文献综述英文

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文献综述写法英文版

Finding, formulating and exploring your topic.Different topic creationsMany students have in mind something that they want to work on; others want to work with a particular scholar or research centre. In the first case, students search for a compatible supervisor. In the second, for a topic. Regardless of these preliminary circumstances, the topic is very likely only roughly formulated at this stage. This is usually enough to have your enrolment accepted. Reading the literatureOnce you have a general idea, you could start by talking to your supervisor and other scholars. But, most importantly, you have to think why you would like to work on it, or why anyone would want to do so. Ask yourself, "Why is it important? What is interesting about this? Suppose I solve it, or find it, or pull it all together, what use is it? What is its significance?" Then, with some questions such as these in mind, go and read more about it to see what is there and find out what aspects of it have been exhausted, what neglected, what the main ideas, issues and controversies are in the area. It is regarded as your supervisor's role to direct you to the most fruitful starting point in reading and surveying the literature.Cycle of literature reviewAll of this is not a once only activity, but is a cycle you go through again and again. So you read, think, and discuss it with your supervisor and then, as a result, come closer to the formulation of the topic. And then with each cycle of reading, thinking and discussing your topic becomes more specific and focused.This is not the final formulation and the last time you will focus your topic. But you could probably let go of this round of general exploration and embark on the next stage. Your supervisor by this time should have enough of an idea of your topic to judge whether or not what you propose to do is feasible within the time available and has the potential to meet the required standards for a PhD. To see the full potential of your topic or, to the contrary, see that it is not going to deliver what you wanted, you do need to begin doing your research. This, of course, is why pilot studies are often undertaken.Making sense of the literatureWe do truly wish we could tell you about a reliable or simple way to make sense of the literature. We can say, however, that you need to attend to things attwo levels:∙One is establishing a system that will allow you to organise the hard copies of the articles etc., and develop a data base for references, soyou have easy access under relevant categories and don't chase the samereferences repeatedly.∙The other is the more demanding task of understanding and using the literature for your purposes.Without attending to the first task, you could easily become inefficient and frustrated. However, although it is necessary to have some way of keeping track, don't spend all your energies on perfecting your system. It may be a good idea to attend a course for researchers on handling information. Check whether your university's library or computer centre offers such a course.The other task ahead of you - of understanding, reviewing and using theliterature for your purposes - goes to the heart of your thesis. We considerthis in three stages.Making sense of the literature - first passWhen you first come to an area of research, you are filling in the backgroundin a general way, getting a feel for the whole area, an idea of its scope,starting to appreciate the controversies, to see the high points, and to become more familiar with the major players. You need a starting point. This may come out of previous work you've done. If you're new to the area, your supervisor could suggest fruitful starting points. Or you could pursue some recent review articles to begin.Too much to handleAt this stage there seems to be masses of literature relevant to your research. Or you may worry that there seems to be hardly anything. As you read, think about and discuss articles and isolate the issues you're more interested in. In this way, you focus your topic more and more. The more you can close in on what your research question actually is, the more you will be able to have a basisfor selecting the relevant areas of the literature. This is the only way to bring it down to a manageable size.Very little thereIf initially you can't seem to find much at all on your research area - and you are sure that you've exploited all avenues for searching that the library can present you with - then there are a few possibilities:∙You could be right at the cutting edge of something new and it's not surprising there's little around.∙You could be limiting yourself to too narrow an area and not appreciating that relevant material could be just around the corner in a closely related field.∙Unfortunately there's another possibility and this is that there's nothing in the literature because it is not a worthwhile area ofresearch. In this case, you need to look closely with your supervisor at what it is you plan to do.Quality of the LiteratureThis begins your first step in making sense of the literature. You are not necessarily closely evaluating it now; you are mostly learning through it. But, sometimes at this stage students do ask us how they can judge the quality ofthe literature they're reading, as they're not experts.You learn to judge, evaluate, and look critically at the literature by judging, evaluating and looking critically at it. That is, you learn to do so by practising. There is no quick recipe for doing this but there are somequestions you could find useful and, with practice, you will develop many others:∙Is the problem clearly spelled out?∙Are the results presented new?∙Was the research influential in that others picked up the threads and pursued them?∙How large a sample was used?∙How convincing is the argument made?∙How were the results analysed?∙What perspective are they coming from?∙Are the generalisations justified by the evidence on which they are made?∙What is the significance of this research?∙What are the assumptions behind the research?∙Is the methodology well justified as the most appropriate to study the problem?∙Is the theoretical basis transparent?In critically evaluating, you are looking for the strengths of certain studies and the significance and contributions made by researchers. You are also looking for limitations, flaws and weaknesses of particular studies, or of whole lines of enquiry.Indeed, if you take this critical approach to looking at previous research in your field, your final literature review will not be a compilation of summaries but an evaluation. It will then reflect your capacity for critical analysis.Making sense of the literature - second passYou continue the process of making sense of the literature by gaining more expertise which allows you to become more confident, and by being much more focused on your specific research.You're still reading and perhaps needing to re-read some of the literature.You're thinking about it as you are doing your experiments, conducting your studies, analysing texts or other data. You are able to talk about it easily and discuss it. In other words, it's becoming part of you.At a deeper level than before,∙you are now not only looking at findings but are looking at how others have arrived at their findings;∙you're looking at what assumptions are leading to the way something is investigated;∙you're looking for genuine differences in theories as opposed to semantic differences;∙you also are gaining an understanding of why the field developed in the way it did;∙you have a sense for where it might be going.First of all you probably thought something like, "I just have to get a handle on this". But now you see that this 'handle' which you discovered for yourself turns out to be the key to what is important. You are very likely getting to this level of understanding by taking things to pieces and putting them back together.For example, you may need to set up alongside one another four or five different definitions of the same concept, versions of the same theory, or different theories proposed to account for the same phenomenon. You may need to unpack them thoroughly, even at the very basic level of what is the implied understanding of key words (for example 'concept', 'model', 'principles' etc.), before you can confidently compare them, which you need to do before synthesis is possible.Or, for example, you may be trying to sort through specific discoveries which have been variously and concurrently described by different researchers in different countries. You need to ask questions such as whether they are the same discoveries being given different names or, if they are not the same,whether they are related. In other words, you may need to embark on very detailed analyses of parts of the literature while maintaining the general picture.Making sense of the literature - final passYou make sense of the literature finally when you are looking back to place your own research within the field. At the final pass, you really see how your research has grown out of previous work. So now you may be able to identify points or issues that lead directly to your research. You may see points whose significance didn't strike you at first but which now you can highlight. Or you may realise that some aspect of your research has incidentally provided evidence to lend weight to one view of a controversy. Having finished your own research, you are now much better equipped to evaluate previous research in your field.From this point when you have finished your own research and you look back and fill in the picture, it is not only that you understand the literature and can handle it better, but you could also see how it motivates your own research. When you conceptualise the literature in this way, it becomes an integral part of your research.Writing the literature reviewWhat we are talking about here is the writing of the review. We assume that you have made sense of the literature, and that you know the role of the literature and its place in your thesis. Below are links to other sections covering these aspects.You will doubtless write your literature review several times. Since each version will serve a different purpose, you should not think you are writing the same thing over and over and getting nowhere. Where you may strike trouble is if you just try to take whole sections out of an earlier version and paste them into the final version which, by now, has to be differently conceived.In practical terms, it is necessary to have an overall picture of how the thread runs through your analysis of the literature before you can get down to actually writing a particular section. The strategy which writers use as a way to begin the literature review is to proceed from the general, wider view of the research you are reviewing to the specific problem. This is not a formula but is a common pattern and may be worth trying.Let's look at an example taken from the first pages of a literature review. This shows us the progression from general to specific and the beginning of that thread which then continues through the text leading to the aims.[This is basically an introductory section, which starts with astatement of the problem in very broad terms, alerting us to the factthat not everything is rosy, and proceeds to sketch in specific aspects.][The text moves on to specify issues at various levels. Although the[Thus the text has set up the situation where all aspects of theproblem--theoretical, practical, etc.--are brought together.]Whatever the pattern which fits your work best, you need to keep in mind that what you are doing is writing about what was done before. But, you are not simply reporting on previous research. You have to write about it in terms of how well it was done and what it achieved. This has to be organised and presented in such a way that it inevitably leads to what you want to do and shows it is worth doing. You are setting up the stage for your work.demonstrates neither your understanding of the literature nor your ability to evaluate other people's work.Maybe at an earlier stage, or in your first version of your literature review, you needed a summary of who did what. But in your final version, you have to show that you've thought about it, can synthesise the work and can succinctly pass judgement on the relative merits of research conducted in your field. So,Approaching it in this way forces you to make judgements and, furthermore, to distinguish your thoughts from assessments made by others. It is this whole process of revealing limitations or recognising the possibility of taking research further which allows you to formulate and justify your aims.Keep your research focusedIt is always important to keep your research focused, but this is especially so at two points. First when you have settled into the topic and the time forwider exploration has to end. And then again at a later stage when you may have gathered lots of data and are starting to wonder how you are going to deal with it all.Focus after literature reviewFirst, it is a common temptation to prolong the exploration phase by finding more and more interesting things and straying away from what was once regarded as the possible focus. Either you or your supervisor could be guilty of this.In some cases, it might be you who is putting off having to make a commitmentto one line of enquiry because exploration and realising possibilities is enjoyable and you're always learning more. In other cases, it could be your supervisor who, at every meeting, becomes enthusiastic about otherpossibilities and keeps on suggesting alternatives. You might not be sure ifthis is just sharing excitement with you or if you are supposed to follow them all up.Either way you need to stop the proliferation of lines of enquiry, sift through what you have, settle on one area, and keep that focus before you. It could even be a good idea to write it up on a poster in front of your desk. Unlessyou have this really specified in the first place, with the major question and its sub-questions, and you know exactly what you have to find out to answer these, you will never be focused and everything you find will seem to be 'sort of' relevant.You have to close off some lines of enquiry and you can do so only once you decide they are not relevant to your question. We continually meet students who, when we ask, "So what is the question you're researching?", will answer, "My topic is such and such and I'm going to look at x, y and z". Sometimes further probing from us will reveal that they do indeed have a focus, but many timesthis is not so. Thinking in terms of your topic is too broad. You need to think,Focus after data collectionThen, at a later stage, you could find yourself surrounded by lots of datawhich you know are somewhat relevant to your project, but finding the ways of showing this relevance and using the data to answer your question could be a difficult task. Now you have to re-find your focus to bring it all together.Again, it is your research question and sub-questions which will help youto do this because your whole thesis is basically the answer to these questions, that is, the solution to the problem you presented at the beginning. This may strike you as a very simplistic way to view it. However, approaching it in this way does help to bring the parts together as a whole and get the whole to work. We even recommend that, to relate the parts to each other and keep yourself focussed , you could tell yourself the story of the thesis.Making a deliberate attempt to keep focused will help you to shape your research and keep you motivated.Apparently I have to write a research proposal. What do I need to do? The main purpose of a research proposal is to show that the problem you propose to investigate is significant enough to warrant the investigation, the method you plan to use is suitable and feasible, and the results are likely to prove fruitful and will make an original contribution. In short, what you are answering is 'will it work?'The level of sophistication or amount of detail included in your proposal will depend on the stage you are at with your PhD and the requirements of your department and University.∙In initial stages, the document you need to write will probably be three to five pages long. It will give a general idea of what you areproposing to do but it isn't a binding contract. Often it serves as astarting point for discussions with your supervisor to firm up the topic, methodology and mechanics of your research.∙Some of you will be required to write a proposal at the time of confirming your candidature (usually at the end of the first year). Insome instances, this is a document of four to five pages and may beviewed as a mere formality. In other cases a much more substantialdocument of 30 - 40 pages is expected. Therefore it is essential for you to check the requirements with your department.Regardless of the above distinctions you should never see writing a proposal as a worthless chore. Indeed, if it isn't formally required, it is a very good idea to write one anyway. You can use it to your advantage. It always forces you to think about your topic, to see the scope of your research, and to review the suitability of your methodology. Having something in writing also gives an opportunity to your supervisor to judge the feasibility of the project (whether it is possible to finish in time, costs, the equipment needed and other practicalities, time needed for supervision), to assess its likelihood of success, and its ability to meet the academic standard required of a PhD thesis.While there are no hard and fast rules governing the structure of a proposal, a typical one would include: aims and objectives, significance, review of previous research in the area showing the need for conducting the proposed research, proposed methods, expected outcomes and their importance. In experimentally based research it often includes detailed requirements for equipment, materials, field trips, technical assistance and an estimation of the costs. It could also include an approximate time by which each stage is to be completed.write a abstract. Indeed, the final version of the abstract will need to be written after you have finished reading your thesis for the last time.However, if you think about what it has to contain, you realise that the abstract is really a mini thesis. Both have to answer the following specific questions:Therefore, an abstract written at different stages of your work will help you to carry a short version of your thesis in your head. This will focus your thinking on what it is you are really doing , help you to see the relevance of what you are currently working on within the bigger picture, and help to keep the links which will eventually unify your thesis.ProcessThe actual process of writing an abstract will force you to justify and clearly state your aims, to show how your methodology fits the aims, to highlight the major findings and to determine the significance of what you have done. The beauty of it is that you can talk about this in very short paragraphs and seeif the whole works. But when you do all of these things in separate chapters you can easily lose the thread or not make it explicit enough.If you have trouble writing an abstract at these different stages, then this could show that the parts with which you are having a problem are not well conceptualised yet.We often hear that writing an abstract can't be done until the results are known and analysed. But the point we are stressing is that it is a working tool that will help to get you there.Before you know what you've found, you have to have some expectation of what you are going to find as this expectation is part of what is leading you to investigate the problem. In writing your abstract at different stages, any part you haven't done you could word as a prediction. For example, at one stage you could write, "The analysis is expected to show that …". Then, at the next stage, you would be able to write "The analysis showed that …." or "Contrary to expectation, the analysis showed that …..".The final, finished abstract has to be as good as you can make it. It is the first thing your reader will turn to and therefore controls what the first impression of your work will be. The abstract has∙to be short-no more than about 700 words;∙to say what was done and why, how it was done, the major things that were found, and what is the significance of the findings (rememberingthat the thesis could have contributed to methodology and theory aswell).In short, the abstract has to be able to stand alone and be understood separately from the thesis itself.Is there a particular thesis structure I have to follow? There are certain conventions specific to certain disciplines. However, these structures are not imposed on a piece of work. There are logical reasons why there is a conventional way of structuring the thesis, which is after all the account of what you've achieved through your research. Research is of course not conducted in the step-by-step way this structure suggests, but it gives the reader the most accessible way of seeing why this research was done, how it was done and, most importantly, what has been achieved. If you put side by side all the questions you had to answer to finish your research and what is often proposed as a typical structure of a thesis, then you see the logic of the arrangement. That does not mean, however, that you have to name your chaptersin this way. In some disciplines, it very often is like this; in others, this structure is implied. For example, in many science theses, the following basically is the structure; in many humanities theses, the final structure looks very different, although all of these questions are answered one way or another.Occasionally a thesis is written which does not in any way comply with this structure. Generally the reasons you want to have a recognised, transparent structure are that, to some extent, it is expected and the conventional structure allows readers ready access to the information. If, however, you wantto publish a book based on the thesis, it is likely the structure would need to be altered for the different genre and audience.。

英文文献综述

Title: Literature Review on English WritingsIntroduction:Writing is an essential component of communication which enables us to convey ideas, thoughts, and information in a coherent and structured way. In this literature review, we will explore the various aspects of writing in English and how it can be improved.Body Paragraphs:1. Writing Process:The writing process is often considered as the most important aspect of writing. It involves prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, and publishing. Prewriting includes activities such as brainstorming, outlining, and researching. Drafting involves putting the ideas on paper while revising and editing involves polishing the work. Publishing refers to sharing the work with others. Adopting a writing process approach can lead to organized and effective writing.2. Grammar and Vocabulary:Grammar and vocabulary form the foundation of writing. It is important to understand the rules of grammar and usage of vocabulary to express ideas effectively. Grammatical errors can make writing difficult to comprehend while the limited vocabulary can result in repetition and monotony. Improving grammar and vocabulary can make the writing more engaging and effective.3. Writing Styles:Different types of writing require different styles of writing. For example, academic writing requires formality and precision while creative writing allows for more experimentation and freedom. Understanding the style of writing can help to tailor the writing to meet the needs of the audience.4. Feedback and Revision:Feedback and revision are crucial components of effective writing. Receiving feedback from peers or instructors enables the writer to understand the strengths and weaknesses of their writing. Revision involves incorporating the feedback and refining the writing to make it more effective. By embracing feedback and revision, writers can improve their skills and quality of their writing.5. Technology and Writing:Recent technological advancements have revolutionized the way people write. Various software, tools, and applications are available to help writers improve their grammar, vocabulary, and writing style. Technology can also help in collaborative writing where multiple writers can work on the same project simultaneously, irrespective of their physical location.Conclusion:A good understanding of the writing process, grammar, vocabulary, styles, feedback, and technology can lead to effective writing. Writing is an art that requires practice, commitment, and continuous improvement. By following these recommendations, writers can enhance their skills and master the art of writing effectively in English.。

文献综述如何写(英文)

How to Write a Good Literature Review1. IntroductionNot to be confused with a book review, a literature review surveys scholarly articles, books and other sources (e.g. dissertations, conference proceedings) relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, providing a description, summary, and critical evaluation of each work. The purpose is to offer an overview of significant literature published on a topic.2. ComponentsSimilar to primary research, development of the literature review requires four stages:▪Problem formulation—which topic or field is being examined and what are its component issues?▪Literature search—finding materials relevant to the subject being explored▪Data evaluation—determining which literature makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the topic▪Analysis and interpretation—discussing the findings and conclusions of pertinent literatureLiterature reviews should comprise the following elements:▪An overview of the subject, issue or theory under consideration, along with the objectives of the literature review▪Division of works under review into categories (e.g. those in support of a particular position, those against, and those offering alternative theses entirely) ▪Explanation of how each work is similar to and how it varies from the others▪Conclusions as to which pieces are best considered in their argument, are most convincing of their opinions, and make the greatest contribution to the understanding and development of their area of researchIn assessing each piece, consideration should be given to:▪Provenance—What are the author's credentials? Are the author's arguments supported by evidence (e.g. primary historical material, case studies, narratives, statistics, recent scientific findings)?▪Objectivity—Is the author's perspective even-handed or prejudicial? Is contrary data considered or is certain pertinent information ignored to prove the author's point?▪Persuasiveness—Which of the author's theses are most/least convincing?▪Value—Are the author's arguments and conclusions convincing? Does the work ultimately contribute in any significant way to an understanding of the subject?3. Definition and Use/PurposeA literature review may constitute an essential chapter of a thesis or dissertation, or may be a self-contained review of writings on a subject. In either case, its purpose is to:▪Place each work in the context of its contribution to the understanding of the subject under review▪Describe the relationship of each work to the others under consideration▪Identify new ways to interpret, and shed light on any gaps in, previous research▪Resolve conflicts amongst seemingly contradictory previous studies▪Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication of effort▪Point the way forward for further research▪Place one's original work (in the case of theses or dissertations) in the context of existing literatureHere are some of the questions your literature review should answer:1.What do we already know in the immediate area concerned?2. What are the characteristics of the key concepts or the main factors or variables?2.What are the relationships between these key concepts, factors or variables?3.What are the existing theories?4.Where are the inconsistencies or other shortcomings in our knowledge andunderstanding?5.What views need to be (further) tested?6.What evidence is lacking, inconclusive, contradictory or too limited?7.Why study (further) the research problem?8.What contribution can the present study be expected to make?9. What research designs or methods seem unsatisfactory?HOW CAN I WRITE A GOOD LITERATURE REVIEW?Remember the purpose: it should answer the questions we looked at above. Look at how published writers review the literature. You'll see that you should use the literature to explain your research - after all, you are not writing a literature review just to tell your reader what other researchers have done. You aim should be to show why your research needs to be carried out, how you came to choose certain methodologies or theories to work with, how your work adds to the research already carried out, etc.Read with a purpose:you need to summarize the work you read but you must also decide which ideas or information are important to your research (so you can emphasize them), and which are less important and can be covered briefly or left out of your review. You should also look for the major concepts, conclusions, theories, arguments etc. that underlie the work, and look for similarities and differences with closely related work. This is difficult when you first start reading, but should become easier the more you read in your area.Write with a purpose: your aim should be to evaluate and show relationships between the work already done (Is Researcher Y's theory more convincing than Researcher X's? DidResearcher X build on the work of Researcher Y?) and between this work and your own. In order to do this effectively you should carefully plan how you are going to organize your work.A lot of people like to organize their work chronologically (using time as their organizing system). Unless developments over time are crucial to explain the context of your research problem, using a chronological system will not be an effective way to organize your work. Some people choose to organize their work alphabetically by author name: this system will not allow you to show the relationships between the work of different researchers, and your work, and should be avoided!When you read for your literature review, you are actually doing two things at the same time (which makes things more difficult for you!):1. you are trying to define your research problem: finding a gap, asking a question,continuing previous research, counter-claiming;2. you are trying to read every source relevant to your research problem.Naturally, until you have defined your problem, you will find that there are hundreds of sources that seem relevant. However, you cannot define your problem until you read around your research area. This seems a vicious circle, but what should happen is that as you read you define your problem, and as you define your problem you will more easily be able to decide what to read and what to ignore.TRAPSSome traps to avoid:Trying to read everything! As you might already have discovered, if you try to be comprehensive you will never be able to finish the reading! The idea of the literature review is not to provide a summary of all the published work that relates to your research, but a survey of the most relevant and significant work.Reading but not writing! It's easier to read than to write: given the choice, most of us would rather sit down with a cup of coffee and read yet another article instead of putting ourselves in front of the computer to write about what we have already read! Writing takes much more effort, doesn't it? However, writing can help you to understand and find relationships between the work you've read, so don't put writing off until you've "finished" reading - after all, you will probably still be doing some reading all the way through to the end of your research project. Also, don't think of what you first write as being the final ornear-final version. Writing is a way of thinking, so allow yourself to write as many drafts as you need, changing your ideas and information as you learn more about the context of your research problem.Not keeping bibliographic information!The moment will come when you have to write your references page . . . and then you realize you have forgotten to keep the information you need, and that you never got around to putting references into your work. The only solution is to spend a lot of time in the library tracking down all those sources that you read, and going through your writing to find which information came from which source. If you're lucky, maybe you can actually do this before your defence - more likely, you will unable to find all your sources, a big headache for you and your committee. To avoid this nightmare, always keep this information in your notes. Always put references into your writing. Notice how on this course we have referenced the works that we have referred to - you should do the same.LITERATURE REVIEW: AN EXAMPLEHere is an example of using the literature to explain and define a problem. This example is taken from an introduction because most thesis literature reviews tend to be too long for us to easily look at. Although your literature review will probably be much longer than the one below, it is useful to look at the principles the writers have used.On the optimal container size in automated warehousesY. Roll, M.J. Rosenblatt and D. Kadosh, Proceedings of the NinthICPRAutomated storage and retrieval systems (AS/RS) are being introduced intothe industry and warehousing at an increasing rate. Forecasts indicate thatthis trend will continue for the foreseeable future (see [1]). Research in thearea of AS/RS has followed several avenues. Early work by Hausman,Schwarz and Graves [6, 7] was concerned with storage assignment andinterleaving policies, based on turnover rates of the various items. Elsayed [3]and Elsayed and Stern [4] compared algorithms for handling orders inAR/RS. Additional work by Karasawa et al. [9], Azadivar [2] and Parry et al.[11] deals with the design of an AS/RS and the determination of itsthroughput by simulation and optimization techniques.Several researchers addressed the problem of the optimal handling unit(pallet or container) size, to be used in material handling and warehousingsystems. Steudell [13], Tanchoco and Agee[14], Tanchoco et al. [15] andGrasso and Tanchoco [5] studied various aspects of this subject. The last tworeferences incorporate the size of the pallet, or unit load, in evaluation of theoptimal lot sizes for multi-inventory systems with limited storage space. In areport on a specific case, Normandin [10] has demonstrated that using the'best-size' container can result in considerable savings. A simulation modelcombining container size and warehouse capacity considerations, in anAS/RS environment, was developed by Kadosh [8]. The general results,reflecting the stochastic nature of the flow of goods, are similar to thosereported by Rosenblatt and Roll [12]. Nevertheless, container size was foundto affect strongly overall warehousing costs.In this paper, we present an analytical framework for approximating theoptimal size of a warehouse container. The approximation is based on seriesof generalizations and specific assumptions. However, these are valid for awide range of real life situations. The underlying assumptions of the modelare presented in the following section.Notice how the writers have:grouped similar information: "Steudell [13], Tanchoco and Agee[14], Tanchoco et al. [15] and Grasso and Tanchoco [5] studied various aspects of this subject."shown the relationship between the work of different researchers, showingsimilarities/differences: "The general results, reflecting the stochastic nature of the flow of goods, are similar to those reported by Rosenblatt and Roll [12]."indicated the position of the work in the research area history: "Early work by Hausman, Schwarz and Graves [6, 7] . . . "moved from a general discussion of the research in AS/RS to the more specific area (optimal container size) that they themselves are researching i.e. they relate previous work to their own to define it, justify it and explain it.。

literaturereview文献综述的写法（英文版）

literaturereview⽂献综述的写法（英⽂版）Literature ReviewThis packet details the steps necessary to produce a literature review that may be required for work in various disciplines, including English, history and psychology. This packet is not intended to replace instructor guidelines and should not be used in that manner. The packet’s intended use is as a supplement to classroom instruction on assembling a literature review. Therefore, it contains only general information that must be tailored to fit specific guidelines as required by your discipline and by your instructor.This packet is subdivided into six sections:I. General InformationStates what a literature review is and what purpose it serves.II. ProcessGives step-by-step instructions on how to get started on your literature review.III. OrganizationExplains the two most common ways of arranging information in a literature review.IV. FormatProvides descriptions for two of the most common formats used in a literature review, the item to item comparison and contrast (Format A) and the criteria to criteria comparison and contrast (Format B).V. ChecklistAllows appraisal of your completed literature review to assure that it follows all necessary guidelines.VI. ResourcesLists helpful resources used to compile this packet so that you may obtain further information.M General Information MDefinitionLiterature reviews can have two roles: In their first role, they function as a stand-alone paper. At other times they will actually be part of a larger research thesis. In this handout, literature reviews will be referred to in the stand-alone sense. As a stand-alone paper, literature reviews are multi-layered and are more formal and detailed than book reviews. As the author of a literature review, you must become familiar with a large amount of research on a specific topic. You will then develop your own thesis about the topic related to this research. After this, you will classify and critically analyze research on the topic by making a comparison between several different studies and by emphasizing how these studies and their comparison relate to your own thesis.In effect, a literature review is a paper that compiles, outlines and evaluates previously established research and relates it to your own thesis. It provides a context for readers as if theywere researching the topic on their own. Just from reading your paper, readers should be able to gain insight into the amountand quality of research on the topic. Your thesis and the literature reviewed serve several important functions within the paper:Your thesis creates a foundation for the literature review because it helps narrow the topic by providing a sense of direction; however, you will have to conduct some initial research and reading before deciding on an appropriate thesis. Your personal thesis may be a statement addressing some of the following situations: “why your research needs to be carried out, how you came to choose certain methodologies or theories to work with, how your work adds to the research already carried out”(Brightwell, G. and Shaw, J., 1997-98), or it may present some other logical perspective.Reviewed literature is organized in a logical manner that best suits the topic of the review and the hypothesis of the literature (see Organization and Format). The selected method of organization and style of format should draw attention to similarities and differences among the reviewed literature; these similarities and differences are based on specific criteria you revealed in the literature review’s introduction. According to Brightwell and Shaw (1997-98), your goal in the body of the review “. . . should be to evaluate and show relationships between the work already done (Is Researcher Y’s theory more convincing than Researcher X’s? Did Researcher X build on the work of Researcher Y?) and between this work and your own [thesis].” Additional information on these topics can be found in the Organization and Format sections of this packet. Therefore, carefully planned organization is an essential part of any literature review.PurposeAlthough literature reviews may vary according to discipline, their overall goal is similar. A literature review serves as a compilation of the most significant sources on a subject and relates the findings of each of these sources in a rational manner while supporting the literature review author’s own thesis. A literature review establishes which sources are most relevant to its author’s point and which sources are most credible to the discipline at hand.In a literature review, the results of previous research are summarized, organized and evaluated. Discipline-SpecificityA literature review’s organization, format, level of detail and citation style may vary according to discipline because different disciplines have different audiences. Examples here pertain to the natural sciences, social sciences and humanities.Natural and social sciences The author of a literature review in the natural or social sciences must pay close attention to measurements, study populations and technical aspects of experimental findings. Typically, a portion of the natural or social sciences literature review is set aside for reviewing sources on the primary topic. Then, a comparative analysis or discussion section is used to analyze the similarities and differences among the sources, tying them in with the literature review author’s original thesis.Humanities The author of a literature review in the humanities usually does not set aside a special section for reviewing the sources; instead, citations may be found randomly throughout the paper. The literature being reviewed is arranged according to paragraphs based on the author’s points, which in turn, support the author’s thesis. The paper itself may not be called a literature review at all. It is more likely to be called a critical analysis.Remember that the best bet for determining what type of literature review is appropriate for your course is checking with the instructor prior to beginning research.REVIEW1. What is the purpose of a literature review? What is the connection between theauthor’s thesis and the literature being reviewed?2. What discipline will your literature review be classified in?M Process M1. Find several articles that deal with your research topic. Sometimes it is helpful to review the bibliography of one of the first scholarly sources that you encounter and compare it to the bibliographies of other sources on the topic. If the same source is listed within several of these bibliographies, it is probably a fundamental, credible source that will aid you in your review.2. Before you begin reviewing literature, realize that you are looking to accomplish two things:A. Defining your research problem/thesis (examples: finding a flaw inresearch, continuing previous research, etc . . .)B. Reading and evaluating significant works that are relevant to yourresearch problem.You will be conducting Steps A and B simultaneously because the two form a circular pattern. As you read related sources (Step B), you define your problem, and as you define your problem (Step A) you will more easily be able to decide what material is relevant enough to be worthy of reading (Step B).3. Once you begin reviewing, make an entry with complete bibliographical information and comments for each work that you are going to include in the review.4. Compare the articles by evaluating the similarities and differences among them. This will be the initial stage in the formulation of your thesis.5. Form a thesis that is clearly written and can be logically supported by the literature you will include in your review.6. View the articles briefly again and jot down any notes that seem to relateto your thesis.7. Decide which organizational pattern and format are best for the topic of your review.8. Construct an appropriate outline for the literature review.9. Write an introduction that introduces the topic, reveals your thesis statement, and arranges key issues.10. Organize and write the body of your paper according to the appropriate format: topical or chronological.11. Write a conclusion that reconciles similarities and differences on the topic and reemphasizes the criteria used to arrive at this conclusion./doc/8b508cc25fbfc77da269b1c1.html plete the final draft of the literature review.13. Check over the final draft for grammar and punctuation errors.14. Use the checklist provided here to make sure that all parts of the literature review are addressed and focused. REVIEW1. What do you consider to be the most crucial step(s) in the process of your literature review ? Why? Justify your response(s).A literature review can be arranged either topically or chronologically.Topical organization occurs in reviews where previous research being evaluated is divided into segments with each one representing a part of some larger issue. In a topical review, the author begins by describing the characteristics of research shared by several studies and then moves on to analyze their similarities and differences. For more information, see the example below.ExampleThe organization of a literature review begins in the introduction. For example, in the introduction of a literature review about the effect of seating arrangements on peer tutoringcommunication, you would first introduce the topic and what your literature review will attempt to assess:…Writing centers can set the table for collaborative tutoring sessions through a careful consideration of spatial arrangement . . .Then state what angle is going to be explored:…These studies will be used to support the author’s claims that spatial arrangement is instrumental in encouraging collaborative environments in the writing center…Then, arrange key issues that will be addressed in this review by answering questions that you have personally developedand are tailored to fit your topic. In the introduction, give the audience a clear picture of how you will organize your paper: Establishing a Critical Response for a Literature ReviewYou may find this section helpful at Steps 3, 4 and 5 of the process. When reviewing your sources, explore the following areas to help develop your critical response:What is the purpose of the research or work?What research or literary methods are used?How do the major concepts operate?In a research study, how accurate are the measurements?In a literary work, is the author’s position objective or biased? What are the different interpretations of the results of the study or of the literary work itself?M Organization MIn the following, I1 first review some relevant research concerning spatial arrangement and then discuss some recommended and alternate seating arrangements to encourage a collaborative environment in the writing center. Finally, I include some other considerations.In the body of this literature review, you would organize the information topically around each point (or question) that you asked yourself:-Research Review-Recommended Spatial Arrangement-Alternative Spatial Arrangement-Other ConsiderationsThen, write a conclusion that explains the significance of your findings:…While the seating arrangements outlined above are generally a good ‘setting’ for peer tutoring sessions, we should remember that each tutoring session is unique. Not all students will be comfortable with a side-by-side spatial arrangement at a round table. Tutors should be perceptive of and receptive to students who may have other spatial needs…Chronological organization occurs when a review is organized in time order and is most often used when a historical context is needed for discussing a topic from its beginning to its current state; chronological organization is especially helpful when discussing inactive periods and shifts in perspective on a given topic.ExampleThe organization of a literature review begins in the introduction. For example, in the introduction of a literature review entitled Development of Social Science Research on Attitudes Towards Gender in America, you would first introduce the topic and what your review hopes to assess:…This literature review will assess the development of research designed to uncover gender attitudes in America during the latter part of the 20th Century…Then state what angle is going to be explored:..As research progressed throughout the 20th century, the methods that social scientists use for measuring these attitudes developed and changed as well…Then, chronologically arrange issues that will be addressed in this review:Gender stereotypes still exist today, and varying attitudes can be traced over the past fifty years. Survey instruments used to gather data on these varying attitudes have also changed drastically over the course of time.In the body of this literature review, you would organize the information chronologically, adressing each point (or question)that is being asked for a particular time period:-Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1950’s-Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1960’s-Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1970’s-Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1980’s-Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1990’s-Current Advancements1 Always clear the use of I with your instructor. An alternative to this would be the use of third person wording, such as “This paper reviews some relevant research concerning spatial arrangement and then discusses some recommended and alternate seating arrangements to encourage a collaborative environment in the writing center.”Then, write a conclusion that explains the significance of your findings:Although the survey instruments used in the 1950’s and 1960’s developed an obvious bias when surveying Americans regarding gender attitudes, the 1970’s brought about great change. Today social scientists are more careful than ever about testing the quality of a survey instrument before using it on the general public.M Format MThere are also two suggested formats for composing your literature review. Format A is used when comparing several studies that have similar hypothesis but different findings. Each piece of research is summarized individually. Format A is good for reviews with a small number of entries; however, this format may confuse the audience when used with a large number of reviews because descriptions of so many studies may get in the way of the analysis. Keep in mind that each piece of research usually will not receive equal attention in the review.Format A OutlineI. Introduction consists of four parts that are usually discussed in one paragraph.a. Identify the general topic being discussed.b. Mention trends published about the topic.c. State thesis establishing the reason for writing the literaturereview.d. Explain criteria by giving a description of each of the criteria used in evaluating theliterature review and rationalizing its organizationII. Literature reviewed section is divided up according to study.a.First study is summarized and discussed.b.Second study is summarized and discussed.c. Third study is summarized and discussed.III. Comparative analysis acknowledges the similarities and differences between studies.a. Similarities (if any) among the studies are evaluated and discussed.b. Differences (if any) among the studies are evaluated and discussed.IV. Conclusion/Summary effectively wraps up the review.a.Summarize points of comparison or contrast among the works based on Section IIIof your review.b.Provide insight of relationship between the topic of the review and a larger area ofstudy such as a specific discipline or professionFormat B organizes the literature review according to similarities and differences among research rather than by literature studied. In a review organized according to Format B, little background information on the literature being reviewed is given outright. Instead, it is worked into the body paragraphs of the sections on similarities and differences. The conclusion then uses these two sections (similarities and differences) to tie in points of comparison and contrast between the works. Format B better suits papers that are topically organized. Format B is outlined below.Format B OutlineI. Introduction consists of four parts usually discussed in one paragraph.a. Identify the general topic being discussed.b. Mention trends published about the topic.c. State thesis establishing the reason for writing the literaturereview.d. Explain criteria by giving a description of each of the criteria used in evaluating theliterature review and rationalizing its organizationII.Similiarities within the research are discussed.a. First similarity among research is discussed.b. Second similarity among research is discussed.c. Third similiarity among research is discussed.III. Differences in the research are discussed.a.First difference between research is discussedb.Second difference between research is discussedc.Third difference between research is discussedIV. Conclusion/Summarya. Summarize points of comparison or contrast between the works.b. Provide insight into relationship between the topic of the literature and a largerarea of study such as a specific discipline or profession.The most important thing to remember when organizing a literature review is that it is not a list summarizing one work after another. The review should be organized into sections according to theme that are set apart by subject-related headings. REVIEW1.Which format have you chosen for your literature review? Why?M A Literature Review Checklist: MDid I . . . . . . ?□ Establish a valid thesis based on the examined research□ State this thesis clearly in my introduction□ Define unfamiliar terms□ Incorporate background information to define the problem□ Begin each entry in the review with a complete bibliographical reference□ List and describe the hypothesis/thesis in each work reviewed□ Describe the outcome of the work or the research□ Develop and incorporate my own comments, including response to the research, similarities and differences among literature reviewed, and reservations regarding author’s methods or conclusions□ Avoid overquoting□ Check for grammar and punctuation errors□ Correctly cite all references in uniform documentation styleM Resources MBrightwell, G. and Shaw, J. (1997-98). Writing up research. RetrievedAugust 20, 2002 from Languages and Educational Development at theAsian Institute of Technology’s Web page at/doc/8b508cc25fbfc77da269b1c1.html nguages.ait.ac.th/EL21OPEN.HTMCentral Queensland University Library. (2000). The literature review. RetrievedJuly 22, 2003 from /doc/8b508cc25fbfc77da269b1c1.html .au/litreviewpages/Cuba, L. (2002). A short guide to writing about social science. New York:Addison-Wesley Publishers.Leibensperger, S. (2003). Setting the table: Encouraging collaborative environments with spatial arrangement in the writing center. Unpublished literature review.Northern Arizona University. (1999). Electronic textbook - A blast from thepast: Your literature review. Retrieved May 30, 2002 from/doc/8b508cc25fbfc77da269b1c1.html /~mid/edr720/class/literature/blast/reading2-1-1.htmlTaylor, D., & Procter, M. (2001). The literature review: A few tips onconducting it. Retrieved June 17, 2002 fromhttp://www.utoronto.ca/writing/litrev.htmlTrinder, L. (2002). Appendix. The literature review. Retrieved August 27, 2003/doc/8b508cc25fbfc77da269b1c1.html /~w071/teaching/ppf/Appendix%20Lit%20Review.pdfThe University of Wisconsin-Madison Writing Center. (2001). Academicwriting: Reviews of literature. Retrieved May 30, 2002 from/doc/8b508cc25fbfc77da269b1c1.html /writing/Handbook/ReviewofLiterature.html*In traditional APA style, this section would be entitled “References” and would be listed on a separate page double-spaced. Due to space constraints in this packet, it has been formatted differently.Copyright 2003 by the Academic Center and the University of Houston-Victoria.Created 2003 by Candice Chovanec-Melzow.。

英文文献综述写作要求和方法

DefinitionA literature review（文献综述）is both a summary and explanation of the complete and current state of knowledge on a limited topic as found in academic books （学术著作）and journal articles（期刊论文）. There are two kinds of literature reviews you might write at university: one that students are asked to write as a stand-alone assignment in a course, often as part of their training in the research processes in their field, and the other that is written as part of an introduction to, or preparation for, a longer work, usually a thesis or research report. The focus and perspective of your review and the kind of hypothesis（假设）or thesis argument you make will be determined by what kind of review you are writing. One way to understand the differences between these two types is to read published literature reviews or the first chapters of theses and dissertations（学位论文）in your own subject area. Analyze the structure of their arguments and note the way they address the issues.Purpose of the Literature Review∙It gives readers easy access to research on a particular topic by selecting high quality articles or studies that are relevant, meaningful, important and valid（有效的）and summarizing them into one complete report.∙It provides an excellent starting point for researchers beginning to do research ina new area by forcing them to summarize, evaluate, and compare originalresearch in that specific area.∙It ensures that researchers do not duplicate work that has already been done. 你所整理的文章中作者主要观察的重点是什么∙It can provide clues（线索）as to where future research is heading or recommend areas on which to focus. 现在的研究都到了什么程度∙It highlights key findings.∙It identifies inconsistencies（矛盾）, gaps and contradictions in the literature.∙It provides a constructive analysis of the methodologies and approaches of other researchers. 前面研究者的建设性的方法和途径Content of the ReviewIntroductionThe introduction explains the focus and establishes the importance of the subject（主题）. It discusses what kind of work has been done on the topic and identifies a ny controversies（争议）within the field or any recent research which has raised questions about earlier assumptions（假设）. It may provide background or history. It concludes with a purpose or thesis statement（中心思想）. In a stand-alone literature review, this statement will sum up and evaluate the state of the art （目前的工艺水平）in this field of research; in a review that is an introduction or preparatory to（为~~做准备）a thesis or research report, it will suggest how the review findings will lead to the research the writer proposes to undertake.Body（论文的内容）Often divided by headings/subheadings（标题/副标题）, the body summarizes and evaluates the current state of knowledge in the field. It notes major themes or topics, the most important trends, and any findings about which researchers agree or disagree. Ifthe review is preliminary to （在~~之前）your own thesis or research project, its purpose is to make an argument that will justify your proposed research. Therefore, it will discuss only that research which leads directly to your own project.ConclusionThe conclusion summarizes all the evidence presented and shows its significance. If the review is an introduction to your own research, it highlights gaps and indicates how previous research leads to your own research project and chosen methodology. If the review is a stand-alone assignment for a course, it should suggest any practical applications of the research as well as the implications and possibilities for future research.Nine Steps to Writing a Literature Review（九步法写综述）1. Find a working topic.Look at your specific area of study. Think about what interests you, and what fertile ground for study is. Talk to your professor, brainstorm, and read lecture notes and recentissues of periodicals（期刊）in the field.2. Review the literature.∙Using keywords search a computer database. It is best to use at least two databases relevant to your discipline.∙Remember that the reference lists of recent articles and reviews can lead to valuable papers.∙Make certain that you also include any studies contrary to your point of view.3. Focus your topic narrowly and select papers accordingly.Consider the following:∙What interests you?∙What interests others?∙What time span（时间跨度）of research will you consider?Choose an area of research that is due for a review.4. Read the selected articles thoroughly and evaluate them.∙What assumptions do most/some researchers seem to be making?∙What methodologies do they use? - What testing procedures, subjects, material tested?∙Evaluate and synthesize（综合）the research findings and conclusions drawn.∙Note experts（专家）in the field: names/labs that are frequently referenced.∙Note conflicting theories, results, and methodologies.∙Watch for popularity of theories and how this has/has not changed over time.5. Organize the selected papers by looking for patterns and by developing sub-topics. Note things such as:∙Findings that are common/contested（争论）∙Two or three important trends in the research∙The most influential theories6. Develop a working thesis.Write a one- or two-sentence statement summarizing the conclusion you have reached about the major trends and developments you see in the research that has been done on your subject.7. Organize your own paper based on the findings from steps 4 & 5.Develop headings/subheadings. If your literature review is extensive, find a large table surface, and on it place post-it notes（便签纸）or filing cards（档案卡）to organize all your findings into categories. Move them around if you decide that (a) they fit better under different headings, or (b) you need to establish new topic headings.8. Write the body of the paperFollow the plan you have developed above, making certain that each section links logically to the one before and after and that you have divided your sections by themes or subtopics, not by reporting the work of individual theorists or researchers.9. Look at what you have written; focus on analysis, not description.Look at the topic sentences of each paragraph. If you were to read only these sentences, would you find that your paper presented a clear position, logically developed, from beginning to end? If, for example, you find that each paragraph begins with a researcher's name, it might indicate that, instead of evaluating and comparing the research literature from an analytical point of view, you have simply described what research has been done. This is one of the most common problems with student literature reviews. So if your paper still does not appear to be defined by a central,Finishing Touches: Revising and Editing Your Work∙Read your work out loud. That way you will be better able to identify where you need punctuation marks（标点符号）to signal pauses or divisions withinsentences, where you have made grammatical errors, or where your sentences are unclear.∙Since the purpose of a literature review is to demonstrate that the writer is familiar with the important professional literature on the chosen subject, check to make certain that you have covered all of the important, up-to-date, andpertinent texts. In the sciences and some of the social sciences it is importantthat your literature be quite recent; this is not so important in the humanities.∙Make certain that all of the citations and references are correct and that you are referencing in the appropriate style for your discipline. If you are uncertain which style to use, ask your professor.∙Check to make sure that you have not plagiarized either by failing to cite a source of information, or by using words quoted directly from a source. (Usually if you take three or more words directly from another source, you should putthose words within quotation marks, and cite the page.)∙Text should be written in a clear and concise academic style; it should not be descriptive in nature or use the language of everyday speech.∙There should be no grammatical or spelling errors.∙Sentences should flow smoothly and logically.∙In a paper in the sciences, or in some of the social sciences, the use of subheadings to organize the review is recommended.。

文献综述英文格式

文献综述英文格式The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Healthcare。

Introduction。

Artificial intelligence (AI) has revolutionized various industries, and healthcare is no exception. With its ability to analyze vast amounts of data, AI has the potential to transform healthcare delivery, improve patient outcomes, and enhance the efficiency of healthcare systems. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the impact of AI on healthcare, covering various aspects such as diagnosis, treatment, patient monitoring, and healthcare management.1. AI in Diagnosis。

AI has shown great promise in improving the accuracy and efficiency of medical diagnosis. Machine learning algorithms can analyze medical images, such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs, to detect abnormalities and assist radiologists in making accurate diagnoses. For example, a deep learning algorithm developed by researchers at Stanford University achieved a level of accuracy comparable to human dermatologists in identifying skin cancer from images. AI-powered diagnostic tools can help reduce diagnostic errors, speed up the diagnosis process, and enable early detection of diseases.2. AI in Treatment。

英文文献综述的范文

英文文献综述的范文下面是店铺为大家整理的一些关于“英文文献综述的范文”的资料，供大家参阅。

英文文献综述范文How to Write a Literature Review ?I. The definition of Literature Review文献综述(Literautre Review)是科研论文中重要的文体之一。

它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础，就某个专题的历史背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。

通过阅读文献综述，科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息，了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。

II. The purposes of literature review And Its ComponentsA. The PurposesOn the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis.On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focusedresearch question.B. Its ComponentsThere are six parts in a complete Literature Review.标题与作者(title and author)摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)引言(introduction)述评(review)结论(conclusion)参考文献(references)III. Classification of Source MaterialsHow can we locate the materials relevant to our topics betterand faster? Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources.A: Background sources:Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries andencyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field. Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia. There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web.B: Primary sourcesThose providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields toomany results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.C: Secondary sourcesThose providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, bookreviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors orwriters and their works, etc. Secondary sources will informmost of your writingin college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use andwill help you interpret those primary sources. T o use theme well, however, youneed to think critically them. There are two parts of a source that you need toanalyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.D: Web sourcesThe sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellentresource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Websources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. Youmay start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excit e, etc. It’s agood idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in itsown way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for theauthorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you useinformation. The currency of website information should also be taken intoaccount. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literaturereviewA. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sourcesIf you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work andthe other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paperon a topic without reading the original source.B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesisRemember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depthProbably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention WilliamLittlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topicin depth. Choose those.D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged expertsIf you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist onTask-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,Choose the article by the expert.E. Choosing the most current sourcesIf your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in ascientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all thebooks on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information inperiodicals.V. Writing a literature ReviewA. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.3. The major findings in the area, by whom and when.4. The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why.5. Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies.6. Criticism of the work in the area.B. When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:1. Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis.2. Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.C. Some tips for writing the review:1. Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic.2. Discuss the least-related references to your question first and the mostrelated references last.3. Conclude your review with a brief summary.4. Start writing your review early.VI. 文献综述主要部分的细节性提示和注意事项英文文献主要部分细节提示：引言(Introduction)引言是文献综述正文的开始部分，主要包括两个内容：一是提出问题;二是介绍综述的范围和内容。

文献综述

专题研究报告：专题研究报告是就某一专题,一般是涉及国家经
济、科研发展方向的重大课题,进行反映与评价,并提出发展对策、趋势预测。“是一种现实性、政策性和针对性很强的情报分析研究成果”。其最显著的特点是预测性,
1.4文献综述的形式特征
参考文献数量多
综述性文章的标题一般直接反映其综述类型,如包含
比较法：即把两种或两种以上的观点、措施、方法、技术、方案、
产品等的特点或指标，按照一定的标准进行定性、定量比较，以决定优劣，通过横向、纵向比较，明确发展逻辑。这是阐明某一理论或成果的理想方法。
历史法：即按照课题研究发展的时间顺序来分析研究各个阶段素
材，以发现各阶段的成就特点以及相关的影响因素，根据历史演变情况，提出具体的建议和将来的发展趋势。
(1) 文献综述不是参考文献的简单罗列。
(2) 文献综述不是按时间顺序排列的流水帐。 (3) 文献综述不能包括与你的研究关系不大的文献。
3.文献综述举例
“综述”、“概述”、“述评”、“评述”、“进展”、“动态”,或是“现状、趋势和对策”、“分析与思考”等文字的标题,该文献一般是综述性文章。
1.5 文献综述的内容特征
综合性：综述要求对选题的有关原始文献进行高度综合（归纳、
浓缩、概括），这是综述的本质特征。内容的综合、语言
的概括
客观性：综述所叙述与提炼的理论、方法、观点、数据等，均
2.3综述的基本写作要求
1.一般字数控制在4000-6000字左右；
2.以评述为主，不可罗列文献； 3.基本格式通常包括题目、作者、摘要、关键词、前言、正文、结语和参考文献等几个部分； 4.中文参考15-20篇，英文参考20篇左右，文献要新， 50％-80％最好为3年内的文献。 5.如果文献综述是为开题报告作准备，整篇文章建议为漏斗状结构，即“有什么研究进展，问题是什么，怎么找方向”。

文献综述(英文版)PPT课件

2020/3/4
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Literature Review Procreessosurces-selecting
notestaking reviewwriting reference-listing
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How to write a literature review?
prelude
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What can we learn from LR•?research tendency and
p• rreosgeraerscsh methods and design
• refining our own research proposal
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Whyitical thinking
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See you next time!
2020/3/4
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Literature Retrieval
✓Any research was based on a previous one.
✓Any high-quality research
was
based on the quantity and
quality
of literature one
• Learn to write a literature review.
2020/3/4
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Tasks after Class:
Based on the literature you’ve retrieved, write a literature review about 3,000 words.

技巧-文献综述的含义及实用撰写方法

技巧| 文献综述的含义及实用撰写方法一、文献综述的含义文献阅读报告，即“文献综述”，英文称之为“survey”、“overview”、“review”。

是在对某研究领域的文献进行广泛阅读和理解的基础上，对该领域研究成果的综合和思考。

一般认为，学术论文没有综述是不可思议的。

需要将“文献综述（Literature Review）”与“背景描述(Backupground Description)”区分开来。

我们在选择研究问题的时候，需要了解该问题产生的背景和来龙去脉，如“中国半导体产业的发展历程”、“国外政府发展半导体产业的政策和问题”等等，这些内容属于“背景描述”，关注的是现实层面的问题，严格讲不是“文献综述”，关注的是现实层面问题，严格讲不是“文献综述”。

“文献综述”是对学术观点和理论方法的整理。

其次，文献综述是评论性的（Review 就是“评论”的意思），因此要带着作者本人批判的眼光(critical thinking) 来归纳和评论文献，而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌”。

评论的主线，要按照问题展开，也就是说，别的学者是如何看待和解决你提出的问题的，他们的方法和理论是否有什么缺陷？要是别的学者已经很完美地解决了你提出的问题，那就没有重复研究的必要了。

二、意义和目的总结和综合该方向前人已经做了的工作，了解当前的研究水平，分析存在问题，指出可能的研究问题和发展方向等，并且列出了该方向众多的参考文献，这对后人是一笔相当大的财富，可以指导开题报告和论文的写作。

三、主要内容（1）该领域的研究意义。

（2）该领域的研究背景和发展脉络。

（3）目前的研究水平、存在问题及可能的原因。

（4）进一步的研究课题、发展方向概况。

（5）自己的见解和感想。

四、分类综述分成两类。

一类是较为宏观的，涉及的范围为整个领域、专业或某一大的研究方向；一类是较为微观的，这类综述可以涉及到相当小的研究方向甚至某个算法，谈的问题更为具体与深入。

ASampleofLiteratureReview(英文文献综述模板)

A Sample of Literature ReviewOn Advertising EnglishAmong the so many scholars who examine advertising language, G. N. Leech deserves primeattention for his thorough research of advertising in the field of linguistics in his book English in Advertising(66).Vestergaard and Schroder, however, probe into advertising language not only inthe respect oflinguistics, but also in that of psychologyand ideology.The Language of Advertising (85) written by them is a revealing study of thestrategies ofpersuasion advertisers use and of the crucial underlying assumptionsadvertising makes.Focusing on magazine and newspaper advertising , the authors illustrate the range of linguistic and visual techniques advertisers use to achieve emphasis andspecial effects.Apart from that, Hafer and White make contribution to the research of advertising language by writing a book title d Adverting Englis h which is conceived as abridge between rules and suggestions for writing advertisement that have been runor aired.And in the Secrets of Successful Copywriting (86), Patrick Quinn tells thereader everythinghe needs to know from the drafting of press ads to the scripting of televisioncommercials, from radio to audio-visual, and the concepts, the treatments as wellas the wrinkles.Compared with linguis ts who study advertising from the angle of language alone,more scholars carry out their research of advertising in a comprehensive way. Their study covers thehistor y of advertisin g , the work of advertisi ng agencies, the procedure of advertising , etc. withadvertising language concerned more or less. For instance, Essentials of Advertising (80) writtenby Louis Kaufman examines in detail every stage of the business of advertising , from the initial concept to execution. And it moves from the pragmatic considerations thatunderlie the finished ad-marketing intelligence and research and the budget-through media , to thefinal campaign. Nonetheless, there is a chapter particularly devoted to advertising language. Other examples mayinclud e Advertisin g (84) by William M. Weilbacher and Contemporary Advertising(6) by Courtland L. Bove and William F. Arens. The former is about all the advertising issues suggested by various definition of advertising that have been presented and it also tells how advertising is created, produced and used. The latter is a more advertising and thecomplete study of languageaspects are involved in it inevitably. In China, there are also some experts who study the language of English advertisin g or advertising business in general. Books such as Advertising Englis h by Cui Gang(93) and Advertising English and Examples by Sun Xiaoli (95) are works on analyses of the language of advertising. The author illustrate the general characteristics of advertising English mainly in the aspects of words, sentences and rhetorical devices, and examines features of different kinds of Englis h advertisements. The books serve as a guide to students and practitioners to help them attain proficiency in writing advertising copy for different media. In his book Pragmatics in Englis h Learning (7) Professor He Ziran discusse s advertisi ng languag e from th e angle of pragmatics and sociolinguistics.。

英语系C文献综述—模板(英文)

Literature review1. Review of cross-cultural theories1.1 Hofstede’s five dimensions of cultureJust as Hofstede (2001) said “culture is more often a source of conflict than of synergy; cultural differences are a nuisance at best and often a disa ster” (p.23). For those who work in international business, it is sometimes amazing how different people in other cultures behave. We tend to have a human instinct that deep inside of all people are the same, but they are not in effect. Therefore, understanding cultural differences is often considered a prerequisite for successful international business.According to Hofstede (2001), “each culture must deal with questions that can be resolved according to a series of dimensions, which results in a unique gestalt for each society, depending on the intensity of its tendency towards one or another end of each culture dimension spectrum” (p.34).The Five Dimensions are♦Individualism♦Uncertainty avoidance index♦Power distance index♦Masculinity♦Long-term orientationIndividualism focuses on the degree the society reinforces individual or collective achievement and interpersonal relationships.Uncertainty Avoidance focuses on the level of tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity within the society.Power Distance focuses on the degree of equality, or inequality, between people in thecountry's society.Masculinity focuses on the degree the society reinforces, or does not reinforce, the traditional masculine work role model of male achievement, control, and power.Long Term Orientation focuses on the degree the society embraces, or does not embrace long-term devotion to traditional forward thinking values.These five dimensions, taken together, can give important insights for someone wishing to enter a new culture for business, study, or other purposes. Though he made a great contribution to cross-cultural business field, his research still has some limitation. Hofstede’s Five Dimensions Theory has been criticized on the grounds of being too static (Holden, 2001), or being weak in terms of theoretical foundation (Dahl, 2004).1.2 Porter and Samovar's cross-cultural communicationAccording to Porter and Samovar (2006), communication has eight ingredients: source, encoding, message, channel, receiver, decoding, receiver response and feedback. Any communication takes places in a certain context and may be hindered by noises in the communication environment, causing communication misunderstanding or even failure. The idea could be illustrated by the following figure:Figure 2.1 Communication process and stepsEncoding refers to the process of sender putting the message into codes. Decoding refers to the process of the receiver interpreting the message from the sender. Feedback means the reactions of receiver that are sent back to the sender after the receiver's interpretation of the message. Response means the reactions of receiver to the messageupon receipt. Noise refers to the disturbances along the communication processes, which may result in unintended message being perceived by the receiver.A complete process of communication can be broken into five steps: (Guffey, 2001)(1) A Sender has an idea(2) The sender encodes the idea in message(3) The Message travels over channel(4) A receiver decodes the message(5) Feedback travels to the senderAdvertising in essence is also a process of communication. The sender here is the company who prepares and issues advertisements. The receiver is expected to be the target consumer group, although it is not always the case, as we will see in the advertising effectiveness analysis. The channel refers to all kinds of media or media mix ranging from flyer, direct mail, and newspaper to billboard, radio or TV etc. Messages about brands, products or services are carefully designed and encoded in advertisements by companies, usually with the professional help of an advertising agency. Favorable responses from the receiver, such as enhanced brand loyalty, purchase behavior are expected by the sender. In order to increase the effectiveness of their advertising, companies will try by any means to get feedback from the customers. However, not every advertisement conveys the right message, nor does every advertising message go to the right audience and most importantly, nor does every receiver respond favorably to the message. A complex of noises, such as bad timing, legal restrictions may hurt the effectiveness of advertising. Moreover, for multinational advertising, the most formidable noise naturally arises from the cultural differences. This is the focus of this thesis.2. Review of international advertising strategy dilemmaIn the international marketing literature, the issue of advertising standardization versus localization has ignited a lively and heated debate among academics and practitioners alike for nearly four decades who are still divided on the advisability of using standardized (universal) or localized (individualized) advertising approaches in international campaigns.On the one hand, advertisers who use the standardized approach argue that consumers anywhere in the world have the same basic needs and desires and can therefore be persuaded by universal appeals. On the other hand, advertisers who follow the localized approach assert that consumers differ from country to country and must accordingly be reached by advertising tailored to their respective countries.Unfortunately, research on the relative effectiveness of different degrees of standardization and localization has shown that there are no golden rules that can safely guide marketing decisions. For the sake of further discussion of this issue, it is very necessary to have a review of the long-running debate of international advertising strategies.2.1 StandardizationThe standardization advertising approach, sometimes known as the "universal," "global," or "internationalized" approach, is defined as the practice of advertising the same product/service in the same way everywhere, that is, use of the same message, appeal, components of advertisements for different markets in different countries.2.1.1 David L. BrownIt was in 1923 that David L. Brown put forward the idea of standardized advertising. David L. Brown, manager for advertising of Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, claimed that humanity possessed certain common attributes and so it was not only possible to standardize advertising across countries but also logical. He stated that just as green is green in Buenos Aires as well as in Batavia, just as two and two are four in Cape Town as well as Copenhagen, just as the main purpose of advertising is to sell goods, in Singapore as well as in Sydney or Santiago, so all the primary purposes of advertising are identical in all countries, and all fundamentals of good advertising are essentially the same north and south of the Equator and east and west of Greenwich (Brown, 1923).2.1.2 LevittAmong the proponents of standardization strategy, Levitt is the best known and the mostwidely cited. His argument for standardization "the earth is flat" is plausible and convenient for his followers to quote to justify their position. Levitt, in his classic article on globalization, suggests that there may be aspects of customer expectations that are universal across products and market segments and therefore should be conveyed in a standardized fashion across cultures (Cervellon & Dube, 2000). According to Levitt, corporations should take advantage of economies of scale in producing and marketing the same product at the same price with the same message all over the world at the same time (Levitt, 1983).2.1.3 Other advocatesOther advocates of the standardization strategy share Levitt's view. De Mooij asserts that just as people show more similarities than differences, so it's also true of advertising techniques that influence people and that the similarities justify advertising across borders (De Mooij, et al, 1991). Link G. L. upholds this school of thought by arguing that more and more markets recognize the need to build a global brand image and identity and that resistance to global advertising should and could be overcome (Link, 1988). Another supporter of global advertising, Peebles recognizes local differences, but contends that there are not insurmountable obstacles to global campaigns (Peebles, 1988).2.2 LocalizationThe localization advertising approach, sometimes called "adoption", "customization", "specialization", is referred to as designing specific advertising programs to fit with the unique characteristics of each particular markets.While some proponents of standardization advertising strategy vehemently advocate their theory, many advertising practitioners and researchers argue to the contrary. They contend that while people's basic needs and desires may well be similar, the ways they go about satisfying them vary from country to country (Caillat & Muller, 1996). The "global market" still consists of hundreds of nations, each with their own customs, life styles, economies, and buying habits, price system and on this ground, it's necessary for marketers to take these differences into account when they target foreign markets. Thus, these advertising researchers and practitioners put forward their theory of localizedadvertising.Proponents of localization pointed out that most blunders in international advertising occurred because advertisers failed to understand foreign cultures. Ricks, Arpan, and Fu (1974) attributed these blunders to blatant rejection of existing customs and innocent insensitivity to the environment. Mueller (1987)compared Japanese advertisements with American advertisements for similar products and observed numerous differences between the two types. Advertisements of each country exhibited some degree of sensitivity to the cultural uniqueness of the particular consuming market. Synodinos, Keown, and Jacobs (1989) investigated advertising practices across 15 countries. They found striking dissimilarities in the creative approach. The researchers attributed such dissimilarities not only to cultural factors but also to production costs and length of time or amount of space of advertisements. Findings of research studies conducted in the last 15 years seem to suggest an increasing trend toward the use of the localized approach.Besides, some scholars and practitioners believe that advertising is more difficult to standardize than the other elements of the marketing mix. For instance, Boddewyn et al (1986) state that advertising is more resistant to uniformization than products and brands. Because of these characteristics, the visual and verbal parts of advertising are in particular sensitive and use of local language, models and scenery increases the probability for the advertisement to be effective.The controversy over the use of standardized versus localized advertising approaches may continue for decades. While this debate still goes on and no ultimate agreement has been reached, many practitioners keep on failing to get their message across the target consumers, even offending them as a result of not taking care of the local customs, beliefs, values, economic reality, and legal regulations of a new market. The present-day situation of international advertising necessitates further cross-cultural research to demystify the dilemma, for the very reason that international advertising is advertising that reaches across national and cultural boundaries, that is, an attempt to persuade its potential consumers across cultures. To comply with this demand, this paper will primarily investigate the influence of culture on international advertising.Works Cited[1] Boddewyn, J. L., et al. 1986. Standardization in international marketing: Is TedLevitt in fact right? Business Horizon, 29 (6): 69-75.[2] Brown, D. L. 1923. Export advertising. New York: Ronald Press.[3] Caillat, Z., & Muller, B. 1996. Observations: The influence of culture on Americanand British advertising: An exploratory comparison of beer advertising. Journal of Advertising Research, 79-88.[4] Cervellon, M., & Dube, L. 2000. Standardization versus cultural adaptation in foodadvertising: Insights from a two-culture market.International Journal of Advertising, 429-447.[5] Dahl, S. 2004. Intercultural research, the current state of knowledge. MiddlesexUniversity Discussion Series.[6] De Mooij, R., et al. 1991. Advertising worldwide. Hertfordshire: Prentice HallInternational Ltd.[7] Hofstede, G. 2001. Cultures’ consequences, comparing values, behaviors,institutions, and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.[8] Holden, N. 2002. Cross-cultural management: A knowledge management approach.Harlow: Prentice Hall – Financial Times.[9] Levitt, T. 1983. Globalization of Markets, Harvard Business Review, 61 (3): 92-102.[10] Link, Q. L. 1988. Global advertising: An update. The Journal of ConsumerMarketing, 5 (2): 69-74.[11] Mueller, D., & Barbara, O. 1987. Reflections of culture: An analysis of Japaneseand American advertising appeals. Journal of Advertising Research, 23, 51-59. [12] Peebles, D. M. 1988. Executive insights don't write off global advertising: Acommentary, International marketing Review, 6, 73-78.[13] Ricks, D., Jeffrey, A., & Marilyn, F. 1974. Pitfalls in advertising overseas. Journalof Advertising Research, 5, 47-51.[14] Samovar, L., & Porter, R. 2006. Intercultural communication: A reader. Belmont:Wadsworth, Inc.[15] Synodinos, N., & Jacobs, L. 1989. Transitional advertising practices: A survey ofleading brand advertisers. Journal of Advertising Research, 7, 43-50.。

英语文献综述如何写

英语文献综述如何写关键词：英语文献综述中国论文论文写作指导文献综述（Literautre Review）是科研论文中重要的文体之一。

通过阅读文献综述，科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息，了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。

因此，它的学术水平和价值受到特别的重视。

文献综述往往被收集在专业期刊的Review栏目中，常见的有Survey, Advances, Progress, Recent Advances,Update 和Annual Review等。

根据写作目的和内容的侧重点，文献综述大致可以分为动态性综述(developmental review)、成就性综述(result review)和争鸣性综述(contentious review)。

按时间来划分，文献综述又可分为回顾性综述(retrospective review)和前瞻性综述(prospective review)。

根据作者的参与情况，文献综述还可分为归纳性综述(inductive review)和评论性综述(critical review)。

文献综述的分类并非绝对，在实际写作中，往往是各种类型综合在一起。

一篇结构完整的文献综述应由六个部分组成：标题与作者(title and author)、摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)、引言(introduction)、述评(review)、结论(conclusion)和参考文献(references)。

与研究论文相比，文献综述的篇章结构比较自由，但其中最为核心的部分是引言、述评和结论。

下面将分别介绍这几个部分的特点及其写作方法。

2.1 引言(Introduction)引言是文献综述正文的开始部分，主要包括两个内容：一是提出问题；二是介绍综述的范围和内容。

文献综述英文翻译

文献综述英文翻译Literature Review English TranslationA literature review is a process of reviewing the available literature related to a particular subject or topic. It is a comprehensive summary and evaluation of existing research that has been conducted on the topic, which may be organized in different ways such as thematically, methodologically, or chronologically.The purpose of a literature review is to provide an overview of the existing body of research on a given topic. It serves to identify gaps in the existing literature, assess the quality of research findings, and point out areas forfuture research. It is also used to establish the theoretical framework for a research project, and can be used to inform decision-making or policy development.When translating a literature review from English to another language, it is important to consider the target audience and the context of thetranslation. The translator should have a good understanding of both the source language and the target language, as well as the relevant cultural, historical, and political contexts.In addition to having a good understanding of the source language, the translator must also have an in-depth knowledge of the subject matter being discussed in the literature review. This includes understanding the terminology used in the original text, as well as the key concepts and theories that are discussed. The translator must also be familiar with the writing style and conventions of thetarget language, and should ensure that the translated text follows the same conventions.When translating a literature review, the translator should pay attention to the structure and organization of the original text. If the original text was divided into sections or subsections, these should also be followed in the translation. The translator should also pay close attention to the language used in the originaltext, and ensure that the translated text is written in the same style.The translator should also ensure that all citations and references in the original text are accurately translated. This includes making sure that any foreign names or terms are correctly transliterated, and that any links to online sources are still valid after the translation. Finally, the translator should make sure that the translated text reads fluently and logically, and that the ideas expressed in the original text are faithfully rendered in the translated version.。

文献综述(英文版)

What to get?
Where to get?
By what means?
5/30/2021
IDEAS CHANGE THE WORLD
8
Four Criteria:
Accuracy
Completeness
High-quality
Efficiency
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IDEAS CHANGE THE WORLD
9
What is literature review?
through critical reading
revealing the research progress
putting forth the questions
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IDEAS CHANGE THE WORLD
10
Literature Review Procreessosurces-selecting
文献综述(英文版)
本课件仅供大家学习学习学习完毕请自觉删除
谢谢本课件仅供大家学习学习
学习完毕请自觉删除谢谢
Five Steps for Research
➢ Choose & Define a Topic
➢ Literature Retrieval &
Review
➢ Proposal Design
notestaking reviewwriting reference-listing
5/30/2021
IDEAS CHANGE THE WORLD
11
How to write a literature review?
prelude
literature-analyzing

如何写文献综述

如何写文献综述一、文献综述的含义文献阅读报告，即“文献综述”，英文称之为“survey”、“overview”、“review”。

是在对某研究领域的文献进行广泛阅读和理解的基础上，对该领域研究成果的综合和思考。

一般认为，学术论文没有综述是不可思议的。

需要将“文献综述（Literature Review）”与“背景描述(Backupground Description)”区分开来。

“文献综述”是对学术观点和理论方法的整理。

三、主要内容（1）该领域的研究意义。

（2）该领域的研究背景和发展脉络。

（3）目前的研究水平、存在问题及可能的原因。

（4）进一步的研究课题、发展方向概况。

（5）自己的见解和感想。

四、分类综述分成两类。

前者立意高，范围广，面宽，故也不易深入，比较好读好懂。

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文献综述
大学生时间管理研究——以郑州大学西亚斯国际学院为例
姓名：代永寒学号：20091211205
专业：工商管理班级：工本2班
史蒂芬•柯维的《要事第一》
“要事第一”，顾名思义是指重要的主要的事情要放在第一时间去完成。

而在实际工作中我们往往是将认为急迫的紧要的事情放在第一时间完成；
本书通过四个象限来告诉我们如何区分事情的紧急性与重要性，从而告诉我们在平常的工作中应怎样去区分事情属轻属重，以及造成事情紧急性的原因，在平常工作中要注意哪些方面以避免出现紧急事件的情况。

第一象限包括四点：A危机 B 急迫的问题C最后期限迫近的项目 D 会议准备工作等。

第一象限显得紧迫与重要，但我们要知道形成第一象限的紧迫与重要主要是因被延误及没有进行计划与预测及计划所致。

第二象限包含准备工作、预防、价值、筹划、建立关系、真正的再创造与赋予能力。

第二象限属于质量象限，属于重要但不紧迫的事情，但我们必须要去做，因只有这样才能避免出现第一象限包含的情况。

第三象限包含干扰、电话；邮件、报告；某些会议；很多临近、急迫的事情及很多流行的活动。

第三象限包括“紧急但不重要的事情”，而事实上它易给人造成假象，从而形成第一象限情况。

第四象限包含琐事、打发时间的工作、某些电话，解闷，“逃避”行为、无关紧要的邮件及过多地看电视；第四象限属于既不紧急也不重要的事情，它是浪费象限，第四象限中的行为是堕落行为。

这四个象限告诉我们如果在办事过程中不是以重要性而是以紧要性为出发点，就会出现第一第三甚至第四象限的情况，在平常的工作中，我们要加以区分，日常工作生活中往往事情越是紧迫，反而说明事情越不重要！像最近存货系统因急着想能早日上线，在运作过程中被卡住，故一心想着去解决软件中存在的问题，而忽略了与其他人员的沟通协调，存货上软件固然重要，但与公司整体运作相比就稍显其次，没合理分配其他人员手头事项，这样会导致其他问题的增多，从而会出现第一第三象限甚至于第四象限的浪费情况。

“要事第一”，告诉我们在日常的工作与生活中要从以下方面着手加以区分、
预防：
1、要能区分事情的紧迫性与重要性；
2、要以重要性为第一位，按重要性行事，而非紧迫性，避免“嗜急成瘾”；
3、以第二象限为杠杆，要提前预防、考虑事情操作过程中会出现的一些问题；以避免出现第三第一象限中的情况，进而形成第四象限的“堕落”现象；
4、与人沟通、形成良好的团队合作精神；它是公司发展壮大的另一重要因素，其重要性不可低估。

5、要将自己所做事情与四个象限进行对比分析，尽可能的避免出现紧急及浪费现象。

6、要定位角色，平衡角色，达到协作增效。

吉姆·兰德尔《时间管理》:如何充分地利用你的24小时
1、时间是一种快速移动的资产，你所拥有的时间就有那么多。

如何运用你所拥有的时间对于你的前程来说至关重要。

从许多方面来说，时间是你最宝贵的商品——浪费他的风险必须有你自己来承担 2.你必须对你所用的时间有明确的概念：每个人每周都有168小时，或者每个月大约有720小时，对你而言，每个小时都是非常重要的。

3.保持高度的时间意识，拥有一块秒表，提醒自己是否在浪费时间，浪费了多少时间。

制作一款图表，发现自己在使用时间上有何不妥？怎么改进自己使用时间的效率。

4.确立一个目标，因为目标是成功的催化剂。

列出长期目标，短期目标，明确自己要去哪，怎么去，通过什么任务去实现。

然后把任务写在每天的工作清单上，把你的目标写在使命描述中。

5.生活总是不公平的，不是你想怎样就是怎样，所以，你要在干扰来临之时，你要通过作出正确的选择，通过使自己保持一种想要成功的姿态，你就可以获得更大的机会，去实现你想要的达成的目标。

成功的时间管理者，他们是这样做的：首先，迅速决策——大量的时间浪费来自优柔寡断。

一旦你掌握了你做决定所需要的事实，便迅速的做出决定。

其次，快速阅读——记住一个关键，无论读什么书，都不要逐字阅读，很多作家都是用10个字，来表达5个字能表达清楚的事情。

最后，提高记忆力。

具有良好记忆力的人，可以更高效地展开工作。

拖延是梦想的杀手，所以我们要积极准备应对战略：首先，在口袋或者容易
看见的地方，写出梦想和今天要为梦想所要做的准备；其次，将大项目分解成容易管理的小块；再次，教会自己的头脑识别懒惰或拖延最初的时候的蛛丝马迹；最后，坚持通过某种方式做好笔记，用于反馈自己所做的事情。

本书有关时间管理的十个最重要的观点
1自我意识是先决条件。

只有当你真正意识到你是如何支配时间的，你才能去管理你的时间。

我建议你记一个星期左右的时间日志。

观察一下在哪些方面你可以重新分配你的时间支出。

2目标设定是第一步。

除非你确定了你想要达到的目的和想要达成的目标，否则不必为时间的流逝而担心。

如果连自己应该朝哪个方向去都不知道，那你是在盲目的旅行。

3选择是艰难的。

时间管理最终就是管理作出选择的。

你每天都有24小时的时间可用。

每星期168小时。

你该如何去使用这些时间，选择权在你手里。

目标达成讲的就是做出艰难的选择，就是在许多需要你付出时间的、相互竞争的需求中做出选择。

4你可以“创造”时间。

寻找方法将非生产性时间转变为生产性时间。

找出一天或一周中的空闲时间。

你可以富有成效地利用这些时间，而不是坐在那里等待事情发生。

通过运动和健康饮食增加你的能量。

在你的每一个小时里，你的精力月充沛，这一个小时对你时间目标所发挥的作用就越大。

5拖延是大敌。

拖延是一种令人讨厌的诱惑。

然而，你必须同这种冲动进行斗争。

试着将自己设想成：你要么在前进，要么在后退。

要么，你是在向着你的目标前进，这当然很好。

要么你是在远离你的目标。

当你站着不动时，你的目标很有可能是在离你远去。

6要有一颗“似水之心”。

如果你能够清理你的工作区、你的生活，并最终清理你思想中的杂波，你将显著增加你的工作成效。

杂波是高效和强大思想的障碍。

当你清理了思想中的杂波，你的思想就获得了解放。

7计划和准备是值得花精力去做的。

通过提前考虑你想在某一特定事件中或在某一个特定期间内达成什么样的目标，你可以增加成功实现自己所要做的事情的预期。

8通过确定优先次序，你可以做到去芜存精。

确定优先次序意味着决定什么
时候你要做什么。

通过确定哪些是最重要的项目，对你的每一天和生活进行组织，你可以增加你想要达成自己目标的可能性。

确定优先次序的方法之一是要记住二八定律，也就是说，导致达成你目标的80%的进展来自你20%的活动。

9专心致志是解决问题的关键所在。

通过减少干扰并将注意力集中于手头的工作，你可以使自己努力的效果成倍增长。

分心是梦想的杀手。

它们会消弱你的聪明才智。

当你决定工作时，那么就工作，不要让来自外界的干扰打断你的努力。

10选择对你来说行之有效的时间管理技巧。

我们已经确认了能够提高效率的时间管理技巧。

有一些可能会让你感到有意义，有一些则不然。

你可以对不同的方法进行试验和尝试。

关键是要努力把你的每一个小时使用得尽可能合理有效。