) 《礼物》一文中，老太太喜迎八十大寿，大女儿不来庆祝，只寄来一张支票。
作者把这张支票比作断了翅膀的小鸟，形象地表达出此刻老太太希望破灭，极度伤心的心情。
暗喻(Metaphor)暗喻也是一种比喻，但不用比喻词，因此被称作缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)。
它直接把一种事物名称用在另一事物上，从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。
例如：●What will parents do without the electronic baby-sitter? （如果没有这位电子保姆，父母该怎么办呢？) 形象地说明了电视机的保姆功用。
大学英语教材中几种常见的修辞格
１ ．比喻（ｈ ｇ ｒ ｆ ｐｅｈ ｔ ｆ ｕｅ ｏ ｅｃ ） ｅｉ ｓ ｓ
一
ｉ ｏ ｅ ｐ ｅ ａ ｄ ｄ ｍ ｎ ｏ ｈ ｒ ｎ ｓ ｍｅ ｐ ｏ ｌ ｎ ｉ ｉ ｔ ｅ ｓ． Ｔ ｉ ｓ ｗｈ ｒ ｈ ｒ ｈ ｌ ｗｓ ｃ ｍｅ ｉ ｈ ｓ ｉ ｅ ｅ ｔ ｅ ｍａ ｓ ｍａ ｌ ｏ ｎ． ｏ
喻， 以人名借代作品。 比喻是 英语 中最为常见 的， 十分 广泛的一种修辞格 。论 证 问题， 用得 英语修辞 中的比喻包罗万 象， 是一种 用得 十分广 泛的修 辞格 。比喻 事物、 物等等 ， 景 都用得着 。它 的基 本作 用是把 是语言艺术的升华 ， 是最富有诗意的语言形式之一 。论 证问题 ， 明道理 说明道理以及描绘 人物 、 说 生动 、 形象 ， 使人 可见可 感可悟 ， 以增强语言 的说服 以及描绘人物 、 事物 、 景物等等 ， 用得着 。它 的基 本作用 是把事 物或事 事物或事理说得具体、 都 理说得具体 、 生动 、 形象 ， 使人可见 可感 可悟 ， 以增强语言 的说服力和感染 力 和 感染 力 。 力。英语 中常见 的比喻有三类 ： 、 明喻 隐喻和转喻。 比喻一定 要用一种事 ２ ．借 代 （ ｅｓｎｃ ｏｈ ） ｔ ｙ ｅｄｃ ｅ ｈ 物 比方另一种事物 ， 无论明喻 、 隐喻和转喻都是如此。 比喻一定要用一种事物 比方另一种事物 ， 无论 明喻、 隐喻和转 喻都是 如此 。然而借代只有一种事物 ， 不过没说 出该事 物原来的名称 ， 外借用 另 １１ ． ．明喻（ｈ ｉ ｌ ） ｔｅｓ ｅ ｍｉ 换一个名称 ” 的办法 ， 就是借代 。替代 明喻通常是把被比喻的“ 本体” 和用以 比喻 的“ 喻体” 同时说 出 ， 说明 个名称来代替它 。修辞 中这种 “ 物 部分和全体互代 ， 单数代复数 ， 描象代 替具体或 本体事物象喻体事物 ； 用介词 ｌ ｅ 连词 ａ 。 一一 ｆａ…ｓ， ｉ， ｋ ｓａ ８ ｉ ｓ ｏ 动词 ｓｅ ， ｅｍ等 ， 的方式可 以是人 、 互代 ， 具体代替抽象等等 。例如 ： 表示“ 好像 ” 意思 的比喻说法也叫明喻 。 ｈ ￣ｎ ａ ｅｓｉ ｆＪ ｍｅ ｏ ｃ ｗｈ ｉｎ’ ｐ ｎ ｏ ｉ ｒ Ｔ ｅｓ ｔｅｃ ｎｂ ａｄｏ ａ ｓＪ ｙ ｅ， ｏｄｄ ｔｓｅ ｄａｌｔ ｆｔｍｅｗｏｏ ｏ 人们往往会 这样认为 ： 比喻修辞只适 用 于文学 类的各种文体 ， 而非 文 ｖ ｇ ｂｕ ｈｗ ｍ ｎ ｅ ｅ ｏｌ ｒ ｄＦ ｎｇ ｅ （ ２ 世 ｉ ａ ｐ ｄｅ ｎ ｎ Ｗａ 学类论著 ， 如科技之类 的应用 文体 ， 了表达 它的正确性 、 密性与科 学 ｒ ｎ ｏ ｔ ｏ ａｙｐｏｌ ｗ ｕ ａ ｉ ｅａ ｓ ｋ． （ １ 纪大学 英 为 严 读写教程第四册一单元 Ａ篇第 １ ） ８段 性， 一般是比较排斥 比喻的。但 事实上 ， 英语 的科技类 的论 著中 ， 原 语》 在 使 詹姆斯 乔依斯也是 如此 ， 他写作时可 没花那么 多时间担 心有多少 人 本较为枯燥抽象 的论述变得有趣生动 ， 从而把描述 的事物说得更具 体化、 会读他的《 为芬尼根守灵》 Ｆ ｎ ｇ ｓ ａ ｅ ．（ ｎ ｅ ｋ 本是詹姆斯 乔依斯 的最后 一 ｎ ａ Ｗ 形象化， 把深奥 的道理说得更 通俗 、 浅显 、 明白。例如 ： Ｂ ｔｔ ｅ ｏ ａ ｅ ｔ ｎ ｅ ｙ ， ｖ ｒｔｍｅ ｎ ｔ ａ ａ ｅ ｔｓ ｅ ｏ ｉ ｎ ｔ 部小说 ， ｕ ｈ ｎ ｙ ｕ ｈ ｖ ｏ ｗｏ ｄ ｒ ｗｈ ｏ ｅ ｉ ａｕｒｌｔ ｎ ｅ ｍｓ ｔ ｇ ｉｅ ｌ 这里用来借 代詹姆斯 乔依斯的所有作 品． ）
崔荣容英语语法
Pocket英语语法第一讲英语五种基本句式He learns English every day. 他每天学英语基本句式一:S V (主+谓)The universe remains 宇宙长存基本句式二:S V P (主+系+表) 系动词表连系作用.表语是描述主语性质特点位置的词The food is delicious 这个食物很好吃基本句式三:S V O (主+谓+宾)宾语是动作执行的对象He took his bag and left 他拿着书包离开了基本句式四:S V o O (主+谓+间宾+直宾)注: o，一般指人。
O，一般指物。
Her father bought her a dictionary 他的爸爸给他买了一本词典。
基本句式五:S V O C (主+谓+宾+宾补)We made him our monitor 我们选他当班长。
Nothing is impossible to a willing heart!有志者事竟成!第二讲Be动词的形式和用法Be动词的形式：一般现在时：be,is,am,are。
一般过去时：was,were。
Be动词的现在分词：being。
Be动词的过去分词：been。
========================Is:和单数主语连用的be动词。
The man is back.Are: 和复数主语连用的be动词。
They are backWas:和单数主语连用的be动词 he was back.Were:复数主语连用的过去形式。
They were backBeen：复数主语连用的现在完成时态形式 they have been backBe动词的用法：后面接名词，形容词，地点副词，或短语作补足语。
1．the man is a teacher a tercher 是补足语，补充说明前面的2 Mary’s new dresses are colorful3 My mother was in the kitchenBe动词的练习：现在时:They are teachers. 他们是老师。
英语修辞手法及练习ppt课件
again.
病原体侵入机体，消弱机体防御机能 ，破坏 机体内 环境的 相对稳 定性， 且在一 定部位 生长繁 殖，引 起不同 程度的 病理生 理过程
Pun ＆ Parody ＆ Oxymoron
ironysy ＆ nesthesia ＆personification
• 7.讽刺（irony）:用含蓄的褒义词语来表示其反面的意义，从而达
到使本义更加幽默，更加讽刺的效果。
→eg .It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in
→eg.Iam sorry, I am so sorry, I am so extremely sorry.
• 15、拟声（onomatopoeia）是摹仿自然界中非语言的声音，其发音和所描写
的事物的声音很相似，使语言显得生动，富有表现力。
→eg .She banged the door after her.
• 10.双关语（pun）是以一个词或词组，用巧妙的办法同时把互不关
联的两种含义结合起来，以取得一种诙谐有趣的效果。
→eg .Napoleon was astonished.”Either you are mad, or I am,”he
declared. “Both，sir!”cried the Swede proudly.
.
病原体侵入机体，消弱机体防御机能 ，破坏 机体内 环境的 相对稳 定性， 且在一 定部位 生长繁 殖，引 起不同 程度的 病理生 理过程
• 6.She may have tens of thousand of babies in one summer.(from“ Watching Ants”)。(persnification)
大学英语中的修辞手法
大学英语中常见的修辞手法1 明喻(Simile)明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法，是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体的关系，两者都在对比中出现，其基本格式是“A像B”，常用的比喻词有as, like, as if, as though等。
如果使用得当可以把深奥的道理说得通俗、浅显、明白，使人可见可感可悟，把简单的事物表达的更为形象更为生动。
例如：Like climbing a mountain, we struggle up three feet and fall back two.（正如爬山，我们费力爬上三英尺，又掉下去两英尺。
）(大学英语第一册第三单元课文B)I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery blodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.(丘吉尔在此使用了一个恰当的比喻，把德国士兵比作蝗虫，因为二者有着共同之处-传播毁灭。
)2 暗喻(the metaphor)暗喻也是一种比喻，但不用比喻词，因此被称作缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)。
它是根据两个事物间的某些共同的特征，用一事物去暗示另一事物的比喻方式。
本体和喻体之间不用比喻词，只是在暗中打比方，从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。
例如：I will do anything I can to help him through life's dangerous sea.（我将全力帮助他穿越人生的惊涛骇浪。
）(第二册第三单元课文A)Consider that the same cultural soil producing the English language also nourished the great principles of freedom and right of man in the modern world.(想想吧，孕育英语的文化土壤也同样为当今世界培育了自由和人权准则。
大学英语教材中常见的英语修辞
大学英语教材中常见的英语修辞摘要：英语修辞在大学英语教材中是一项重要的内容。
因为有些修辞用法相似，所以很难区别。
现以大学英语教材中常见的四种修辞为例并介绍它们的特征以及如何区分。
关键词：英语修辞；明喻；暗喻；拟人；委婉语1 明喻（simile）明喻是表现一事物像另一事物的修辞格。
说得通俗点，也就是打比方，即把要描述的事物——本体（A）用比喻词与另一种具有鲜明的同一特征的事物——喻体（B）联系起来。
常用的比喻词有 as（如）， like（像）， seem（似乎）， as if（好像）， as though（好像）， such as（像……一样）等。
其基本格式是"A is like B"或"A is as…as B"。
例如：（1）Her eyes were blue as flowers，and in her pale green suit she was like springtime come alive.她的眼睛碧蓝，如花似玉。
她身穿浅绿色套装，犹如春天一般生机盎然。
（Unit 5 Text A，New College English 1）课文中作者把霍利思·梅奈尔小姐的青春活力和春天万物欣欣向荣联系起来。
（2）Records fell like ripe apples on a windy day.（E.B.White）被打破的记录犹如刮风天成熟的苹果——纷纷坠落。
（3）We feel as if we've been faxed.（Unit 7 Text A，New College English 4）太热了，我们觉得自己被传真过似的。
请注意下面这句话：Jim looks like his brother Billy.吉姆和他的兄弟比利长得很像。
这句话就不是明喻：这里把两件相同的事物（两个人）做比较。
2 暗喻（metaphor）这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将甲事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。
大学英语中修辞手法归纳总结
篇一：大学英语修辞手法总结英语修辞手法总结4)personification/p??s?n?f??ken/: (拟人）it gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). for example, the wind whistled through the trees.5) hyperbole/ha?ˋp?b?l?/: (夸张） it is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. for instance, he almost died laughing.6) understatement: (含蓄陈述） it is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. it achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. for instance, it is no laughing matter.7)euphemism/ ?ju?f?m?z?m/: (委婉） it is the substitution of an agreeable orinoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. for instance, we refer to die as pass away.8) metonymy (转喻）it is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. for instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces).9)synecdoche[sinekd?ki] (提喻） it is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the 2whole for the part. for instance, they say theres bread and work for all. she was dressed in silks.10)antonomasia[??nt?nouˋm?i??](换喻）it has also to do with substitution. it is not oftenmentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. for example, solomon for a wise man. daniel for a wise and fair judge. judas for a traitor.11) pun: (双关语）it is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. for instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (here arms has two meanings:a persons body; weapons carried by a soldier.)12) syllepsis [silepsis]: (一语双叙） it has two connotations.in the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeingwith only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法). for example, he addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. (here us is used to refer to you and me.)in the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. for example, while he was fighting , and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. (here to losing ones limbs in literal; to lose ones mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)13)zeugma[zju:gm?]: (轭式搭配） it is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses. for example, the sun shall not burn you by day, nor the moon by night. (here noon is not strong enough to burn) 14) irony/ ˋa?r?n?/: (反语） it is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. for instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.16) sarcasm: (讽刺） it sarcasm is a strong form of irony. it attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. for example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps break through.17) paradox: (似非而是的隽语） it is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to 3established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. for example more haste, less speed.19) antithesis: (对照） it is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. for example, speech is silver; silence is golden.20) epigram: (警句） it states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(强烈地). it isusually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. for instance, few, save the poor, feel for the poor.21) climax: (渐进）it is derived from the greek word for ladder and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps ofa ladder ascending evenly. for example, i came, i saw, i conquered.22) anti-climax or bathos: (突降）it is the opposite of climax. it involves stating ones thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weightyto light or frivolous. for instance, but thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.23) apostrophe：(顿呼） in this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or person (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said. for instance, england! awake! awake! awake!24) transferred epithet: (转类形容词） it is a figure of speech where an epithet (anadjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. for instance, i spent sleepless nights on my project.25) alliteration: (头韵） it has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. it is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called front rhyme. for instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.26) onomatopoeia: (拟声） it is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or suggestive(提示的) of some action or movement4explanation version1一、什么是修辞格修辞格(figures of speech)是提高语言表达效果的语言艺术。
高考英语基础写作25式讲义
一、高考英语基础写作25式简介这个25式是一个万能写作语料库，可以帮助同学们达到写作高分水平，摆脱模板式写作，或者这样说考前多浏览一下，考试的时候可以达到自己想写什么就写什么，不至于写作无话可写。
二、高考英语基础写作25式1. 寒暄非常高兴回想起过去的两个月，我在贵杂志担任编辑工作。
I am quite/ particularly pleased to recall the past two months when I worked as an editor for your magazine.表高兴的形容词: happy/excited/pleased非常高兴听到一次国际会议即将于下月在我们这所大学举行的好消息。
It is quite great to hear the good news that an international conference is scheduled to be held in our university next month.2. 自我介绍作为贵报一名非常关注环境保护的忠实读者，我写信想要……As a regular/ loyal / faithful reader of your newspaper who focuses much eyesight on environmental protection, I am writing for the purpose of ....作为一名前几日在你们这家商店购买了一个电子词典的消费者，我写信想要投诉，因为我发现词典的屏幕出问题了。
As a customer who purchased an electronic dictionary from your store the other day/ several days ago, I am writing for the purpose of making a plaint, because I found there is something wrong with its screen.3. 目的：for/with the purpose of doing sth. ==to do sth.今天，我代表学生会写信想要表达我们的诚挚欢迎并提几个建议。
大学英语语法 第二十五讲 句式与修辞
第二十五讲句式与修辞在英语语言的实际运用中, 不宜总是用“主—谓—表”、“主—谓—宾”等简单句结构。
简单句容量小, 有局限性, 用多了会使句型呆板、单调, 千句一面, 文章乏味, 没有可读性, 因而也就不能较好地表达思想。
要使语言新鲜、生动、富有吸引力, 不断地变换句子结构、句型及表达方式, 是非常必要的, 也是可能的。
比如, 同一思想往往可以用简单句、复合句或并列句表达, 可用分词短语表达, 也可用介词短语表达; 可用主动语态表达, 也可用被动语态表达; 可用肯定形式表达, 也可用否定形式表达; 可用直陈语气表达, 也可用虚拟语气表达, 等等。
另外, 从修辞学的角度讲, 英语句子有松散句( loose sentence )、尾重句( periodic sentence)和平衡句(balanced sentence )之分。
在松散句中, 主要信息或实质部分先出现, 后跟修饰语或补充性细节; 在尾重句中, 主要信息或实质部分出现在句尾或句子后半部分; 在平行句中, 信息同等重要, 句式结构相同, 并驾齐驱, 相互独立。
同时, 行文时, 还可使用某些修辞手法, 如明喻、暗喻、夸张、拟人等, 从而更加形象地描写事物, 更加生动地说明事理。
英语句式变化多样, 修辞手法丰富多彩, 我们完全可以根据思想表达的需要, 利用各种词句表现手法, 安排句子的各种成分, 以达到理想的表达效果。
下面对英语的典型句式和修辞进行综合考察, 通过转换对比, 揭示出英语行文造句的灵活性和多样性。
一、统一性1 . 从属关系准则在一个句子中(指复合句) , 如果要表达的是两个或两个以上的思想, 而这些思想同等重要, 互不依附, 处于并列的地位, 那就要把它们当作并列句处理, 用并列连词( and, but , or 等)连接起来。
例如:His father is a professor and his mother is a musician . 他父亲是一位教授, 母亲是一位音乐家。
最新大学英语语法重点教学文案精品课件
三、固定句型 (主句现在，从句(cónɡ jù)过去;主句过去， 从句(cónɡ jù)过完)
1. If only he had been here. 要是他当时在这儿就好了。 2. I dread the coming exams. If only I could have time to review my lessons. 我对即将到
第八页，共32页。
二、做宾语(bīnyǔ) –ing/ to
1. I remember locking the door . Remember to lock the door when you leave .
2. try + doing，含义“试一试”或“试试做某事” ; try +to do，含义是“做一番努力，试图做某事。” I tried sending her flowers but it didn‘t have any effect . I will try to finish the work on time .
来的考试非常担心。如果我有时间复习该有多好啊。 3. If only I had another chance. 要是我再有一次机会就好了。 4. I am so tired. If only I can take the day off tomorrow. 太疲倦了。如果明天能不上班
多好。 5. If only problems would come one at a time! 要是问题一次只发生一个该多好！ 6. If only it clears up, we‘ll go. 只要天一(tiān yī)放晴,我们就去。 7. If only one had an unlimited supply of money! 要是财源不断就好了！ 8. She would be a very good player if only she could get it together. 她若能控制得当就
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第二十五讲句式与修辞在英语语言的实际运用中, 不宜总是用“主—谓—表”、“主—谓—宾”等简单句结构。
简单句容量小, 有局限性, 用多了会使句型呆板、单调, 千句一面, 文章乏味, 没有可读性, 因而也就不能较好地表达思想。
要使语言新鲜、生动、富有吸引力, 不断地变换句子结构、句型及表达方式, 是非常必要的, 也是可能的。
比如, 同一思想往往可以用简单句、复合句或并列句表达, 可用分词短语表达, 也可用介词短语表达; 可用主动语态表达, 也可用被动语态表达; 可用肯定形式表达, 也可用否定形式表达; 可用直陈语气表达, 也可用虚拟语气表达, 等等。
另外, 从修辞学的角度讲, 英语句子有松散句( loose sentence )、尾重句( periodic sentence)和平衡句(balanced sentence )之分。
在松散句中, 主要信息或实质部分先出现, 后跟修饰语或补充性细节; 在尾重句中, 主要信息或实质部分出现在句尾或句子后半部分; 在平行句中, 信息同等重要, 句式结构相同, 并驾齐驱, 相互独立。
同时, 行文时, 还可使用某些修辞手法, 如明喻、暗喻、夸张、拟人等, 从而更加形象地描写事物, 更加生动地说明事理。
英语句式变化多样, 修辞手法丰富多彩, 我们完全可以根据思想表达的需要, 利用各种词句表现手法, 安排句子的各种成分, 以达到理想的表达效果。
下面对英语的典型句式和修辞进行综合考察, 通过转换对比, 揭示出英语行文造句的灵活性和多样性。
一、统一性1 . 从属关系准则在一个句子中(指复合句) , 如果要表达的是两个或两个以上的思想, 而这些思想同等重要, 互不依附, 处于并列的地位, 那就要把它们当作并列句处理, 用并列连词( and, but , or 等)连接起来。
例如:His father is a professor and his mother is a musician . 他父亲是一位教授, 母亲是一位音乐家。
We love peace, but we are not afraid of war . 我们热爱和平, 但是我们并不怕战争。
.. 但是, 如果句子中所表达的两个或两个以上的思想不是同等重要的, 而是一个为主要思想, 其余的为次要的、附属性的思想(用以说明或限定主要思想) , 那就不能把它们当成并列句处理, 而要用主从复合句或别的结构来处理。
主从复合句只能用从属连词( when , where, so, because 等)连接, 不能用并列连词连接。
1)第一原则: 勿将句子中主要思想和次要思想的位置颠倒The snow stopped when the old man died . (不妥)The old man died when the snow stopped . (正)雪停的时候, 老人去世了。
The waiters were serving coffee when the ship struck the rock and sank . (不妥)When the waiters were serving coffee, the ship struck the rock and sank . (正)服务员上咖啡的时候, 船触礁下沉了。
2)第二原则: 勿在主从复合句中插入并列连词He came out first in the football match , and which delighted us . (误)He came out first in the football match , which delighted us . (正)他在足球赛中获得第一名, 这使我们都很高兴。
I have two brothers, but who are younger than I . (误)I have two brothers, who are younger than I . (正)我有两个兄弟, 年龄都比我小。
新/ 世/ 纪/ 英/ 语/ 丛/ 书848 第二十五讲句式与修辞3)第三原则: 正确选择连接词In case she had been ill for a month , she was never absent from school . (误)Although she had been ill for a month , she was never absent from school . (正)虽然病了一个月, 但她从来没缺过课。
Because he speaks softly is no proof that he is kind . (误)That he speaks softly is no proof that he is kind . (正)他说话温柔并不能证明他是善良的。
(主语从句)2 . 平行结构准则平行结构准则要求: 同等重要的、并列的句子成分(思想、概念)要用同类的语法形式来表示, 要用并列连词连接。
在使用并列连词如and, but , or, neither . . .nor, either . . .or ,not only . . .but also, both . . .and 等时, 所连接的应该是名词对名词, 副词对副词, 分词对分词, 不定式对不定式, 动词对动词, 句子对句子等等, 而不能把其中一个概念用分词结构表达, 另外两个概念用不定式或从句表达。
.. 下面两个句子是违反平行结构准则的:The painting was colour ful, shocking and could not easily be understood .这个句子中的三个表语(三个概念)具有相同的语法功能, 都是说明主语的, 应该放在相同的结构中, 都用形容词。
可以把could not easily be understood 改为hard to understand。
We saw Tom walking towards the river, taking o f f his clothes and to plunge into thewater .这个句子中的三个宾语补足语表示三个平行的概念, 三个并列的动作, 即“走到河边, 脱下衣服, 跳入水中”。
因此, 应该用相同的语法结构表示, 都用现在分词短语。
可以把to plunge 改为plunging。
.. 我们知道, 在不影响句意明晰的情况下, 句中相同的介词、代词、冠词等可以省略, 但如果省略后会造成意思上的混乱或不合逻辑, 则不可省略。
例如:The woman denied that she had got into the shop at night and she had taken the ring .因为第二个宾语从句前没有连词that , 全句的句意就是“那个妇女否认曾在夜晚进入该店, 然后偷了戒指。
”The woman denied that she had got into the shop at night and that she had taken thering . (正)The woman denied that she had got into the shop at night and taken the ring . (正).. 考察下面两句:In the picture she saw a doctor , solider and teacher . (一人还是三人?)The dog is more of a danger to the strangers than the local residents . (歧义)1)名词平行结构The patient..s symptoms were f ever, dizziness, and his head hurt . (误)The patient..s symptoms were f ever, dizziness, and headache . (正)病人的症状是发烧、头晕、头痛。
The speaker called attention to the beginning and how it ended . (误)The speaker called attention to the beginning and end of the movement . (正)演讲者要人们注意这场运动的起始及其终结。
Studies serve for delight, for ornament , and for being able . (误)Studies serve for delight , for ornament , and for ability . (正)读书能够带来愉悦, 使人高雅、聪慧。
大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)849 一、统一性The award was for a combination of scholarship, someone who was a good leader ,and ability in athletics . (误)The award was for a combination of scholarship, a good leadership , and ability in athletics . (正)She was a woman of mean understanding, little information, and with uncertaintemper . (误)She was a woman of mean understanding, little information, and uncertain temper . (正)2)形容词平行结构Jack was honest, industrious, and he has talent . (误)Jack was honest, industrious and talented . (正)杰克诚实、勤奋又聪明。
He was sympathetic, tolerant, and people respected him . (误)He was sympathetic, tolerant, and respected by people . (正)他富有同情心, 胸襟博大, 受到人民的爱戴。
I value a friend who is sweet, kind, and love . (误)I value a friend who is sweet, kind, and loving . (正)我看重这样的朋友: 他性情温和,心地宽厚, 并有爱心。