限定词、介词
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Classes of Determiners(限定词)
1.Articles: Definite, Indefinite and Zero rticles (冠词:定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词)
2.Quantifiers (数量词)
3.Other Determiners (其他限定词)
一.Articles: Definite, Indefinite and Zero rticles (冠词:定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词)
1. 不定冠词主要表示泛指和与one 同源,含"一"的意思。a 用在以辅音音素开头的名词前,an 用在以元音音素开头的名词前,如:
a university a man a book
an umbrella an egg an honest child
2. 定冠词the 主要表示特指的人或物及第二次提到的人或物,或世界上独一无二的东西,如:
the sun the moon the world the earth
和形容词连用,代表一类人,如:
the blind the dead the poor the rich
he wounded the young the unemployed
3. 在下列情况下不用冠词:
a. 特殊的专有名词前,如:
John Smith
b. 物质名词表示类别时,如:
Gold is a precious metal.
c. 抽象名词表示泛指时, 如:
Knowledge is power.
d. 在季节、月份、日期、节日前,如:
February
e. 在餐名、运动、游戏等名词前,如:
Sports is good for health.
f. 在school, hospital, church, prison等词前,当这些词着重表示功用而不是这些建筑物或物体本身时,如:
She went to school at seven.
(但She went to the school to see her teacher.)
g. 在表示"种类"的短语,如:
a kind (sort) of tree,
two kinds (sorts) of books.
h. 带有表示顺序的基数词前,如:
Lesson One (但the First Lesson).
i. 表示独一的职位,头衔等的名词前,如:
He was elected president of the society.
二.Quantifiers (数量词)
1.many, much, (a) few, (a) little
a. many, (a) few 只用于可数名词前,much, (a) little 只用于不可数名词前,如:
many (a few, few) books
much (a little, little) water
b. many 和much 主要用在否定句和疑问句中,但它们前面加too 或so时就多用在肯定句中,如:
We didn't spend much money.
How many books do you have?
You made too (so) many mistakes.
c. a few (= several) 和a little (= some) 含肯定意义;
few (= not many) 和little (= not much)含否定意义。
2.英语中有不少由"a (two, three, …) + 单位词+ of "构成的短语,用来表示:
a. 数量,如:
a piece (bit) of paper (news)
plenty (a lot, lots) of students (furniture)
a great (good) deal of money
a large (small) amount (quantity) of money
a great (large, good) number of boys
b. 容积、重量,如:
a bag of rice a bottle of wine
a bowl of soup a kilogram of sugar
two spoonfuls of salt
c. 形状,如:
a ball of string a bar of chocolate
a cake of soap a slice of bread (meat)
two heads of cattle
d. 成双成群,如:
a pair of shoes a couple of people
a flock of birds a swarm of bees
a gang of thieves
三.Other Determiners (其他限定词)
1. some, any, no
a. some一般用于肯定句;any一般用于否定句,疑问句或if从句。
b.它们组成的复合词
(someone,anyone,noone,somebody,anybody,nobody,something,anything,nothing)只能用作单数,这些复合词后面都可跟else,如:
Please don't tell the news to anyone else.
2. another, other
a. another 只接单数可数名词,但在表示时间、金钱、距离等的短语前,another 可用于有数词修饰的复数名词前,如:
another two years another five dollars nother ten miles
b. the other 指两个中的另一个;the others 指已经提到过的其余部分。
c. other 前面有every, some, any, no 修饰时,其后若是可数名词,一般用单数,如:
Please write in every other line.
3. both, all
a. 都表示全部,both 表示两者,all 用于两者以上。
b. 它们与否定词连用表示部分否定。