动词的-ing形式

动词的-ing形式
动词的ing形式包括现在分词（Present Participle）和动名词（Gerund）。

具有名词、代词、形容词、副词的特征，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、主语补足语、定语状语。

动词的-ing形式的时态和语态
时态/语态主动语态被动语态
一般式doing being done
完成式having done having been done
否定式在doing前面加not
动词的-ing形式的逻辑主语
带有逻辑主语的-ing形式称为-ing形式的复合结构。

当-ing形式的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致时，要在-ing形式前加上物主代词或名词所有格，构成-ing形式的复合结构。

其中物主代词（名词所有格）是逻辑上的主语，-ing形式是逻辑上的谓语。

-ing形式的复合结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、状语等，分别相当于一个主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、状语从句。

Her coming to help encouraged all of us. (= That she came to help encouraged all of us.)
她来帮忙鼓舞了我们。

Jane’s being careless caused so much trouble. (= That Jane was careless caused so much trouble.) 简这么粗心惹了不少麻烦。

What’s troubling us is their not doing away with so many cigarette ads. (What’s troubling us is that they have not done away with so many cigarette ads.)
令我们烦恼的是他们没有消除过多的香烟广告。

在口语中，如果-ing形式作宾语，其中的物主代词常用人称代词的宾格，名词所有格常用名词普通格来代替，但在句首作主语则不行。

Would you mind my/me using your telescope? 你介意我用一下你的望远镜吗？
The father insisted on his son’s/his son going to college. 父亲坚决要求儿子上大学。

Mary’s (不可用Mary) being ill made her mother upset. 玛丽病了，这使她妈妈很着急。

Your (不可用You) going there will help a lot. 你去那将会有很大帮助。

注：下列情况-ing形式的逻辑主语必须用名词普通格或人称代词宾格。

①无生命名词
The baby was made awake by the door suddenly shutting. 婴儿被猛烈的关门声吵醒。

②有生命名词但表示泛指意义
Have you ever heard of women practising boxing? 你听说过妇女练拳击吗？
③两个及以上有生命名词并列
Do you remember your parents and me talking about this?
你记得你父母和我谈论过这事吗？
动词的-ing形式的语法功能：在句中作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、主语补足语、定语、状语等。

①作主语：表示一种概念、习惯或经验。

常用it作形式主语，把-ing形式置于句尾，常用于固定句型。

Reading is an art. 读书是一种艺术。

Working in this conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer.
在这种条件下工作不是一种乐趣而是一种痛苦
It is no good/use crying over spilt milk. 作无益的后悔是无用的。

It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us.
劝说这样的人加入我们真是浪费时间。

②作宾语：A 作动词的宾语，某些动词后只能用动词的-ing形式作宾语。

He tried to avoid answering my question. 他试图避而不答我的问题。

I s uggest leaving now. 我建议现在就离开。

常用后接动词的-ing形式作宾语的动词有：
admit 承认advise 建议allow 允许avoid 避免
can’t help 禁不住can’t stand 忍不住consider 考虑delay 推迟
enjoy 喜欢finish 完成give up 放弃imagine 想象
include 包括keep 保持mind 介意miss 错过
put off 推迟practise 练习resist 抵抗keep on 继续
B作介词的宾语，和固定搭配相关。

We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term.
我们正考虑为下学期制定新计划。

Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我们休息呢还是开始干活？
We should prevent the river from being polluted. 我们应阻止河流被污染。

固定的“动+介”搭配：
admit to承认be/get/become used to习惯于be equal to等于，胜任
devote to致力于depend on依靠get down to着手
insist on坚持look forward to期待object to反对
stick to坚持take to开始see to注意、处理
set about着手lead to导致pay attention to注意
think about考虑succeed in成功worry about担心
另还有“名+介”“形+介”结构
Our chemistry teacher has a strange way of making his class lively and interesting.
我们的化学老师有一种能使课堂生动有趣的奇特方法。

There is still hope of achieving more success though you are faced with lots of difficulties.
尽管你面临很多困难但仍有希望获得成功。

I’m tired of having the same food every day. 我厌倦了天天吃同样的东西。

Peter is angry about not being invited to the party. 没有被邀请参加聚会，彼得很生气。

③作宾语补足语
A 动词的-ing形式可以在see,hear,notice,watch,feel,smell,look at,listen to,observe,find等表示感官和心理状态的动词后面作宾补，和宾语一起构成复合宾语。

When I was young, I preferred to watch trains pulling in and out.
我小时候喜欢看火车进站和出站的情景。

I suddenly felt myself being hit by a heavy fist. 我突然感到被重重地打了一拳。

B 动词的-ing 形式也可以在have,get,leave,keep,send等动词后作宾语补足语。

The man left us standing alone, unable to find any help.
那个人让我们单独站在那儿，无法找到任何帮助。

Don’t have your children working hard at their homework all the time.
不要让你的孩子一直不停地做作业。

Parents should learn to keep their children most often using their mind.
父母应经常让自己的孩子开动脑筋。

④作表语
A -ing形式作表语时，句子主语常是无生命名词或what引导的名词性从句。

表语-ing 形式与主语通常是对等关系，表示主语的内容。

主语、表语可互换位置。

Your task is cleaning the windows.(=Cleaning the window is your task.)
你的任务就是擦窗户。

What I hate most is being laughed at.(=Being laughed at is what I hate most.)
我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。

B 表示主语的某种性质或状态
What you said is really inspiring.你所说的真令人鼓舞。

The speech you delivered is very interesting and encouraging.
你的演讲很有趣且很鼓舞人。

⑤作定语
动词的-ing形式作定语一般有两种含义，有的前置，有的后置。

A 表示被修饰词的某种用途，此时多前置。

a walking stick(=a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking) 拐杖
a washing machine(=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing)洗衣机
a reading room(a room for reading=a room which is used for reading) 阅览室
sleeping pills(=pills for sleeping=pills which are used for sleeping) 安眠药
常用必备：
a bathing cap浴帽 a changing room更衣室
a waiting room等候室 a watering can喷壶
a guessing game猜字游戏 a collecting tin募捐盒
an ironing board烫衣板 a hiding place藏身处
a racing car赛车an operating table手术台
building materials建筑材料 a diving board跳板
a writing table写字台reading materials阅读材料
closing speech闭幕词opening speech开幕词
working hours工作时间 a dancing hall舞厅
B表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可以表示经常性的动作或当时的状态。

⑴形容词性的动词-ing形式作定语一般置于被修饰词前
He is a promising young man.他是一个有前途的年轻人。

Have you got some interesting storybooks for children?
你有一些儿童读的有趣的故事书吗？
⑵表进行意义的单个动词的-ing形式作定语，一般置于被修饰词前,表示当时的状态
Make less noise. There is a sleeping child. 少弄出点噪音，有个孩子在睡觉。

China is a fast developing country. 中国是一个快速发展的国家。

常用必备：
falling leaves落叶boiling water开水
the setting sun落日the rising sun冉冉升起的太阳
the coming week下周the following questions下面的问题
a barking dog狂吠的狗 a hard-working people勤劳的民族
C动词的-ing形式短语作定语
动词-ing短语作定语置于被修饰词后，其用法相当于一个定语从句。

The young man sitting between John and Mary is the editor of the campus newspaper.
→The young man who is sitting between John and Mary is the editor of the campus newspaper.
坐在约翰和玛丽之间的那个年轻人是校报的编辑。

The man, having been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.
→The man, who had been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.
由于被严重困扰，这个人几乎失去了记忆。

注：动词-形式的完成式一般不作定语，若要表达完整意义最好用定语从句。

The girl having won the race is my classmate. (×)
The girl who has won the race is my classmate. (√)
赢得这场比赛的女孩是我的同桌。

非限制性的完成式作定语或所修饰的词是泛指关系，没有这个限制。

Charlie, having lived in Paris, decided to return to London.
在巴黎呆过多年，查里决定重返伦敦。

Anyone having passed the test has got a prize. 任何通过考试的人都能得到一份奖品。

⑥作状语
动词的-ing形式可以作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。

A 时间状语：常置于句首，也可置于句末
Arriving in Paris, I lost my way. 到达巴黎后，我迷了路。

Hearing the exciting news, the boy jumped for joy.
听着令人激动的消息，小男孩高兴地跳了起来。

B 原因状语：一般置于句首
Having smoked too much, he has suffered from lung cancer.由于抽烟太多，他患了肺炎。

Not knowing her address, I might as well telephoned her to come over.
不知道她的地址，我只好打电话让她过来。

C 结果状语：常置于句尾
The fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing valuable.
大火持续了近一个月，几乎没剩下什么有用的东西。

Football is played in more than 80 countries, making it a popular sport.
80多个国家踢足球，因此足球成了一种很受欢迎的运动。

用法比较之不定式和形式作结果状语的不同：不定式往往表示出乎意料的结果，-形式往往与主句有因果关系，表示自然而然的结果。

She fell off the bike, breaking her leg.她从自行车上摔下来，摔断了左腿。

I woke up in the morning, to find the outside world greatly changed.
我早晨醒来，发现外面的世界变了。

D 方式、伴随状语
I stand by the door, not daring to say a word.我站在门旁，不敢说一句话。

My parents wrote me a letter telling me to change a job. 我父母来信叫我换个工作。

Morris lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time.
莫里斯躺在草地上，长时间的望着天空。

Talking and laughing, the children walked one by one into the classroom.
孩子们有说有笑地一个一个地进了教室。

E 条件状语：一般置于句首
Going straight down the road, you will find the department store.
顺着这条路一直走，你就会发现那家百货商店。

Working hard at your lessons, you are to succeed.
如果你努力学习你的功课，就一定能成功。

F 让步状语
Knowing all this, I still want to it for myself.
尽管知道了一切情况，我还是想亲自去看一看。

Working hard as he was, he still couldn’t succeed.
他虽然和过去一样努力工作，但仍未成功。

G 程度状语：动词的-形式在习惯用法中可作程度状语，以为“很、非常、极度”，换成，句意并无改变，只是语气弱一点。

I t’s burning hot today.今天非常热。

It was freezing cold yesterday.昨天天气太冷了。

H 评论性状语：有些惯用的-形式在句里可以没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在，往往作为句子的独立成分来修饰全句，表明说话者的态度、观点等。

generally speaking一般说来strictly speaking严格说来roughly speaking大致说来broadly speaking广义上说narrowly speaking侠义上说judging from/by由······判断considering考虑到providing如果
Considering the time, we have decided to start early tomorrow morning.
考虑到时间，我们决定明天一早出发。

Generally speaking, girls are more interested in literature than boys.
一般说来，女孩比男孩更喜欢文学。

Judging from her accent, she must come from Arabian countries.
从他的口音判断，他很可能来自阿拉伯国家。