审计学：一种整合方法(14)学习笔记

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审计学一种整合方法 14

审计学一种整合方法14引言审计学是一门研究组织与个人财务信息真实性的学科。

随着市场经济的发展，企业面临的风险和挑战也在不断增加，传统的审计方法已经无法满足审计需求。

因此，整合审计方法成为了审计学的一个重要研究方向。

本文将介绍一种整合方法，旨在提高审计的效率和准确性。

整合方法的背景和意义在传统的审计方法中，审计师主要依赖于样本检测和抽样检查来获取审计证据，然后对财务报表进行审查。

然而，随着企业规模的不断扩大和业务复杂性的增加，传统的审计方法变得过于繁琐和低效。

因此，整合不同资源、方法和技术的审计方法应运而生。

整合审计方法的意义在于提高审计的效率和准确性。

通过整合不同的方法和技术，审计师可以更全面地了解被审计对象的经营状况和财务状况，减少审计风险，提高审计的可靠性。

同时，整合方法还可以增加审计师的专业竞争力，使他们能够适应不断变化的审计环境。

整合方法的关键要素整合方法的关键要素包括数据分析、风险评估和审计程序。

数据分析数据分析是整合方法的核心。

通过采集、整理和分析大量的财务和非财务数据，审计师可以获得对被审计对象经营状况的全面了解。

数据分析可以帮助审计师发现异常和潜在风险，为后续的风险评估和审计程序提供依据。

数据分析可以采用多种技术，如数据挖掘、机器学习和人工智能等。

这些技术可以帮助审计师从大量的数据中提取有用的信息、发现隐藏的模式和关联，并进行预测分析。

数据分析可以使审计师更加全面和客观地进行审计，减少主观判断的干扰。

风险评估风险评估是整合方法的另一个重要环节。

通过分析已识别的风险和潜在的风险因素，审计师可以评估被审计对象的业务风险和内部控制风险，并确定审计程序的范围和重点。

风险评估可以结合传统的风险评估方法和数据分析技术。

传统的风险评估方法包括问卷调查、访谈和文档审查等。

而数据分析技术可以通过分析大量的财务和非财务数据，发现隐藏的风险和异常情况。

综合应用这些方法和技术，可以提高风险评估的准确性和效率。

审计学一种整合的方法

statements and internal control
from the auditor’s responsibility
for verifying the financial
statements and effectiveness
of internal control.
PPT文档演模板
审计学一种整合的方法
审计学一种整合的方法
Transaction Flow Example
•Transactions •Sales
•Cash •receipts
•Journals •Sales •journal
•Cash receipts •journal
•Ledgers, •Trial Balance, •and Financial
➢ Material versus immaterial misstatements ➢ Reasonable assurance ➢ Errors versus fraud ➢ Professional skepticism ➢ Fraud resulting from fraudulent financial reporting versus misappropriation of assets
•Sales and •collection
•cycle
•Acquisition •and payment
•cycle
•Payroll and •personnel
•cycle
•Inventory and •warehousing
•cycle
PPT文档演模板
审计学一种整合的方法
Learning Objective 5
•Payroll •journal

阿伦斯审计学：一种整合方法课后习题答案

Chapter 1The Demand for Audit and Other Assurance Services Review Questions1-1The relationship among audit services, attestation services, and assurance services is reflected in Figure 1-3 on page 13 of the text. An assurance service is an independent professional service to improve the quality of information for decision makers. An attestation service is a form of assurance service in which the CPA firm issues a report about the reliability of an assertion that is the responsibility of another party. Audit services are a form of attestation service in which the auditor expresses a written conclusion about the degree of correspondence between information and established criteria.The most common form of audit service is an audit of historical financial statements, in which the auditor expresses a conclusion as to whether the financial statements are presented in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. An example of an attestation service is a report on the effe ctiveness of an entity’s internal control over financial reporting. There are many possible forms of assurance services, including services related to business performance measurement, health care performance, and information system reliability.1-2 An independent audit is a means of satisfying the need for reliable information on the part of decision makers. Factors of a complex society which contribute to this need are:1.Remoteness of informationa.Owners (stockholders) divorced from managementb.Directors not involved in day-to-day operations ordecisionsc.Dispersion of the business among numerous geographiclocations and complex corporate structures2.Biases and motives of providerrmation will be biased in favor of the providerwhen his or her goals are inconsistent with thedecision maker's goals.3.Voluminous dataa.Possibly millions of transactions processed daily viasophisticated computerized systemsb.Multiple product linesc.Multiple transaction locationsplex exchange transactionsa.New and changing business relationships lead toinnovative accounting and reporting problemsb.Potential impact of transactions not quantifiable,leading to increased disclosures1-3 1. Risk-free interest rate This is approximately the rate the bank could earn by investing in U.S. treasury notes for thesame length of time as the business loan.2.Business risk for the customer This risk reflects thepossibility that the business will not be able to repay itsloan because of economic or business conditions such as arecession, poor management decisions, or unexpectedcompetition in the industry.rmation risk This risk reflects the possibility thatthe information upon which the business risk decision wasmade was inaccurate. A likely cause of the information riskis the possibility of inaccurate financial statements.Auditing has no effect on either the risk-free interest rate or business risk. However, auditing can significantly reduce information risk.1-4The four primary causes of information risk are remoteness of information, biases and motives of the provider, voluminous data, and the existence of complex exchange transactions.The three main ways to reduce information risk are:er verifies the information.er shares the information risk with management.3.Audited financial statements are provided.The advantages and disadvantages of each are as follows:1-5 To do an audit, there must be information in a verifiable form and some standards (criteria) by which the auditor can evaluate the information. Examples of established criteria include generally accepted accounting principles and the Internal Revenue Code. Determining the degree of correspondence between information and established criteria is determining whether a given set of information is in accordance with the established criteria. The information for Jones Company's tax return is the federal tax returns filed by the company. The established criteria are found in the Internal Revenue Code and all interpretations. For the audit of Jones Company's financial statements the information is the financial statements being audited and the established criteria are generally accepted accounting principles.1-6The primary evidence the internal revenue agent will use in the audit of the Jones Company's tax return include all available documentation and other information available in Jones' office or from other sources. For example, when the internal revenue agent audits taxable income, a major source of information will be bank statements, the cash receipts journal and deposit slips. The internal revenue agent is likely to emphasize unrecorded receipts and revenues. For expenses, major sources of evidence are likely to be cancelled checks, vendors' invoices and other supporting documentation.1-7This apparent paradox arises from the distinction between the function of auditing and the function of accounting. The accounting function is the recording, classifying and summarizing of economic events to provide relevant information to decision makers. The rules of accounting are the criteria used by the auditor for evaluating the presentation of economic events for financial statements and he or she must therefore have an understanding of generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), as well as auditing standards. The accountant need not, and frequently does not, understand what auditors do, unless he or she is involved in doing audits, or has been trained as an auditor.1-81-9Five examples of specific operational audits that could be conducted by an internal auditor in a manufacturing company are:1.Examine employee time cards and personnel records todetermine if sufficient information is available to maximizethe effective use of personnel.2.Review the processing of sales invoices to determine if itcould be done more efficiently.3.Review the acquisitions of goods, including costs, todetermine if they are being purchased at the lowest possiblecost considering the quality needed.4.Review and evaluate the efficiency of the manufacturingprocess.5.Review the processing of cash receipts to determine if theyare deposited as quickly as possible.1-10 When using a strategic systems auditing approach in an audit of historical financial statements, an auditor must have a thorough understanding of the client and its environment. This knowledge should include the client’s regulatory and operating environment, business strategies and processes, and measurement indicators. The strategic systems approach is also useful in other assurance or consulting engagements. For example, an auditor who is performing an assurance service on information technology would need to understand the client’s business strategies and processes related to information technology, including such things as purchases and sales via the Internet. Similarly, a practitioner performing a consulting engagement to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of a cli ent’s manufacturing process would likely start with an analysis of various measurement indicators, including ratio analysis and benchmarking against key competitors.1-11 The major differences in the scope of audit responsibilities are:1.CPAs perform audits in accordance with auditing standards ofpublished financial statements prepared in accordance withgenerally accepted accounting principles.2.GAO auditors perform compliance or operational audits inorder to assure the Congress of the expenditure of publicfunds in accordance with its directives and the law.3.IRS agents perform compliance audits to enforce the federaltax laws as defined by Congress, interpreted by the courts,and regulated by the IRS.4.Internal auditors perform compliance or operational auditsin order to assure management or the board of directors thatcontrols and policies are properly and consistentlydeveloped, applied and evaluated.1-12 The four parts of the Uniform CPA Examination are: Auditing and Attestation, Financial Accounting and Reporting, Regulation, and Business Environment and Concepts.1-13 It is important for CPAs to be knowledgeable about e-commerce technologies because more of their clients are rapidly expanding their use of e-commerce. Examples of commonly used e-commerce technologiesinclude purchases and sales of goods through the Internet, automatic inventory reordering via direct connection to inventory suppliers, and online banking. CPAs who perform audits or provide other assurance services about information generated with these technologies need a basic knowledge and understanding of information technology and e-commerce in order to identify and respond to risks in the financial and other information generated by these technologies.Multiple Choice Questions From CPA Examinations1-14 a. (3) b. (2) c. (2) d. (3)1-15 a. (2) b. (3) c. (4) d. (3)Discussion Questions And Problems1-16 a. The relationship among audit services, attestation services and assurance services is reflected in Figure 1-3 on page 13of the text. Audit services are a form of attestationservice, and attestation services are a form of assuranceservice. In a diagram, audit services are located within theattestation service area, and attestation services arelocated within the assurance service area.b. 1. (1) Audit of historical financial statements2.(2) An attestation service other than an auditservice; or(3) An assurance service that is not an attestationservice (WebTrust developed from the AICPASpecial Committee on Assurance Services, but theservice meets the criteria for an attestationservice.)3.(2) An attestation service other than an auditservice4.(2) An attestation service other than an auditservice5.(2) An attestation service other than an auditservice6.(2) An attestation service that is not an auditservice (Review services are a form ofattestation, but are performed according toStatements on Standards for Accounting andReview Services.)7.(2) An attestation service other than an auditservice8.(2) An attestation service other than an auditservice9.(3) An assurance service that is not an attestationservice1-17 a. The interest rate for the loan that requires a review report is lower than the loan that did not require a review becauseof lower information risk. A review report provides moderateassurance to financial statement users, which lowersinformation risk. An audit report provides further assuranceand lower information risk. As a result of reducedinformation risk, the interest rate is lowest for the loanwith the audit report.b.Given these circumstances, Vial-tek should select the loanfrom City First Bank that requires an annual audit. In thissituation, the additional cost of the audit is less than thereduction in interest due to lower information risk. Thefollowing is the calculation of total costs for each loan:1-17 (continued)c. Vial-tek may desire to have an audit because of the manyother positive benefits that an audit provides. The auditwill provide Vial-tek’s management with assurance aboutannual financial information used for decision-makingpurposes. The audit may detect errors or fraud, and providemanagement with information about the effectiveness ofcontrols. In addition, the audit may result inrecommendations to management that will improve efficiencyor effectiveness.d. Under a strategic systems audit approach, the auditor musthave a thorough understanding of the client and itsenvironment, including the client’s e-commerce technologies,industry, regulatory and operating environment, suppliers,customers, creditors, and business strategies and processes.This thorough analysis helps the auditor identify risksassociated with the client’s strategies that may affectwhether the financial statements are fairly stated. Whenapplying the strategic systems audit approach, the auditoroften discovers ways to help the client improve businessoperations, thereby providing added value to the auditfunction.1-18 a. The services provided by Consumers Union are very similar to assurance services provided by CPA firms. The servicesprovided by Consumers Union and assurance services providedby CPA firms are designed to improve the quality ofinformation for decision makers. CPAs are valued for theirindependence, and the reports provided by Consumers Unionare valued because Consumers Union is independent of theproducts tested.b.The concepts of information risk for the buyer of anautomobile and for the user of financial statements areessentially the same. They are both concerned with theproblem of unreliable information being provided. In thecase of the auditor, the user is concerned about unreliableinformation being provided in the financial statements. Thebuyer of an automobile is likely to be concerned about themanufacturer or dealer providing unreliable information.c.The four causes of information risk are essentially the samefor a buyer of an automobile and a user of financialstatements:(1)Remoteness of information It is difficult for a userto obtain much information about either an automobilemanufacturer or the automobile itself withoutincurring considerable cost. The automobile buyer doeshave the advantage of possibly knowing other users who are satisfied or dissatisfied with a similar automobile.(2)Biases and motives of provider There is a conflictbetween the automobile buyer and the manufacturer. The buyer wants to buy a high quality product at minimum cost whereas the seller wants to maximize the selling price and quantity sold.(3)Voluminous data There is a large amount of availableinformation about automobiles that users might like to have in order to evaluate an automobile. Either that information is not available or too costly to obtain.1-18 (continued)(4)Complex exchange transactions The acquisition of anautomobile is expensive and certainly a complexdecision because of all the components that go intomaking a good automobile and choosing between a largenumber of alternatives.d.The three ways users of financial statements and buyers ofautomobiles reduce information risk are also similar:(1)User verifies information him or herself That can beobtained by driving different automobiles, examiningthe specifications of the automobiles, talking toother users and doing research in various magazines.(2)User shares information risk with management Themanufacturer of a product has a responsibility to meetits warranties and to provide a reasonable product.The buyer of an automobile can return the automobilefor correction of defects. In some cases a refund maybe obtained.(3)Examine the information prepared by Consumer ReportsThis is similar to an audit in the sense thatindependent information is provided by an independentparty. The information provided by Consumer Reports iscomparable to that provided by a CPA firm that auditedfinancial statements.1-19 a. The following parts of the definition of auditing are related to the narrative:(1)Virms is being asked to issue a report aboutqualitative and quantitative information for trucks.The trucks are therefore the information with whichthe auditor is concerned.(2)There are four established criteria which must beevaluated and reported by Virms: existence of thetrucks on the night of June 30, 2005, ownership ofeach truck by Regional Delivery Service, physicalcondition of each truck and fair market value of eachtruck.(3)Susan Virms will accumulate and evaluate four types ofevidence:(a)Count the trucks to determine their existence.(b)Use registrations documents held by Oatley forcomparison to the serial number on each truck todetermine ownership.(c)Examine the trucks to determine each truck'sphysical condition.(d)Examine the blue book to determine the fairmarket value of each truck.(4)Susan Virms, CPA, appears qualified, as a competent,independent person. She is a CPA, and she spends most of her time auditing used automobile and truck dealerships and has extensive specialized knowledge about used trucks that is consistent with the nature of the engagement.1-19(continued)(5)The report results are to include:(a)which of the 35 trucks are parked in Regional'sparking lot the night of June 30.(b)whether all of the trucks are owned by RegionalDelivery Service.(c)the condition of each truck, using establishedguidelines.(d)fair market value of each truck using thecurrent blue book for trucks.b.The only parts of the audit that will be difficult for Virmsare:(1)Evaluating the condition, using the guidelines of poor,good, and excellent. It is highly subjective to do so.If she uses a different criterion than the "bluebook," the fair market value will not be meaningful.Her experience will be essential in using thisguideline.(2)Determining the fair market value, unless it isclearly defined in the blue book for each condition.1-20 a. The major advantages and disadvantages of a career as an IRS agent, CPA, GAO auditor, or an internal auditor are:1-20 (continued)EMPLOYMENT ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGESINTERNAL AUDITOR 1.Extensive exposure to allsegments of theenterprise with whichemployed.2.Constant exposure to oneindustry presentingopportunity for expertisein that industry.3.Likely to have exposureto compliance, financialand operational auditing.1.Little exposure totaxation and the auditthereof.2.Experience is limited toone enterprise, usuallywithin one or a limitednumber of industries.(b)Other auditing careers that are available are:Auditors within many of the branches of the federalgovernment ., Atomic Energy Commission)Auditors for many state and local government units .,state insurance or bank auditors)1-21 The most likely type of auditor and the type of audit for each of the examples are:EXAMPLE TYPE OF AUDITOR TYPE OF AUDIT1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.IRSGAOInternal auditor or CPACPA or Internal auditorGAOCPAGAOIRSCPAInternal auditor or CPAInternal auditor or CPAGAOComplianceOperationalOperationalFinancial statementsOperationalFinancial statementsFinancial statementsComplianceFinancial statementsComplianceFinancial statementsCompliance1-22 a. The conglomerate should either engage the management advisory services division of a CPA firm or its own internalauditors to conduct the operational audit.b.The auditors will encounter problems in establishingcriteria for evaluating the actual quantitative events andin setting the scope to include all operations in whichsignificant inefficiencies might exist. In writing thereport, the auditors must choose proper wording to statethat no financial audit was performed, that the procedureswere limited in scope and that the results reported do notnecessarily include all the inefficiencies that might exist.1-23 a. The CPA firm for the Internet company described in this problem could address these customer concerns by performinga WebTrust attestation engagement. The WebTrust assuranceservice was created by the profession to respond to thegrowing need for assurance resulting from the growth ofbusiness transacted over the Internet.b.The appropriate WebTrust principle for each of the customerconcerns noted in the problem is as follows:1.Accuracy of product descriptions and adherence tostated return policies: (3) Processing Integrity.2.Credit card and other personal information: (1) OnlinePrivacy and (2) Security.3.Selling information to other companies: (1) OnlinePrivacy and (2) Security.4.System failure: (4) Availability.Internet Problem Solution: Assurance Services1-1 This problem requires students to work with the AICPA assurance services Web site.1.Considering the assurance needs of customers and thecapabilities of CPAs, the Special Committee on AssuranceServices developed business plans for six assurance services.Chapter 1 of the textbook discussed several of theseservices. Go to the service description for the assuranceservice that most interests you (any one of the six). Whatare the major aspects or sections of the associated businessplan ., does the plan address market potential, competition,etc.?)Answer: Each business plan provides background information,describes the service, assesses market potential, discussesissues such as competition and why CPAs should offer theservice, identifies practice tools available and steps thatCPAs must take to begin offering the services.2.The Special Committee's report on Assurance Servicesdiscusses competencies needed by assurance providers todayand in the coming decade. Briefly describe the 5 generalcompetencies needed in the next decade (Hint: See the“About Assurance Services” link. Then follow the“Assurance Services and Academia” link.)Answer:The Committee identified the following five majorimperatives regarding future competencies, each of whichimplies increasing emphasis on the competencies noted:1-1 (continued)Customer focus.Assurance service providers need tounderstand user decision processes and how informationshould enter into those processes. Increased emphasis isneeded on: understanding user needs, communication skills,relationship management, responsiveness and timeliness.Migration to higher value-added information activities. Toprovide more value to client/decision makers and others,assurance service providers need to focus less on activitiesinvolved in the conversion of business events intoinformation ., collecting, classifying, and summarizingactivities) and more on activities involved in thetransformation of information into knowledge ., analyzing,interpreting, and evaluating activities) that effectivelydrives decision processes. This will require: analyticalskills, business advisory skills, business knowledge, modelbuilding (including sensitivity analysis), understanding theclient’s business processes, measurement theory(development of operational definitions of concepts, designof appropriate measurement techniques, etc.).Information technology (IT).Assurance services deal ininformation. Hence, the profound changes occurring ininformation technology will shape virtually all aspects ofassurance services. As information specialists, assuranceservice providers need to embrace information technology inall of its complex dimensions. Embracing IT meansunderstanding how it is transforming all aspects of business.It also means learning how to effectively use newdevelopments in hardware, software, communications, memory,encryption, etc., in everything assurance service providersdo as information specialists, not only in dealing withclients, but also in dealing with each other as individuals,teams, firms, state societies, and national professionalorganizations.Pace of change and complexity. Assurance services will takeplace in an environment of rapid change and increasingcomplexity. Assurance service providers need to investheavily in life-long learning in order to maintain up-to-date knowledge and skills. They will require: intellectualcapability, learning and rejuvenation.Competition.Growth in new assurance services will dependless on franchise/regulation and more on market forces.Assurance service providers need to develop their marketingskills —the ability to see clients’ latent informationand assurance needs and rapidly design and deploy cost-effective services to meet those needs —in order toeffectively compete for market-driven assurance services.Required skills include: marketing and selling,understanding customer needs, designing and deployingeffective solutions.1-1 (continued)(Note: Internet problems address current issues using Internet sources. Because Internet sites are subject to change, Internet problems and solutions are subject to change. Current information on Internet problems is available at。

审计学-一种整合的方法

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder
6-3
Steps to Develop Audit Objectives
1. Understand objectives and responsibilities for the audit.
©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder
6-5
Learning Objective 2
Distinguish management’s
responsibility for the financial
6-4Βιβλιοθήκη Steps to Develop Audit Objectives
4. Know general audit objectives for classes of transactions and accounts.
5. Know specific audit objectives for classes of transactions and accounts.
statements and internal control
from the auditor’s responsibility
for verifying the financial
statements and effectiveness
of internal control.
©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder

《审计学》全书知识点汇总

《审计学》全书知识点汇总同学们：为便于大家对本课程内容能够抓住重点并深刻理解，中央电大《审计学》课程组将各章重点内容提炼如下，供大家学习时参考。

第一章总论一、审计的涵义审计是由独立的机构和人员，运用会计检查、财产清查等特定方法，对有关部门和单位的会计资料及其所反映的财政财务活动的真实性、合法性和效益性进行监察、鉴证和评价，以保护其财产安全，提高其经济效益的一种经济监督形式。

1．审计主体审计主体具有独立性，•它有两方面的含义：一是它有独立的机构和人员，而非所有者自身监督。

二是与被审主体在组织上、经济上、工作过程中(或精神上)保持独立。

独立性是审计的最基本的特征，这种特征在审计主体上得到充分体现。

2．审计客体审计客体包括审计谁，审什么内容。

对会计资料及其反映的经济活动进行审计时，着重审查评价其真实性、合法性和效益性。

3．审计主体对审计客体的作用方式的特征它涉及两个方面：一是审计主体对审计客体能产生什么功能作用，表现为审计的职能；二是审计主体对审计客体发生功能作用的实现方式，表现为审计的方法。

审计的基本职能是监督，还有监察、鉴证和评价。

二、审计的分类审计可以按不同的标志进行分类，具体表现为：(一) 审计按主体分类为国家审计、民间审计和内部审计1.国家审计国家审计的特征主要是在审计主体、审计内容和被审计单位上，体现了国家所有权的特征。

《审计法》规定：我国国家审计对象的实体即被审计单位是指所有作为会计单位的中央和地方的各级财政部门、中央银行和国有金融机构、行政机关、国家的事业组织、国有企业、基本建设单位等。

审计对象的主要内容包括上述部门的财政预算、信贷、财务收支(负债、资产、损益)和决算,以及与财政财务收支有关的经济活动及其经济效益。

审计署还将把审计对象延伸到中央驻香港机构和中资企业国有资产管理的基本情况。

2.民间审计由于民间审计可以接受不同所有者委托的特征，不仅民间审计主体采取法人的形式，而且，其审计活动也是通过委托受托进行的，其被审单位依委托审计的主体的所有权性质不同而各异。

（完整版）《审计学》全书知识点汇总

（完整版）《审计学》全书知识点汇总《审计学》全书知识点汇总同学们：为便于大家对本课程内容能够抓住重点并深刻理解，中央电大《审计学》课程组将各章重点内容提炼如下，供大家学习时参考。

1．审计主体审计主体具有独立性，?它有两方面的含义：一是它有独立的机构和人员，而非所有者自身监督。

二是与被审主体在组织上、经济上、工作过程中(或精神上)保持独立。

独立性是审计的最基本的特征，这种特征在审计主体上得到充分体现。

2．审计客体审计客体包括审计谁，审什么内容。

对会计资料及其反映的经济活动进行审计时，着重审查评价其真实性、合法性和效益性。

审计的基本职能是监督，还有监察、鉴证和评价。

审计对象的主要内容包括上述部门的财政预算、信贷、财务收支(负债、资产、损益)和决算,以及与财政财务收支有关的经济活动及其经济效益。

审计署还将把审计对象延伸到中央驻香港机构和中资企业国有资产管理的基本情况。

审计学：一种整合方法(英文版) 第14版参考答案AEB14_SM_CH01_v1

Chapter 1The Demand for Audit and Other Assurance ServicesReview Questions1-1The relationship among audit services, attestation services, and assurance services is reflected in Figure 1-3 on page 12 of the text. An assurance service is an independent professional service to improve the quality of information for decision makers. An attestation service is a form of assurance service in which the CPA firm issues a report about the reliability of an assertion that is the responsibility of another party. Audit services are a form of attestation service in which the auditor expresses a written conclusion about the degree of correspondence between information and established criteria.The most common form of audit service is an audit of historical financial statements, in which the auditor expresses a conclusion as to whether the financial statements are presented in accordance with an applicable financial reporting framework such as U.S. GAAP or IFRS. An example of an attestation ser vice is a report on the effectiveness of an entity’s internal control over financial reporting. There are many possible forms of assurance services, including services related to business performance measurement, health care performance, and information system reliability.1-2 An independent audit is a means of satisfying the need for reliable information on the part of decision makers. Factors of a complex society which contribute to this need are:1. Remoteness of informationa. Owners (stockholders) divorced from managementb. Directors not involved in day-to-day operations or decisionsc. Dispersion of the business among numerous geographiclocations and complex corporate structures2. Biases and motives of providera. Information will be biased in favor of the provider when his orher goals are inconsistent with the decision maker's goals.3. Voluminous dataa. Possibly millions of transactions processed daily viasophisticated computerized systemsb. Multiple product linesc. Multiple transaction locations4. Complex exchange transactionsa. New and changing business relationships lead to innovativeaccounting and reporting problemsb. Potential impact of transactions not quantifiable, leading toincreased disclosures1-3 1. Risk-free interest rate This is approximately the rate the bank could earn by investing in U.S. treasury notes for the same length of timeas the business loan.2. Business risk for the customer This risk reflects the possibility thatthe business will not be able to repay its loan because of economicor business conditions such as a recession, poor managementdecisions, or unexpected competition in the industry.3. Information risk This risk reflects the possibility that the informationupon which the business risk decision was made was inaccurate. Alikely cause of the information risk is the possibility of inaccuratefinancial statements.Auditing has no effect on either the risk-free interest rate or business risk. However, auditing can significantly reduce information risk.1-4The four primary causes of information risk are remoteness of information, biases and motives of the provider, voluminous data, and the existence of complex exchange transactions.The three main ways to reduce information risk are:1. User verifies the information.2. User shares the information risk with management.3. Audited financial statements are provided.The advantages and disadvantages of each are as follows:1-5 To do an audit, there must be information in a verifiable form and some standards (criteria) by which the auditor can evaluate the information. Examples of established criteria include generally accepted accounting principles and the Internal Revenue Code. Determining the degree of correspondence between information and established criteria is determining whether a given set of information is in accordance with the established criteria. The information for Jones Company's tax return is the federal tax returns filed by the company. The established criteria are found in the Internal Revenue Code and all interpretations. For the audit of Jones Company's financial statements the information is the financial statements being audited and the established criteria are generally accepted accounting principles.1-6The primary evidence the internal revenue agent will use in the audit of the Jones Company's tax return include all available documentation and other information available in Jones’ office or from other sources. For example, when the internal revenue agent audits taxable income, a major source of information will be bank statements, the cash receipts journal and deposit slips. The internal revenue agent is likely to emphasize unrecorded receipts and revenues. For expenses, major sources of evidence are likely to be cancelled checks and electronic funds transfers, vendors' invoices, and other supporting documentation.1-7This apparent paradox arises from the distinction between the function of auditing and the function of accounting. The accounting function is the recording, classifying and summarizing of economic events to provide relevant information to decision makers. The rules of accounting are the criteria used by the auditor for evaluating the presentation of economic events for financial statements and he or she must therefore have an understanding of accounting standards, as well as auditing standards. The accountant need not, and frequently does not, understand what auditors do, unless he or she is involved in doing audits, or has been trained as an auditor.1-81-9Five examples of specific operational audits that could be conducted by an internal auditor in a manufacturing company are:1. Examine employee time records and personnel records to determineif sufficient information is available to maximize the effective use ofpersonnel.2. Review the processing of sales invoices to determine if it could bedone more efficiently.3. Review the acquisitions of goods, including costs, to determine ifthey are being purchased at the lowest possible cost consideringthe quality needed.1-9 (continued)4. Review and evaluate the efficiency of the manufacturing process.5. Review the processing of cash receipts to determine if they aredeposited as quickly as possible.1-10 When auditing historical financial statements, an auditor must have a thorough understanding of the client and its environment. This knowledge should include the client’s regulatory and operating environment, business strategies and processes, and measurement indicators. This strategic understanding is also useful in other assurance or consulting engagements. For example, an auditor who is performing an assurance service on information technology would need to understand the client’s business strategies an d processes related to information technology, including such things as purchases and sales via the Internet. Similarly, a practitioner performing a consulting engagement to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of a client’s manufacturing process woul d likely start with an analysis of various measurement indicators, including ratio analysis and benchmarking against key competitors.1-11 The major differences in the scope of audit responsibilities are:1. CPAs perform audits in accordance with auditing standards ofpublished financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S.GAAP or IFRS.2. GAO auditors perform compliance or operational audits in order toassure the Congress of the expenditure of public funds in accordancewith its directives and the law.3. IRS agents perform compliance audits to enforce the federal taxlaws as defined by Congress, interpreted by the courts, and regulatedby the IRS.4. Internal auditors perform compliance or operational audits in orderto assure management or the board of directors that controls andpolicies are properly and consistently developed, applied andevaluated.1-12 The four parts of the Uniform CPA Examination are: Auditing and Attestation, Financial Accounting and Reporting, Regulation, and Business Environment and Concepts.1-13 It is important for CPAs to be knowledgeable about information technology, including e-commerce, because many of their clients rely extensively on these technologies. Examples of commonly used e-commerce technologies include purchases and sales of goods through the Internet, automatic inventory reordering via direct connection to inventory suppliers, and online banking. CPAs who perform audits or provide other assurance services about information generated with these technologies need a basic knowledge and understanding of information technology and e-commerce in order to identify and respond to risks in the financial and other information generated by these technologies.Multiple Choice Questions From CPA Examinations1-14 a. (3) b. (2) c. (2) d. (3)1-15 a. (2) b. (3) c. (4) d. (3)Discussion Questions And Problems1-16 a. The relationship among audit services, attestation services and assurance services is reflected in Figure 1-3 on page 12 of the text.Audit services are a form of attestation service, and attestationservices are a form of assurance service. In a diagram, auditservices are located within the attestation service area, andattestation services are located within the assurance service area.b. 1. (2) An attestation service other than an audit service2. (1) An audit of historical financial statements3. (2) An attestation service other than an audit service4. (2) An attestation service other than an audit service; or(3) An assurance service that is not an attestation service(WebTrust developed from the AICPA Special Committeeon Assurance Services, but the service meets thecriteria for an attestation service.)5. (2) An attestation service other than an audit service6. (2) An attestation service other than an audit service7. (2) An attestation service that is not an audit service(Review services are a form of attestation, but areperformed according to Statements on Standards forAccounting and Review Services.)8. (2) An attestation service other than an audit service9. (2) An attestation service other than an audit service10. (3) An assurance service that is not an attestation service 1-17 a. The interest rate for the loan that requires a review report is lower than the loan that did not require a review because of lowerinformation risk. A review report provides moderate assurance tofinancial statement users, which lowers information risk. An auditreport provides further assurance and lower information risk. As aresult of reduced information risk, the interest rate is lowest for theloan with the audit report.b. Given these circumstances, Busch should select the loan from FirstCity Bank that requires an annual audit. In this situation, theadditional cost of the audit is less than the reduction in interest dueto lower information risk. The following is the calculation of totalcosts for each loan:c. Busch should select the loan from United National Bank due to thehigher cost of the audit and the reduced interest rate for the loanfrom United National Bank. The following is the calculation of totalcosts for each loan:d. Busch may desire to have an audit because of the many otherbenefits that an audit provides. The audit will provide Busch’smanagement with assurance about annual financial information usedfor decision-making purposes. The audit may detect errors or fraud, andprovide management with information about the effectiveness ofcontrols. In addition, the audit may result in recommendations tomanagement that will improve efficiency or effectiveness.e. The auditor must have a thorough understanding of the client and itsenvironment, including the client’s e-commerce technologies, industry,regulatory and operating environment, suppliers, customers, creditors,and business strategies and processes. This thorough analysis helpsthe auditor identify risks associated with the client’s strategies thatmay affect whether the financial statements are fairly stated. Thisstrategic knowledge of the client’s business often helps the auditoridentify ways to help the client improve business operations, therebyproviding added value to the audit function.1-18 a. The services provided by Consumers Union are very similar to assurance services provided by CPA firms. The services providedby Consumers Union and assurance services provided by CPAfirms are designed to improve the quality of information for decisionmakers. CPAs are valued for their independence, and the reportsprovided by Consumers Union are valued because ConsumersUnion is independent of the products tested.b. The concepts of information risk for the buyer of an automobile andfor the user of financial statements are essentially the same. They are both concerned with the problem of unreliable information being provided. In the case of the auditor, the user is concerned about unreliable information being provided in the financial statements.The buyer of an automobile is likely to be concerned about the manufacturer or dealer providing unreliable information.c. The four causes of information risk are essentially the same for abuyer of an automobile and a user of financial statements:(1) Remoteness of information It is difficult for a user to obtainmuch information about either an automobile manufactureror the automobile itself without incurring considerable cost.The automobile buyer does have the advantage of possiblyknowing other users who are satisfied or dissatisfied with asimilar automobile.(2) Biases and motives of provider There is a conflict betweenthe automobile buyer and the manufacturer. The buyer wantsto buy a high quality product at minimum cost whereas theseller wants to maximize the selling price and quantity sold.(3)Voluminous data There is a large amount of availableinformation about automobiles that users might like to havein order to evaluate an automobile. Either that information isnot available or too costly to obtain.(4) Complex exchange transactions The acquisition of anautomobile is expensive and certainly a complex decisionbecause of all the components that go into making a goodautomobile and choosing between a large number ofalternatives.d. The three ways users of financial statements and buyers ofautomobiles reduce information risk are also similar:(1) User verifies information him or herself That can be obtainedby driving different automobiles, examining the specifications ofthe automobiles, talking to other users and doing research invarious magazines.(2) User shares information risk with management Themanufacturer of a product has a responsibility to meet itswarranties and to provide a reasonable product. The buyerof an automobile can return the automobile for correction ofdefects. In some cases a refund may be obtained.(3) Examine the information prepared by Consumer ReportsThis is similar to an audit in the sense that independentinformation is provided by an independent party. Theinformation provided by Consumer Reports is comparable tothat provided by a CPA firm that audited financial statements.1-19 a. The following parts of the definition of auditing are related to the narrative:(1) Altman is being asked to issue a report about qualitative andquantitative information for trucks. The trucks are thereforethe information with which the auditor is concerned.(2) There are four established criteria which must be evaluatedand reported by Altman: existence of the trucks on the nightof June 30, 2011, ownership of each truck by RegionalDelivery Service, physical condition of each truck and fairmarket value of each truck.(3) Samantha Altman will accumulate and evaluate four types ofevidence:(a) Count the trucks to determine their existence.(b) Use registrations documents held by Burrow forcomparison to the serial number on each truck todetermine ownership.(c) Examine the trucks to determine each truck's physicalcondition.(d) Examine the blue book to determine the fair marketvalue of each truck.(4) Samantha Altman, CPA, appears qualified, as a competent,independent person. She is a CPA, and she spends most ofher time auditing used automobile and truck dealerships andhas extensive specialized knowledge about used trucksthat is consistent with the nature of the engagement.(5) The report results are to include:(a) which of the 25 trucks are parked in Regional'sparking lot the night of June 30.(b) whether all of the trucks are owned by RegionalDelivery Service.(c) the condition of each truck, using establishedguidelines.(d) fair market value of each truck using the current bluebook for trucks.b. The only parts of the audit that will be difficult for Altman are:(1) Evaluating the condition, using the guidelines of poor, good,and excellent. It is highly subjective to do so. If she uses adifferent criterion than the "blue book," the fair market valuewill not be meaningful. Her experience will be essential inusing this guideline.(2) Determining the fair market value, unless it is clearly definedin the blue book for each condition.1-20 a. The major advantages and disadvantages of a career as an IRS agent, CPA, GAO auditor, or an internal auditor are:(b) Other auditing careers that are available are:Auditors within many of the branches of the federal government(e.g., Atomic Energy Commission)Auditors for many state and local government units (e.g., state insurance or bank auditors)1-21 The most likely type of auditor and the type of audit for each of the examples are:1-22 a. Financial statement audits reduce information risk, which lowers borrowing costs. An audit also provides assurances to managementabout information used for decision-making purposes, and may alsoprovide recommendations to improve efficiency or effectiveness ofoperations.b. Hogan and Czarnecki likely provide tax services, accountingservices, and management advisory services. They may also provideadditional assurance and attestation services other than audits offinancial statements.c. Student answers will vary. They may identify new types of informationthat require assurance, such as environmental or corporateresponsibility reporting. Students may also identify opportunitiesfor consulting or management advisory services, such as assistancewith the adoption of international financial reporting standards.Internet Problem Solution: CPA RequirementsInternet Problem 1-1a. Answers will vary by state. Most states require 150 hours ofeducation, with specific requirements for number of accounting hoursand credit hours in other subject areas.b. Most states have frequently addressed questions. Many of theseaddress education requirements, as well as information on how toprepare for the exam, as well as information on applying for licensure.Internet Problem 1-1 (continued)c. The Elijah Watt Sells award program was established in 1923by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants(AICPA) to recognize outstanding performance on the UniformCPA Examination. The Sells award is presented annually to tencandidates with the highest cumulative scores who completedtesting during the previous calendar year and passed all foursections of the Uniform CPA Examination on their first attempt.d. Passing information is available on the CPA Examination portion ofthe AICPA web site. Recent passing rates have been approximately45% for each section.(Note: Internet problems address current issues using Internet sources. Because Internet sites are subject to change, Internet problems and solutions may change. Current information on Internet problems is available at /arens.)。

审计学笔记

第一章学习提要通过本章学习，了解审计的产生和发展，明确审计的职能、任务和作用，掌握审计的本质属性。

本章主要内容：一、审计的产生和发展；二、审计的职能、任务和作用；三、审计的本质重点与难点审计的职能、任务和作用、审计的对象、目的、独立性。

内容讲解一、审计的产生和发展（一）审计产生的客观基础首先，私有制是审计产生的客观条件之一；财产所有者与财产经营者的分离是审计产生的另一个客观条件。

（二）官厅审计的产生和发展它产生于奴隶社会的末期。

我国是世界上最早产生审计的国家之一。

职位，宰夫。

官厅审计在我国一直延续到清末。

（三）社会审计的产生和发展社会审计是股份制的产物。

世界上第一位社会审计人员是1720年受英国议会委托，负责清查南海公司破产事件的查尔斯·斯内尔。

1853年在苏格兰成立的爱丁堡会计师协会是世界上第一个社会审计执业团体。

中国，第一位注册会计师——谢霖先生；第一家会计师事务所（谢霖创办）——“正则会计师事务所”（四）审计工作在我国的必要性1、企业所有权和经营权的适当分离，决定了审计工作的必要性；2、社会主义初级阶段政治和经济的特点，决定了审计工作的必要性；3、发展社会主义市场经济，建立现代企业制度，决定了审计工作的必要性；4、提高经济效益的要求，决定了审计工作的必要性；5、对外开放政策，决定了审计工作的必要性。

二、审计的职能、任务和作用审计的职能是审计的本质属性，指的是审计所具有的固有功能，审计能够满足社会需要的能力。

审计的职能是客观的，是不以人们的意志为转移的。

在正确认识审计职能的基础上，根据当时社会需要，对审计提出一定的要求，就构成了审计的任务。

审计的任务是人们赋予审计去完成的，因此是主观的产物。

完成了审计任务，就发挥了审计的作用，可见，审计的作用是完成审计任务后的结果。

（一）审计的职能审计具有经济监督、经济评价和经济鉴证的职能。

1、经济监督审计的经济监督职能指的是，通过审计，监察和督促被审单位的经济活动在规定的范围内，在正常的轨道上进行。

审计知识点笔记总结

审计知识点笔记总结一、审计概念审计是一种独立的专业服务，通过对企业或组织的财务报表和财务状况进行全面和系统的检查、验证和评价，以确定其合规性和可靠性，提供建议和改进意见，保障投资者和利益相关方的利益。

二、审计的分类1.内部审计：由企业或组织内部的专业审计人员进行，目的是评估内部控制和风险管理，提供改进建议，确保组织的有效运作。

2.外部审计：由独立的注册会计师事务所负责进行，目的是对企业的财务报表进行独立的审计，保证其合规性和可靠性，为外部利益相关方提供保障。

三、审计的原则1. 独立性：审计师需保持独立的思考能力和行为，不受其他方的影响。

2. 诚实和诚信：审计师需以诚实和诚信的态度履行职责，不得误导他人或故意隐瞒有关事实。

3. 客观性：审计师需根据客观的证据和事实进行审核，不受主观因素的影响。

4. 保密性：审计师需保管和保护客户的机密信息，不得将其泄露给未经授权的人。

5. 完整性：审计师需尽职尽责，对所涉及的财务信息和业务活动进行全面和系统的审计。

四、审计准则1. 一致性准则：财务报表需要在不同期间、不同企业之间采用统一的会计准则和应变化进行调整，以便进行比较。

2. 实质重于形式准则：审计师需侧重于企业的实质经济活动和财务状况，而不是只关注会计处理和报告形式。

3. 合理预期准则：审计师需根据经验和专业判断，对企业的财务报表进行全面、系统、和合理的审计。

4. 谨慎性准则：审计师需在证据不足的情况下，进行合理的假设和下结论，尽量避免对企业进行过高的评价。

五、审计程序1. 策划阶段：审计师需了解企业的业务和风险状况，确定审计计划和程序。

2. 风险评估：审计师需评估企业业务活动中的风险，确定关键的审计领域和重点审计内容。

3. 内部控制评价：审计师需评估企业的内部控制制度，了解其有效性和可能的缺陷。

4. 测试程序：审计师需根据风险评估和内部控制评价，设计相应的测试程序，收集证据和数据，进行审计检查。

5. 报告阶段：审计师需根据审计工作的结果，撰写审计报告，向公司管理层和投资者提出意见和建议。

审计学-一种整合的方法

Actions when the auditor knows of an illegal act
©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder
6 - 12
Learning Objective 4
6 - 15
Transaction Flow Example
Transactions
Cash disbursements
Payroll services and disbursements
Journals Cash
disbursements journal
Payroll journal
Ledgers, Trial Balance, and Financial
General ledger and subsidiary
records
General ledger trial balance
Acquisition of goods
and services
Acquisitions journal
Financial statements
©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder
6-6
Management’s Responsibilities
Management is responsible for the financial statements and for internal control.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act increases management’s responsibility for the financial statements.

审计学-一种整合的方法

2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder
5 - 16
Auditor's Deck of duty to perform Nonnegligent performance Contributory negligence Absence of causal connection
5 - 21
Learning Objective 6
Describe accountants' civil liability under the federal securities laws and related defenses.
2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder
2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder
5 - 13
Four Major Sources of Auditors' Legal Liability
Liability to clients Liability to third parties Federal securities laws Criminal liability
2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder
5-6
Business Failure, Audit Failure, and Audit Risk

审计学知识点归纳总结

第一章审计概论第一节：审计的定义和特征1 审计的定义：审计是由国家授权或接受委托的专职机构或人员，依照国家法规、审计准则和会计理论，运用专门的方法，对被审计单位的财政、财务收支、经营管理活动及其相关资料的真实性、正确性、合规性、合法性、效益性进行审查和监督，评价经济责任，鉴证经济业务，用以维护财经法规、改善经营管理、提高经济效益的一项独立性的经济监管活动（1）审计主体：审计专职机构和专职人员（2）审计授权者：泛指国家审计机关、政府有关部门领导的授权，单位主管领导和相关领导的授权，是针对国家审计和内部审计而言的（3）审计客体：被审计单位在一定时期内能够用财务报表及有关资料表现的全部或一部分经济活动（4）审计依据：是审计人员在审计过程中用来评价和判断被审计单位经济活动真实性、合规性、合法性和效益性，据以提出审计意见、做出审计结论的客观标准。

主要包括国家相关的法律、法规；企业会计准则、会计制度，注册会计师执业准则；企业内部的预算计划、经济合同等（5）审计目的：社会审计的目的就是对被审计单位的财务报表及相关资料的合法性和公允性发表审计意见（6）审计本质：具有独立性的经济监管、评价、鉴证活动2审计的特征：（1）独立性：机构独立、业务工作独立、经济独立（2）权威性：权威性是审计机构正常发挥作用的保证，审计机构的独立性决定了其权威性第二节：审计的产生和发展1 政府审计的产生和发展（1）我国审计的产生和发展：西周时期就有了审计萌芽的思想秦汉时期是我国审计的确立阶段，主要表现在三个方面：①初步形成了统一的审计模式②“上计”制度日趋完善③审计地位提高，职权扩大中华人民共和国成立以后...1982年12月4日五届人大通过新宪法，明确规定了设立审计机关，实施审计监督1983年9月正式成立了中华人民共和国审计署1988年11月颁布了《中华人民共和国审计条例》1995年1月1日实施《中华人民共和国审计法》，从法律上确立了政府审计地位，为政府审计发展奠定基础（2）国外政府审计的产生和发展，大体可分为三种类型①隶属于议会（立法机构），由议会直接授权，如美国、英国、加拿大、西班牙、澳大利亚等国家，这类型的审计机构有很强的独立性和权威性②隶属于政府（行政机构），由政府直接领导，如罗马尼亚、菲律宾等国家，这类型的审计机构具有一定的独立性和权威性③隶属于财政部，由财政部直接领导，如瑞典，这类型的审计机构独立性和权威性较小2 内部审计的产生和发展（1）国外内部审计主要范围在现金交易、支付工资和盘点资产方面（2）20世纪初期，美国最早建立“内部审计师协会”，标志着内部审计作为一项独立的职业开始确立（3）国际上常采用的内部审计模式有：①内部审计隶属于董事会，由董事会领导，向董事会报告工作，在这种设置方式下的内部审计具有很高的独立性和权威性②内部审计隶属于董事会下面的监事会或类似委员会（如审计委员会）的领导，通过监事会向董事会或股东大会汇报工作，也具有较高的独立性和权威性③内部审计隶属于总经理，接受总经理的领导，并定期向总经理报告工作，可代表总经理对下属各单位部门进行经常性的审计监督，在这种设置方式下的内部审计具有一定的独立性和权威性④内部审计隶属于财会部门，由财会部门的主要负责人领导并向其汇报工作，独立性和权威性较弱3 注册会计师审计的产生和发展（1）我国注册会计师审计的产生和发展1918年9月北洋政府颁布《会计师暂行章程》，同年谢霖领取第一号会计师证书，创办了我国第一家会计师事务所：正则会计师事务所，标志着我国注册会计师制度正式诞生（2）国外注册会计师审计的产生和发展①详细审计阶段：注册会计师起源于16世纪的意大利合伙企业制度特点：注册会计师审计的法律地位得到了法律确认；审计的目的主要是查错防弊，保证企业资产的安全完整；审计报告的使用人主要为企业股东；审计的方法是对会计账目进行详细审计，即对有关的凭证、账簿、会计报表等资料进行周密、详尽地逐笔审查与稽核。

《审计学》全书知识点汇总

1．审计主体审计主体具有独立性，•它有两方面的含义：一是它有独立的机构和人员，而非所有者自身监督。

二是与被审主体在组织上、经济上、工作过程中(或精神上)保持独立。

独立性是审计的最基本的特征，这种特征在审计主体上得到充分体现。

2．审计客体审计客体包括审计谁，审什么内容。

对会计资料及其反映的经济活动进行审计时，着重审查评价其真实性、合法性和效益性。

审计的基本职能是监督，还有监察、鉴证和评价。

审计对象的主要内容包括上述部门的财政预算、信贷、财务收支(负债、资产、损益)和决算,以及与财政财务收支有关的经济活动及其经济效益。

审计署还将把审计对象延伸到中央驻香港机构和中资企业国有资产管理的基本情况。

(完整版)《审计学》全书知识点汇总

《审计学》全书知识点汇总同学们：为便于大家对本课程内容能够抓住重点并深刻理解,中央电大《审计学》课程组将各章重点内容提炼如下，供大家学习时参考。

第一章总论一、审计的涵义审计是由独立的机构和人员，运用会计检查、财产清查等特定方法，对有关部门和单位的会计资料及其所反映的财政财务活动的真实性、合法性和效益性进行监察、鉴证和评价，以保护其财产安全,提高其经济效益的一种经济监督形式。

1．审计主体审计主体具有独立性，•它有两方面的含义：一是它有独立的机构和人员，而非所有者自身监督。

二是与被审主体在组织上、经济上、工作过程中（或精神上）保持独立。

独立性是审计的最基本的特征，这种特征在审计主体上得到充分体现。

2．审计客体审计客体包括审计谁，审什么内容。

对会计资料及其反映的经济活动进行审计时,着重审查评价其真实性、合法性和效益性。

3．审计主体对审计客体的作用方式的特征它涉及两个方面:一是审计主体对审计客体能产生什么功能作用,表现为审计的职能；二是审计主体对审计客体发生功能作用的实现方式，表现为审计的方法。

审计的基本职能是监督,还有监察、鉴证和评价。

二、审计的分类审计可以按不同的标志进行分类，具体表现为:(一) 审计按主体分类为国家审计、民间审计和内部审计1.国家审计国家审计的特征主要是在审计主体、审计内容和被审计单位上，体现了国家所有权的特征.《审计法》规定：我国国家审计对象的实体即被审计单位是指所有作为会计单位的中央和地方的各级财政部门、中央银行和国有金融机构、行政机关、国家的事业组织、国有企业、基本建设单位等。

审计对象的主要内容包括上述部门的财政预算、信贷、财务收支(负债、资产、损益)和决算,以及与财政财务收支有关的经济活动及其经济效益。

审计署还将把审计对象延伸到中央驻香港机构和中资企业国有资产管理的基本情况。

2.民间审计由于民间审计可以接受不同所有者委托的特征,不仅民间审计主体采取法人的形式,而且，其审计活动也是通过委托受托进行的，其被审单位依委托审计的主体的所有权性质不同而各异.3.内部审计由于内部审计只是代表某一特定的所有者或集团。

审计学一种整合方式讲义

Learning Objective 2
Describe the fraud triangle and identify conditions for fraud.
The Fraud Triangle
Incentives/Pressures
Opportunities
Attitudes/Rationalization
A history of violations of laws is known
Management has a practice of making
overly aggressive or unrealistic forecasts
Examples of Risk Factors for Misappropriation of Assets
11
by directors
6
Ineffective or
10
nonexistent ethics or
8
compliance program
7
2003
1998
1994
Learning Objective 5
Develop responses to identified fraud risks.
Responding to the Risk of Fraud
11
11
Kickbacks
9
6
Financial reporting
7
fraud
3
2003
1998
Specific Fraud Risk Areas
Revenue and accounts receivable fraud risks Inventory fraud risks Purchases and accounts payable fraud risks Other areas of fraud risk

审计学-一种整合的方法

2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder
8 - 15
Management and Governance
Management establishes the strategies and processes followed by the client's business. Governance includes the client's organizational structure, as well as the activities of the board of directors and the audit committee. Corporate charter and bylaws Code of ethics Meeting minutes
2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder
8-5
Planning an Audit and Designing an Audit Approach
Set materiality and assess acceptable audit risk and inherent risk. Understand internal control and assess control risk. Gather information to assess fraud risks. Develop overall audit plan and audit program.
2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder

《审计学》全书知识点汇总

《审计学》全书知识点汇总同学们：为便于大家对本课程内容能够抓住重点并深刻理解，中央电大《审计学》课程组将各章重点内容提炼如下,供大家学习时参考。

第一章总论一、审计的涵义审计是由独立的机构和人员,运用会计检查、财产清查等特定方法，对有关部门和单位的会计资料及其所反映的财政财务活动的真实性、合法性和效益性进行监察、鉴证和评价,以保护其财产安全,提高其经济效益的一种经济监督形式。

1．审计主体审计主体具有独立性,•它有两方面的含义：一是它有独立的机构和人员,而非所有者自身监督。

二是与被审主体在组织上、经济上、工作过程中(或精神上）保持独立.独立性是审计的最基本的特征，这种特征在审计主体上得到充分体现.2．审计客体审计客体包括审计谁，审什么内容。

对会计资料及其反映的经济活动进行审计时,着重审查评价其真实性、合法性和效益性.3．审计主体对审计客体的作用方式的特征它涉及两个方面：一是审计主体对审计客体能产生什么功能作用，表现为审计的职能；二是审计主体对审计客体发生功能作用的实现方式,表现为审计的方法。

审计的基本职能是监督，还有监察、鉴证和评价。

二、审计的分类审计可以按不同的标志进行分类，具体表现为：（一) 审计按主体分类为国家审计、民间审计和内部审计1.国家审计国家审计的特征主要是在审计主体、审计内容和被审计单位上，体现了国家所有权的特征。

审计对象的主要内容包括上述部门的财政预算、信贷、财务收支（负债、资产、损益）和决算,以及与财政财务收支有关的经济活动及其经济效益.审计署还将把审计对象延伸到中央驻香港机构和中资企业国有资产管理的基本情况。

2.民间审计由于民间审计可以接受不同所有者委托的特征，不仅民间审计主体采取法人的形式，而且,其审计活动也是通过委托受托进行的，其被审单位依委托审计的主体的所有权性质不同而各异。

审计学：一种整合方法(14)学习笔记