雅思阅读基础词汇-剑8
剑8test2 Reading Passage 1
Reading Passage 1篇章结构解题地图 难度系数：★★★解题顺序：按出题顺序解题即可友情提示：此篇文章为典型的“划片”型，第1～8题对应前三段，第9～13题对应第三段后半部分以及其后的段落，可按照顺序逐个答题。
必背词汇 1. molten adj. 熔化的molten iron熔铁，铁水molten lava(=liquid rock from a volcano)熔岩，岩浆2. virtually adv. 实际上；几乎Virtually all the children come to school by bus. 几乎所有的孩子都乘公交车上学。
He was virtually unknown before running for office. 他参加竞选前几乎不为人知。
3. guarantee v. 保证，担保I guarantee you'll love this film. 我保证你会喜欢这部电影的。
The law guarantees equal rights for men and women. 这部法律保证了男女享有平等的权利。
4. coincidence n. 巧合，一致By coincidence, John and I both ended up at Yale. John和我碰巧都进入了耶鲁。
It was a happy coincidence that Robert arrived at the same time.Robert也同时到达，真是个令人开心的巧合。
5. inspection n. 视察，检查An inspection was carried out at the school. 学校接受了一次视察。
However，on closer inspection, a number of problems emerged.然而，经过更为仔细的检查，发现了很多问题。
(完整word版)剑桥雅思8阅读理解解析含翻译
剑桥雅思8-第三套试题-阅读部分-PASSAGE 1-阅读真题原文部分:READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Striking Back at Lightning With LasersSeldom is the weather more dramatic than when thunderstorms strike. Their electrical fury inflicts death or serious injury on around 500 people each year in the United States alone. As the clouds roll in, a leisurely round of golf can become a terrifying dice with death - out in the open, a lone golfer may be a lightning bolt's most inviting target. And there is damage to property too. Lightning damage costs American power companies more than $100 million a year.But researchers in the United States and Japan are planning to hit back. Already in laboratory trials they have tested strategies for neutralising the power of thunderstorms, and this winter they will brave real storms, equipped with an armoury of lasers that they will be pointing towards the heavens to discharge thunderclouds before lightning can strike.The idea of forcing storm clouds to discharge their lightning on command is not new. In the early 1960s, researchers tried firing rockets trailing wires into thunderclouds to set up an easy discharge path for the huge electric charges that these clouds generate. The technique survives to this day at a test site in Florida run by the University of Florida, with support from the Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI), based in California. EPRI, which is funded by power companies, is looking at ways to protect the United States' power grid from lightning strikes. 'We can cause the lightning to strike where we want it to using rockets, ' says Ralph Bernstein, manager of lightning projects at EPRI. The rocket site is providing precise measurements of lightning voltages and allowing engineers to check how electrical equipment bears up.Bad behaviourBut while rockets are fine for research, they cannot provide the protection from lightning strikes that everyone is looking for. The rockets cost around $1, 200 each, can only be fired at a limited frequency and their failure rate is about 40 per cent. And even when they do trigger lightning, things still do not always go according to plan. 'Lightning is not perfectly well behaved, 'says Bernstein. 'Occasionally, it will take a branch and go someplace it wasn't supposed to go. ' And anyway, who would want to fire streams of rockets in a populated area? 'What goes up must come down, ' points out Jean-Claude Diels of the University of New Mexico. Diels is leading a project, which is backed by EPRI, to try to use lasers to discharge lightning safely - and safety is a basic requirement since no one wants to put themselves or their expensive equipment at risk. With around $500, 000 invested so far, a promising system is just emerging from the laboratory.The idea began some 20 years ago, when high-powered lasers were revealing their ability to extract electrons out of atoms and create ions. If a laser could generate a line of ionisation in the air all the way up to a storm cloud, this conducting path could be used to guide lightning to Earth, before the electric field becomes strong enough to break down the air in an uncontrollable surge. To stop the laser itself being struck, it would not be pointed straight at the clouds. Instead it would be directed at a mirror, and from there into the sky. The mirror would be protected by placing lightning conductors close by. Ideally, the cloud-zapper (gun)would be cheap enough to be installed around all key power installations, and portable enough to be taken to international sporting events to beam up at brewing storm clouds.A stumbling blockHowever, there is still a big stumbling block. The laser is no nifty portable: it's a monster that takes up a whole room. Diels is trying to cut down the size and says that a laser around the size of a small table is in the offing. He plans to test this more manageable system on live thunderclouds next summer.Bernstein says that Diels's system is attracting lots of interest from the power companies. But they have not yet come up with the $5 million that EPRI says will be needed to develop a commercial system, by making the lasers yet smaller and cheaper. 'I cannot say I have money yet, but I'm working on it, ' says Bernstein. He reckons that the forthcoming field tests will be the turning point - and he's hoping for good news. Bernstein predicts 'an avalanche of interest and support' if all goes well. He expects to see cloud-zappers eventually costing 100, 000 each.Other scientists could also benefit. With a lightning 'switch' at their fingertips, materials scientists could find out what happens when mighty currents meet matter. Diels also hopes to see the birth of 'interactive meteorology' - not just forecasting the weather but controlling it. 'If we could discharge clouds, we might affect the weather, ' he says.And perhaps, says Diels, we'll be able to confront some other meteorological menaces. 'We think we could prevent hail by inducing lightning, ' he says. Thunder, the shock wave that comes from a lightning flash, is thought to be the trigger for the torrential rain that is typical of storms. A laser thunder factory could shake the moisture out of clouds, perhaps preventing the formation of the giant hailstones that threaten crops. With luck, as the storm clouds gather this winter, laser-toting researchers could, for the first time, strike back.Questions 1-3Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.1 The main topic discussed in the text isA the damage caused to US golf courses and golf players by lightning strikes.B the effect of lightning on power supplies in the US and in Japan.C a variety of methods used in trying to control lightning strikes.D a laser technique used in trying to control lightning strikes.2 According to the text, every year lightningA does considerable damage to buildings during thunderstorms.B kills or injures mainly golfers in the United States.C kills or injures around 500 people throughout the world.D damages more than 100 American power companies.3 Researchers at the University of Florida and at the University of New MexicoA receive funds from the same source.B are using the same techniques.C are employed by commercial companies.D are in opposition to each other.Questions 4-6Complete the sentences below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 4-6 on your answer sheet.4 EPRI receives financial support from………………………….5 The advantage of the technique being developed by Diels is that it can be used……………….6 The main difficulty associated with using the laser equipment is related to its……………….Questions 7-10Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.In this method, a laser is used to create a line of ionisation by removing electrons from 7 …………………………. This laser is then directed at 8 …………………………in order to control electrical charges, a method which is less dangerous than using 9 …………………………. As a protection for the lasers, the beams are aimed firstly at 10………………………….A cloud-zappersB atomsC storm cloudsD mirrorsE techniqueF ionsG rockets H conductors I thunderQuestions 11-13Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this11 Power companies have given Diels enough money to develop his laser.12 Obtaining money to improve the lasers will depend on tests in real storms.13 Weather forecasters are intensely interested in Diels's system.READING PASSAGE 1篇章结构体裁说明文主题用激光回击闪电结构第1段：闪电带来的危害第2段：科研人员正在研究回击闪电的方法第3段：先前的闪电回击术介绍第4段：火箭回击术的缺陷第5段：更安全的激光回击术第6段：激光回击术的技术原理第7段：激光回击术的缺陷第8段：通过实地实验改进激光回击术第9段：激光回击术对其他学科也有益处第10段：激光回击术的其他用途解题地图难度系数：★★★解题顺序：按题目顺序解答即可友情提示：烤鸭们注意：本文中的SUMMARY题目顺序有改变，解题要小心；MULTIPLE CHOICE的第三题是个亮点，爱浮想联翩的烤鸭们可能会糊掉。
雅思阅读八大考点词「」
雅思阅读八大考点词「」雅思阅读八大考点词「汇总」导语：雅思阅读各种出题点，万变不离其宗，路标词(Signpost Words)决定一切。
以下是小编为大家精心整理的雅思阅读八大考点词【汇总】，欢迎大家参考！1.并列递进：(段落开头出现这些词，可以判断出这一段以及上一段的主要内容)not only but alsofurtherthennextsubsequentfirstly…..an alternative to this notion is … 对......的替换2.对比转折转折：On the other hand，however, but, nevertheless, nonetheless,让步词：(中文是虽然+但是，英文中只有一个)despite, inspite of, although, though, albeit, even if, even thoughby contrast, by comparison3.相似不同相同: similar, alike, as, resemble, identical不同：different, distinguished, unique, distinctive,unlike,阻止......的大规模消失=实现多样性：species diversity,linguistic variety, 万花筒：kaleidoscope ，multiplicity 多样性, multifaceted 多面性我们要拯救语言，不让其消失。
we should save the languages.we should prevent languages from extinction.We should achieve the linguistic diversity.段落开头出现下列词汇，表示解决方案：Initiative, solution, suggestion=proposal, way=approaches=method, find the access to the answers/solutions,4.序列词开始：start, begin, initial=initiate=initiation, unfold, commencement, carry out暂停：stop, pause, balk at, cease, turn off,继续：continue, go on, move on, carry on, subsequently最后：last, finally, end, conclusion, consequently5. 强调结构转折为强调否定结构：not, never, none, seldom (几乎不)little, few否定，不I have few mistakes in this action, 在这次行动中我机会没有犯错。
雅思剑8阅读基础词汇
J8T11 A CHRONICLE OF TIMEKEEPING 基础词汇:1.conception 概念2.concept 概念3.theory 理论4.hypothesis 假设5.depend on 依赖于6.dependent 依赖的7.dependency 依赖8.rely on 依赖于9.reliance 依赖10.lie in 在于11.measure 测量12.calculate 计算13.count 计数14.gauge 测量15.introduce 引进16.calendar 日历17.harvest 收获18.solar 太阳的19.lunar 月亮的20.phase 月相21.influence vt.影响n影响22.crucial 至关重要的23.chart 图表24.add 增加25.mark n.记号vt.做记号26.heaven 天空27.adopt 采取28.basin 盆29.device 装置30.devise 设计31.adjust 调整32.revolutionary 革命的33.aspect 方面34.motive force 推动的力量35.motion 移动36.gear wheel 齿轮37.spring 弹簧38.tension 张力39.anchor 锚40.release 释放41.in turn 转而42.precise 精确的43.precision 精确44.accurate 精确的45.accuracy 精确46.inaccurate 不精确的47.permit 允许48.permission49.arc 弧度50.instrument 仪器51.regulate 规定52.navigation53.navigate 导航进阶词汇：1.chronicle 编年史2.chronic 慢性的3.archaeology 考古学4.archaeological 考古学的5.the advent of …的降临6.coordinate 协调munal 团体的munity 团体9.successive 连续的10.rotate 旋转11.axis 轴12.orbit 轨道13.artificial 人工的14.equator 赤道15.conspicuous 引人注目的titude 维度17.clime 地区18.practise 从事19.formulate 规划20.municipal 市政的21.cosmic 宇宙的22.interval 间隔23.duration 持续24.track 追踪25.indicate 指出26.counterpart 相似的对应物/人27.denote 指出28.freeze 冻结29.mechanical 机械的30.mechanism 机制31.scheme 计划mence 开始33.address vt.着手处理34.integral 完整的35.integrate 使…完整36.geography 地理37.simultaneous 同时的38.half – halves(复数)J8T12 AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL THE USA 基础词汇：1.accident事故2.disaster 灾难3.occur 出现4.establish 建立5.establishment6.operation 操作7.operate8.safety 安全9.procedure 步骤10.be in place 在合适的位置11.exist 存在12.existence13.visual 视觉的14.visibility 能见度15.vision 视觉16.bring about 带来17.create 创造18.creation19.creativity 创造性20.reduce 降低21.consist of 包含22.realize 意识到23.purpose 目的24.meet 满足25.challenge 挑战26.challenging 挑战的27.element 要素28.entire 全部的29.apply 应用30.pilot 飞行员31.impose 强加32.altitude 高度33.possess 控制34.alphabet 字母表35.realm 领域36.license vt.许可n许可证37.radio contact 无线电联系38.obey 遵守39.disobey 不遵守进阶词汇：1.oversee 监督2.congest 阻塞3.congestion4.rudimentary 未发展的5.in the vicinity of 在…附近6.route 路线7.approximate 近似8.approximately9.metropolis 都市= big city10.metropolitan 都市的11.fortuitous 偶然的12.coincidental 巧合的13.coincidence14.margin of error 错误的余地15.incomplete 不完整的16.oversimplify 过于简单化17.accommodate 调解18.put into effect 使…生效19.blanket vt.覆盖n.毛毯20.recreation 娱乐21.weather 天气22.meteorology 气象学23.meteorological24.cue 提示25.necessitate 使…成为必须26.stem from 源于27.that is, … 即，…ern 控制29.correspond 通信30.encompass 包含31.rigorous 严格的32.explicit 清楚的33.aviation 航空34.category 种类35.prompt vt. 促进3 TELEPATHY基础词汇：municate 通讯2.divide 划分3.academic 学者4.colleague 同事5.skeptical = skeptical 怀疑的6.skeptic = sceptic 怀疑论者7.suspect 怀疑8.claim 声称9.rigorous 严格的10.implication 暗示11.implypelling 引人注目的13.genuine 真的14.advocate 支持者15.faint 微弱的16.signal 信号17.detect 探测18.detection19.relax 放松20.choose –(done) chosen= pick out21.attempt to do 尝试去做22.session = section23.identify 识别24.identification25.statistics 统计学26.statistical 统计学的27.reveal 揭露28.technique 技术29.involve 包含30.involvementck of 缺少32.individual 个体的33.sample 样本34.apparent 明显的35.attitude 态度36.mainstream 主流的37.apart 遥远进阶词汇：1.spark 发动2.controversy 争论3.risk vt.冒…风险4.constitute 组成5.concur 同意6.tranquility 宁静7.participate 参与8.participant 参与者9.seal 密封10.random 随机的11.flaw 缺点12.overlook 忽略13.rule out 把…排除14.range from A to B （=such as 举例用）范围包括A到B15.issue 发布16.switch to 转向17.automate 自动化18.variant 变体（来自vary）19.minimize 最小化（=limit）20.impressive 印象深刻的21.disturb 打扰22.consistency 一致性23.consistent 一致的24.defend 防护25.defender = advocatebine 联合27.reject 拒绝28.plausible 貌似合理的J8T21 SHEET GLASS MANUFACTURE:THE FLOAT PROCESS 基础词汇：1.manufacture 制造2.process 过程3.float 漂浮4.harden 变硬5.method 方法6.flat 平的7.involve 包括8.stay 保持9.nevertheless 虽然如此10.demand 需求11.look for 寻找12.thickness 厚度13.experiment 做实验14.melt (molten) 融化15.horizon 地平线16.horizontal 水平的17.transport 运输18.zone 区域19.coincidence 巧合20.plant 工厂21.cost vt.话费22.turn off 关闭23.prepare 准备24.quality 质量25.refine 提炼26.simultaneously 同时地plex 复杂的28.deliver=send 传递29.form vt. 形成30.bubble 气泡31.ensure 确保32.remove 移除33.upstream 上游34.downstream 下游35.correct vt.改正36.locate vt.定位进阶词汇：1.be little more than仅仅是2.mixture 混合物3.mix 混合4.heat vt.加热bour intensive劳动密集型6.grind(ground) 磨碎7.gravity 重力8.guarantee 保证9.pour 倾倒10.parallel 与…平行11.surface tension 表面张力12.convince 说服13.optical 光学的14.principle 原理15.inspection16.inspect 审查17.automate 自动化18.automation19.reveal 揭露20.fault 缺陷21.flaw 缺陷22.property 性质23.instant 立即的mercial 商业的merce 商业2 THE LITTLE ICE AGE基础词汇：1.shift n/vt.改变2.universal 普遍的3.strategy 战略4.survive 幸存5.adopt 采取6.sudden 突然的st vt持续8.glacier 冰山9.surround 包围10.rapid 迅速的11.systematic 系统的12.incomplete 不完整的13.account 账目14.drill 钻孔15.narrative 叙事的16.describe 描述17.description18.explore 探索19.exploration20.settle 定居21.spread vt. 传播22.concern 关心23.gradual 逐渐的24.stem from 起源于25.crop 庄稼26.grain 粮食27.stock 家禽/股票28.livestock 家禽29.globe 地球30.global 全球的31.globalization 全球化32.migration 移民33.migrate34.ax (复数axes) 斧子35.vast 广阔的36.clearance 清除(remove)37.quantity 数量38.quantify 定量39.atmosphere 大气40.greenhouse gas 温室气体41.prolong 延长42.frequent 频繁的进阶词汇：1.relevance 关联2.determine 决定3.respond to 响应4.context 语境5.mercy 仁慈6.irregular 不规则的7.harsh 严酷的8.drought 干旱9.accustomed 习惯的10.unaccustomed 不习惯的11.revolution 革命12.revolutionize 发动革命13.famine 饥荒14.unprecedented 史无前例的15.rather 更确切的说（肯定后面）16.seesaw 跷跷板17.switch (=shift) 转换d 温和的19.reconstruct 重建20.supplement 补充21.amplify 放大22.ample 丰富的23.hemisphere 半球24.Arctic 北极25.Antarctic 南极26.voyage 航行27.descend 下降28.predict 预测29.predictable 可预测的30.culminate 达到顶点31.vital 至关重要的modity 商品33.fleet 舰队34.self-sufficient 自给自足的35.sufficient 足够的36.deficient 不足的37.release 释放38.trigger 引起39.fossil fuel 化石燃料40.proliferate 激增41.soar 高飞42.give way to 让位于3 THE MEANING AND POWER OF SMELL 基础词汇：1.physical 身体的2.psychological 心理的3.be aware of 意识到4.essential 必要的5.essence 本质6.role 角色7.emotional 情绪的8.emotion9.response n.回答10.respond vt.回答11.respondent 应答者12.perception n.感知13.perceive vt.感知14.cue 线索15.in spite of 尽管16.regard 注意17.in comparison with 同…比较18.possess 控制19.phenomenon 现象20.vocabulary 词汇21.struggle (to do) 挣扎（去做某事）22.express 表达23.store 储存24.given 鉴于25.consider 认为进阶词汇：1.odour 气味2.odourless 无气味的3.scent 气味4.faculty 能力5.impair 损害6.well-being 健康ment 评论8.evoke 唤起9.foul 恶臭10.association 关联11.associated with 与…有关12.disgust 厌恶bel vt.贴标签14.bonding 连接15.infant 婴儿16.identify 识别17.register 注册18.undervalue 低估19.feeble 微弱的20.acute 敏锐的21.elusive 难懂的22.make do with 勉强对付23.fundamental 基本的ponent 成分25.is set to do 被设定去做…26.offensive 冒犯的27.offence 冒犯28.distinguish 区分29.proposal 提议30.spouse 配偶31.interpretation 解释32.interpret 解释33.appreciate 欣赏34.superior 优越的J8T31 STRIKING BACK AT LIGHTING WITH LASERS 基础词汇:1.strike vt.打2.striking 惊人的ser 激光4.injure vt.伤害5.injury n伤害6.power 电力7.inviting 诱人的8.target 目标9.strategy 战略10.heaven 天空11.trail n.尾部vt.拖12.wire 电线13.electric charge 电荷14.fund vt.投资n.资金15.back vt.支持mand vt/n. 指挥17.requirement 要求18.require vt要求19.extract 提取20.atom 原子21.electron 电子22.direct vt.指挥23.attract 吸引24.attractive 吸引人的25.field test 现场试验26.forecast 预测27.confront 面对进阶词汇：1.seldom adv.很少2.inflict 使遭受3.lighting bolt 闪电柱4.property 性质；财产5.trial 试验6.discharge 释放7.power grid 电网8.frequency 频率9.trigger 引起10.generate 发生11.populated 人口密集的12.population 人口13.promising 有希望的14.emerge 出现15.portable 便携的16.stumbling block 绊脚石17.reckon 认为18.turning point 转折点19.meteorology 气象学20.meteorological21.meteorologist 气象学家22.obtain 获得2 THE NATURE OF GENIUS基础词汇：1.genius 天才2.gene 基因3.gift 礼物；天赋4.gifted 有天赋的5.talented 有才华的6.intellectual 知识分子（贬义）7.intelligent 智慧的8.attitude 态度9.mistrust 不信任10.mythology 神话11.madness 疯狂12.race 种族13.recognize 认出14.reward vt.奖励15.significant 重要的16.aspect 方面17.exception 例外18.except 把…排除19.exceptional 例外的；杰出的20.infant mortality 婴儿死亡率21.mortal 终有一死的22.life expectancy 预期寿命23.tutor n.家教vt.辅导24.mist 雾25.term 术语26.achievement 成就27.achieve 达成28.direction 方向29.determine 决定30.determination31.appreciate 感激32.demonstrate 证明33.fabric 织物进阶词汇：1.be concerned with 涉及2.attribute vt.把…归于n属性3.derive from 源自4.characteristics 特性5.ambivalent 矛盾的6.envy 嫉妒7.defective 有缺陷的8.impractical 不切实际的9.eccentric 古怪的10.adversity 逆境11.discouragement 挫折12.denigration 诋毁13.deny 否认14.fascinating 吸引人的15.collate 核对16.take into account 考虑17.privileged 有特权的18.objective 客观的19.objectivity 客观性20.peak 顶峰21.observe 观察22.manifest adj明显的vt.显示23.manifestation24.superior 出众的25.minimize 最小化26.supremacy 霸权27.outstrip 超过28.persevere 坚持29.perseverance 坚持30.dedication n.献身31.dedicate v.献身32.restriction n.限制33.restrict vt.限制34.limit vt.限制35.limitation n.限制36.preserve 保存37.exhaust 耗尽38.inherit 继承39.reveal 显示40.unique 独特的41.uniqueness 独特性42.excellent 卓越的43.excellence 卓越44.essence 本质45.lessen 减轻。
雅思基础词汇8
fruit bear fruit 奏效，有成果
fry v. 油炸 fried chicken fun funny (adj.) I'm not being funny, but —— (非正式)［用于陈述或建议前，表示尽管该陈 述或建议可能看似俏皮或奇怪但却是当真的］ 我不是在开玩笑，但——
geography n. 地理学 gift present
glad adj. 高兴的 I’m glad to … glance at a glance globe n. 地球仪 global
goal
n. 目标
goods n. 商品
govern
grade
government
雅思基础词汇8
Christina Zhao
Fl
n.洪水；泛滥 vi.涌出；为水淹没 be in full flood 江河泛滥 flood
Floor
flow
地面ground 楼层 level story
in full flow （讲话）流畅，连贯，滔滔不绝 the flower of 精英，优秀分子；
Garden Hanging Gardens of Babylon
gas n. 气体，煤气 liquid solid gather v.聚集 gay adj. 愉快的，同性恋的
Ge
general adj. n. 上将
generation generation gap
unate -ly forward adj. adv.
剑桥雅思阅读8原文翻译及答案（test4）
剑桥雅思阅读8原文翻译及答案(test4)为了帮助大家备考，店铺为大家整理收集了剑桥雅思阅读8真题：test4阅读原文，希望对各位考生的备考有所帮助,祝每位烤鸭考试顺利，都能取得好成绩!剑桥雅思阅读8原文(test4)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on the following pages.Questions 1-5Reading Passage 1 has six sections, A-F.Choose the correct heading for sections B-F from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.List of HeadingsI The influence of Monbushoii Helping less successful studentsiii The success of compulsory educationiv Research findings concerning achievements in mathsv The typical format of a maths lessonvi Comparative expenditure on maths educationvii The key to Japanese successes in maths educationix The role of homework correctionExample AnswerSection A iv1 Section B2 Section C3 Section D4 Section E5 Section FLAND OF THE RISING SUMA Japan has a significantly better record in terms of average mathematical attainment than England and Wales. Large sample international comparisons of pupils’ attainments since the 1960s have established that not only did Japanese pupils at age13 have better scores of average attainment, but there was alsoa larger proportion of ‘low’ attainers in England, where, incidentally, the variation in attainment scores was much greater. The percentage of Gross National Product spent on education is reasonably similar in the two countries, so how is this higher and more consistent attainment in maths achieved?B Lower secondary schools in Japan cover three school years, from the seventh grade (age 13) to the ninth grade (age 15). Virtually all pupils at this stage attend state schools: only 3 per cent are in the private sector. Schools are usually modern in design, set well back from the road and spacious inside. Classrooms are large and pupils sit at single desks in rows. Lessons last for a standardised 50 minutes and are always followed by a 10-minute break, which gives the pupils a chance to let off steam. Teachers begin with a formal address and mutual bowing, and then concentrate on whole-class teaching.Classes are large — usually about 40 — and are unstreamed. Pupils stay in the same class for all lessons throughout the school and develop considerable class identity and loyalty. Pupils attend the school in their own neighbourhood, which in theory removes ranking by school. In practice in T okyo, because of the relative concentration of schools, there is some competition to get into the ‘better’ school in a particular area.C Traditional ways of teaching form the basis of the lessonand the remarkably quiet classes take their own notes of the points made and the examples demonstrated. Everyone has their own copy of the textbook supplied by the central education authority, Monbusho, as part of the concept of free compulsory education up to the age of 15. These textbooks are, on the whole, small, presumably inexpensive to produce, but well set out and logically developed. (One teacher was particularly keen to introduce colour and pictures into maths textbooks: he felt this would make them more accessible to pupils brought up in a cartoon culture.) Besides approving textbooks, Monbusho also decides the highly centralised national curriculum and how it is to be delivered.D Lessons all follow the same pattern. At the beginning, the pupils put solutions to the homework on the board, then the teachers comment, correct or elaborate as necessary. Pupils mark their own homework: this is an important principle in Japanese schooling as it enables pupils to see where and why they made a mistake, so that these can be avoided in future. No one minds mistakes or ignorance as long as you are prepared to learn from them.After the homework has been discussed, the teacher explains the topic of the lesson, slowly and with a lot of repetition and elaboration. Examples are demonstrated on the board; questions from the textbook are worked through first with the class, and then the class is set questions from the textbook to do individually. Only rarely are supplementary worksheets distributed in a maths class. The impression is that the logical nature of the textbooks and their comprehensive coverage of different types of examples, combined with the relative homogeneity of the class, renders work sheets unnecessary. Atthis point, the teacher would circulate and make sure that all the pupils were coping well.E It is remarkable that large, mixed-ability classes could be kept together for maths throughout all their compulsory schooling from 6 to 15. Teachers say that they give individual help at the end of a lesson or after school, setting extra work if necessary. In observed lessons, any strugglers would be assisted by the teacher or quietly seek help from their neighbour. Carefully fostered class identity makes pupils keen to help each other — anyway, it is in their interests since the class progresses together.This scarcely seems adequate help to enable slow learners to keep up. However, the Japanese attitude towards education runs along the lines of ‘if you work hard enough, you can do almost anything’. Parents are kept closely informed of their children’s progress and will play a part in helping their children to keep up with class, s ending them to ‘Juku’ (private evening tuition) if extra help is needed and encouraging them to work harder. It seems to work, at least for 95 per cent of the school population.F So what are the major contributing factors in the success of maths teaching? Clearly, attitudes are important. Education is valued greatly in Japanese culture; maths is recognised as an important compulsory subject throughout schooling; and the emphasis is on hard work coupled with a focus on accuracy.Other relevant points relate to the supportive attitude of a class towards slower pupils, the lack of competition within a class, and the positive emphasis on learning for oneself and improving one’s own standard. And the view of repetitively boring lessons and learning the facts by heart, which is sometimes quoted in relation to Japanese classes, may be unfair and unjustified. Nopoor maths lessons were observed. They were mainly good and one or two were inspirational.Questions 6-9Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this6 There is a wider range of achievement amongst English pupils studying maths than amongst their Japanese counterparts.7 The percentage of Gross National Product spent on education generally reflects the level of attainment in mathematics.8 Private schools in Japan are more modern and spacious than state-run lower secondary schools.9 Teachers mark homework in Japanese schools.Questions 10-13Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.10 Maths textbooks in Japanese schools areA cheap for pupils to buyB well organized and adapted to the needs of the pupils.C written to be used in conjunction with TV programmes.D not very popular with many Japanese teachers.11 When a new maths topic is introduced，A students answer questions on the board.B students rely entirely on the textbook.C it is carefully and patiently explained to the students.D it is usual for students to use extra worksheets.12 How do schools deal with students who experience difficulties?A They are given appropriate supplementary tuition.B They are encouraged to copy from other pupils.C They are forced to explain their slow progress.D They are placed in a mixed-ability class.13 Why do Japanese students tend to achieve relatively high rates of success in maths?A It is a compulsory subject in Japan.B They are used to working without help from others.C Much effort is made and correct answers are emphasized.D there is a strong emphasis on repetitive learning.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Biological control of pestsThe continuous and reckless use of synthetic chemicals for the control of pests which pose a threat to agricultural crops and human health is proving to be counter-productive. Apart from engendering widespread ecological disorders, pesticides have contributed to the emergence of a new breed of chemical-resistant, highly lethal superbugs.According to a recent study by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), more than 300 species of agricultural pests have developed resistance to a wide range of potent chemicals. Not to be left behind are the disease-spreading pests, about 100 species of which have become immune to a variety of insecticides now in use.One glaring disadvantage of pesticides’ application is that,while destroying harmful pests, they also wipe out many useful non-targeted organisms, which keep the growth of the pest population in check. This results in what agroecologists call the ‘treadmill syndrome’. Because of their tremendous breeding potential and genetic diversity, many pests are known to withstand synthetic chemicals and bear offspring with a built-in resistance to pesticides.The havoc that the ‘treadmill syndrome’ can bring about is well illustrated by what happened to cotton farmers in Central America. In the early 1940s, basking in the glory of chemical-based intensive agriculture, the farmers avidly took to pesticides as a sure measure to boost crop yield. The insecticide was applied eight times a year in the mid-1940s, rising to 28 in a season in the mid-1950s, following the sudden proliferation of three new varieties of chemical-resistant pests.By the mid-1960s, the situation took an alarming turn with the outbreak of four more new pests, necessitating pesticide spraying to such an extent that 50% of the financial outlay on cotton production was accounted for by pesticides. In the early 1970s, the spraying frequently reached 70 times a season as the farmers were pushed to the wall by the invasion of genetically stronger insect species.Most of the pesticides in the market today remain inadequately tested for properties that cause cancer and mutations as well as for other adverse effects on health, says a study by United States environmental agencies. The United States National Resource Defense Council has found that DDT was the most popular of a long list of dangerous chemicals in use.In the face of the escalating perils from indiscriminate applications of pesticides, a more effective and ecologicallysound strategy of biological control, involving the selective use of natural enemies of the pest population, is fast gaining popularity — though, as yet, it is a new field with limited potential. The advantage of biological control in contrast to other methods is that it provides a relatively low-cost, perpetual control system with a minimum of detrimental side-effects. When handled by experts, bio-control is safe, non-polluting and self-dispersing.The Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control (CIBC) in Bangalore, with its global network of research laboratories and field stations, is one of the most active, non-commercial research agencies engaged in pest control by setting natural predators against parasites. CIBC also serves as a clearing-house for the export and import of biological agents for pest control world-wide.CIBC successfully used a seed-feeding weevil, native to Mexico, to control the obnoxious parthenium weed, known to exert devious influence on agriculture and human health in both India and Australia. Similarly the Hyderabad-based Regional Research Laboratory (RRL), supported by CIBC, is now trying out an Argentinian weevil for the eradication of water hyacinth, another dangerous weed, which has become a nuisance in many parts of the world. According to Mrs Kaiser Jamil of RRL, ‘The Argentinian weevil does not attack any other plant and a pair of adult bugs could destroy the weed in 4-5 days.’ CIBC is also perfecting the technique for breeding parasites that prey on ‘disapene scale’ insects — notorious defoliants of fruit trees in the US and India.How effectively biological control can be pressed into service is proved by the following examples. In the late 1960s, when Sri Lanka’s flouri shing coconut groves were plagued by leaf-mininghispides, a larval parasite imported from Singapore brought the pest under control. A natural predator indigenous to India, Neodumetia sangawani, was found useful in controlling the Rhodes grass-scale insect that was devouring forage grass in many parts of the US. By using Neochetina bruci, a beetle native to Brazil, scientists at Kerala Agricultural University freed a 12-kilometre-long canal from the clutches of the weed Salvinia molesta, popularly called ‘African Payal’ in Kerala. About 30,000 hectares of rice fields in Kerala are infested by this weed.Questions 14-17Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.14 The use of pesticides has contributed toA a change in the way ecologies are classified by agroecologists.B an imbalance in many ecologies around the world .C the prevention of ecological disasters in some parts of the the world .D an increase in the range of ecologies which can be usefully farmed.15 The Food and Agriculture Organisation has counted more than 300 agricultural pests whichA are no longer responding to most pesticides in use.B can be easily controlled through the use of pesticides.C continue to spread disease in a wide range of crops.D may be used as part of bio-control’s replacement of pesticides.16 Cotton farmers in Central America began to use pesticidesA because of an intensive government advertising campaign.B in response to the appearance of new varieties of pest.C as a result of changes in the seasons and the climate.D to ensure more cotton was harvested from each crop.17 By the mid-1960s, cotton farmers in Central America found that pesticidesA were wiping out 50% of the pests plaguing the crops.B were destroying 50% of the crop they were meant to protect.C were causing a 50% increase in the number of new pests reported.D were costing 50% of the total amount they spent on their crops.Questions 18-21Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNo if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it impossible to say what the write thinks about this18 Disease-spreading pests respond more quickly to pesticides than agricultural pests do.19 A number of pests are now born with an innate immunity to some pesticides.20 Biological control entails using synthetic chemicals to try and change the genetic make-up of the pests’ offspring.21 Bio-control is free from danger under certain circumstances.Questions 22-26Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-I, below.Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 22-26 on your answersheet.22 Disapene scale insects feed on23 Neodumetia sangawani ate24 Leaf-mining hispides blighted25 An Argentinian weevil may be successful in wiping out26 Salvinia molesta plaguesA forage grass.B rice fields.C coconut trees.D fruit trees.E water hyacinth.F parthenium weed.G Brazilian beetles.H grass-scale insects.I larval parasites.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Collecting Ant SpecimensCollecting ants can be as simple as picking up stray ones and placing them in a glass jar, or as complicated as completing an exhaustive survey of all species present in an area and estimating their relative abundances. The exact method used will depend on the final purpose of the collections. For taxonomy, or classification, long series, from a single nest, which contain all castes (workers, including majors and minors, and, if present, queens and males) are desirable, to allow the determination of variation within species. For ecological studies, the most important factor is collecting identifiable samples of as many of the different species present as possible. Unfortunately, thesemethods are not always compatible. The taxonomist sometimes overlooks whole species in favour of those groups currently under study, while the ecologist often collects only a limited number of specimens of each species, thus reducing their value for taxonomic investigations.To collect as wide a range of species as possible, several methods must be used. These include hand collecting, using baits to attract the ants, ground litter sampling, and the use of pitfall traps. Hand collecting consists of searching for ants everywhere they are likely to occur. This includes on the ground, under rocks, logs or other objects on the ground, in rotten wood on the ground or on trees, in vegetation, on tree trunks and under bark. When possible, collections should be made from nests or foraging columns and at least 20 to 25 individuals collected. This will ensure that all individuals are of the same species, and so increase their value for detailed studies. Since some species are largely nocturnal, collecting should not be confined to daytime. Specimens are collected using an aspirator (often called a pooter), forceps, a fine, moistened paint brush, or fingers, if the ants are known not to sting. Individual insects are placed in plastic or glass tubes (1.5-3.0 ml capacity for small ants, 5-8 ml for larger ants) containing 75% to 95% ethanol. Plastic tubes with secure tops are better than glass because they are lighter, and do not break as easily if mishandled.Baits can be used to attract and concentrate foragers. This often increases the number of individuals collected and attracts species that are otherwise elusive. Sugars and meats or oils will attract different species and a range should be utilised. These baits can be placed either on the ground or on the trunks of trees or large shrubs. When placed on the ground, baits should besituated on small paper cards or other flat, light-coloured surfaces, or in test-tubes or vials. This makes it easier to spot ants and to capture them before they can escape into the surrounding leaf litter.Many ants are small and forage primarily in the layer of leaves and other debris on the ground. Collecting these species by hand can be difficult. One of the most successful ways to collect them is to gather the leaf litter in which they are foraging and extract the ants from it. This is most commonly done by placing leaf litter on a screen over a large funnel, often under some heat. As the leaf litter dries from above, ants (and other animals) move downward and eventually fall out the bottom and are collected in alcohol placed below the funnel. This method works especially well in rain forests and marshy areas. A method of improving the catch when using a funnel is to sift the leaf litter through a coarse screen before placing it above the funnel. This will concentrate the litter and remove larger leaves and twigs. It will also allow more litter to be sampled when using a limited number of funnels.The pitfall trap is another commonly used tool for collecting ants. A pitfall trap can be any small container placed in the ground with the top level with the surrounding surface and filled with a preservative. Ants are collected when they fall into the trap while foraging. The diameter of the traps can vary from about 18 mm to 10 cm and the number used can vary- from a few to several hundred. The size of the traps used is influenced largely by personal preference (although larger sizes are generally better), while the number will be determined by the study being undertaken. The preservative used is usually ethylene glycol or propylene glycol, as alcohol will evaporate quickly and the trapswill dry out. One advantage of pitfall traps is that they can be used to collect over a period of time with minimal maintenance and intervention. One disadvantage is that some species are not collected as they either avoid the traps or do not commonly encounter them while foraging.Questions 27-30Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this27 Taxonomic research involves comparing members of one group of ants.28 New species of ants are frequently identified by taxonomists.29 Range is the key criterion for ecological collections.30 A single collection of ants can generally be used for both taxonomic and ecological purposes.Questions 31-36Classify the following statements as referring toA hand collectingB using baitC sampling ground litterD using a pitfall trapWrite the correct letter, A,B,C or D, in boxes 31-36 on your answer sheet.31 It is preferable to take specimens from groups of ants.32 It is particularly effective for wet habitats.33 It is a good method for species which are hard to find.34 Little time and effort is required.35 Separate containers are used for individual specimens.36 Non-alcoholic preservative should be used.Questions 37-40Label the diagram below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.剑桥雅思阅读8原文参考译文(test4)PASSAGE 1 参考译文：数学崛起之地A.就数学的平均成绩而言，日本的纪录要比英格兰和威尔士好得多。
剑8雅思阅读Text 1 第2篇阅读词汇
剑8雅思阅读Text 1 第2篇阅读词汇1, grand canyon n. （美）大峡谷2, congest [kən'dʒest] vt. 使充血；充塞vi. 充血；拥挤3, manual ['mænjuəl]adj. 体力的；手工的n. 手册，指南4, manually adv. 用手；手动地5, rudimentary [,ru:di'mentəri]adj. 基本的；初步的；退化的；残遗的；未发展的6, procedure [prə'si:dʒə]n. 步骤；程序，手续7, vicinity [vi'sinəti]n. 邻近，附近；近处8, beacon ['bi:kən]n. 灯塔，信号浮标；烽火；指路明灯vt. 照亮，指引vi. 像灯塔般照耀9, approximating n. 逼近v. 接近；约等于（approximate的ing形式）10, metropolitan [,metrə'pɔlitən]adj. 大都市的；大主教辖区的；宗主国的n. 大城市人；大主教；宗主国的公民11, bring about 引起；使掉头12, fortuitous [fɔ:'tjuitəs]adj. 意外的；偶然的13, margin ['mɑ:dʒin]n. 边缘；利润，余裕；页边的空白vt. 加边于；加旁注于14, incomplete [,inkəm'pli:t]adj. 不完全的；不完备的15, element ['elimənt]n. 元素；要素；原理；成分；自然环境16, virtually ['və:tʃuəli]adv. 事实上，几乎；实质上17, in general 总之，通常；一般而言18, meteorological [,mi:tiərə'lɔdʒikəl]adj. 气象的；气象学的19, reliance [ri'laiəns]n. 信心；信赖；受信赖的人或物20, visibility [,vizi'biləti]n. 能见度，可见性；明显性；能见距离21, necessitation [ni,sesi'teiʃən, nə-]n. 迫使；必需22, necessitate [ni'sesi,teit, nə-]vt. 使成为必需，需要；迫使23, navigational adj. 航行的，航运的24, panel ['pænl]n. 仪表板；嵌板；座谈小组，全体陪审员vt. 嵌镶板25, alphabet ['ælfəbit]n. 字母表，字母系统；入门，初步26, turboprop ['tə:bəuprɔp]n. [航] 涡轮螺桨发动机；涡轮螺旋桨飞机27, realm [relm]n. 领域，范围；王国28, correspond [,kɔ:ri'spɔnd]vi. 符合，一致；相应；通信29, roughly ['rʌfli]adv. 粗糙地；概略地30, municipal [mju:'nisipəl]adj. 市政的，市的；地方自治的31, respectively [ri'spektivli]adv. 分别地；各自地，独自地32, encompass [in'kʌmpəs]vt. 包围，环绕；包含；完成33, rigorous ['riɡərəs]adj. 严格的，严厉的；严酷的；严密的34, explicit [ik'splisit]adj. 清楚的；明确的；直率的；详述的35, cruise [kru:z]vi. 巡航，巡游；漫游vt. 巡航，巡游；漫游n. 巡航，巡游；乘船游览剑8雅思阅读Text 2 第1篇阅读词汇1, process ['prəuses, 'prɔ-]vt. 处理；加工n. 过程，进行；方法，步骤；作用；程序；推移2, lime [laim]n. 石灰；酸橙；绿黄色vt. 撒石灰于；涂粘鸟胶于3, Celsius ['selsiəs]adj. 摄氏的n. 摄氏度4, molten ['məultən]adj. 熔化的；铸造的；炽热的v. 换毛；脱毛（molt的过去分词）5, mass [mæs]n. 大量，众多；群众，民众；块，团adj. 大规模的，集中的；群众的，民众的6, unblemished adj. 无缺点的；清白的7, nevertheless [,nevəðə'les]adv. 然而，不过；虽然如此conj. 然而，不过8, continuously adv. 连续不断地9, ribbon ['ribən]n. 缎带；带状物；带；（勋章等的）绶带；[军]勋表10, mangle ['mæŋɡl]vt. 乱砍；轧布；损坏n. 轧布机11, polish ['pɔliʃ]n. 磨光，擦亮；上光剂，擦亮剂；优雅，精良vi. 擦亮，变光滑12, tinted adj. 着色的，带色彩的13, vehicle ['vi:ikl, 有时发'vi:hi-]n. 车辆；交通工具；运载工具；媒介物；工具；传播媒介14, eliminate [i'limineit]vt. 消除；排除15, tin [tin]n. 锡；罐头，罐；马口铁adj. 锡制的vt. 涂锡于；给…包马口铁16, gravity ['ɡræviti]n. 重力，地心引力；庄严；严重性17, horizontal ['hɔri'zɔntəl]adj. 水平的；地平线的；同一阶层的n. 水平线，水平面；水平位置18, consequently ['kɔnsi,kwəntli]adv. 所以；因此；结果19, parallel ['pærəlel]n. 平行线；对比vt. 使…与…平行adj. 平行的；类似的，相同的20, pilot ['pailət]n. 领航员；飞行员adj. 试点的v. 驾驶；领航；试用21, plant [plɑ:nt, plænt]n. 工厂，车间；植物；庄稼；设备vt. 安置；种植；栽培；培养vi. 种植22, convince [kən'vins]vt. 使确信，使信服；说服23, scale [skeil]n. 刻度；比例；数值范围；天平；规模；鳞vi. 攀登；衡量；生水垢；剥落24, furthermore ['fə:ðəmɔ:]adv. 此外；而且25, optical ['ɔptikəl]adj. 光学的；眼睛的，视觉的26, refine [ri'fain]vt. 精炼，提纯；使…文雅；改善27, homogenise [hɔ'mɔdʒənaiz]vt. （英）使均匀（等于homogenize）28, simultaneously adv. 同时地29, furnace ['fə:nis]n. 火炉，熔炉30, principle ['prinsəpl]n. 原理，原则；主义，道义；本质，本义；根源，源泉31, marred v. 损毁，损伤（mar的过去式） adj. 被损毁的32, inclusion [in'klu:ʒən]n. 包含；内含物33, buddle ['bʌdl]vt. 用洗矿槽洗n. 洗矿槽，淘汰盘34, tremor ['tremə]n. 颤动；震颤35, ripple ['ripl]n. 波纹；涟漪；涟波vi. 起潺潺声vt. 在…上形成波痕36, flaw [flɔ:]n. 瑕疵，裂纹；缺点；一阵狂风37, unaided adj. 未受协助的；无助的38, steer [stiə]vt. 驾驶；控制，引导vi. 驾驶，掌舵；行驶剑8雅思阅读Text 2 第3篇阅读词汇1, olfaction [ɔl'fækʃən]n. 嗅觉2, odour ['əudə]n. 气味；声誉3, aroma [ə'rəumə]n. 芳香4, faculty ['fækəlti]n. 能力；全体教员；科，系5, impair [im'pεə]vt. 削弱；损害；减少6, well-being ['wel'bi:ŋ]n. 幸福；康乐7, evoke [i'vəuk]vt. 引起，唤起；博得8, scent [sent]n. 气味；痕迹；嗅觉；察觉能力vt. 发觉；使充满…的气味；闻到；循着遗臭追踪9, foul [faul]adj. 邪恶的；污秽的；犯规的；淤塞的vt. 弄脏；犯规；淤塞；缠住，妨害10, grimace [ɡri'meis]vi. 扮鬼脸；作怪相；作苦相n. 鬼脸；怪相；痛苦的表情11, olfactory [ɔl'fæktəri]adj. 嗅觉的；味道的n. 嗅觉器官12, fragrant ['freiɡrənt]adj. 芳香的；愉快的13, perception [pə'sepʃən]n. 感觉；知觉；洞察力；看法；[法律]获取14, interpretation [in,tə:pri'teiʃən]n. 解释；翻译；演出15, superior [sju:'piriə, sju:pə-]adj. 上级的；高傲的；优秀的，出众的n. 上级，长官；长者；优胜者，高手16, spouse [spaus]n. 配偶vt. 和…结婚17, distinguish [dis'tiŋɡwiʃ]vt. 辨别；区分；使杰出，使表现突出vi. 区别，区分；辨别18, consciously adv. 自觉地；有意识地19, register ['redʒistə]vt. 记录；注册；登记；把…挂号；挂号邮寄；正式提出n. 注册；登记簿；登记；记录；寄存器20, sensory ['sensəri]adj. 感觉的；知觉的；传递感觉的21, undervalue [,ʌndə'vælju:]vt. 低估...之价值；看轻22, regard [ri'ɡɑ:d, ri:-]n. 注意；尊重；凝视；问候vt. 把…看作；注重，尊敬；与…有关23, comparison [kəm'pærisən]n. 比喻；比较；对照；比较关系24, in comparison adj. 相比之下；与……比较25, feeble ['fi:bl]adj. 微弱的，无力的；虚弱的；薄弱的26, perceive [pə'si:v]vt. 察觉，感觉；理解；认知vi. 感到，感知；认识到27, quantity ['kwɔntəti]n. 量，数量；总量；大量28, elusive [i'lju:siv,-səri]adj. 难懂的；易忘的；逃避的；难捉摸的29, phenomenon [fi'nɔminən, fə-]n. 现象；奇迹；杰出的人才30, struggling ['strʌɡliŋ]adj. 奋斗的；努力的；苦斗的v. 斗争；努力；竞争（struggle的ing形式）31, capture ['kæptʃə]vt. 俘获；夺得n. 战利品，俘虏；捕获32, implication [,impli'keiʃən]n. 暗示；牵连，卷入；含义33, undertaken v. 从事；开始进行（undertake的过去分词）34, significant [sig'nifikənt]adj. 重大的；有意义的；有效的；值得注意的；意味深长的n. 有意义的事物；象征35, fundamental [,fʌndə'mentəl]adj. 基本的，根本的n. 基本原理；基本原则36, proper ['prɔpə]adj. 适当的；特有的；本身的；正派的adv. [方言]完全地37, objectively [əb'dʒektivli, ɔb-]adv. 客观地38, component [kəm'pəunənt]adj. 组成的，构成的n. 成分；元件；组件39, inevitably adv. 必然地；不可避免地40, hence [hens]adv. 因此；今后41, offensive [ə'fensiv]adj. 冒犯的；攻击的；无礼的；讨厌的n. 攻势；攻击42, interiorize [in'tiəriəraiz]vt. 使看法深入内心；使成内景43, intimate ['intimət]adj. 亲密的；私人的；精通的；n. 至交；知己vt. 暗示；通知；宣布44, charged [tʃɑ:dʒd]adj. [物]带电的；气氛紧张的；充满感情的vt. 填充45, proposal [prəu'pəuzəl]n. 提议，建议；求婚46, linguistic [liŋ'ɡwistik,-kəl]adj. 语言的；语言学的剑8Text3 Passage1 阅读词汇1, dramatic [drə'mætik,-kəl] adj. 戏剧的；引人注目的；激动人心的2, thunderstorm ['θʌndəstɔ:m] n. 雷暴雨；大雷雨；雷暴3, fury ['fjuəri] n. 狂怒；暴怒；激怒者4, inflict [in'flikt] vt. 给予（打击等）；使遭受（损伤、痛苦等）；造成5, roll in 蜂拥而来；有大量的（钱财等）；就寝；到达6, leisurely ['leʒəli] adj. 从容的；悠闲的adv. 悠闲地；从容不迫地7, dice [dais] vt. 切成方块n. 骰子vi. 掷骰子8, bolt [bəult] n. 闪电；螺栓；门闩；弩箭vt. 囫囵吞下；上门闩vi. 逃跑；冲出9, hit back 抵抗，反击10, trial ['traiəl]n. 试验；磨炼；审讯；努力adj. 审讯的；试验的11, neutralise ['nju:trəlaiz] vt. 中和；使中立；使无效vi. 中和12, armoury ['ɑ:məri] n. 兵工厂，军械库13, heaven ['hevən] n. 天堂；天空；极乐14, discharge [dis'tʃ-] vt. 卸下；放出；解雇；免除vi. 卸货；流出；排放n. 卸货；排放；解雇15, electric charge n. 电荷（等于charge，electricity）；电费16, grid [ɡrid] n. [计]网格；格子，栅格；输电网17, voltage ['vəultidʒ] n. [电]电压18, trigger ['triɡə] vt. 触发；引发，引起vi. 松开扳柄n. 触发器；扳机；制滑机19, promising ['prɔmisiŋ] adj. 有希望的，有前途的20, extract [ik'strækt, 'ekstrækt] vt. 摘录；提取；榨取；取出n. 摘录；榨出物；汁；选粹21, atom ['ætəm] n. 原子22, ion ['aiən] n. 离子23, ionisation [,aiənai'zeiʃən, -ni'z-] n. 电离作用（等于ionization）24, portable ['pɔ:təbl, 'pəu-]adj. 轻便的；手提的，便携式的n. 手提式打字机25, brew [bru:]vt. 酿造；酝酿vi. 酿酒；被冲泡；即将发生n. 啤酒；质地26, stumbling adj. 障碍的27, nifty ['nifti] adj. 俏皮的；漂亮的n. 俏皮话28, in the offing 即将发生的；在视野内的远处海面29, reckon ['rekən] vt. 计算；测算，估计；认为vi. 计算；估计；猜想，料想30, avalanche ['ævəlɑ:ntʃ] n. 雪崩vt. 雪崩vi. 崩塌21, fingertip ['fiŋɡətip] n. 指尖；指套32, mighty ['maiti] adj. 有力的；有势力的；强有力的adv. 很；极；非常n. 有势力的人33, meteorology [,mi:tiə'rɔlədʒi] n. 气象状态，气象学34, confront [kən'frʌnt] vt. 遭遇；比较；面对35, menace ['menəs] n. 威胁；恐吓vi. 恐吓；进行威胁vt. 威胁；恐吓36, hail [heil] n. 冰雹；致敬；招呼；一阵vt. 招呼；猛发；致敬；向...欢呼；使象下雹样落下37, torrential [tɔ'renʃəl, tɔ:-, tə-] adj. 奔流的；猛烈的，汹涌的38, electron [i'lektrɔn] n. 电子剑桥雅思8的题型分布如下：剑桥雅思8文章话题的特点:剑桥8中一共有四套试卷，考察了如下话题：雅思阅读中的信号词连接文中上下句的词汇，即所谓的信号词，往往表示句子间的关系，有助于考生把握各细节间的相互关系。
IELTS8必背词汇
Test 1 Passage 1 1．coordinate v. I couldn’t get my brain to function or coordinate my muscles.2. successive adj.The team has had five successive victories. 3. artificial adj.This product contains no artificial preservatives. 4. crucial adj. Parents play a crucial role in preparing their child for school. 5. approximate v. Your story only approximates to the real facts. 6. commence v. Work will commence on the ne building immediately. 7. accurate adj. It is difficult to get accurate figures on population numbers. Passage 2 1.regulate v.People sweat to regulate their body heat. 2. oversee v.A team leader was appointed to oversee the project. 3. metropolitan adj. At the metropolitan twilight, I felt a haunting loneliness sometimes. 4. consist (of) v.The buffet consisted of several different Indian dishes. 5. accommodate v. He bought a huge house to accommodate his library. 6. blanket v. There is sufficient sand available to blanket the unconformity. 7. impose v. The government imposed a ban on the sale of ivory. 8. correspond v. The two halves of the document did not correspond. Passage 3 1. constitute v.Female workers constitute the majority of the labour force. 2. genuine adj. We need laws that will protect genuine refugees. 3. suspect v. The drug is suspected of causing over 200 deaths. 4. seal v The organs are kept in sealed plastic bags. Details of the murder were revealed by the local paper. 6. flaw n.The report reveals fatal flaws in security at the airport. 7. overlook v.He seems to have overlooked one important fact. Text 2Passage 1 1. molten adj.The molten metal is poured into the mould. 2. virtually adv.Virtually all the children come to school by bus. 3. guarantee v.I guarantee you’ll love this film. 4. coincidence n.It was a happy coincidence that Robert arrived at the same time. 5. inspection n.An inspection was carried out at the school. 6. automated adj.The production process is now fully automated. 7. pattern n.Their descriptions seemed to follow a set pattern. Passage 2 1. embark v.He embarked on a new career as a teacher. 2. episode n.She decided she would try7 to forget the episode by the lake. 3. adapt v.The children are finding it hard to adapt to the new school. 4. supplement v.The payments are a supplement to his usual salary. 5. perish v.We must protect our environment or we must perish. 6. culminate v.Their summer tour will culminate at a spectacular concert next week. 7. trigger v. The assassination triggered off a wave of rioting. Passage 3 1. be aware of He has been aware of the importance of this task. The illness had impaired his ability to think and concentrate. 3. apparent adj. It was apparent to everyone that he was seriously ill. 4. agreeable adj.We spent a most agreeable couple of hours. 5. distinguish v.His attorney argued that Bill could not distinguish between right and wrong. 6. perceive v.Children who do badly in school tests often perceive themselves to be failures. 7. elusive adj.She managed to get an interview with that elusive man. 8. undertake v.He undertook to pay the money back in six months. Text 3Passage 1 1. inflict v.The strikes inflicted serious damage on the economy. 2. inviting adj.The log fire looked warm and inviting. 3. property n.The hotel is not responsible for any loss or damage to guests’ personal property. 4. fund v.The project is jointly funded by several local companies. 5 back v.The scheme has been backed by several major companies in the region. 6. discharge v.Both forms are readily gasified by electrical discharge without leaving any tangible residue. 7. emerge v.The sun emerged from behind the clouds. 8. reveal v.He may be prosecuted for revealing secrets about the security agency. 9. generate v.The program would generate a lot of new jobs. 10. surge n.The photographers and cameramen surged forward. 11. install v.The They’y’y’ve installed the new computer network at last. ve installed the new computer network at last. 12. nifty v.a nifty little gadget for squeezing oranges 13. in the offing Big changes were in the offing. Passage 2 1. perpetuate v . It It is is is our our our hope hope hope that that that the the the men men men of of of Y ale Y ale will, will, will, in in in their their their own own own lives. lives. lives. perpetuate perpetuate perpetuate their their their manhood manhood manhood and and courage. 2. attribute n.What attributes should a good manager possess? 3. ambivalent adj.We are both somewhat ambivalent about having a child. 4. mistrust v.As a very small child she had learned to mistrust adults. 5. defective adj.The disease is caused by a defective gene. 6. burn out The hotel was completely burnt out. Only the walls remained. 7. eccentric adj.His eccentric behavious lost him his job. 8. adversity n.We admire his courage in the face of adversity 9. collate v.A computer system is used to collate information from across Britain. 10.upbringing n.Mike had had a strict upbringing. 11. vantage point Form my vantage point on the hill, I could see the whole procession. 12. continuum n.All the organisms in an ecosystem are part of an evolutionary continuum. 13. manifestation n.Manifestation of the disease often doesn’t occur until middle age. 14. minimize v.Every effort is being made to minimize civilian casualties. 15. supremacy n.We can ’t deny Japan’s unchallenged supremacy in the field of electronics. 16. outstrip v.We outstripped all our competitors in sales last year. 17.emulate v.Few teachers can emulate the remarkable result of the experiment. Passage 3 1. life span The The life life life span span span of of of human human human being being being has has has been been been considerably considerably considerably prolonged prolonged prolonged thanks thanks thanks to to to the the the advances advances advances in in medicine. 2. artificial adj.Food process are being kept artificially low. 3. wear and tear Check the equipment for wear and tear. 4. static adj.Economists predict that house prices will remain static for a long period. 5. inexorable adj.’s manufacturing industry. Nothing stop the inexorable decline of Britain6. equilibrium n.The government is anxious not to upset the economic equilibrium. 7. mechanism n.When a person is ill, the body’s natural defense mechanisms come into operation. 8. existent adj.In the existent circumstances, it is impossible. 9. optimal adj.They made comparisons between every possible choice in order to make the optimal choice. 10.parameter n.The inquiry has to stay within the parameters laid down by Congress. 11.internal adj.We have no interest in interfering in the internal affairs of other countries. 12. frugal adj.As children we were taught to be frugal and hard-working. 13. reserve n.We always keep some money in reserve, just in case. 14. extend v.The government has extended the ban on the import of beef until June. Text 4Passage 1 1. attainment n. She is a young woman of impressive educational attainments. 2. variation n.Currency exchange rates are always subject to variation. 3. consistent adj.She’’s the team’s most consistent player. She4. standardize v.Attempts to standardize English spelling have never been successful. 5. identity n.Our strong sense of national identity has been shaped by our history. 6. loyalty n.In the rural areas, family and tribal loyalties continue to be important. 7. set out Her work is always very well set out. 8. accessible adj.He wants his music to be accessible to everyone. 9. elaborate v.He said he had new evidence, but refused to elaborate any further. 10. supplementary adj.These conclusions are supplementary to the formers. 11. foster v.The couple wanted to adopt the back child they had been fostering. 12. accuracy n.The expert worries about the accuracy of government statistics. Passage 2 1. counter-productive adj.Sending young offenders to prison can be counter-productive. 2. disorder n.A number of stadiums were closed because of crowd disorder. 3. resistance n.To improve body’s resistance is also an important measure to prevent influenza. 4. potent adj.Politeness is the most potent rebuke to insolence. 5. immune adj.Once we’ve had the disease, we’re immune for life. 6. boost v.The new resort area has boosted tourism. 7. yield n.The average milk yield per cow has doubled. 8. necessitate v.Lack of money necessitated a change of plan. 9. outlay n.For a relatively small outlay, you can start a home hairdressing business. 10. account for Recent pressure at work may account for his behavior. 11. perpetual adj.When you buy a house on a land of state-ownership, you get a perpetual lease. 12. minimum n.He achieved enviable results with the minimum of effort. 13. plague v.The team has been plagued by injury this season. 14. devour v.Her body had been almost entirely devoured by the disease. 15. free v.The centre aims to free young people from dependency on drugs. Passage 3 1. specimen n.Astronauts have brought back specimens of rock from the moon. 2. caste n.’s station lose caste by doing work beneath one3. compatible adj.Are measures to protect the environment compatible with economic growth? 4. overlook v.She found him entertaining enough to overlook his faults. 5. otherwise adv.We were delayed at the airport. Otherwise we would have been here by lunch time. 6. elusive adj.She finally managed to interview that elusive man. 7. extract v.They aim to extract the maximum political benefit from the election. 8. sift v.Police are sifting through the evidence. 9. concentrate v.We need to concentrate resources on the most run-down areas. 10. evaporate v.The sun evaporates moisture on the leaves. 11. minimal adj.The storm caused only minimal damage. 12. maintenance n.Engineers are carrying out essential maintenance work on the main line to Cambridge. 13. intervention n.Experts say that we need government intervention to regulate housing prices. 。
剑桥雅思阅读8原文翻译及答案解析（test1）
剑桥雅思阅读8原文翻译及答案解析(test1)雅思阅读是块难啃的硬骨头，需要我们做更多的题目才能得心应手。
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剑桥雅思阅读8原文(test1)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.A Chronicle of TimekeepingOur conception of time depends on the way we measure itA According to archaeological evidence, at least 5,000 years ago, and long before the advent of the Roman Empire, the Babylonians began to measure time, introducing calendars to co-ordinate communal activities, to plan the shipment of goods and, in particular, to regulate planting and harvesting. They based their calendars on three natural cycles: the solar day, marked by the successive periods of light and darkness as the earth rotates on its axis; the lunar month, following the phases of the moon as it orbits the earth; and the solar year, defined by the changing seasons that accompany our planet's revolution around the sun.B Before the invention of artificial light, the moon had greater social impact. And, for those living near the equator in particular, its waxing and waning was more conspicuous than the passing of the seasons. Hence, the calendars that were developed at the lower latitudes were influenced more by the lunar cycle than by the solar year. In more northern climes, however, where seasonal agriculture was practised, the solar year became more crucial. As the Roman Empire expanded northward, it organised its activity chart for the most part around the solar year.C Centuries before the Roman Empire, the Egyptians had formulated a municipal calendar having 12 months of 30 days, with five days added to approximate the solar year. Each period of ten days was marked by the appearance of special groups of stars called decans. At the rise of the star Sirius just before sunrise, which occurred around the all-important annual flooding of the Nile, 12 decans could be seen spanning the heavens. The cosmic significance the Egyptians placed in the 12 decans led them to develop a system in which each interval of darkness (and later, each interval of daylight) was divided into a dozen equal parts. These periods became known as temporal hours because their duration varied according to the changing length of days and nights with the passing of the seasons. Summer hours were long, winter ones short; only at the spring and autumn equinoxes were the hours of daylight and darkness equal. Temporal hours, which were first adopted by the Greeks and then the Romans, who disseminated them through Europe, remained in use for more than 2,500 years.D In order to track temporal hours during the day, inventors created sundials, which indicate time by the length or direction of the sun's shadow. The sundial's counterpart, the water clock, was designed to measure temporal hours at night. One of the first water clocks was a basin with a small hole near the bottom through which the water dripped out. The falling water level denoted the passing hour as it dipped below hour lines inscribed on the inner surface. Although these devices performed satisfactorily around the Mediterranean, they could not always be depended on in the cloudy and often freezing weather of northern Europe.E The advent of the mechanical clock meant that although itcould be adjusted to maintain temporal hours, it was naturally suited to keeping equal ones. With these, however, arose the question of when to begin counting, and so, in the early 14th century, a number of systems evolved. The schemes that divided the day into 24 equal parts varied according to the start of the count: Italian hours began at sunset, Babylonian hours at sunrise, astronomical hours at midday and 'great clock' hours, used for some large public clocks in Germany, at midnight. Eventually these were superseded by 'small clock', or French, hours, which split the day into two 12-hour periods commencing at midnight.F The earliest recorded weight-driven mechanical clock was built in 1283 in Bedfordshire in England. The revolutionary aspect of this new timekeeper was neither the descending weight that provided its motive force nor the gear wheels (which had been around for at least 1,300 years) that transferred the power; it was the part called the escapement. In the early 1400s came the invention of the coiled spring or fusee which maintained constant force to the gear wheels of the timekeeper despite the changing tension of its mainspring. By the 16th century, a pendulum clock had been devised, but the pendulum swung in a large arc and thus was not very efficient.G To address this, a variation on the original escapement was invented in 1670, in England. It was called the anchor escapement, which was a lever-based device shaped like a ship's anchor. The motion of a pendulum rocks this device so that it catches and then releases each tooth of the escape wheel, in turn allowing it to turn a precise amount. Unlike the original form used in early pendulum clocks, the anchor escapement permitted the pendulum to travel in a very small arc. Moreover, this invention allowed the use of a long pendulum which could beat once asecond and thus led to the development of a new floor-standing case design, which became known as the grandfather clock.H Today, highly accurate timekeeping instruments set the beat for most electronic devices. Nearly all computers contain a quartz-crystal clock to regulate their operation. Moreover, not only do time signals beamed down from Global Positioning System satellites calibrate the functions of precision navigation equipment, they do so as well for mobile phones, instant stock-trading systems and nationwide power-distribution grids. So integral have these time-based technologies become to day-to-day existence that our dependency on them is recognised only when they fail to work.Questions 1-4Reading Passage 1 has eight paragraphs, A-H.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.1 a description of an early timekeeping invention affected by cold temperatures2 an explanation of the importance of geography in the development of the calendarin farming communities3 a description of the origins of the pendulum clock4 details of the simultaneous efforts of different societies to calculate time usinguniform hoursQuestions 5-8Look at the following events (Questions 5-8) and the list of nationalities below.Match each event with the correct nationality, A-F.sheet.5 They devised a civil calendar in which the months were equal in length.6 They divided the day into two equal halves.7 They developed a new cabinet shape for a type of timekeeper.8 They created a calendar to organise public events and work schedules.List of NationalitiesA BabyloniansB EgyptiansC GreeksD EnglishE GermansF FrenchQuestions 9-13Label the diagram below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.图片10READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on ReadingPassage 2 on the following pages.Questions 14-19Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A and C-G from the list below.sheet.List of Headingsi Disobeying FAA regulationsii Aviation disaster prompts actioniii Two coincidental developmentsiv Setting altitude zonesv An oversimplified viewvi Controlling pilots’ lice ncesvii Defining airspace categoriesviii Setting rules to weather conditionsix Taking off safelyx First steps towards ATC14 Paragraph AExample AnswerParagraph B x15 Paragraph C16 Paragraph D17 Paragraph E18 Paragraph F19 Paragraph GAIR TRAFFIC CONTROLIN THE USAA An accident that occurred in the skies over the Grand Canyon in 1956 resulted in the establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to regulate and oversee the operation of aircraft in the skies over the United States, which were becoming quite congested. The resulting structure of air traffic control has greatly increased the safety of flight in the United States, and similar air traffic control procedures are alsoin place over much of the rest of the world.B Rudimentary air traffic control (ATC) existed well before the Grand Canyon disaster. As early as the 1920s, the earliest air traffic controllers manually guided aircraft in the vicinity of the airports, using lights and flags, while beacons and flashing lights were placed along cross-country routes to establish the earliest airways. However, this purely visual system was useless in bad weather, and, by the 1930s, radio communication was coming into use for ATC. The first region to have something approximating today's ATC was New York City, with other major metropolitan areas following soon after.C In the 1940s, ATC centres could and did take advantage of the newly developed radar and improved radio communication brought about by the Second World War, but the system remained rudimentary. It was only after the creation of the FAA that full-scale regulation of America's airspace took place, and this was fortuitous, for the advent of the jet engine suddenly resulted in a large number of very fast planes, reducing pilots' margin of error and practically demanding some set of rules to keep everyone well separated and operating safely in the air.D Many people think that ATC consists of a row of controllers sitting in front of their radar screens at the nation's airports, telling arriving and departing traffic what to do. This is a very incomplete part of the picture. The FAA realised that the airspace over the United States would at any time have many different kinds of planes, flying for many different purposes, in a variety of weather conditions, and the same kind of structure was needed to accommodate all of them.E To meet this challenge, the following elements were put into effect. First, ATC extends over virtually the entire UnitedStates. In general, from 365m above the ground and higher, the entire country is blanketed by controlled airspace. In certain areas, mainly near airports, controlled airspace extends down to 215m above the ground, and, in the immediate vicinity of an airport, all the way down to the surface. Controlled airspace is that airspace in which FAA regulations apply. Elsewhere, in uncontrolled airspace, pilots are bound by fewer regulations. In this way, the recreational pilot who simply wishes to go flying for a while without all the restrictions imposed by the FAA has only to stay in uncontrolled airspace, below 365m, while the pilot who does want the protection afforded by ATC can easily enter the controlled airspace.F The FAA then recognised two types of operating environments. In good meteorological conditions, flying would be permitted under Visual Flight Rules (VFR), which suggests a strong reliance on visual cues to maintain an acceptable level of safety. Poor visibility necessitated a set of Instrumental Flight Rules (IFR), under which the pilot relied on altitude and navigational information provided by the plane's instrument panel to fly safely. On a clear day, a pilot in controlled airspace can choose a VFR or IFR flight plan, and the FAA regulations were devised in a way which accommodates both VFR and IFR operations in the same airspace. However, a pilot can only choose to fly IFR if they possess an instrument rating which is above and beyond the basic pilot's license that must also be held.G Controlled airspace is divided into several different types, designated by letters of the alphabet. Uncontrolled airspace is designated Class F, while controlled airspace below 5,490m above sea level and not in the vicinity of an airport is Class E. All airspace above 5,490m is designated Class A. The reason for thedivision of Class E and Class A airspace stems from the type of planes operating in them. Generally, Class E airspace is where one finds general aviation aircraft (few of which can climb above 5,490m anyway), and commercial turboprop aircraft. Above 5,490m is the realm of the heavy jets, since jet engines operate more efficiently at higher altitudes. The difference between Class E and A airspace is that in Class A, all operations are IFR, and pilots must be instrument-rated, that is, skilled and licensed in aircraft instrumentation. This is because ATC control of the entire space is essential. Three other types of airspace, Classes D, C and B, govern the vicinity of airports. These correspond roughly to small municipal, medium-sized metropolitan and major metropolitan airports respectively, and encompass an increasingly rigorous set of regulations. For example, all a VFR pilot has to do to enter Class C airspace is establish two-way radio contact with ATC. No explicit permission from ATC to enter is needed, although the pilot must continue to obey all regulations governing VFR flight. To enter Class B airspace, such as on approach to a major metropolitan airport, an explicit ATC clearance is required. The private pilot who cruises without permission into this airspace risks losing their license.Questions 20-26Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this20 The FAA was created as a result of the introduction of the jet engine.21 Air Traffic Control started after the Grand Canyon crash in 1956.22 Beacons and flashing lights are still used by ATC today.23 Some improvements were made in radio communication during World War II.24 Class F airspace is airspace which is below 365m and not near airports.25 All aircraft in Class E airspace must use IFR.26 A pilot entering Class C airspace is flying over an average-sized city.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.TELEPATHYCan human beings communicate by thought alone? For more than a century the issue of telepathy has divided the scientific community, and even today it still sparks bitter controversy among top academicsSince the 1970s, parapsychologists at leading universities and research institutes around the world have risked the derision of sceptical colleagues by putting the various claims for telepathy to the test in dozens of rigorous scientific studies. The results and their implications are dividing even the researchers who uncovered them.Some researchers say the results constitute compelling evidence that telepathy is genuine. Other parapsychologists believe the field is on the brink of collapse, having tried to produce definitive scientific proof and failed. Sceptics and advocates alike do concur on one issue, however: that the most impressive evidence so far has come from the so-called 'ganzfeld'experiments, a German term that means 'whole field'. Reports of telepathic experiences had by people during meditation led parapsychologists to suspect that telepathy might involve 'signals' passing between people that were so faint that they were usually swamped by normal brain activity. In this case, such signals might be more easily detected by those experiencing meditation — like tranquillity in a relaxing 'whole field' of light, sound and warmth.The ganzfeld experiment tries to recreate these conditions with participants sitting in soft reclining chairs in a sealed room, listening to relaxing sounds while their eyes are covered with special filters letting in only soft pink light. In early ganzfeld experiments, the telepathy test involved identification of a picture chosen from a random selection of four taken from a large image bank. The idea was that a person acting as a 'sender' would attempt to beam the image over to the 'receiver' relaxing in the sealed room. Once the session was over, this person was asked to identify which of the four images had been used. Random guessing would give a hit-rate of 25 per cent; if telepathy is real, however, the hit-rate would be higher. In 1982, the results from the first ganzfeld studies were analysed by one of its pioneers, the American parapsychologist Charles Honorton. They pointed to typical hit-rates of better than 30 per cent — a small effect, but one which statistical tests suggested could not be put down to chance.The implication was that the ganzfeld method had revealed real evidence for telepathy. But there was a crucial flaw in this argument —one routinely overlooked in more conventional areas of science. Just because chance had been ruled out as an explanation did not prove telepathy must exist; there were manyother ways of getting positive results. These ranged from 'sensory leakage' — where clues about the pictures accidentally reach the receiver —to outright fraud. In response, the researchers issued a review of all the ganzfeld studies done up to 1985 to show that 80 per cent had found statistically significant evidence. However, they also agreed that there were still too many problems in the experiments which could lead to positive results, and they drew up a list demanding new standards for future research.After this, many researchers switched to autoganzfeld tests — an automated variant of the technique which used computers to perform many of the key tasks such as the random selection of images. By minimising human involvement, the idea was to minimise the risk of flawed results. In 1987, results from hundreds of autoganzfeld tests were studied by Honorton in a 'meta-analysis', a statistical technique for finding the overall results from a set of studies. Though less compelling than before, the outcome was still impressive.Yet some parapsychologists remain disturbed by the lack of consistency between individual ganzfeld studies. Defenders of telepathy point out that demanding impressive evidence from every study ignores one basic statistical fact: it takes large samples to detect small effects. If, as current results suggest, telepathy produces hit-rates only marginally above the 25 per cent expected by chance, it's unlikely to be detected by a typical ganzfeld study involving around 40 people: the group is just not big enough. Only when many studies are combined in a meta-analysis will the faint signal of telepathy really become apparent. And that is what researchers do seem to be finding.What they are certainly not finding, however, is any changein attitude of mainstream scientists: most still totally reject the very idea of telepathy. The problem stems at least in part from the lack of any plausible mechanism for telepathy.Various theories have been put forward, many focusing on esoteric ideas from theoretical physics. They include 'quantum entanglement', in which events affecting one group of atoms instantly affect another group, no matter how far apart they may be. While physicists have demonstrated entanglement with specially prepared atoms, no-one knows if it also exists between atoms making up human minds. Answering such questions would transform parapsychology. This has prompted some researchers to argue that the future lies not in collecting more evidence for telepathy, but in probing possible mechanisms. Some work has begun already, with researchers trying to identify people who are particularly successful in autoganzfeld trials. Early results show that creative and artistic people do much better than average: in one study at the University of Edinburgh, musicians achieved a hit-rate of 56 per cent. Perhaps more tests like these will eventually give the researchers the evidence they are seeking and strengthen the case for the existence of telepathy.Questions 27-30Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, below.Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.27 Researchers with differing attitudes towards telepathy agree on28 Reports of experiences during meditation indicated29 Attitudes to parapsychology would alter drastically with30 Recent autoganzfeld trials suggest that success rates will improve withA the discovery of a mechanism for telepathyB the need to create a suitable environment for telepathy.C their claims of a high success rate.D a solution to the problem posed by random guessing.E the significance of the ganzfeld experiments.F a more careful selection of subjects.G a need to keep altering conditions.Questions 31-40Complete the table below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 31-40 on your answer sheet.Telepathy ExperimentsName/DateDescription Result FlawGanzfeldStudies1982 Involved a personacting as a31..............who picked out one32............froma random selectionof four, and a33..............,who then tried toidentify it. Hit-rates werehigher than withrandom guessing. Positive resultscould be producedby factors such as34..............or35.............. .Autoganzfeldstudies1987 36.............were used for keytasks to limit theamount of37..............in carrying out thetest. The results werethen subjected toa 38............. The 39..........between differenttest results wasput down to thefact that samplegroups were not40...................(aswith most ganzfeldStudies).剑桥雅思阅读8原文参考译文test1PASSAGE 1参考译文：时间记录的历史我们对时间的概念取决于我们测量时间的方式有考古证据表明，至少5000年前，早在罗马帝国尚未出现之时，巴比伦人就开始测量时间，他们引进日历来统筹公共活动，计划货物装运，特别是管控作物种植和收割。
雅思阅读真题剑桥系列4-8词汇
雅思阅读真题剑桥系列4-8词汇-CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIANDAY 1education 教育aspect 方面community 社区、社会reflect 反映、表现attitude 态度、看法unspoken 未说出口的、没人理睬的belief 信仰、信念custom 风俗curriculum 课程assessment 评价、评估expectation 期待、期望behave 做出行为-动词behavior 行为rule 准则、规章cover 覆盖、包含duty 职责、义务conduct 行为、操行virtuous 有道德的proper 适当的、有礼貌的manner 礼貌marry 结婚company 陪伴permit 允许、许可dye 染loiter 闲逛、虚度function 功能、典礼church 教堂regularly 有规律地、有规则地alcohol 酒精、酒Bible《圣经》country school 乡村学校coal 煤bucket 桶sweep 打扫、清扫tidy 整齐的、整洁的despite 虽然、尽管stipulate 规定、保证content 内容arithmetic 算术Christianity 基督教literacy 有文化、有读写能力religious 宗教上的corporal 身体的、肉体的（同义词：physical）stick 棍子strap 皮带naughty 调皮的、顽皮的unruly 不守规矩的、不受约束的schooling 学校教育engage 从事caretaking 关心、照料DAY 2nevertheless 然而、不过creatively 具有创造性地stimulate 刺激、激励strict 严格的、严谨的protocol草案、协议illegal 非法的、违法的hit 打、打击dismiss 开除、解雇instantly 马上、立刻（同义词：quickly, rapidly, immediately）secular 现世的、非宗教的acceptable 可以接受的、合意的appropriate 适当的sophistication 混合、混乱workplace 工作场所、车间career 职业expand 膨胀、发展challenge 挑战diverse 不同的researcher 研究者cleaner 清洁员societal 社会的fill 填充、填补smack 用掌拍打/击打silence 静、安静method 方法influence 影响discipline 学科、纪律participate 参加、参与achievement 成就similar 相似的lifestyle 生活方式ownership 所有权、拥有权diverse 不同的（同义词：different, various, a variety of, varied, a range of）pupil 小学生consider 考虑length 长度topic 主题inflexible 不灵活的、不能融通的arrangement 安排loose 宽松的、自由的cactus 仙人掌relate 有联系、有关系dry 干燥的（反义词：humid 湿润的、wet 潮湿的）sandy 沙的、沙质的rocky 多岩石的desert 沙漠distance 距离tall 高的（反义词：short矮的）across 横向的traditional 传统的（同义词：conventional, conservative, orthodox）DAY 3hunter 猎人harsh 荒无人烟的material 材料、原料、物资possessions 财产（动词形式：possess 拥有、占有、持有）unemployment 失业poverty 贫穷、贫困alcoholism 酗酒tribe 部落、部族disappear 消失、不见lifestyle 生活方式attractive 具有吸引力的outsider 外界的人crop 农作物、庄稼originate 起源、来自（衍生词：origin 起因、原有、起源-名词，original 最初的、原始的、独创的-形容词）staple 主要的garlic 大蒜ginger 生姜headache 头痛toothache 牙痛magnolia 玉兰类植物cancer 癌症cure 治愈disease 疾病hunger 饥饿、渴望famine 饥荒starving 饥饿（但形容饥饿的程度比较深，都快要饿死了）survive 生存、存活strength 力量、力气energy 能量、活力normal 正常的、常态的chemical 化学的；化学制品、化学药品scientist 科学家（衍生词：science 科学）discover 发现、发觉（衍生词：discovery 发现）contain 包含、包括（同义词：involve, include, consist of）substance 物质stomach 胃、胃部brain 大脑heart 心脏lung 肺部kidney 肾full 满的（反义词：empty 空的）pharmaceutical 制药的promising 有希望的、有前途的obesity 肥胖adult 成年人estimate 估计、评估overweight 超重的obese 肥胖的simple 简单的、朴素的nourishing 有营养的DAY 4afford 负担、承担expensive 昂贵的fatty 富含脂肪的slim 苗条的、纤细的healthy 健康的descendant 子孙、后代ready-made 现成的、做好的convenient 便利的、便捷的taste 味道fat 脂肪；肥的、胖的salt 盐solution 解决办法、解决方案ideal 理想的right 权利；正确的secret 秘密；秘密的profit 利润herd 放牧cow 奶牛diet 食物majority 主要、多数（反义词：minority 少数）scarce 匮乏的、稀缺的sort 种类、类别compare 比较desire 渴望overcome 克服、解决ancient 古代的、远古的major 主要的issue 问题appear 出现、看来financial 财政的、金融的spread 传播、蔓延、伸展supply 供给、供应addiction 沉溺、上瘾widespread 分布广泛的、普遍的cruel 残忍的、残酷的unkind 不仁慈的、无情的alive 活着的prickly 多刺的solid 固体powder 粉末maintain 维持、继续drought 干旱tongue 舌头、说话方式well-known 众所周知的、有名的advertisement 广告（衍生词：advertise 做广告、登广告-动词；advertiser 登广告者、广告客户-名词；advertising 广告业、广告-动名词）main 主要的、重要的aim 目的、目标honest （反义词：dishonest 不忠实的、不诚实的-形容词） rarely 很少地、罕见地（衍生词：rare 稀罕的、杰出的）puffery 鼓吹、吹捧worldwide 全世界的DAY 5statement （衍生词：state ）term 学期、条款、术语develop 发展exaggerate 夸张、夸大claim 声称、主张legal 合法的（反义词：illegal 违法的、非法的-形容词）prove 证明、证实licence 执照、许可证lie 说谎vague 含糊的、暧昧的class 把ÿ分类、把ÿ分等级option 选择（衍生词：choice）expression 表达salesperson 售货员、销售员（同义词：seller）evaluation 评价、估计（衍生词：evaluate 评价、评估-动词）product 产品、产物（衍生词：produce 产物、农产品，生产、制造-名词、动词，production 生产、产品）objective 客观的subjective主观的identify 识别、鉴别（衍生词：identity 身份、特性-名词，identification 辨认、鉴定，identifiable 可以识别的、可以鉴别的-形容词，identifiably 可以识别地、可以鉴别地-副词）document 文件、文档（衍生词：documentary 文件的，纪录片-形容词，名词）notion 观念、想法（衍生词：note 注意、记录-名词）caveat 警告、告诫transaction 交易（衍生词：transact 交易、处理-动词）initially 最初、开头（衍生词：initial 最初的、初始的）property 财产、特征deal 交易、生意（衍生词：dealer 生意人）Latin 拉丁语、拉丁语的basically 基本上、主要地（衍生词：basic 基本的-形容词，basis 基础、基本-名词）mean 意思是、意谓responsibility 责任、职责（衍生词：response 响应、反应-名词，respond 回答、响应-动词，responsible 有责任的、负责的-形容词）check 检查、核对payment 报酬、支付（衍生词：pay 支付、给予-名词，payable 可支付的-形容词）defect 过失、缺点（衍生词：defective 有缺陷的）deliberately 蓄意地、故意地（衍生词：deliberate 深思熟虑的、故意的）conceal 隐藏、隐蔽（衍生词：concealment 隐藏、隐蔽-名词）policy 政策、方针proof 证据、校对affect 影响competitor 竞争对手、竞争者（衍生词：compete 竞争、比赛-动词，competition 竞争、比赛-名词）statistics 统计学（衍生词：statistic, statistical 统计的、统计学的-形容词）run 运转、运行（同义词：manage, operate）investigate 调查、研究（衍生词：investigation 调查、研究-名词，investigator 调查人-名词）insurance 保险finance 金融、财政（衍生词：financial 财政的、金融的）service 服务therefore 因此、所以（衍生词：so, thus）careful 小心的、仔细的（衍生词：care 关心、顾虑-动词）factual 事实的、实际的（衍生词：fact 事实、实情-名词）assertion 主张、断言（衍生词：assert 声称、断言-动词）regarding 关于DAY 6quality 品质、质量goods 货物、物品oversee 监视、检查validity 有效性council 理事会、委员会authority 权威、权利overstep 踏过、越过limit 极限、限度raise 提出generate 产生（衍生词：generation 产生、一代-名词）strategy 战略、策略（衍生词：strategic, strategically 战略的、策略的-形容词）superlative 最高的various 不容的、多种多样的（衍生词：variety 品种、种类，vary 改变、变更-动词）specific 具体的（衍生词：specifically 具体地、明确地-副词，specification 详述、规范-名词）concern 关心、关注mislead 误导（衍生词：lead 引导-动词）false 错误的prevent 阻止、预防（衍生词：preventable 可以预防的、可以阻止的-形容词）understandably 可以理解地（衍生词：understand 理解-动词，understandable 可以理解的-形容词）object 反对、抗议（同义词：refuse, refute, argue against）untruthful 不真实的、虚伪的（衍生词：truth 事实、真理-名词，true 真实的、真正的-形容词，truthful 诚实的-形容词）unfair 不公平的（衍生词：fair 公平的-形容词）advantage 优势、优点（反义词：disadvantage 略势、缺点-名词）court 法院、法庭、球场clarify 澄清、阐明（衍生词：clarification 澄清-名词）boundary 边界、分界线acceptable 可以接受的（衍生词：accept 接受-名词）best-loved 最喜爱的favorite 喜欢的人、物或事情brand 牌子make 品牌similarly 相似地、相似的是（衍生词：similar 相似的-形容词）expect 期待、期望（衍生词：expectation 期望、期待-名词）expectable 预料中的-形容词，unexpectable 无法预料的-形容词boast 自夸consider 考虑、照顾considerate 考虑周到的-形容词，considerable 值得考虑的，相当多的-形容词，consideration 考虑-名词deceptive 带有欺骗性的deception欺骗-名词primary 初级的、主要的inform 告知monitor 监督、监管ensure 确保、保证argue 争论、辩论technique 技术、技巧、手段technical 技术的、技巧的-形容词，technician 技师、技术员DAY 7otherwise 另外、否则unnoticed 被忽视的、未被注意到的notice 注意、观察-动词，noticeable 显而易见的-形容词，unnoticeable 不明显的-形容词crowded 拥挤的、塞满的crowd 拥挤、塞满-动词aspect 方面relatively 相对地relative 相关的、相对的-形容词，relate 联系-动词harmless 无害的harm 损害、伤害-名词，harmful 有害的、伤害的-形容词integral 完整的、整体的integrate 整合、结合-动词，integration 联合、结合-名词detect 发觉、探测detective 察觉的、侦探的-形容词delight 高兴、欣喜delightful 高兴的、欣喜的、令人愉快的-形容词discount 折扣fee 费、费用description 描述、记叙describe 描述、记叙-动词discussion 讨论discuss 讨论-动词issue 问题comparison 比较compare 比较、对比-动词contrast 对照、对比guilty 内疚的、有罪的guilt 内疚、罪行-名词summary 总结summarize 总结definition 定义define 下定义-动词determine 决定、确定determination 决定、确定-名词chainsaw 链锯recent 最近的、近期的recently 最近地、近期地-副词reality 现实realistic 现实的-形容词realization 意识realize 意识、了解到-动词detailed 详尽的、详细的detail 细节、详情-名词gasoline 汽油同义词petrol 汽油DAY 8own拥有owner 拥有者advantage 优势、优点disadvantage 缺点mobility 灵活机动性specific 具体的specify 详述、说明-动词，specification 详述、规范-名词vital 生死攸关的、重大的affair 事物、事件automobile 汽车（同义词：car, vehicle）relationship 关系、关联love-hate 爱恨的cherish 珍爱、怀抱undeniably 不可否认的convenient （衍生词：convenience）industry 工业、产业、行业commerce 商业（衍生词：commercial 商业的-形容词）prosper （衍生词：prosperous）unfortunately 不幸地fortune 运气、命运-名词，fortunate 幸运的、幸福的-形容词，fortunately 幸运地、幸福地-副词downside 负面、缺点upside 正面、优点pollution 污染manufacture 制造manufacturer 制造商-名词，manufacturing 制造业-名词purpose-build 依某种目的而建造factory 工厂（同义词：plant, mill）entrepreneur 企业家launch 投放、开发、发起admirable 值得赞美的、极美的philosophy 哲理、哲学venture 冒险、风险desire 想往、期望motoring 驾车afford 承担affordable 可承担的、可负担的-形容词，unaffordable 不可承担的、不可负担的-形容词ultra-affordable 最终可以负担的so-called 所谓的determine 决定、确定status 身份、地位comfort 舒适、安慰protection 保护protect 保护-动词，protective 予以保护的、保护的-形容词previous 在前的、早先的DAY 9vehicle 交通工具、车辆two-wheeled 两轮的scooter 小型摩托车three-wheeled 三轮的motorized 机动化的、摩托化的motor 汽车rickshaw 人力车transport 运输potential 潜在的、可能的；潜力、潜能extensive 广泛的、广大的predictable 可预测的predict 预测、预言-动词，unpredictable 不可预测的-形容词explosion 爆发、爆炸inevitable 不可避免的inescapable 不可逃避的unavoidable 不可避免的wisdom 智慧、明智warning 警告、预告consequence 后果massive 大量的compelling 强迫的、引人注目的argument 争论、辩论definite 明确的、一定的connection 关系、连接worsen 恶化、损害worse 更坏的、更恶略的-形容词respectively 各自地、分别地personally 个人地individually 单个地subjectively 主观地critical 批评的、危机的、严重的release 释放dramatically 极大地、引人注目地strikingly 醒目地noticeably 值得注意地remarkably 显著地affect 影响concern 考虑、忧虑stuck 被卡住import 进口export出口approximately 大约地、大概地（同义词：nearly, about, around）dependence 依赖、依靠dependent 依赖的、依靠的-形容词，independence 独立、自主-名词，independent 独立的、自主的-形容词effect 效果、结果uniquely 唯一地、独特地DAY 10solution 解答、解决办法benefit 利益drawback 缺点applaud 称赞、赞同mode 方式、模式descendant 子孙、后代、后裔（同义词offspring）regard 看待、当作original 最初的、原始的（衍生词：origin 起源、根源-名词，originate 起源、发生-动词invention 发明invent 发明、创造-动词percentage 百分比、百分率conventional 习俗的、传统的traditional 传统的orthodox 正统地conservative 保守的elite 精锐、精华crisis 危机unfair 不公平的（衍生词：fair）公平的-形容词）decrease 减少、降低（衍生词：reduce, diminish, cut back, fall, drop）negative 被动的（反义词：positive 主动的）synonym 同义词overcrowding 拥挤的、阻塞的approve 赞成、同意chilling 恐怖的purchaser 消费者purchase 消费-动词，purchasing 消费的-形容词violent 暴力的、强烈的（衍生词：violence 暴力-名词）whereby 凭什么、为何compensation 补偿（衍生词：compensate 偿还、补偿-动词favorable 赞成的、有利的traffic 交通congestion 拥塞（同义词：jam, conjunction, gridlock）cycling 骑脚踏车（衍生词：bicycle 脚踏车，cyclist 骑脚踏车的人）stuck 被粘住的（衍生词：stuck是stick的过去式和过去分词）breathe 呼吸、发出diesel 柴油机、柴油味fume （浓烈或难闻的）烟、气commute （乘坐交通工具）往来college 大学、学院issue 问题；发行despite 不论、尽管flyover过街天桥lane 街道、车道（同义词street, road, avenue, pathway）consideration 考虑、体谅（衍生词：consider 考虑、体谅-动词，considerable 值得考虑的、数量相当大的-形容词，considerate 考虑周到的-形容词）car-friendly 汽车友好型的humble 微贱的、粗陋的restrict 限制Cambridge4 TEST1ignore=pay no attention=not pay any attention=take no notice=not take any notice忽略，无视 v.encounter=face=confront=meet遇见，遭遇v.mistaken view=misconception错误的观点n.easy to reach=accessible容易达到的adj.change=modify(modification) 改变v.destruction=destroy=loss毁坏n.investigate=make inquiries=enquiries=go into=probe=look into 调查v.where=geographical location 表地点important=vital=essential=crucial重要的adj.reason=cause=factor=origins=root=stimulus=impetus原因n.protect=guard=safeguard=shield=conservation保护v.newspapers, television=media媒体n.where to live=habitat居住地n.get warmer=global warming变暖n.contribute to=play a part有助于v.survive=continuing existence幸存，活下来v.curriculum=course=syllabus课程n.link to=be connected with=be linked with把…和…相联系v.underdeveloped=degenerated=rudimentary不发达的adj.poor=bad=badly=not very good=no good at something=weak贫穷的，可怜的adj. exceptional=good=excellent=outstanding=brilliant=impressive=admirable超常的，例外的adj.mating=courtship交配.follow=track=tail=shadow=hound=stalk=stalker跟随，跟踪v.good vision ability=vision is obviously more usefulÿ好的视力best=well=greatest=finest=ideal=top=number one=ultimate=optimum=definitive=unsurpassed=record-breaking极好的adj.surprised=amazed=astonished=astounded=be taken aback=startled感到惊讶的adj. volunteer=subject实验研究对象n.similar=resemble=like=alike相似的adj.blind=can not see瞎的adj.Cambridge4 TEST2initiative=on your own/by yourself=independently=on your own initiative=under your own steam=to be the person who starts something=plan=law主动的，自发的adj. 主动权n.increase=go up=rise=grow=climb=gain=escalate=pick up=widen=be on theincrease=intensify=expand=build up上升，增加v.teach=educate=train=coach=instruct=bring up教学v.more than one language=bilingual=sb's second language多种语言n.determine=establish=identify=pinpoint=diagnose 决定v.young people=teenager=youth=in your teens=adolescent=minor年轻人n. community=all the people in a particular area, city, country etc.群体，团体，社区n. traditional=old-fashioned=outdated=outmoded=unfashionable传统的adj.fail=failure=not succeed=unsuccessful=vain=fruitless=unproductive=be a failure=go wrong=not work=do no good=fall through失败v.endanger=to put someone or something in danger of being hurt=damaged=destroyed危及，使危险v.diverse=varied=variety=wide-ranging=mixed各种各样的adj.inevitable=certain to happen and impossible to avoid不可避免的adj.differ from=unusual与ÿ不同v.reluctant=unwilling=not willing=drag your feet=be loath to do something=conservative 勉强的adj.consult=ask somebody's advice=seek advice=get/obtain advice资询v.alternative=another=other=different=new=else=variation=variant另一个therapist=someone who has been trained to give a particular form of treatment for physical or mental illness临床医学家n.retrain=taking courses再教育v.salary=pay=wage=income=earnings=fee工资，收入n.long-term=chronic=long-running=long-standing=lasting=lifelong=prolonged=lingering=enduring=abiding=incurable长期的adj. complaint=complain=make a complaint=protest=object=complain抱怨n.illness=disease=virus=bug=infection疾病 n.connection=relationship=link=correlation联系 n.beneficial=be good for you/ do somebodygood=wholesome=nutritious=nourishing=healthful有益的 adj.insight=comprehension=understanding理解，见解 n.physical=relating to the body=bodily身体的 adj.hazard=risk=danger=threat障碍，危险n.accompany=with=together=along with=come wit陪伴,伴随mental=relating to the health or state of someone's mind精神上的，心理的 adj. possible=possibility=can=potential=there is a chance/possibility可能的adj.reduction=decrease=drop=fall=cut 减少 n.class=type=kind=sort=style=category=variety种类n.rehearsal=practice=training=run-through=exercise排练，演习 n.peer=your peers are the people who are the same age as you, or who have the same type of job, social class etc同伴 n.defensive=used or intended to protect someone or something against attack 防御n. strategy=way=method=approach=technique=system=tactics 方法，功略n.assist=help=aid=with the aid of帮助 v.specific=give (somebody) more details=expand on=enlarge on=go into more=greater detail=be more specific=be more explicit=elaborate特定的adj.substance=a particular type of solid, liquid, or gas 物质 n.surroundings=environment=circumstance 环境 n.engage=give somebody a job=employ=take on=appoint=recruit=sign up雇佣 v. combine=mix=stir=beat=blend=whisk=dilute联合v.survival=the state of continuing to live or exist幸存n.Cambridge4 TEST3quotation= a sentence or phrase from a book, speech etc which you repeat in a speech or piece of writing because it is interesting or amusing 引言n.exemplify= example=case=instance=to be a very typical example of something=to give an example of something 例证 v.explain=tell=say what/why/where etc=show=demonstrate=go through=throw/shed light on=set out解释v.outline= to describe something in a general way, giving the main points but not the details概述 v.purpose=aim=point=idea=objective=object=goal= target=end目的 n.encourage=persuade=persuasion=get somebody to dosomething=influence=encourage=talk somebody into=put somebody up to鼓励 v.loan= an amount of money that you borrow from a bank etc. 贷款 n.poverty= being poor贫穷n.crime= illegal activities in general犯罪 n.reject=to refuse to accept, believe in, or agree with something 拒绝 v.employ=give somebody a job=take on=engage= appoint=recruit=sign up雇佣 v. courier=a person or company that is paid to take packages somewhere快递员 n. storage=keep=store=keep something in storage=preserve 存储n.facility=rooms, equipment, or services that are provided for a particular purpose 设备n. ambitious=ambition=power-hungry/power-mad=competitive= determined to be successful, rich, powerful etc.有志向的，雄心壮志的 adj.effort=to try very hard to do something= attempt=campaign=drive努力 n.feature= a part of something that you notice because it seems important, interesting, or typical；a part of the land, especially a part that you can see: a part of someone's face, such as their eyes, nose etc特点 n.planet= the world=earth/Earth=the globe 地球 n.unpredictable=can't say/tell=unforeseeable=it remains to be seen 无法预测的 adj. machinery=machines, especially large ones= a system or set of processes for doing something=machine=device=robot=appliance=mechanism 机械 n.ultimate=someone's ultimate aim is their main and most important aim, that they hope to achieve in the future= final最终的，根本的 adj.atmosphere= the feeling that an event or place gives you= the mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth气氛; 大气n.occur=happen=take place=there is=come about=come up=turn up=arise=strike发生v. expand= get bigger=grow=swell up=stretch扩张，扩大v.form= type= way something is/appears=shape形式 n.emerge=appear=become visible=come into view/come into sight=come out=reappear 出现 v.emit= to send out gas, heat, light, sound etc 发出，放射 n.situation= circumstances=position=case=plight情况，状况 n.self-conscious=worried and embarrassed about what you look like or what other people think of you自觉的 n.generate= to make someone have a particular feeling= form=produce=create 产生 v. various=there are several different types of that thing=different=a variety of something=differing=varying=an assortment of something=assorted=a mix of something=a mixture of something各种各样的 adj.convenient= a thing or way of doing something that is easy and quick; a time or arrangement that is convenient 方便的 adj.objective=impartial=neutral=not take sides=unbiased=disinterested客观的 adj. enquiry=investigate=make inquiries/enquiries=go into=probe=look into=solve=be under investigation 调查observe=notice=can see/can tell=see=spot=detect=note becomeaware/conscious=catch somebody's eye=perceive观察 v.comment=remark=thing to say=point=statement=announcement=declaration=observation评论include=consist of=comprise=be composed of= be made up of包含，包括 v.focus on=deals only with=concentrate专注于 v.affect=have an effect=have an impact=take effect= make a difference=impact影响 v. gained from=come from=be based on=originate= go back to=have its origins in=have its roots in=derive from/be derived from=develop from/evolve from产生于ÿ. V.concern=worry=stress=anxiety=strain= a feeling of worry about something important关心，担心n.Cambridge4 TEST4official=formal=authorized=on (the) record官方的，正式的 adj.athletic=physically strong and good at sport=fit=be in shape=be in good condition运动的 adj.intensive=involving a lot of activity, effort, or careful attention in a short period oftime=rapid=crash course密集的，加强的 adj.burst=a short sudden effort or increase in activity=burst of anger/enthusiasm/temper etc 爆炸，突发recognize=know=identify=pick out=tell认出，承认v.inadequate=not enough=too little=few=scarce=insufficient=be in short supply=lack of something=be short 不足的 adj.develop=come from=be based on=originate=go back to=have its origins in=have its roots in=derive from=be derived from=be founded on=grow out of=developfrom=evolve from发展，生长 v.enable=make something possible=allow=permit=pave the way for=clear the way for使能够 v.predict=anticipate=forecast=foretell=prediction=projected=guess in advance预测 v. specialist=someone who knows a lot about a particular subject, or is very skilled atit=expert专家 n.theoretical=relating to the study of ideas, especially scientific ideas, rather than with practical uses of the ideas or practical experience理论的 adj.basic=fundamental=essential=central=underlying=simple=crude=primitive=rudimentary =unsophisticated=low-tech基本的 adj.nature=plants/animals etc=somebody's character=qualities of something=type自然 n. aim=purpose=point=idea=objective=object=goal=target=end目的 n.translate=change languages=interpret=put something into English/French/Japanese etc 翻译 v.ancient=belonging to a time long ago in history, especially thousands of years ago 古老的 adj.realistic=when pictures, films etc make things seem real=lifelike=realism=true tolife=vivid实际的，现实的field=area=branch=world=domain=realm=sphere领域 n.document=a piece of paper that has official information on it；a piece of written work that is stored on a computer文件 n.equal=the same in number, amount, level etc as something else平等的 adj.influence=effect=side effect=impact=what something does to=the implications 影响 n. behavior=manner=conduct=behave=well-behaved=good=be on your best=stay out of trouble行为 n.compare=to examine or judge two or more things in order to show how they are similar to or different from each other=liken=make a comparison=draw an analogy=draw a parallel=contrast 比较 v.economically=in a way that is related to systems of money, trade, or business经济上地adv.establish=determine=identify=pinpoint=diagnose=to start a new business or organization.建立新的生意/组织 v.sustainable=able to continue without causing damage to the environment; able to continue for a long time可持续的 adj.realize=know=be/become aware=can tell=appreciate=be conscious=know perfectly well=know/learn from experience意识到 v.limit=restrict=set/impose/put a limit=keep to/keep within=confine=fix 限制produce=form=create=generate生产 v.guarantee=promise=assure=give somebody your word=swear=vow=commit to=pledge 保证 v.liberty=freedom=a free hand自由 n.independence=self-sufficiency=self-reliance 独立 n.consistent=always behaving in the same way or having the same attitudes, standards etc - usually used to show approval持续的 adj.underestimate=to think or guess that something is smaller, cheaper, easier etc than it really is=to think that someone is not as good, clever, or skilful, as they really are低估 v. provision=when you provide something that someone needs now or in the future 提供n.Cambridge5 TEST1produce=develop=manufacture生产 v.central=middle中心的 adj.did not have=without没有 v.bring=confer=award=present=grant=confer=allocate=offer带来 v.time limit=deadline时间限制，期限 n.increase=go up/rise=grow=climb=gain=escalate=expand=pick up=widen=intensify=build up增加assistant=helper=coach 助手 n.immense=big=major=considerable=great=huge/enormous=tremendous=largescale/large-scale巨大的 adj.illustrate=show=be a sign=demonstrate=mean=make clear=reflect=tell=beevidence=reveal 表明，显示 v.quotation=a phrase or sentence that is well-known or often used 引用语 n. predecessor=someone who had your job before you started doing it 前辈，前任n. rival=a person, group, or organization that you compete with in sport, business, a fight etc=competitor 对手，竞争者 n.distraction=something that stops you paying attention to what you are doing分心的事物 n.fault=defect=problem=trouble=flaw=weakness =bug=virus=be something wrong with 错误，缺点cornerstone=basis=foundation=the key 基石n.confer=award=present=grant=allocate 给予 v.stability=the condition of being steady and not changing稳定 n.prevail=win=come out on top=prevail=carry the day流行,获胜v.contract=agreement=understanding=compromise 合约 n.grant=award=present=confer=allocate给予 v.fascinate=if someone or something fascinates you, you are attracted to them and think they are extremely interesting吸引，使着迷 v.disturb=interrupt=bother=distract=put somebody off 打扰 v.expect=think=anticipate预期，期待 v.psychology=the study of the mind and how it influences people's behavior 心理学 n. obey=comply with=abide by=keep to=stick to the rules=conformto=observe=respect=toe the line=go by the book/do something by the book 服从，顺从v.identity=someone's identity is their name or who they are 身份n.severity=used of the degree of something undesirable 严重性 n.unfold=open=happen=develop=expand 展开，发生 v.deliberately=intentionally=on purpose=purposely故意地 adv.moral=relating to the principles of what is right and wrong behavior, and with the difference between good and evil 道德上的，与道德有关的 adj.prior to=before=previous在ÿ前面repetition=doing or saying the same thing many times重复 n.genetic=relating to genes or genetics基因的，遗传学的 adj.sacrifice=when you decide not to have something valuable, in order to get something that is more important牺牲 v.victim=someone who has been attacked, robbed, or murdered受害者 n.forge=form=counterfeit 形成;伪造 v.persuade=convince=win over=talk around 说服 v.surrender=give in 投降，放弃 v.extinct=an extinct type of animal or plant does not exist anymore=disappear=vanish灭绝的，绝种的 adj.abundant=plenty=ample 充裕的，丰富的 adj.exaggerate=overstate夸张，夸大 v.phenomenon=something that happens or exists in society, science, or nature, especially something that is studied because it is difficult to understand 现象 n.perception=idea=notion=view=belief=insight 认识，观念，看法 n.impression=infection=effect=influence=affection印象，感想 n.entitle=to give someone the official right to do or have something 使某人有权利/资格v.distortion=a change for the worse=deformation扭曲，曲解 v.dispose=to arrange things or put them in their places=arrange=settle=manage=cope with=deal with 安排，处理 v.intuition=the ability to understand or know something because of a feeling rather than by considering the facts=instinct 直觉 n.emission=a gas or other substance that is sent into the air排放物，散发物n.diminish=reduce=decrease=fall=lessen=cut 减少，减小v.postpone=put back=delay=adjourn 延期，推迟 v.crucial=important=critical=vital=necessary=essential 至关重要的 adj.pessimistic=expecting that bad things will happen in the future or that something will have a bad result=getting worse悲观的 adj.attempt=purpose=order=effort 尝试，努力Cambridge5 TEST2similar=like=resemble相似的 adj.derive=originate=come from=stem from起源 v.impetus=momentum=stimulus=incentive=motivation=encouragement 动机，动力 n. generate=produce=bring into existence=make=manufacture产生 v.couple with=and=accompany=with 伴随 v.factor=reason=element=component=ingredient 因素 n.unique=have the distinction=distinct=different=extraordinary=special独特的 adj.advance=progress=development=growth=increase进步 n.field=domain=territory=industry=sector领域 n.alternative=substitute=replacement替代物 n.like=such as=for example=for instance 例如resource=material=source资源，来源 n.limited=restricted=exhaustible=finite有限的adj.$㸁D㸁F㸁°䨁Ð䨁Ò䨁D吁d吁f吁N崁n崁6䘀6昀6稀6阀6刀>刀\刀t刀.挀°挀ª搀X攀¾攀:昀n昀&最¦最*栀èinvolve=rely on=contain=comprise 包含，牵涉 v.current=modern=recent=present最近的adj.particular=extraordinary=special=detail=specific=unique特别的，独有的adj.draw on=absorb=do with吸收 v.settle on=make choice of=decide on选定 v.superiority=advantage=edge=high quality优势 n.accompany=when=keep company=be associated with 陪伴，伴随v.view=belief=opinion=insight=perception 观点 n.artificial intelligence=reasoning in machine人工智能 n.involve with=associate with=link to=relate to与ÿ有关联 v.release=issue=launch=convey=public=deliver 发行，发表v.difficult=demanding=hard=tough困难的 adj.task=job=work=labour 任务，工作 n.instantly=rapidly=immediately立即地 adv.react=respond 反应 v.relate to=depend on=link to=associate with=involve with 与ÿ有关系 v.subject views=outlook=personal/individual views=personal/individual opinions 主观观点 n.distort=to change the appearance, sound, or shape of something so that it is strange or unclear; to report something in a way that is not completely true orcorrect=misinterpret 扭曲，歪曲 v.figure out=settle=decide=tell=understand 理解，想出 v.assessment=appraisal=evaluation=estimate=judgment评估，估计 v.emerge=appear=come forth出现 v.remain=keep=stay=maintain保持 v.exploitation=development=utilization=usage利用，使用n.foster=cultivate=raise=nurture培养，养育 v.overtake=catch up=sweep over赶上，压倒 v.initial=original=premier最初的，开始的 adj.whereas=however=while=nevertheless=but=yet然而，但是 adv.Cambridge5 TEST3。
雅思词汇_Chapter8人物描述
小沈的单词本Chapter 8. 人物描述包括：a. 身体动作; b. 行为与态度; c. 情绪与表达; d. 性格评价; e. 职业与头衔.N.B.The words with shading are not required in IELTS, but required in at least one another examination, including TOEFL, SAT, GRE, CET4/6, and NETM. Also, the italicized words are neither required in IELTS, nor in TOEFL, SAT, GRE, CET4/6, or NETM according to YouDao Dict.The BrE phonetic transcriptions, but the NAmE spellings are typed in this article.There are 10 chapters in this article, other chapters and a complete version can be found in my Baidu blog.注意带黄底的单词是非雅思要求的词汇，但是是托福、SAT、GRE、四六级、考研英语之中至少一种考试所要求的词汇. 而斜体的单词既不是雅思要求的词汇，也不是托福、SAT、GRE、四六级、考研英语要求的词汇.本材料中采用单词的英音音标、美式拼写.本材料共10章, 其他章节和一个完整版均可以在我的百度文库店铺中找到.Chapter 8. 人物描述a.身体动作act v./n.表现；行动behave 表现deed/diːd/ n.行动；(尤房产)契约gesture/ˈdʒestʃə(r)/ 姿态；手势survive 生存；幸存revive/rɪˈvaɪv/ 苏醒；复活glare/ɡleə(r)/ 瞪；怒目而视glimpse/ɡlɪmps/ 瞥见；看一眼glance /ɡlɑːns/ 瞥一眼；扫视；浏览scan /skæn/端详；浏览；扫描scan through 浏览scrutinize /ˈskruːtənaɪz/ 仔细查看；认真检查peep/piːp/ 窥视；偷看gaze/ɡeɪz/ 凝视peer /pɪə(r)/ v.仔细看；n.同龄人stare /steə(r)/ 注视；凝视exhale/eksˈheɪl/ 呼气inhale/ɪnˈheɪl/ 吸气whistle/ˈwɪsl/ (吹)口哨whisper/ˈwɪspə(r)/ v./n.耳语muffle/ˈmʌfl/ 压低(声音) shout 呼喊yell/jel/ 大喊exclaim 惊叫；呼喊scream /skriːm/尖叫；呼啸lick 舔suck 吸吮chew /tʃuː/ 咀嚼swallow/ˈswɒləʊ/ 吞；咽下；燕子saliva /səˈlaɪvə/ 唾液；口水drool /druːl/流口水sneeze /sniːz/ 打(喷嚏)snot /snɒt/ 流(鼻涕)yawn/jɔːn/ 打哈欠spit /spɪt/吐出；吐痰vomit /ˈvɒmɪt/呕吐shed /ʃed/流出；去除shed tears 流泪nod /nɒd/ 点头nod off 打盹shake one’s head 摇头shake hands 握手shake legs 抖腿wave one’s hand 挥手；摆手raise/put up one’s hand 举手nap /næp/ 小睡；打盹stay up late 熬夜slumber /ˈslʌmbə(r)/ n./v.睡眠have a nightmare /ˈnaɪtmeə(r)/做噩梦illusion /ɪˈluːʒn/幻觉salute /səˈluːt/ (尤军队)敬礼；致敬hug 拥抱clap/klæp/ 鼓掌；击掌；拍slap /slæp/ (用手掌)打；拍；掴tap/tæp/ 轻拍；水龙头flap /flæp/拍打knock v./n.敲打knead /niːd/ 揉捏flip 掷；轻击pitch 投掷；倾斜toss /tɒs/ 抛；投snatch/snætʃ/ 一把抓起；一下夺过grab/ɡræb/ 抓住；攫取；掠夺grasp /ɡrɑːsp/ 抓牢；握紧；理解grip /ɡrɪp/握紧；理解strain/streɪn/ 拉紧；n.张力tow /təʊ/ 拖；牵引drag /dræɡ/ v./n.拖拉scratch /skrætʃ/ 挠；搔痒scratch at the mosquito bites 挠蚊子叮的包itch/ɪtʃ/ 发痒；n.痒tickle /ˈtɪkl/ 挠痒；发痒；逗乐smash/smæʃ/ 打碎；猛烈撞击strike /straɪk/撞击；击打；罢工dash /dæʃ/ 猛冲；猛撞；猛击flush /flʌʃ/(脸、身上)发红；(用水)冲洗；冲(抽水马桶) twist/twɪst/ 拧；扭动(身体) sway/sweɪ/ 摇动；扭动slide 滑动slip 滑动；滑倒glide /ɡlaɪd/ 滑翔；滑行tumble /ˈtʌmbl/ 摔倒；倒塌shuffle /ˈʃʌfl/拖着脚走；坐立不安stumble /ˈstʌmbl/ 绊脚；踌躇而行jump 跳跃leap v./n.跳跃；飞跃plunge /plʌndʒ/ v./n.纵身投入；猛跌；跳水hop 跳上(或下)；单脚跳spring v./n.跳跃；弹开bounce /baʊns/ 弹起；弹跳stride /straɪd/ 跨过wander /ˈwɒndə(r)/ 徘徊；漫步linger /ˈlɪŋɡə(r)/ 徘徊；消磨lag /læɡ/ 落后；发展缓慢pace /peɪs/ 步速；步伐；v.踱步climb 攀爬kick v./n.踢；踢腿bend 弯曲bend one’s knees 屈膝bow /baʊ/鞠躬；屈从；弯曲kneel/niːl/ 下跪stretch /stretʃ/ v./n.拉伸sprawl /sprɔːl/伸开四肢坐(或躺)tilt /tɪlt/ (身体、位置、立场等的)倾斜b.行为与态度welcome /ˈwelkəm/ v./n.欢迎farewell /ˌfeəˈwel/ n.告别congratulate /kənˈɡrætʃuleɪt/ 祝贺celebrate/ˈselɪbreɪt/ 庆祝；举行participate in/pɑːˈtɪsɪpeɪt/ 加入；参与applaud /əˈplɔːd/ 鼓掌；称赞；喝彩stimulate /ˈstɪmjuleɪt/ 鼓舞；激励inspire/ɪnˈspaɪə(r)/ 激发；鼓舞；启示praise /preɪz/赞扬compliment /ˈkɒmplɪmənt/n./v.恭维；称赞sponser v.赞助；n.赞助商uphold /ʌpˈhəʊld/ 支持；维护(秩序、法律等) back up=backup支持；(文件)备份advocate/'ædvəkeɪt/ 拥护；提倡approve of/əˈpruːv/赞成；批准affection /əˈfekʃn/ 喜爱adore /əˈdɔː(r)/ 爱慕；热爱worship /ˈwɜːʃɪp/ v./n.崇拜crush v.压扁；塞进(狭小空间里) have/get a crush on 迷恋obsess /əbˈses/ 使痴迷；使心神不宁be obsessed with 对…痴迷be obsessed by 被…困扰mesmerize/ˈmezməraɪz/ 吸引；迷住；催眠fancinate /ˈfæsɪneɪt/ 深深吸引flatter/ˈflætə(r)/ 奉承appeal v./n.呼吁；吸引；上诉lodge an appeal /lɒdʒ/提出上诉Handicrafts appeal to tourists 手工艺品吸引游客I appeal to all like-minded people to support me.呼吁所有志同道合的人支持我react 起反应；作出回应respond 回答；回应reflect/rɪˈflekt/ 反应；反射remind sb of/to do sth 提醒某人某事recall /rɪˈkɔːl/ 回想起；召回recollect/ˌrekəˈlekt/ 回忆起；想起evoke /ɪˈvəʊk/ 唤起(情感、回忆等) invoke/ɪnˈvəʊk/ 援引；调用arouse /əˈraʊz/激起；引起impress sb as 给某人留下…的印象in retrospect/ˈretrəspekt/ 回想起来retell/ˌriːˈtel/ 复述rephrase/ˌriːˈfreɪz/ 改述；重新措辞repeat /rɪˈpiːt/ 重复mention /ˈmenʃn/ v./n.提及contact with sb 与…联系conncet A with B 连接A与B combine A with B 结合；同时做；兼备a trip combining business and pleasurebond /bɒnd/结合；n.债券bond wood to metal 将木头粘合到金属上Atoms bond together to form a molecule. 原子结成分子bound/baʊnd/界限；n./v.跳跃；adj.必然的be bound to 一定要做hurry/rush to do 急忙做某事hasten /ˈheɪsn/ 急忙做；促进；使加速hasten to do急忙做某事urge to do/ɜːdʒ/ 迫不及待做某事urge sb to do 敦促某人做某事itch to do 跃跃欲试做某事pursue /pəˈsjuː/追求；追逐chase 追赶；(恋爱上)追求exceed /ɪkˈsiːd/超过scatter/ˈskætə(r)/ 散播；驱散disperse /dɪˈspɜːs/疏散；散布distribute/ˈdɪstrɪbjuːt/ 分配；分发attribute /əˈtrɪbjuːt/ v.把…归于；n.属性attribute sth to 把…归功于(某人) disburse /dɪsˈbɜːs/ (从资金中)支付；拨款dispense/dɪˈspens/ 分发；配(药) dispatch/dɪˈspætʃ/ 派遣；发出(订单、包裹等) designate /ˈdezɪɡneɪt/ 指定；指派assign /əˈsaɪn/ 分配；指派arrange/əˈreɪndʒ/ 安排；整理implement/'ɪmplɪm(ə)nt/ 执行；实施perform 执行；演奏operate 运转；工作；做手术function v.运转；工作；n.功能tackle/ˈtækl/ 应付；处理；交涉cope with /kəʊp/ 处理；应付confront /kənˈfrʌnt/ 处理；解决；遭遇dispose/dɪˈspəʊz/ 处理；处置conduct /kənˈdʌkt/ 实施；组织；安排handle=deal with 处理undertake/ˌʌndəˈteɪk/ 承担；从事trigger/ˈtrɪɡə(r)/触发；引起；n.扳机incur /ɪnˈkɜː(r)/ 引发；招致propel /prəˈpel/ 推进；驱使launch/lɔːntʃ/ 发射；开始从事launch an investigation 开始调查commence/kəˈmens/ 开始；着手做initiate v.开始(实施)；发起set in motion /ˈməʊʃn/ 发动；开始；调动exert /ɪɡˈzɜːt/ 运用；行使wield /wiːld/ 使用；行使；挥动utilize /ˈjuːtəlaɪz/利用fulfill 履行；实现accomplish/əˈkʌmplɪʃ/ 完成；实现gain 获得；赢得；v./n.(尤财富、重量的)增加attain 获得；达到obtain/əbˈteɪn/ 获得acquire/əˈkwaɪə(r)/ 获得；学到；购得resolve /rɪˈzɒlv/解决；决定settle 解决；决定；安排；定居work out=figure out 解决surmount /səˈmaʊnt/克服；解决setback 挫折adversity/ədˈvɜːsəti/ 困境；逆境transform /trænsˈfɔːm/ 改变；变形transfer /trænsˈfɜː(r)/ 转移；调动transmit /trænsˈmɪt/发射；传输transit /ˈtrænsɪt/ v./n.运输；搬运transport/ˈtrænspɔːt/ v./n.运输yearn for/to do /jɜːn/ 渴望desire to do 渴望aspire to do/əˈspaɪə(r)/ 渴望attempt/əˈtempt/ 尝试；试图strive/struggle for /straɪv/ 为了…奋斗dedicate/ˈdedɪkeɪt/ 献身；致力于devote/dedicate oneself to doing致力于spare no efforts in 致力于dispute/dɪ'spjuːt/v./n.辩论；争辩contention /kənˈtenʃn/ n.争论；争辩debate /dɪˈbeɪt/v./n.辩论negotiate/nɪˈɡəʊʃieɪt/ 谈判investigate /ɪnˈvestɪɡeɪt/ 调查；侦察inquire=enquire /ɪnˈkwaɪə(r)/调查ascertain /ˌæsəˈteɪn/ 确定；查明confirm /kənˈfɜːm/确定；确认ensure /ɪnˈʃʊə(r)/ 确定assure /əˈʃʊə(r)/ 保证；担保assert/əˈsɜːt/ 断信；维护(权益等) preach /priːtʃ/ 说教；宣扬(教义、体制等) persuade /pəˈsweɪd/ 劝说；说服convince/kənˈvɪns/ 说服reassure/ˌriːəˈʃʊə(r)/ 使安心；使消除疑虑issue/ˈɪʃuː/ v.(正式)发布；发行；n.议题；问题issue a joint statement 发表联合声明issue a visa 发放签证a controversial/sensitive issue 一个有争议/敏感的问题stipulate/ˈstɪpjuleɪt/ 规定；明确要求distinguish/dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ/ 区分；辨别differentiate/ˌdɪfəˈrenʃieɪt/区分recognize /ˈrekəɡnaɪz/辨认neglect/nɪˈɡlekt/ 忽视ignore/ɪɡˈnɔː(r)/ 忽视；佯装未见disregard/ˌdɪsrɪˈɡɑːd/ 不理会；漠视overlook 忽视；俯视；眺望omit/əˈmɪt/ 省略；遗漏outlook n.展望；前景；态度contemplate /ˈkɒntəmpleɪt/ 思忖；沉思imitate /ˈɪmɪteɪt/ 模仿mimic /ˈmɪmɪk/ (尤指滑稽地)模仿simulate /ˈsɪmjuleɪt/ 模仿；假装；模拟feign /feɪn/ 假装trick v.欺骗；n.恶作剧；骗局deceive /dɪˈsiːv/ 欺骗；行骗deceit /dɪˈsiːt/ n.欺骗(手段)；谎言cheat v./n.欺骗；作弊dissemble /dɪˈsembl/ 掩饰；掩盖disguise/dɪsˈɡaɪz/ 假扮；掩饰conceal /kənˈsiːl/ 隐瞒；掩盖exaggerate/ɪɡˈzædʒəreɪt/ 夸张；夸大boast/bəʊst/ 自夸；自吹自擂vow /vaʊ/ (尤宗教中)发誓oath/əʊθ/ n.誓言；咒骂pledge/pledʒ/ v./n.保证；许诺；抵押swear/sweə(r)/ 发誓；咒骂curse /kɜːs/ 诅咒；咒骂insult /ɪn'sʌlt/ 侮辱；辱骂humiliate /hjuːˈmɪlieɪt/ 侮辱；使丢脸affront /əˈfrʌnt/ (当众)侮辱scold/skəʊld/ 训斥(尤孩子) rebuke /rɪˈbjuːk/斥责；批评criticize /ˈkrɪtɪsaɪz/批评；评论comment /ˈkɒment/评论；指责no comment 无可奉告tease/tiːz/ 取笑；戏弄ridicule /ˈrɪdɪkjuːl/ v./n.嘲笑；讥讽mock /mɒk/ (尤通过模仿)嘲笑mock my country accent 嘲笑我的乡村口音satirize /ˈsætəraɪz/ 讽刺provoke /prəˈvəʊk/ 激怒；激起；驱使provoke a storm of protest 激起抗议的风潮contempt /kənˈtempt/ 蔑视；鄙视bias/ˈbaɪəs/ v./n.偏见；偏袒expel/ɪkˈspel/ 驱逐(出境)；除名revenge/rɪˈvendʒ/ 报复；报仇impair /ɪmˈpeə(r)/ 损害；削弱bet/bet/ v./n.打赌stake/steɪk/ v.打赌；n.赌注；柱桩gamble/ˈɡæmbl/ v./n.赌博tempt/tempt/ 诱惑induce /ɪnˈdjuːs/ 诱使；导致bait/beɪt/ 下诱饵；(故意)激怒；n.诱饵allure /əˈlʊə(r)/ n.诱惑力interfere/ˌɪntəˈfɪə(r)/ 干涉；打扰disturb /dɪˈstɜːb/ 打扰；妨碍interrupt /ˌɪntəˈrʌpt/ 中断；插嘴intervene/ˌɪntəˈviːn/ (出面)介入；插嘴deter/dɪˈtɜː(r)/ 制止impede/ɪmˈpiːd/ 阻碍；阻止hinder /ˈhɪndə(r)/ (成为)阻碍hamper/ˈhæmpə(r)/阻碍；束缚constraint /kənˈstreɪnt/ 限制；约束restrain /rɪˈstreɪn/ 抑制；约束suppress /səˈpres/ 抑制；镇压delete/dɪˈliːt/ 删除cancel/ˈkænsl/ 取消erase /ɪˈreɪz/ 抹去；擦除detach /dɪˈtætʃ/ 拆卸；挣脱undo/ʌnˈduː/ 打开；拆开reverse /rɪˈvɜːs/ 颠倒；撤销revoke /rɪˈvəʊk/ 撤回；废除evacuate/ɪˈvækjueɪt/ 疏散；撤退enlighten /ɪnˈlaɪtn/ 照亮；启发impart /ɪmˈpɑːt/ 透露；传授；赋予convey /kənˈveɪ/ 传送；表达resort/rɪˈzɔːt/n.诉诸；n.旅游胜地recourse /rɪˈkɔːs/ n.依赖；诉诸Issues should be resolved without resort/recourse to violence. 不应诉诸暴力解决问题recover恢复；找回；重新获得restore/rɪˈstɔː(r)/ 恢复；复原(职位、位置等)；归还redeem /rɪˈdiːm/ 弥补；偿清；赎回offset 抵消；弥补replenish/rɪˈplenɪʃ/ 补充(饮食等)；再装满render/ˈrendə(r)/ 使变得；提供；提交render sewage harmless 使废水无毒offer sth to sb/sb sth=render sth to sb/sb sth=supply sth to sb/sb with sth=provide sth for sb/sb with sth给某人提供某物prolong /prəˈlɒŋ/ 延长sustain /səˈsteɪn/ 维持(生命、生活等) maintain 维持；保持；维修adhere to /ədˈhɪə(r)/ 坚持(信念、规律等) adhere to a strict low-salt diet 坚持低盐饮食c.情绪与表达perceptual /pəˈseptʃuəl/ 有知觉的；感知的delighted/pleased/happy/gald 高兴的cheerful /ˈtʃɪəfl/ 高兴的exhilarated /ɪɡˈzɪləreɪtɪd/ 振奋的；高兴的thrill /θrɪl/ v./n.激动；紧张thrilled /θrɪld/非常激动的good-humored/'gud'hju:məd/ 愉快的；脾气好的satisfied /ˈsætɪsfaɪd/满意的content /kənˈtent/ 满意的content /ˈkɒntent/n.内容relieved /rɪˈliːvd/ 放心的；宽慰的annoyed 恼怒的frustrated /frʌˈstreɪtɪd/ 懊恼的；受挫的overwhelmed/,əʊvə'welmd/ 不知所措的；被击败的irritated /ˈɪrɪteɪtɪd/ 恼怒的；生气的mad/angry 生气的upset 心烦的；使心烦bored 无聊的；无趣的bewilder /bɪˈwɪldə(r)/ 使困惑；使不知所措bewildered /bɪˈwɪldəd/ 困惑的confused 困惑的perplexed /pəˈplekst/ 困惑的；不知所措的mystified/ˈmɪstɪfaɪd/ 困惑的sympathetic /ˌsɪmpəˈθetɪk/ 感到同情的sad 难过的wretched /ˈretʃɪd/ 难受的；不适的grieved /ɡriːvd/ 伤心的；悲痛的sorrowful /ˈsɒrəʊfl/ 悲伤的disappointed 失望的despondent /dɪˈspɒndənt/ 沮丧的；失望的fascinated/ˈfæsɪneɪtɪd/ 入迷的disillusioned/ˌdɪsɪˈluːʒnd/ 醒悟的surprised/amazed 吃惊的；惊讶的astonished /əˈstɒnɪʃt/ 吃惊的appalled /əˈpɔːld/ 惊骇的panic/ˈpænɪk/ 恐慌的；使恐慌afraid/fearful 害怕的terrified/ˈterɪfaɪd/ 非常害怕的jealous /ˈdʒeləs/嫉妒的embarrassed /ɪmˈbærəst/ 尴尬的awkward /ˈɔːkwəd/ 尴尬的exhausted/ɪɡˈzɔːstɪd/ 筋疲力尽的dog-tired 筋疲力尽的d.性格评价personality 个性disposition /ˌdɪspəˈzɪʃn/性情；倾向trait /treɪt/(人的)品质；本性character /ˈkærəktə(r)/性格；特性；角色nature 天性；自然appearance /əˈpɪərəns/外表inherence内在optimistic/ˌɒptɪˈmɪstɪk/ 乐观的optimist /ˈɒptɪmɪst/ 乐观主义者pessimistic/ˌpesɪˈmɪstɪk/ 悲观的pessimist/ˈpesɪmɪst/ 悲观主义者initiative /ɪˈnɪʃətɪv/ 主动的；主动权passive /ˈpæsɪv/ 被动的；消极的daring/ˈdeərɪŋ/ 胆子大的outgoing 外向的easy-going 容易相处的；随和的timid /ˈtɪmɪd/腼腆的；胆小的rational /ˈræʃnəl/ 理性的emotional/ɪˈməʊʃənl/ 感性的sentiment /ˈsentɪmənt/感情sentimental /ˌsentɪˈmentl/ 多愁善感的；感情用事的sane /seɪn/ 神志正常的；明智的insane /ɪnˈseɪn/精神失常的sensible /ˈsensəbl/明智的sensitive/ˈsensətɪv/ 敏感的skepical /ˈskeptɪkl/ 多疑的；怀疑的radical /ˈrædɪkl/ 激进的；激进分子activist /ˈæktɪvɪst/积极分子gentle/ˈdʒentl/ 温文尔雅的mild /maɪld/温和的；和善的enthusiasm/ɪnˈθjuːziæzəm/ 热心；热忱enthusiastic /ɪnˌθjuːziˈæstɪk/ 热情的generous /ˈdʒenərəs/ 慷慨的indifferent冷淡的；漠不关心的apathy /ˈæpəθi/ 冷漠apathetic /ˌæpəˈθetɪk/ 冷漠的；无动于衷的humble/ˈhʌmbl/ 谦虚的modest /ˈmɒdɪst/ 谦虚的arrogant/ˈærəɡənt/ 自大的vain /veɪn/ 自负的；徒劳的conceit /kənˈsiːt/ 自负；狂妄conceited/kənˈsiːtɪd/ 自负的；自命不凡的superior/sjuːˈpɪəriə(r)/ 优秀的；高傲的；上级的superiority/sjuːˌpɪəriˈɒrəti/ 优势；优越superiority complex 优越感haughty/ˈhɔːti/ 傲慢的；自大的lofty /ˈlɒfti/ 崇高的；高傲的inferior /ɪnˈfɪəriə(r)/差的；自卑的；下级的inferiority /ɪnˌfɪəriˈɒrəti/ 自卑a sense of inferiority 自卑感overshadow/ˌəʊvəˈʃædəʊ/ 使显得逊色；使扫兴overshadowed 逊色的；差的vigorous /ˈvɪɡərəs/ 精力充沛的；有力的energetic 精力充沛的diligent /ˈdɪlɪdʒənt/ 用功的；勤勉的hard-working 勤勉的；勤劳的laborious/ləˈbɔːriəs/ 勤劳的industrious /ɪnˈdʌstriəs/ 勤勉的slothful /ˈsləʊθfl/ 懒惰的frugal /ˈfruːɡl/节俭的；花钱少的；朴素的thrifty /ˈθrɪfti/ 节约的；节俭的extravagant/ɪkˈstrævəɡənt/ 奢侈的；铺张的knowledgeable /ˈnɒlɪdʒəbl/ 知识渊博的intelligent /ɪnˈtelɪdʒənt/ 聪明的ignorant /ˈɪɡnərənt/ 无知的；愚昧的stupid /ˈstjuːpɪd/ 愚蠢的careless 粗心的polite/pəˈlaɪt/ 有礼貌的vulgar/ˈvʌlɡə(r)/ 粗俗的；不雅的coarse /kɔːs/ 粗俗的；粗糙的nasty /ˈnɑːsti/ 下流的；令人恶心的saucy /ˈsɔːsi/ 粗鲁的liberal /ˈlɪbərəl/ 心胸开阔的；自由主义的selfish自私的greedy 贪婪的resolute /ˈrezəluːt/坚决的；坚定的tough-minded 意志坚定的determined /dɪˈtɜːmɪnd/ 下定决心的indecisive /ˌɪndɪˈsaɪsɪv/犹豫不决的manly男子气概的frank /fræŋk/ 坦率的candid /ˈkændɪd/ 坦率的amiable /ˈeɪmiəbl/adj.和蔼可亲的charming 迷人的graceful 优雅的elegant/ˈelɪɡənt/ 文雅的gentle/ˈdʒentl/ 彬彬有礼的genteel/dʒenˈtiːl/ 假斯文的；装b的romantic 浪漫的tender 温柔的；v.提议；(食物)柔软的humorous /ˈhjuːmərəs/ 幽默的lovely/ˈlʌvli/ 可爱的；令人愉快的lively /ˈlaɪvli/ 活泼的；生动的promising /ˈprɒmɪsɪŋ/ 有前途的enterprising/ˈentəpraɪzɪŋ/ 有事业心的ambitious /æmˈbɪʃəs/ 有野心的aggressive/əˈɡresɪv/ 好斗的；气势汹汹的dutiful 尽职的；尽责的dutiful children 孝顺的儿女workaholic /ˌwɜːkəˈhɒlɪk/工作狂sophisticated /səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd/ 久经世故的；有经验的diplomatic /ˌdɪpləˈmætɪk/老练的；外交上的mysterious /mɪˈstɪəriəs/ 神秘的naughty 淘气的naive/naɪˈiːv/ 幼稚的；天真的childish/ˈtʃaɪldɪʃ/ 幼稚的；孩子气的stubborn/ˈstʌbən/ 顽固的obtrusive /əbˈtruːsɪv/ 扎眼的；冒失的opinionated /əˈpɪnjəneɪtɪd/ 固执己见的arbitrary /ˈɑːbɪtri/武断的；任意的rash/ræʃ/ 轻率的；鲁莽的；皮疹sly/slaɪ/ 狡诈的cunning /ˈkʌnɪŋ/ 狡诈的clumsy /ˈklʌmzi/ 笨拙的social status /ˈsteɪtəs/ 社会地位ordinary普通的；平凡的high-status 地位高的pioneer /ˌpaɪəˈnɪə(r)/开创者；先驱herald /ˈherəld/先驱；v.预示…的开始prophet /ˈprɒfɪt/ (宗教中的)先知well-known 有名的famous 著名的renowned /rɪˈnaʊnd/ 著名的；有声望的eminent /ˈemɪnənt/ 杰出的；有名的prominent /ˈprɒmɪnənt/ 杰出的；显著的celebrate /ˈselɪbreɪt/ 庆祝celebrated/ˈselɪbreɪtɪd/ 著名的celebrity /səˈlebrəti/ 名人outstanding 杰出的marked 显著的；有记号的distinct /dɪˈstɪŋkt/ 明显的；有区别的；独特的remarkable /rɪˈmɑːkəbl/ 卓越的；值得注意的notable /ˈnəʊtəbl/ 值得注意的；著名的；名人noted 著名的famed /feɪmd/ 著名的distinguished /dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃt/ 卓越的；著名的；高贵的inspired/ɪnˈspaɪəd/品质优秀的；能力卓越的reputable /ˈrepjətəbl/ 声誉好的；受尊重的disreputable 声名狼藉的；肮脏的notorious /nəʊˈtɔːriəs/ 声名狼藉的；臭名昭著的coward 懦夫；胆小鬼poor wretch /retʃ/ 穷鬼weirdo/ˈwɪədəʊ/ 奇葩scumbag /ˈskʌmbæɡ/ 人渣douch=douchebag /duːʃ/ 讨厌鬼bastard/ˈbɑːstəd/ 混蛋；私生子jackass蠢货；公驴womanizer/ˈwʊmənaɪzə(r)/ 渣男；玩弄女性者whore/hɔː(r)/ 妓女；淫妇slut荡妇；母狗offensive /əˈfensɪv/ 冒犯的；令人不适的obnoxious /əbˈnɒkʃəs/可憎的；极讨厌的e.职业与头衔career (从业)生涯profession(尤高门槛的)行业elite /ɪˈliːt/ 精英occupation 职业；占有vocation/vəʊˈkeɪʃn/ (认为适合自己的)职业；天职avocation /ˌævəˈkeɪʃn/副业；业余爱好amateur /ˈæmətə(r)/ 业余的；业余爱好者livelihood /ˈlaɪvlihʊd/生计a means/source of livelihood 营生的方法/来源civil/public servant /ˈsɜːvənt/公务员politician /ˌpɒləˈtɪʃn/ 政客statesman /ˈsteɪtsmən/ 政治家ideologist/,aɪdɪ'ɒlədʒɪst/ 思想家idealist /aɪˈdiːəlɪst/理想主义者；空想家critic/ˈkrɪtɪk/评论家；批评家agent /ˈeɪdʒənt/ 代理人；经纪人commuter 上班族staff/stɑːf/ 职员clerk/klɑːk/ 职员freelancer/ˈfriːlɑːnsə(r)/ 自由职业者marketing supervisor/executive 销售主管journalist/ˈdʒɜːnəlɪst/ 新闻工作者commentator 实况解说员；时事评论者announcer/əˈnaʊnsə(r)/ 广播员correspond /ˌkɒrəˈspɒnd/v.符合；通信correspondent /ˌkɒrəˈspɒndənt/ 记者；通讯员messenger/ˈmesɪndʒə(r)/ 邮递员editor/ˈedɪtə(r)/ 编辑员typist 打字员secretary /ˈsekrətri/秘书；书记assistant 助手receptionist /rɪˈsepʃənɪst/接待员；前台cashier /kæˈʃɪə(r)/收银员；出纳员accountant /əˈkaʊntənt/会计师consultant/kənˈsʌltənt/ 顾问；会诊医生adviser=advisor顾问counsellor /ˈkaʊnsələ(r)/ (尤私人问题)顾问cop 巡警fireman 消防员veterinarian /ˌvetərɪˈneəriən/ 兽医steward /ˈstjuːəd/ (飞机)男乘务员stewardess /ˌstjuːəˈdes/ (飞机)女乘务员air hostess /ˈhəʊstəs/ 飞机女乘务员trainman(列车)乘务员conductor /kənˈdʌktə(r)/ 导体；乐队指挥；[英](火车)列车长；[英](公共汽车)售票员ticket inspector 检票员security/safety inspector 安检员ground crew 地勤crew 机组成员；全体船员sailor /ˈseɪlə(r)/ 水手seaman海员captain 船长；队长technician /tekˈnɪʃn/技术人员toil 苦工；v.辛勤劳作engineer 工程师architect 建筑师analyst /ˈænəlɪst/化验员；分析师mechanic /məˈkænɪk/ 技工；机修工carpenter /ˈkɑːpəntə(r)/木匠mason /ˈmeɪsn/石匠；泥瓦匠craftsman /ˈkrɑːftsmən/ 工匠；手艺人gardener /ˈɡɑːdnə(r)/ 园丁tailor 裁缝stylist(服装)设计师barber 理发师chef /ʃef/ 主厨；大厨cook 厨师fisherman 渔民butcher /ˈbʊtʃə(r)/屠夫bartender/ˈbɑːtendə(r)/酒保；调酒师guide 导游model 模特icon/ˈaɪkɒn/ 偶像；图标idol/ˈaɪdl/ 偶像umpire/ˈʌmpaɪə(r)/ 裁判员beggar /ˈbeɡə(r)/ 乞丐specialist 专家；专科医生biologist/baɪˈɒlədʒɪst/ 生物学家zoologist/zuˈɒlədʒɪst/ 动物学家botanist/ˈbɒtənɪst/ 植物学家ecologist /iˈkɒlədʒɪst/ 生态学家anthropologist/ˌænθrəˈpɒlədʒɪst/ 人类学家demographer/dɪˈmɒɡrəfə(r)/ 人口学家artist艺术家painter 画家gourmet /ˈɡʊəmeɪ/ 美食家。
雅思阅读剑8讲解
雅思阅读剑8讲解雅思阅读剑8讲解test 1 passage 1主题：时间记录的历史A段---人类计算时间的历史B段---纬度对于计时的影响C段---月、日的划分以及目光时的产生D段---测量昼夜日光时的工具E段---各国用机械钟计时的不同方法F段---早期机械钟的发展G段---机械钟的改进和落地摆钟的产生H段---当代计时技术及其影响难度系数：★★★★解题顺序：LABELLING→MATCHING(5～8)→MATCHING(1～4)友情提示：遇到段落信息配对题，可以先放下做别的题，最后再来对付它! 必背词汇1. coordinate v. 协调，配合The agencies are working together to coordinate policy on food safety. 各机构正在共同努力，以配合相关食品安全政策的实施。
I couldn't get my brain to function or coordinate my muscles.我不能让我的大脑(正常地)活动或者与我的肌肉相协调。
2. successive adj. 连续的，相继的The team has had five successive victories. 球队已经取得5次连续的胜利。
Successive governments have tried to deal with this issue. 历届政府都试图解决这个问题。
3. artificial adj. 人工的，人造的This product contains no artificial preservatives. 本产品不含任何人工防腐剂。
Prior to treatment water may be stored in natural or artificial basins.治疗前的水可以储存在自然或人工的盆地内。
4. crucial adj. 决定性的，关键的This aid money is crucial to the government's economic policies.这项援助资金对政府的经济政策来说是至关重要的。
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J8T147.permit 允许1 A CHRONICLE OF TIMEKEEPING48.permission基础词汇 :49.arc 弧度1.conception 概念50.instrument 仪器2.concept 概念51.regulate 规定3.theory 理论52.navigation4.hypothesis 假设53.navigate 导航5.depend on 依赖于6.dependent依赖的进阶词汇：7.dependency依赖 1.chronicle 编年史8.rely on依赖于 2.chronic慢性的9.reliance依赖 3.archaeology 考古学10.lie in在于 4.archaeological考古学的11.measure测量 5.the advent of⋯的降临12.calculate计算 6.coordinate协调13.count计数munal团体的14.gauge 测量munity团体15.introduce引进9.successive 连续的16.calendar日历10.rotate 旋转17.harvest收获11.axis 轴18.solar太阳的12.orbit 轨道19.lunar月亮的13.artificial人工的20.phase 月相14.equator赤道21.influence vt.影响 n 影响15.conspicuous 引人注目的22.crucial至关重要的titude维度23.chart图表17.clime 地区24.add 增加18.practise从事25.mark n.记号vt. 做记号19.formulate规划26.heaven天空20.municipal市政的27.adopt采取21.cosmic宇宙的28.basin盆22.interval间隔29.device装置23.duration持续30.devise设计24.track 追踪31.adjust调整25.indicate指出32.revolutionary革命的26.counterpart相似的对应物 / 人33.aspect方面27.denote指出34.motive force推动的力量28.freeze 冻结35.motion移动29.mechanical机械的36.gear wheel齿轮30.mechanism 机制37.spring弹簧31.scheme计划38.tension张力mence开始39.anchor锚33.address vt.着手处理40.release释放34.integral完整的41.in turn转而35.integrate 使⋯完整42.precise精确的36.geography地理43.precision精确37.simultaneous同时的44.accurate精确的38.half –halves(复数 )45.accuracy 精确J8T1 6.route 路线2 AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL THE USA7.approximate近似基础词汇：8.approximately1.accident 事故9.metropolis都市 = big city2.disaster 灾难10.metropolitan都市的3.occur 出现11.fortuitous偶然的4.establish 建立12.coincidental巧合的5.establishment13.coincidence6.operation操作14.margin of error错误的余地7.operate15.incomplete不完整的8.safety 安全16.oversimplify过于简单化9.procedure步骤17.accommodate调解10.be in place在合适的位置18.put into effect使⋯生效11.exist 存在19.blanket vt.覆盖 n.毛毯12.existence20.recreation 娱乐13.visual 视觉的21.weather天气14.visibility 能见度22.meteorology气象学15.vision 视觉23.meteorological16.bring about 带来24.cue 提示17.create 创造25.necessitate使⋯成为必须18.creation26.stem from 源于19.creativity 创造性27.that is,即⋯，⋯20.reduce 降低ern 控制21.consist of包含29.correspond通信22.realize 意识到30.encompass包含23.purpose 目的31.rigorous严格的24.meet 满足32.explicit 清楚的25.challenge挑战33.aviation航空26.challenging 挑战的34.category种类27.element 要素35.prompt vt. 促进28.entire 全部的29.apply 应用30.pilot 飞行员31.impose 强加32.altitude 高度33.possess 控制34.alphabet 字母表35.realm 领域36.license vt.许可 n 许可证37.radio contact 无线电联系38.obey 遵守39.disobey 不遵守进阶词汇：1.oversee 监督2.congest 阻塞3.congestion4.rudimentary 未发展的3 TELEPATHY9.seal 密封基础词汇：10.random 随机的municate 通讯11.flaw 缺点2.divide 划分12.overlook忽略3.academic学者13.rule out把⋯排除4.colleague同事14.range from A to B （ =such as 举例用）范围包括 A5.skeptical = skeptical 怀疑的到 B6.skeptic = sceptic 怀疑论者15.issue 发布7.suspect怀疑16.switch to转向8.claim 声称17.automate自动化9.rigorous严格的18.variant 变体（来自 vary）10.implication暗示19.minimize最小化（ =limit ）11.imply20.impressive 印象深刻的pelling引人注目的21.disturb 打扰13.genuine真的22.consistency 一致性14.advocate支持者23.consistent一致的15.faint 微弱的24.defend 防护16.signal 信号25.defender = advocate17.detect 探测bine联合18.detection27.reject 拒绝19.relax 放松28.plausible貌似合理的20.choose –(done) chosen= pick out21.attempt to do 尝试去做22.session = section23.identify 识别24.identification25.statistics 统计学26.statistical 统计学的27.reveal 揭露28.technique 技术29.involve 包含30.involvementck of 缺少32.individual 个体的33.sample 样本34.apparent 明显的35.attitude 态度36.mainstream 主流的37.apart 遥远进阶词汇：1.spark 发动2.controversy 争论3. risk vt. 冒⋯风险4.constitute 组成5.concur 同意6.tranquility 宁静7.participate 参与J8T29.pour 倾倒1 SHEET GLASS MANUFACTURE:THE FLOAT PROCESS10.parallel与⋯平行基础词汇：11.surface tension 表面张力1.manufacture制造12.convince 说服2.process过程13.optical 光学的3.float 漂浮14.principle原理4.harden 变硬15.inspection5.method方法16.inspect审查6.flat 平的17.automate 自动化7.involve 包括18.automation8.stay 保持19.reveal 揭露9.nevertheless虽然如此20.fault缺陷10.demand需求21.flaw缺陷11.look for寻找22.property性质12.thickness 厚度23.instant立即的13.experiment做实验mercial商业的14.melt (molten)融化merce商业15.horizon 地平线16.horizontal 水平的17.transport 运输18.zone 区域19.coincidence 巧合20.plant 工厂21. cost vt. 话费22.turn off 关闭23.prepare 准备24.quality 质量25.refine 提炼26.simultaneously 同时地plex 复杂的28.deliver=send 传递29.form vt. 形成30.bubble 气泡31.ensure 确保32.remove 移除33.upstream 上游34.downstream 下游35.correct vt.改正36.locate vt.定位进阶词汇：1. be little more than仅仅是2.mixture 混合物3.mix 混合4.heat vt.加热bour intensive 劳动密集型6.grind(ground) 磨碎7.gravity 重力2 THE LITTLE ICE AGE 4.context语境基础词汇： 5.mercy仁慈1.shift n/vt. 改变 6.irregular不规则的2.universal普遍的7.harsh 严酷的3.strategy战略8.drought干旱4.survive 幸存9.accustomed习惯的5.adopt采取10.unaccustomed 不习惯的6.sudden 突然的11.revolution革命st vt 持续12.revolutionize发动革命8.glacier 冰山13.famine饥荒9.surround包围14.unprecedented 史无前例的10.rapid迅速的15.rather更确切的说（肯定后面）11.systematic系统的16.seesaw 跷跷板12.incomplete不完整的17.switch (=shift) 转换13.account账目d 温和的14.drill 钻孔19.reconstruct重建15.narrative叙事的20.supplement补充16.describe描述21.amplify放大17.description22.ample丰富的18.explore 探索23.hemisphere半球19.exploration24.Arctic 北极20.settle定居25.Antarctic南极21.spread vt. 传播26.voyage航行22.concern关心27.descend 下降23.gradual 逐渐的28.predict预测24.stem from起源于29.predictable可预测的25.crop 庄稼30.culminate达到顶点26.grain粮食31.vital 至关重要的27.stock家禽 /股票modity商品28.livestock家禽33.fleet 舰队29.globe地球34.self-sufficient 自给自足的30.global全球的35.sufficient足够的31.globalization 全球化36.deficient不足的32.migration移民37.release释放33.migrate38.trigger引起34.ax (复数 axes) 斧子39.fossil fuel化石燃料35.vast 广阔的40.proliferate激增36.clearance清除 (remove)41.soar 高飞37.quantity数量42.give way to让位于38.quantify 定量39.atmosphere 大气40.greenhouse gas 温室气体41.prolong 延长42.frequent 频繁的进阶词汇：1.relevance 关联2.determine 决定3 THE MEANING AND POWER OF SMELL21.elusive 难懂的基础词汇：22.make do with勉强对付1.physical 身体的23.fundamental基本的2.psychological 心理的ponent成分3.be aware of意识到25.is set to do被设定去做⋯4.essential 必要的26.offensive 冒犯的5.essence 本质27.offence 冒犯6.role 角色28.distinguish区分7.emotional情绪的29.proposal 提议8.emotion30.spouse 配偶9.response n.回答31.interpretation解释10.respond vt.回答32.interpret 解释11.respondent应答者33.appreciate欣赏12.perception n.感知34.superior 优越的13.perceive vt.感知14.cue 线索15.in spite of 尽管16.regard 注意17. in comparison with同⋯比较18.possess 控制19.phenomenon 现象20.vocabulary 词汇21.struggle (to do) 挣扎（去做某事）22.express 表达23.store 储存24.given 鉴于25.consider 认为进阶词汇：1.odour 气味2.odourless 无气味的3.scent 气味4.faculty 能力5.impair 损害6.well-being 健康ment 评论8.evoke 唤起9.foul 恶臭10.association 关联11.associated with 与⋯有关12.disgust 厌恶13. label vt. 贴标签14.bonding 连接15.infant 婴儿16.identify 识别17.register 注册18.undervalue 低估19.feeble 微弱的J8T31 STRIKING BACK AT LIGHTING WITH LASERS 基础词汇 :1. strike vt. 打2.striking 惊人的ser 激光4.injure vt.伤害5. injury n 伤害6.power 电力7.inviting 诱人的8.target 目标9.strategy 战略10.heaven 天空11. trail n.尾部vt. 拖12.wire 电线13.electric charge 电荷14.fund vt.投资 n.资金15.back vt.支持mand vt/n. 指挥17.requirement 要求18.require vt 要求19.extract 提取20.atom 原子21.electron 电子22.direct vt.指挥23.attract 吸引24.attractive 吸引人的25.field test 现场试验26.forecast 预测27.confront 面对进阶词汇：1.seldom adv.很少2.inflict 使遭受3.lighting bolt 闪电柱4.property 性质；财产5.trial 试验6.discharge 释放7.power grid 电网8.frequency 频率9.trigger 引起10.generate 发生11.populated 人口密集的12.population 人口13.promising 有希望的14.emerge 出现15.portable 便携的16.stumbling block 绊脚石18.turning point 转折点19.meteorology 气象学20.meteorological21.meteorologist 气象学家22.obtain 获得2 THE NATURE OF GENIUS13.deny 否认基础词汇：14.fascinating 吸引人的1.genius 天才15.collate核对2.gene基因16.take into account 考虑3.gift 礼物；天赋17.privileged有特权的4.gifted有天赋的18.objective客观的5.talented 有才华的19.objectivity客观性6.intellectual知识分子（贬义）20.peak 顶峰7.intelligent智慧的21.observe观察8.attitude态度22.manifest adj 明显的vt. 显示9.mistrust不信任23.manifestation10.mythology神话24.superior出众的11.madness 疯狂25.minimize最小化12.race 种族26.supremacy 霸权13.recognize认出27.outstrip超过14.reward vt. 奖励28.persevere坚持15.significant重要的29.perseverance 坚持16.aspect方面30.dedication n.献身17.exception例外31.dedicate v.献身18.except把⋯排除32.restriction n.限制19.exceptional 例外的；杰出的33.restrict vt.限制20.infant mortality 婴儿死亡率34.limit vt.限制21.mortal终有一死的35.limitation n.限制22.life expectancy 预期寿命36.preserve保存23.tutor n.家教 vt.辅导37.exhaust耗尽24.mist雾38.inherit继承25.term术语39.reveal显示26.achievement 成就40.unique独特的27.achieve达成41.uniqueness 独特性28.direction 方向42.excellent卓越的29.determine决定43.excellence 卓越30.determination44.essence 本质31.appreciate感激45.lessen 减轻32.demonstrate 证明33.fabric 织物进阶词汇：1.be concerned with 涉及2. attribute vt. 把⋯归于n 属性3.derive from 源自4.characteristics 特性5.ambivalent 矛盾的6.envy 嫉妒7.defective 有缺陷的8.impractical 不切实际的9.eccentric 古怪的10.adversity 逆境11.discouragement 挫折3 HOW DOES THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK TICK?17.immortal不死的基础词汇：18.mortal终有一死的1.obvious 明显的19.disturb打扰；使不安2.state声明20.constant不变的3.statement声明21.propose vt. 建议4.be subjected to 经受22.proposal n.建议5.object物体；目标23.pose a problem 造成问题6.at least 至少24.internal内部的7.as long as 只要25.external外部的8.renew更新26.metabolic新陈代谢的9.destruction 破坏27.metabolism 新陈代谢10.destruct 破坏28.valid 有效的11.construct建设29.hibernate冬眠12.substance物质30.hibernation13.repair修理31.prolong延长14.adapt适应32.mutation变异15.adaptation16.optimal 最佳的17.evolution n.进化18. evolve vt. 进化19.species 物种20.exist 存在21.existence n.存在22.reduce 减少23.reduction n.减少24.drop n/vt. 下降25.consumption 消耗26.consume vt.消耗27.extend 延伸28.relax 放松29.relaxation n.放松进阶词汇：1.stable 稳定的2.unstable 不稳定的3.fundamental 基础的4.life span 寿命5.artificial 人工的anism 有机物7.static 静态的8.dynamic 动态的9.constitute 构成10.permanent 永久的11.inexorable 无法改变的12.inevitable 不可避免的13.equilibrium 均衡14.possess 拥有15.possession 拥有；财产J8T447.schooling 学校教育1 LAND OF THE RISING SUM48.accuracy 精确性基础词汇：49.accurate 精确的1.record 记录50.correct正确的2.in terms of在⋯方面51.precise精确的3.average 平均的52.relevant相关的pare 比较53.positive积极的parison n.比较54.negative 消极的6.proportion比例55.unfair 不公平的7.percentage 百分比8.score 分数进阶词汇：9.reflect反映 1.attain达到10.achieve达到 2.attainment成就11.achievement成就 3.variation 变化，变异12.address 演讲 4.variety多变13.bowing鞠躬 5.vary vt.变化14.considerable可观的 6.consistent始终如一的15.identity身份7.virtually 几乎16.attend上（学，课）8.mutual相互的17.neighbourhood n.附近一带9.concentrate (on)集中（于）18.remove移除10.concentrationpetition n.竞争11.loyalty忠诚pete vt. 竞争12.ranking 等级petitive adj.竞争的13.demonstrate 证明22.form vt.形成14.authority权威，当局23.introduce引进，介绍pulsory education （义务）强制教育24.bring(brought) up养育16.be keen to do sth 渴望做某事25.besides此外，除⋯之外17.accessible可理解的26.curriculum 课程ment评价27.deliver传递19.elaborate详细描述28.pattern模式20.mind vt. 介意29.solution解决方案21.repeat重复30.mark vt.打分数22.repetition31.mix 混合23.supplementary补充的32.mixture混合物24.distribute分发33.individual adj个人的n 个人prehensive综合的，全面的34.extra 额外的26.render 使⋯（ =make）35.struggle挣扎27.cope对付36.struggler奋斗者28.foster培养37.assist vt. 帮助29.in one’ s interest符合某人的利益38.assistance30.tuition学费，教学39.seek 寻找31.tutor家教40.progress进步32.emphasis n./vt. 强调41.scarcely几乎不33.range范围42.adequate足够的34.concerning 关于（ =about ）43.keep up (with sb)保持35.typical典型的44.attitude (towards sth)（对某人的）态度36.format格式45.value vt.评价37.expenditure 花费2 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PESTS48.free vt. 使自由基础词汇：49.infest感染1.continuous连续的2.chemical化学品进阶词汇：3.pest 害虫 1.reckless 不顾后果的4.pesticide杀虫剂 2.synthetic人工的5.insecticide杀虫剂 3.counter-productive 产生相反效果的6.pose a threat to sth 威胁某事 / 某人 4.productive多产的7.crop 庄稼 5.engender产生8.prove证明 6.emergence9.spread vt. 传播7.emerge 浮现10.widespread分布广的8.breed n.种类 vt. 繁殖11.ecology生态学9.lethal致命的12.ecological生态学的10.resistance 抵抗力13.ecosystem生态系统11.resistant抵抗的14.disorder混乱12.resist抵抗15.imbalance不平衡13.immune免疫的16.contribute (to sth)导致（某事）14.wipe out彻底摧毁17.species物种15.keep sth in check 约束某物18.application应用16.withstand抵抗19.apply vt.应用17.bear vt. 生育20.target n.目标 vt. 把⋯作为目标18.havoc浩劫21.tremendous 极大的19.bring about带来22.offspring后代20.illustrate阐明23.built-in内置的21.boost促进24.innate与生俱来的22.yield收益25.take to开始喜欢23.proliferate激增26.measure n.措施vt.测量24.proliferation27.outbreak vt./n.爆发25.necessitate需要28.account for对⋯负有责任26.outlay支出29.invasion27.be pushed to the wall 走投无路30.invade vt. 入侵28.mutation变异31.property属性；财产29.adverse 不利的32.strategy战略30.peril 危险33.involve包含31.indiscriminate 不加区别的34.popularity名气32.discriminate vt. 歧视35.potential潜质33.sound adj合理的36.in contrast to 与⋯形成对比34.perpetual不断的37.provide提供35.minimum最小值38.handle处理36.minimize最小化mercial商业的37.side-effect副作用40.agency代理商38.engage in 从事于41.predator捕食者39.parasite寄生虫42.weed野草40.exert (influence on sb/sth) 施加（影响于某人 / 某物）43.attack攻击41.eradicate根除44.prey (on)捕食42.eradication45.feed 喂养43.devour 吞食46.plague n.瘟疫vt. 使得瘟疫44.respond to相应47.beetle甲虫45.entail需要3 COLLECTING ANT SPECIMENS12.investigation基础词汇：13.consist of由⋯组成1.collect 收集14.forage搜寻（粮食）2.collective集体的15.forager3.collection n.收集16.column 纵队4.as ⋯ as与⋯一样17.nocturnal夜间的plicated 复杂的18.be confined to 限制6.survey 调查19.sting 叮咬7.estimate估计20.bait 诱饵8.relative 相对的21.elusive难以捉住的9.abundance 充裕22.utilize利用10.abundant充裕的23.debris碎片11.purpose 目的24.screen vt. 筛选 n.筛子，屏幕12.series 系列25.preservative 防腐剂13.contain 包含26.diameter直径14.container容器，集装箱27.preference 偏爱15.desirable想要的28.evaporate蒸发16.desire n.欲望 vt. 想要29.maintenance 维护17.determination 决心；测定30.encounter遭遇18.determine决定31.criterion标准19.overlook 忽略20.reduce 降低21.ensure 确保22.plastic 塑料的23.tube 管24.situate 放置25.place vt.放置26.spot 发现yer 层28.extract 提取29.heat n.高温vt. 加热30.alcohol 酒精31.coarse 粗糙的32.as 因为33.minimal 最低的34.minimum进阶词汇：1.specimen 标本2.exhaustive 详尽的3.exhaust 彻底探讨；耗尽4.classify 分类5.classification6.nest 巢7.caste 社会地位8.identifiable 可辨认的patible 能兼容的10.in favour of 支持11.investigate 调查。