5科技英汉句子翻译
科技英语阅读段落翻译
Space explorationRobots will not only help us on this world. But will also help us explore other worlds. In fact, space exploration is one of the most promising usages for robots. Since these machines are not so susceptible to the elements that could hurt or kill people. Robots can withstand radiation, heat, cold and can function without an atmosphere. Also robots have a much longer life span. So voyages to other solar systems as well as other planets would be possible. Robots could communicate with us and if something went wrong and destroyed, the space vehicle and a machine would be lost, not a human being.机器人用于空间探索机器人不仅会在这个星球上帮助我们,而且还将帮助我们探索别的星球。
实际上,空间探索就是机器人最有前途的用途之一,知识因为机器人对于机器人会使人伤亡的自然环境和条件不很敏感。
机器人能经受得住辐射,耐热又耐寒,而且能在没有大气的环境中的工作。
此外,机器人的使用寿命长得多。
因此不但可飞往别的行星,而且可飞往别的星系。
机器人可跟我们进行通信联络,要是有什么东西除了毛病,而损坏了宇宙飞行器的话,失去的是机器人而不是人。
科技英汉翻译练3.1
Ex. 3 (1)1.The voltage across this capacitor is a few hundredths of a volt.该容器两端的电压为零点零几伏。
2.The output of the factory ten years ago was only one fifth what it is now [onefifth its present output].十年前该厂的产量仅是现在的五分之一。
3.The difference between these two values is 13 parts in 104.这两个数值之差为万分之十三。
4.Of the first four chapters, Chapter 3 is the most important.前四章中,第三章最为重要。
/第三章是前四章中最重要的。
5.In this case, current leads voltage by 90o.这种情况下,电流导前电压90°。
6.Now it is necessary for us to solve this equation for that unknown.现在我们需要解出这个方程,求出那个未知数。
7.Upon substitution of these values, it is found that v is equal to the velocity oflight.代入这些值后,即可得v等于光速。
8.In their study of electricity, physicists defined electric field intensity.在电学研究中,物理学家们给出了电场强度的定义。
9.This coefficient remains to be determined.这一系数待定。
10.Here we use two metal balls two meters apart.这里我们使用相距两米的两个金属球。
科技英语翻译(1)
ENGLISH FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Historically,“three peaks”in translation movements:东汉至唐宋的Buddhism scripture 的翻译、明末清初的科技翻译、鸦片 战争至‘五四“ 的西学翻译。( First Opium War (Britain’s invasion of China, 1840-1842) In terms of scope, quality, and contribution to the development of the nation, the current one is unprecedented.
形象生动,句式简单,强烈的审美意识, 文字生动而感人。
专业术语,正式的客观描述词汇,较长的
名词化结构,客观事实,文字严谨而客观。
2. 与英语口语文体的对比 An old lady who was listening exclaimed: It beats all how folks do things nowadays. When I was a gal, they made a hole in each end of an egg and sucked. A young lady back home from school was explaining. “ Take an egg.” She said, “ and make a perforation in the base and a corresponding one in the apex, then apply the lips to the aperture, and by forcibly inhaling the breath, the shell is entirely discharged of its contents.”
科技英语翻译
科技英语翻译科技英语(English for Science and Technology,简称EST)是从事科学技术活动时所使用的英语,是英语的一种变体(科技文体)。
科技英语自70年代以来引起了人们的广泛关注和研究,目前已发展成为一种重要的英语语体。
本节所讨论的科技英语主要指描述、探讨自然科学各专业的著作、论文、实验报告,科技实用手段(包括仪器、仪表、机械、工具等)的结构描述和操作说明等。
一、科技英语的文体特点科技英语由于其内容、使用域和语篇功能的特殊性,也由于科技工作者长期以来的语言使用习惯,形成了自身的一些特点,使其在许多方面有别于日常英语、文学英语等语体。
这些特点主要表现在词汇和句法两个层面上:(一)词汇层面(1)专业术语多。
专业术语指某一学科领域所特有或专用的语汇,其词义常不为专业外读者所明白,如cryogenics (低温学)、norepinephrine (新肾上腺素)等。
这些专业术语的特点是:a. 词形较长,大多含有源于拉丁语、希腊语和法语的词根、词缀。
这类词语的语义范围较为狭窄,意义较为明确固定,符合科技英语准确明晰的要求。
如:nucleonics (核子学),semisomnus (半昏迷),autoradiography (自动射线照相术),excoriation (表皮脱落)等。
b. 多复合词。
人们常常通过各种构词方法创造出一些复合词来表示科技发展中出现的新事物,如radiophotography (无线电传真),anti-armored fighting vehicle missile(反装甲车导弹)等。
c. 多缩略词。
为使用便利和节省时间,科技英语同经贸英语一样,也有许多缩略词,如cpd (compound化合物),FM (frequency modulation 调频),telesat(telecommunications satellite通讯卫星)等。
(2)准专业术语和词汇多。
科技英语的特点及译法week 8 week9
"听说有个很好的工作要你去干。"
"挺好的工作"。 "打算干吗?" "不。" "为什么不干?" "不想干"。
Features
这是小说中的一段对说,属于口语文体。其特
点是:用词自由,句法结构简单,短句与省略 句多,自然朴素,生活气息浓厚。
在译文中进一步体现汉语口语的特点,省去主
语 " 你 " 、 " 我 " ; 将 英 语 的 一 个 句 子 I don't think so.干脆译成一个字"不",显得简洁有 力。
科技词汇在科技英语里大量使用,主要包括以下几类:
Vocabulary Features
3. 派生词汇,指通过合成、转化和派生构词手段而构成的词 汇。这种词汇在科技英语文献中占有很大的比重。例如,由 前缀hydro-,hyper-,hypo- 和inter- 构成的词条在科技英语 中就有二干多条;以表示学科的后缀-logy,-ics 和表示行为、 性质、状态等的后缀-tion,-sion,-ance,-ence ,- ment 等 结尾构成的词汇在科技英语文献中俯拾即是。 4. 拉丁语、希腊词素, 是现代科技词汇的主要基础。 5. 动词常用单个动词代替“动词+副词(介词)”如absorb take in; discover find out; assemble put together 6. 缩写词也是科技英语词汇的重要组成部分,具有经济、简 便的优点。maths (mathematics)数学(裁减式缩略词) cpd (compound)化合物 FM(frequency modulation)调频(用首字母组成的缩略词)
科技英文翻译方法
➢ well-known
carbon steel
rust-resistance
by-product
atomic weight
periodic table
acid ionization constant
activization energy
common ion effect
rate of a reaction
科技英语的教学目的
◆ 词汇★(构词法、词头、词尾、缩写词词汇的构成) ◆ 阅读与翻译★(较熟练地阅读和翻译英文化学文献) ◆ 写作(论文英文摘要和简单综述) ◆ 听、说能力
科技英语翻译基础
➢ 一、简介 ➢ 二、单词译法 ➢ 三、词类转换的译法 ➢ 四、句子成分转换的译法 ➢ 五、词序转变的译法 ➢ 六、被动语态 ➢ 七、后置定语 ➢ 八、长句(难句)
Ø Acids react with certain metals to produce hydrogen. Ø A mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen forms ammonia in
the reaction. Ø Silver hydroxide is easy to break down into the oxide
科技英语的语法特点
3. 复杂长句多
科技文章要求叙述准确,推理严谨,英语句子往往很 长,必须按照汉语习惯翻译成若干简单句。
ØObjectionable hydrogen sulfide is removed from such a gas or from naturally occurring hydrocarbon gases by washing with various alkaline solutions in which it is absorbed.
科技英语翻译
12. However, even if prediction becomes possible, people who live in areas where earthquakes are a common occurrence will still have to do their best to prevent disasters by building structures that are resistant to ground movement and by being personally prepared. A: 然而,即便可以进行地震预测,居住在地震带 的人们的有效防震措施仍依赖于建筑物的抵抗地面 运动的结构和自我准备。 B: 然而,即使可以预测,居住在地震频发区的人们 还是应尽力预防灾难,办法是建造能够抗震的房屋, 同时做好个人准备。
10 It took many weary centuries for man to adapt fire to his needs in different ways. A. 人类经过了许多令人厌倦的世纪才学会如 何用不同的方法使火适合自己的需要。 B. 人类经历了许多个世纪枯燥无味的摸索, 才慢慢掌握了各种不同的方法,使火为自己 服务。
(四)拘泥于句子的表层结构,而不注意深层结构。 9 Not only does the computer gather facts, (but) it also stores them as fast as they are gathered. A. 计算机不仅能汇集资料,而且会像高速汇集资料 那样储存资料。 B. 计算机不仅能高速汇集资料,而且能以同样的速 度将其存储。
2 It is highly important to prolong the life of machines by regular lubrication. A. 用经常润滑的方法来提高机器的寿命是十 分重要的。 B. 定期润滑机器,以延长其寿命,这一点十 分重要。
科技英语翻译
I did not buy good seat for movie last day.This workshop processes raw material on client ’s demand and processes according to investor ’s sample as well.She works at Chinese service center for Scholarly Exchange.Cured tobacco, apples, wool and sweet potatoes are the four main agricultural products in Yan’an, their output values at 312 million yuan RMB, according for 5.2% of its total agricultural output values.It can be prophesied that titanium materials will be used increasing in aerospace and inother industries.某种与其他疾病伴发的高血压,称为继发性高血压本节内容如有更改,均见本书末附录。
That a microganismis capable of destroyingone of anther species was first discoveredbyPasteur, who pointed out that can be used to the therapeutic use.It’s truly amazing that they can produce cells that look like embryoric stem cells.It’s no accident of history that the first Earth Day in April 1970 came so soon after thecolor photograghs of the whole earth from space were made by homesick astronauts on theApollo 8 mission to the moon December 1968.There has been no doubt in my mind of the progress which you have achieved.I was all the more delighted when as a result of the initiative of your government,it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly.One cannot properly investigate the incredibly complex problems thrown up by the modern world and by recent development in our knowledge along the narrow front of a single discipline.The tiny tropical fish has long interested scientists because of its unique ability to repair damaged and diseased cells in their own eyes.One can never succeed without making great efforts.He felt greatly excited at the thought of going abroad for further study.I would appreciated if samples or brochure could be soon forward to us.I would appreciated it if you can reply as soon as possible.He had flown yesterday from Beijing where he spent his vocation after finishing the meeting he had taken part in Tianjing.为保证最大的分辨率必须选用薄层,为使误差最小必须选用厚层,实际上要权衡一下来选择厚度。
科技英语课文翻译及答案课后答案和译文
科技英语考试题型与分值Part I Match the words with their definition. Fill the number of the word in the bracket. (5%) 10个小题,每题0.5分。
Part II Translate English phrases to Chinese or Chinese ones to English.(30%)30个小题,每题1分。
1-20英译汉,21-30汉译英。
Part III. Translate the following sentences. (40%)10个句子,每个句子4分。
1-5英译汉,6-10汉译英。
Part IV. Reading comprehension (25%)A. Answer the following questions according to the articles in the textbook.(15%)5个问题,每题3分。
B.Choose the best answer from the four choices given. (10%)5个选择题,每题2分。
Unit 1 练习答案及课文译文Part 2 Reading AI1 F2 T3F 4T5T 6.F 7.T 8.T 9.F 10.TII1. Reducing the time and cost of product development and production.2. The product cycle is composed of two main processes:the design process and the manufacturing process.3. The activities involved in the design process can be classified largely as two types:synthesis and analysis.4. Rapid prototyping is becoming popular because this technology enables the construction of a prototype by deposition layers from the bottom to the top.5. This includes the preparation of drawings,reports,and bills of materials.III1.d2.e3.b4.j5.i6.c7.f8.h9.g 10.aIV1.处理速度2.用户友好的交互图形3. 产品周期4. 设计规格5. 设计评价6.CAD7.CAM8.CAE9.design process 10.production processV1. 除非能以较低的价格提供更好的质量及更短的交货时间提供新产品,否则任何企业都无法在当今的国际竞争中立足。
科技英语翻译
形合和意合1.昨天看电影我没有买到好票。
I did not buy good seat for movie last day.2.这个车间既做来料加工,又做来样加工。
This workshop processes raw material on client’s demand and processes according to investor’s sample as well. 3.她在中国留学服务中心工作。
She works at Chinese service center for Scholarly Exchange.4.烤烟,苹果,羊毛和甘薯是延安的四大农产品,年产量3.12亿元,占农业总产值的52.5%。
Cured tobacco, apples, wool and sweet potatoes are the four main agricultural products in Yan’an, their output values at 312 million yuan RMB, according for 5.2% of its total agricultural output values.5.可以预言,钛材在飞机或各种飞行器上的应用将会与日俱增,并且在其他工业中的应用也会扩大。
It can be prophesied that titanium materials will be used increasing in aerospace and in other industries.6.If rise of blood pressure occurs with some other disease, it is called secondary hypertension.某种与其他疾病伴发的高血压,称为继发性高血压7.Change of information, if any, concerning the contents of this section will be found in the appendix at the end of this book.本节内容如有更改,均见本书末附录。
张敏版 科技英语阅读教程 英译汉 中文翻译
Unlocking the Climate Puzzle解开气候之谜(1)Life has prospered on this planet for nearly four billion years. In that time, climate had fluctuated drastically, from ice ages lasting tens of thousands of years to epochsof steamy heat. With each change, sundry species have benefited and flourished. Others adapted, faltered, or died. Now, many experts believe, humans are imperiling their own ecological niche with the threat of global warming. The vaporousby-products of civilization, in the form of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (C0₂), have trapped enough heat in the atmosphere to raise Earth's average surface air temperature a half degree Celsius (one degree Fahrenheit) during this century. If the trend continues, it could alter climate patterns worldwide-thawing glaciers, boosting sea level, scorching plains into deserts, and shifting vegetation zones.(1)生命在这个星球上已经发展了近四十亿年。
科 技 英 语 翻 译
操作机器需要懂得机器的一些性能。 原文中的两个名词“operation, knowledge”均译为 动词。
(2)被动语态多
据统计,被动语态的句子在科技英语中约占1/3,比 非科技英语中被动句出现的频率高一倍左右,这是因为:
5. The quick brown fox jumps over a lazy dog. 那只敏捷的棕色狐狸跳过了一只懒惰的狗。
二 科技英语构词法
词是构成句子的要素,对词意理解的 好坏直接关系到翻译的质量。
所谓构词法即词的构成方法,即词在 结构上的规律。科技英语构词特点是外来 语多(很多来自希腊语和拉丁语);第二 个特点是构词方法多。除了非科技英语中 常用的三种构词法—转化、派生及合成法 外,还普遍采用压缩法、混成法、符号法 和字母象形法。
误译:力是任何倾向于产生或阻止运动的推或拉)
④The moment the circuit is completed, a current will start flowing toward the coil. 电路一接通,电流就开始流向线圈。 (the moment …一…就…) (误译:电路被完成这一片刻,一个电流将开 始流向这个线圈。)
否则就会误入歧途。科技英语的特点不仅表
现在科技内容上,而且还表现在其特有的语
言体系上。
二、 科技英语的主要特点 1、语法特点 主要表现在四多,即:
(1)词类转换多 所谓词类转换,即在翻译时将英文的某种词
类译成汉语的另一词类。产生这一现象的根本原 因在于英汉两种语言在表达方式上有很差别,因 此在翻译时,应符合各自的表达习惯。
科技英语翻译第9章详解
Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse
第1节 句子成分的译法 4. 宾语的译法 Instructions and microinstructions do not
have the same format. 指令和微指令的格式不同。〔译为主语〕 Each organism owes its existence to genes it
an energy source. 应当强调指出,激光器并不是一个能源。〔译为无主句〕
Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse
第1节 句子成分的译法 2. 谓语的译法 Using a person’s voice as an identifier is based on
Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse
第2节 否认句的译法 5.几乎否认句的译法 在英语中,几乎否认虽然没有完全否认,但肯定的含义很
少,通常这些句子中都含有barely,hardly, rarely, scarcely, few, little, seldom, almost no等表示几乎否认 的词。汉译时,可以为“极少〞、“几乎没〔不〕〞、 “很少〞等。 Little information is given as to the origin of life. 关于生命起源方面的资料极少。 Curiously, Uranus has almost no such excess heat. 奇怪的是天王星几乎没有这种多余的热量 。
Chapter Nine Translation from Sentence to Discourse
科技英语翻译
EST T ranslation1.概论1.1 科技英语翻译标准定义:语言翻译就是将一种语言文字所表达的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来的语言转换过程,是通过译者在不同语言之间进行的一种语言交流活动。
这一交流与转换过程,要求译者能够准确地表达译文所要表达的全部信息。
翻译标准:◆TranslationY an Fu: faithfulness, smoothness, elegance (信达雅)Qian Zhongshu: Transmigration (化境)Fu Lei: Spiritual Resemblance (神似)Eugene Nida: Equivalent Effect (等值)◆EST TranslationAccuracy Standardization Objectivity Smoothness Conciseness Logicality1.2 科技英语文体特点1.2.1 Extensive Use of T echnical T erminology专业术语指某一学科领域所特有或专用的语汇,其词义常不为专业外读者所明白。
词形较长,大多含有源于拉丁语、希腊语和法语的词根、词缀,语义范围较为狭窄,意义较为明确固定,符合科技英语准确明晰的要求。
多复合词、缩略词。
--Barothermograph自动压力温度计--Deformation变形--Equivalent force等效力--Frequency converter变频器1.2.2 Wide Use of Nominalization为使行文简洁,科技英语中多用表示动作或状态的抽象名词、起名词功用的V-ing形式以及名词短语结构。
--The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.地球绕轴自转,引起昼夜的变化。
(名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句,而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。
科技文翻译英汉对照
Ross Gregory WRc Swindon Frankland Road,Blagrove Swindon,Wiltshire England罗斯格雷戈里斯文顿弗兰克兰路,布拉格罗夫斯温顿英格兰,威尔特郡Thomas F. Zabel WRc Medmenham Medmenham,Oxfordshire England托马斯·f·扎贝尔汽车拉力英格兰牛津郡James K. Edzwald Professor,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Massachusetts Amherst,Massachusetts U.S.A.詹姆斯·k.爱德华教授,土木与环境工程系马萨诸塞大学阿默斯特,美国马萨诸塞州Sedimentation and flotation are solid-liquid separation processes used in water treatment mostly to lower the solids concentration,or load,on granular filters. As a result,filters can be operated more easily and cost effectively to produce acceptablequality filtered water. Many sedimentation and flotation processes and variants of them exist, and each has advantages and disadvantages. The most a ppropriate process for a particular application will depend on the water to be treated as well as local circumstances and requirements.水处理中的固液分离过程中使用沉降和浮选流程主要是为了降低固体颗粒浓度、颗粒过滤器或负载。
科技英汉翻译练习
Ex. 2翻译下列各句,注意将划线词转译成动词:By the use of ultrasonic waves, one can find out if there is a flaw in the metal.运用超声波,我们可以找出金属中的裂缝。
The positive charges being crowded upon a conductor results in the rise of the potential of the conductor.正电荷聚集在导体上,使导体的电位上升。
He made the assumption that the electronic charge is numerically equal to the charge on a hydrogen ion.他假定电子与氢离子的电荷数相等。
Biochemistry is the study of the molecular basis of life.生物化学是研究生命分子基础的一门学科。
/生物化学是在分子基础层面研究生命的学科。
They are very familiar with the performance of this type of transistor amplifier.他们非常熟悉这一类型晶体管放大器的性能。
翻译下列各句,注意将划线词转译成名词:The instrument is used to determine how fully the batteries are charged.这一仪器用来检测电池的充电程度。
My talk today is about Einstein’s Law of Relativity.今天,我的报告是关于爱因斯坦的相对论。
Mercury is appreciably volatile even at room temperature.即使在室温下,汞的挥发性也很强Most isotopes produced artificially are radioactive.大多数人工制造的同位素都具有放射性。
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科技文章为保证其简练性不会多用一个无用的字符,而为了体现其逻辑上的准确性,又不惜“泼墨”去论述。
因此从逻辑性方面讨论英汉翻译是十分必要的。
科技文体的逻辑性强主要表现在概念明确,判断合理和推理严密三个方面,下面就从概念(Concept)、判断(Judgment)和推理(Inference)这三方面加以分析:1.概念(Concept):概念(Concept)作为反映事物及其特有属性的思维方式,与词语是紧密联系在一起的。
在科技翻译中对原文表达某一概念的词语翻译不当,就会导致概念不准确的逻辑错误发生,主要表现在概念转移(change of concept),概念歧义(concept ambiguity),概念外延(concept extension);下面根据例1将这三个方面一一分析:1.1 概念转移(change of concept)概念转移(change of concept)与逻辑上所称的偷换概念(disguised displacement)类似,即在翻译过程中,由于表达不当,将原文中的某一概念改变成了另一`概念。
在这里,概念转移可指译文意思上的转移,也可指译文句法结构上的转移。
例 1.For example, a system initially containing a gaseous mixture of hydrogen, chlorine, and liquid water would very soon closely approach equilibrium with respect to water vapor and liquid water, through the evaporation of water, until the partial pressure of water vapor in the gaseous phase becomes essentially equal to the vapor pressure of liquid water at the temperature of the system.“原来含有氢、氯和液态水的气液混合体系,就水蒸气与液态水而言,会很快趋达平衡,这须要通过水的汽化,直到气相中的水蒸气的分压基本上等于在该体系下液态水的蒸汽压为止。
”对吗?解释:有两处概念转移:一是将“a gaseous mixture of hydrogen, chlorine and liquid water”译成了“氢、氯和液态水的混合。
”二是将“with respect to water vapor and liquid water” 译成了“就水蒸气与液态水而言”。
第一处:原文说该“system”包含的是“a gaseous mixture of hydrogen, chlorine”和“liquid water”。
出于对科技文体准确性的考虑,译文的读者不妨要问该“气液混合”中的“氢”和“氯”到底哪个是气态,还是都是“气态”;由原文可以得知“氢”和“氯”都是气态。
应直译为“气态氢、氯混合物和液态水”。
第二处:译者把“with respect to water vapor and liquid water”当作状语来译,诚然,“with respect to”意为“concerning”,可引导一个状语,但通过逻辑推理:该“system”原来只含有“液态水”和“气态氢、氯混合物”通过“水的汽化”使水蒸气和水达到一种平衡。
故“with respect to water vapor and liquid water”应做“equilibrium”的逻辑定语,而不应做本句话的状语。
译者把它当作状语来译,不符合逻辑(即发生了概念转移),并由此影响了语句的连贯性。
这里应译为“很快达到水蒸气和液态水的平衡”。
1.2概念外延(concept extension)概念外延(concept extension)指逻辑学中减少某一概念的内涵(concept intension),使其变为外延较大的概念。
概念扩大的结果是使其内涵减少,使得这一概念的表达变得模糊、笼统。
进行科技翻译时原文的某一概念在译文中被错误地扩大后,会使原文中明确的意思变得不明确、模糊不清。
再以例1为例:译者将“system”译为“体系”。
在汉语中,“体系”的概念要比“系统”大得多,这里的“system”究竟是“体系”还是“系统”呢?待看原文中说的是该“system”含有“a gaseous mixture of hydrogen, chlorine and liquid water”即“group of things”,故应是“系统”而不是“体系”:“set of ideas, theories, principles, etc. according to which something is done.”“system”译成汉语时既有“系统”的意思,也有“体系”的意思,这里,如译成“体系”,在汉语逻辑中,就使“system”的意思无端地扩大,不符合作者原意。
1.3 概念歧义(concept ambiguity)概念歧义(concept ambiguity)指一个表达概念A的词语同时用以表达概念B,从而使读者无法确定该词语在上下文中的确切含义。
在英汉科技翻译中,概念歧义也是影响翻译的一大因素。
在例1中,译者将“in the gaseous phase”译为“气相中”,既不是“气箱”,也不是“气象”,实在令人费解。
仔细思考后方明白:原来“phase”确有“相”的意思,如“the phases of the moon”(月相)和“in phase”:“being in the same state at the same time”(同相),译者把“in the gaseous phase”当作“in phase”来译了,但根据原文并列平衡关系(pressure of “water vapor in the gaseous phase”和pressure of “liquid water”),“phase”应译为“态”才符合上下文的意思,即“气态水蒸气的分压基本等于液态水的气压”。
译者把“in the gaseous phase”译为“气相”是因为没有注意这种并列平衡关系,另外更重要的是把“phase”在此处的含义曲解了。
科技文献英译汉常见的判断错误有:词的判断错误(judgment of words),结构的判断错误(judgment of structures)和内在关系的判断错误(judgment of internal links)。
2.1 词的判断(judgment of words)词的判断错误往往表现在译者把原文中指同一事物或表同一含义的不同的词判定为不同的事物或理解为不同的含义,翻译为不同的词。
科技文体中为了避免重复、罗嗦,在同一个句子中尽量不重复一个词。
这时需要译者判断其内在的逻辑关系,根据上下文的意思将原文中指同一事物的不同词都翻译成该事物,例如:例2:A seed consists of an embryo, a supply of food and one or more seed coats surrounding the young plant and its food supply.翻译:“种子含有胚、胚乳和一层或几层包在幼苗和它的胚乳外面的种皮。
”对吗?解释:分析该句内在逻辑“seed”包括“an embryo”,“a supply of food”和“one or more seeds coats”三样东西,而这个“seeds coats”是包在“young plant”和“food supply”外面的,那么可以做出判断:此句中“the young plant”和“embryo”指的应是同一事物“胚”,而不应该直译为“胚”和“幼苗”。
正确的译法是:正译:“种子含有胚、胚乳和一层或几层包在胚和胚乳外面的种皮。
”结构的判断是指译者对原文复杂的句型和结构把握不准,由一种结构错误地当成了另一种结构,这样势必会导致对原文产生错误的理解,因而误译就在所难免了。
例如:例3:Such activities as investigating the strength and uses of materials, extending the findings of pure mathematics to improve the sampling procedures used in agriculture or the social sciences, and developing the potentialities of atomic energy, are all examples of the work of the applied scientist or technologist.误译:“研究材料的强度及用途这一类的活动是应用科学家和技术工作者们活动的例子。
研究材料的强度及用途还可以推广到用纯数学成果改进农业和社会科学中的抽样过程。
”在这里,译者误以为“extending”和“developing”引导的现在分词短语作“strength and use of materials”的定语,没有注意到“such…as…”的搭配关系及由“as”引出的三个并列的现在分词(investigating,extending 和developing)短语共同作“activities”的定语,以至于译文意思不连贯,令人费解。
正确的翻译应为:正译:“应用科学家和技术工作者在这方面的活动的例子有:研究材料的强度及用途,推广纯数学成果以使改进农业和社会科学中的抽样过程开发原子潜能。
”2.3 内在关系的判断(judgment of internal links)科技文体的逻辑性也表现在其文章的内在逻辑上,一段话的句与句之间有着承接、因果等等关系,故在进行英汉科技翻译时,要求译者不仅读懂原文的字面意思,还要理解原文的内在逻辑,以做出正确的判断,这样才能理解上下文的关系,译文才会正确,再以例1为例:原文中说该系统初使状态含有“气态氢和氯”和“液态水”,最后状态却是达到“水蒸气”和“液态水”的平衡。
这时需要做出判断:“水蒸气”是从哪儿来的?原来“水蒸气”是由“液态水”气化而来。
一开始,“液态水”就汽化生成“水蒸气”,这些“水蒸气”同时也液化变成“液态水”,只不过,此时“液态水”汽化生成“水蒸气”的速率比“水蒸气”液化的速率大,使得外在表现为“液态水”汽化生成“水蒸气”。