限定词、介词

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Classes of Determiners(限定词)

1.Articles: Definite, Indefinite and Zero rticles (冠词:定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词)

2.Quantifiers (数量词)

3.Other Determiners (其他限定词)

一.Articles: Definite, Indefinite and Zero rticles (冠词:定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词)

1. 不定冠词主要表示泛指和与one 同源,含"一"的意思。a 用在以辅音音素开头的名词前,an 用在以元音音素开头的名词前,如:

a university a man a book

an umbrella an egg an honest child

2. 定冠词the 主要表示特指的人或物及第二次提到的人或物,或世界上独一无二的东西,如:

the sun the moon the world the earth

和形容词连用,代表一类人,如:

the blind the dead the poor the rich

he wounded the young the unemployed

3. 在下列情况下不用冠词:

a. 特殊的专有名词前,如:

John Smith

b. 物质名词表示类别时,如:

Gold is a precious metal.

c. 抽象名词表示泛指时, 如:

Knowledge is power.

d. 在季节、月份、日期、节日前,如:

February

e. 在餐名、运动、游戏等名词前,如:

Sports is good for health.

f. 在school, hospital, church, prison等词前,当这些词着重表示功用而不是这些建筑物或物体本身时,如:

She went to school at seven.

(但She went to the school to see her teacher.)

g. 在表示"种类"的短语,如:

a kind (sort) of tree,

two kinds (sorts) of books.

h. 带有表示顺序的基数词前,如:

Lesson One (但the First Lesson).

i. 表示独一的职位,头衔等的名词前,如:

He was elected president of the society.

二.Quantifiers (数量词)

1.many, much, (a) few, (a) little

a. many, (a) few 只用于可数名词前,much, (a) little 只用于不可数名词前,如:

many (a few, few) books

much (a little, little) water

b. many 和much 主要用在否定句和疑问句中,但它们前面加too 或so时就多用在肯定句中,如:

We didn't spend much money.

How many books do you have?

You made too (so) many mistakes.

c. a few (= several) 和a little (= some) 含肯定意义;

few (= not many) 和little (= not much)含否定意义。

2.英语中有不少由"a (two, three, …) + 单位词+ of "构成的短语,用来表示:

a. 数量,如:

a piece (bit) of paper (news)

plenty (a lot, lots) of students (furniture)

a great (good) deal of money

a large (small) amount (quantity) of money

a great (large, good) number of boys

b. 容积、重量,如:

a bag of rice a bottle of wine

a bowl of soup a kilogram of sugar

two spoonfuls of salt

c. 形状,如:

a ball of string a bar of chocolate

a cake of soap a slice of bread (meat)

two heads of cattle

d. 成双成群,如:

a pair of shoes a couple of people

a flock of birds a swarm of bees

a gang of thieves

三.Other Determiners (其他限定词)

1. some, any, no

a. some一般用于肯定句;any一般用于否定句,疑问句或if从句。

b.它们组成的复合词

(someone,anyone,noone,somebody,anybody,nobody,something,anything,nothing)只能用作单数,这些复合词后面都可跟else,如:

Please don't tell the news to anyone else.

2. another, other

a. another 只接单数可数名词,但在表示时间、金钱、距离等的短语前,another 可用于有数词修饰的复数名词前,如:

another two years another five dollars nother ten miles

b. the other 指两个中的另一个;the others 指已经提到过的其余部分。

c. other 前面有every, some, any, no 修饰时,其后若是可数名词,一般用单数,如:

Please write in every other line.

3. both, all

a. 都表示全部,both 表示两者,all 用于两者以上。

b. 它们与否定词连用表示部分否定。

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