英语成人高考复习-被动语态和虚拟语气
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英国英语中则主要用于正式文体(非正式文体中常
用should+动词原形代替)。should可以省略。 主要用于下列情况:
be型虚拟语气
1、宾语从句中:
当主句谓语动词为command,suggest,demand,insist,
order,require等表示要求、建议等时(可用should+动词原
形代替;参见第十七章第四节“宾语从句”)。 He ordered that they (should) stay where they were. 他命令他们呆在原地。
It is believed that he is right.
He is believed to be right.
大家相信他是对的。
被动语态的时态
一般过去时:
( He painted the wall white . →)
The wall was painted white . 墙油成了白色的。
had done
语气概述-种类
1、陈述语气--陈述事实,用于陈述句、疑问句。
Everyone is careful . 人人都小心。
2、祈使语气--表示命令、请求等,用于祈使句。动词原形开
头的句子。
Be careful , everyone ! 大家小心些。
语气概述-种类
3、虚拟语气--表示并非事实的假设、主观愿望。
动词形式。
英语的语态分为两种:主动语态和被动语态。
被动语态-含义
主动语态表示主语是谓语动词行为的发出者。
He killed the animal. 他杀死了那动物。
被动语态表示主语是谓语动词行为的承受者。"被"
The animal was killed. 那动物被杀死了。
Note:
不及物动词(不接宾语)一般不能用于被动语态;
被动语态的时态
一般将来时:
( They will offer him a high pay .→)
He will be offered a high pay . 将会给他高报酬。
Note:
双宾语及物动词变被动语态时可用间接宾语做主语, 也可用直接宾语做主语(注意介词的使用)。
They will offer him a high pay . A high pay will be offered to him . He will be offered a high pay .
She demanded that everyone be careful. 她要求人人要小心。
She wishes that everyone were careful.
她真希望人人都能小心。
虚拟语气-种类
虚拟语气分为两种:be型和were型。
虚拟语气-be型虚拟语气
这种虚拟语气无人称、数和时间之别,一律用动词 原形;多见于美国英语;
被动语态-被动语态的使用
被动语态多用于书面语体,口语中不常用。
使用被动语态通常出于下列原因:
被动语态的使用
(1)当叙述的中心是行为的对象而不是行为 者时:
Meat should always be kept cool . 肉应该总是保存在低温下。
被动语态的使用
(2)当不知道、不容易指出、或不必要指出 行为者时:
将会给他高报酬。
被动语态的时态
现在进行时:
( They are taking good care of the child .→) The child is being taken good care of . 那孩子正在受到精心照料。
Note:
“动词+名词+介词”构成的成语结构变被动语态时可用 句子宾语做主语,也可用该成语结构中的名词做主语。
It is strange that they should stay where they were. 很奇怪,他们竟然呆在原地。
Note:
此时,若无惊讶、惋惜、遗憾等语义仅指事实,主语从句中也
可用陈述语气。
It is strange that they stay where they are. 很奇怪,他们呆在原地。
Note:
接不带to的不定式短语做宾语补足语的动词,如:see ,
hear , observe , notice , make , have 等,若变为被动
语态,不定式前通常要加to ,否则是错误的。
The soldier heard someone enter the house. someone was heard to enter the house. 听得见有人走进了房子。
2. You must hand in all the test papers before the bell. All the test papers must be handed in before the bell.
Part3:虚拟语气-语气概述
来自百度文库
ved
should v
should have done
及物动词(接宾语)则一般都能用于被动语态,但
也有一些不可,如:fit , have , hold (容纳), lack
, own , suit 等等。
被动语态-构成
被动语态通常由助动词be+过去分词构成,行为的发
出者可由介词by引出。(is,am,are,was,were+Ved)
Houses are built by builders . 房子是建筑工人盖的。
They are taking good care of the child . The child is being taken good care of . Good care is being taken of the child .
那孩子正在受到精心照料。
被动语态的时态
现在完成时:
( She has made the boy work long .→ )
Note:
带情态动词的句子变为被动语态时,情态动词一般不变
而是将其后的动词变为被动式。
She could smell something burning in the next room.
Something could be smelt burning in the next room.
闻得出隔壁房间里有什么东西着火了。
被动语态-主动语态与被动语态的转换
通常是将宾语变为主语,谓语动词变为被动式,主
语变为介词by的宾语,其他成分一般保留不变。
Builders build houses. Houses are built by builders.
建筑工人盖房子. 房子是建筑工人盖的。
被动语态-被动语态的时态
被动语态的时态:
(1) 表示与现在事实相反的假设:
从句:were或其他动词的一般过去时、过去进行时;
主句:should/ would(或情态动词would/ could/ might)+动
词原形。
e.g.
If you knew everything, you would not be so angry with
him. 你如果了解全部情况,就不会这么生他的气了。
由助动词be的各种时态形式+过去分词构成。
常用者如下:
被动语态的时态
一般现在时:
(I park my car near our house .→ )
My car is parked near our house. 我的车停在我家附近。
Note:
接宾语从句的及物动词变被动语态可有两种方式:
People believe that he is right.
虚拟语气-were型虚拟语气
这种虚拟语气表示并非事实的假设和主观愿望,多用于正式 文件,现代日常英语中已经很少用。
动词be用were(但越来越被陈述语气形式was所取代,仅If I were you 中必须用were),其他动词用其各种过去时形式。
主要用于下列情况:
were型虚拟语气
1、在虚拟条件句中:
be型虚拟语气
3、同位语从句中:
当其前为command , suggestion , demand , order 等(与1 中动词同词根)以及idea 等时(可用should + 动词原形代 替;参见第十七章第五节“同位语从句”)。 They received the order that they (should ) stay where they were. 他们得到命令让他们呆在原地。
be型虚拟语气
2、表语从句中:
当主句主语为command , suggestion , demand ,order 等 (与1中动词同词根)以及idea , plan 等时(可用should + 动词原形代替;参见第十七章第三节“表语从句”)。 His order was that they (should ) stay where they were . 他的命令是他们呆在原地。
The boy has been made to work long . 那男孩已被迫工作很长时间了。
被动语态的时态
过去完成时:
(They had operated on him twice since then. →)
He had been operated on twice since then. 我的车停在我家附近。
If he were still staying here , he might see all this. 他如果现在还呆在这里,也许就会看见这一切。
were型虚拟语气
1、在虚拟条件句中:
(2) 表示与过去事实相反的假设:
从句:过去完成时;
主句:should/ would(或情态动词would/could/might)+have+动
英语成人高考复习指导
基础知识复习-被动语态和虚拟 语气
Part1:被动语态和虚拟语气概述
英语动词除了时态,还有语态和语气的变化。
被动语态在英语中非常常见;
虚拟语气在现代英语中已趋于很少使用,《大纲》只 要求学生能读懂、理解虚拟语气的句子,不要求使用
。
Part2:被动语态
语态是表示句子的主语和谓语动词行为之间关系的
be型虚拟语气
4、主语从句中:
主句It is ...中含command , suggest , demand , order , require 等动词的过去分词或better , necessary , important
等形容词时(参见第十七章第二节“主语从句”)
e.g.
It was ordered that they (should ) stay where they were .
命令他们呆在原地。
It is necessary that they ( should ) stay where they were . 他们有必要呆在原地。
Note:
在主语从句中,主句 It is ...中含interesting , natural , normal , possible , strange , surprising 等形容词和 pity shame , ( no ) surprise 等名词用以表示惊讶、惋惜、遗 憾等语义时,其后的主语从句中用should + 动词原形(参见 第十七章第二节“主语从句”),不可用be型虚拟语气。
His car was stolen last night . 他的车子昨天夜里被窃了。
被动语态的使用
(3)当要强调行为者时(此时用 by 短语):
The book was written by a college student .
这本书是一个大学生写的。
被动语态-练习题
将下列各句变为被动语态: 1. You have never heard of such things before, have you? Such things have never been heard of before, have they?
词的过去分词。
e.g.
If I had known his number , I might have telephoned him yesterday. 我要是知道他的号码,昨天也许就给他打电话了。
were型虚拟语气
1、在虚拟条件句中:
(3) 表示将来不大可能实现的假设:
从句:were或其他动词的一般过去时、were/ was/ to+动词原 形; 主句:should/ would(或情态动词would/ could/ might)+动词