仪表飞行员地面课程Lesson 12

Published Teardrop
Radar Vectors
Holding Patterns
DME Arc
Procedure Turn
Published Teardrop
When no procedure turn is performed? Nhomakorabea
No Pt “Cleared for straight-in approach” DME Arc Published hold or teardrop procedure No Pt Barb Radar Vectors
Sierra Academy of Aeronautics IR Ground
Lesson 12 Instrument Approach Procedures
Preparing for the approach:

WIRRC
(ATIS, AWOS) (Set and ID top to bottom) (How low? How long? How missed?) (Descent, Before Landing, etc.)
Course Reversals:



Radar Vectors Holding Patterns DME Arc Procedure Turn
– Max speed 200kts – Within prescribed distance (usually 10nm) – Recommended headings on specified side of course – Minimum altitude
Final Approach and Landing Minimums: Straight-in vs. Circling
– Final approach course within 30 deg. of RWY – Normal descent and maneuvering


Categories
Circling
Circling
Final Approach and Landing Minimums:
(cont.)

Descent below MDA or DA (DH):
– Runway environment in sight – Required “flight visibility” – Normal descent with normal maneuvers

Inop components table Using all available resources
Missed Approach:



Precision Approach: DA (DH) Nonprecision Approach: Time, DME, Navaid Early missed approach Circling and “going missed” ATC report and ADM
Approach Clearance:


“Cleared for approach” “Cleared for ILS RWY 18L approach” “Cleared for straight-in ILS RWY 18L approach” “Cleared for straight-in ILS RWY 18L approach, circle to land RWY 36R”
– Localizer – Glide Slope – Outer Marker – Middle Marker – (Approach Light System)

Localizer




VHF ground based transmitter that provides course guidance to the runway centerline. Angular width of course varies between 3 and 6 degrees. Course width at runway threshold is approximately 700 feet. Localizer sensitivity is 4 times greater then VOR.
Localizer Orientation:
Glide Slope




UHF transmitter is “paired” to the VHF localizer frequency. Provides vertical guidance to a distance of 10 NM. Signal is only 1.4 deg. thick, so extremely sensitive. Should intercept GS at recommended published altitude to avoid false GS indications.
Weather Radios Review Checklists
Instruments (DG, Altimeter)
Preparing for the approach: (cont.)

Briefing the chart:
– Procedure Title – Comm Frequencies – Primary Navaid Freq. – Inbound Course – Altitude crossing FAF or intercepting GS – MDA or DA (DH) – Elevation Info – Missed Approach Instructions – Special Notes/Procedures



Each dot represents ½ degree off course. 40 ILS channels: 108.10 – 111.95 MHz (odd ths) Four-letter Morse code
Localizer Orientation:




Signal only represents one magnetic course to runway. OBS DOES NOT affect course tracking. TO Flag present regardless of inbound/outbound, front course/back course. When tracking in same direction of front course, proper sensing; when tracking opposite direction of front course, reverse sensing occurs. (179 vs. 359) When using HSI, must twist in front course to allow continuous proper sensing.
Localizer (cont.)

Localizer reception is available to at least 18NM from antenna and up to an altitude of 4,500 ft. above the antenna.
Localizer (cont.)
Operating Below MDA/DA Under FAR 91.175
No pilot may operate an aircraft at any airport below the authorized MDA or continue an approach below the authorized DA unless: 1. The aircraft is continuously in a position from which a descent to a landing on the intended runway can be made at normal rate of descent using normal maneuvers 2. The flight visibility is not less than the visibility prescribed in the standard instrument approach procedure being used.
Landing Under IFR FAR 91.175

No pilot may land their aircraft when the flight visibility is less than the visibility prescribed by the procedure
Inoperative Equipment and Special Notes:
Precision Approaches
Precision Approaches

Provide lateral and vertical guidance Examples:
– ILS, MLS, GPS, and PAR
Instrument Landing System (ILS)
Basic Ground Components of the ILS:
– 1.3 Vso – Circling considerations and IAS – MDA vs. DA (DH)
Final Approach and Landing Minimums: (cont.)

Circling
– – – – – ADM MDA and protected areas Entering traffic pattern Missed approach Circling vs. Sidestep