中国禁忌 Chinese Taboos
中西方禁忌(Taboos between China and Western countries)
中西方禁忌（Taboos between China and Western countries）Taboo is a universal cultural phenomenon in human society, which regulates people's speech act and social communication. Around the world, there are "Customs" which require extreme attention and are punished if they do not pay attention to a certain taboo. Can cause misunderstanding, or suffer fatal disaster. Magellan was killed by aborigines on the Philippines islands because of the taboos he made against the natives. With the progress and development of society, taboo customs have precipitated rich cultural connotations. The quantity is not reduced but increased in a way. It also has distinctive cultural characteristics and strong characteristics of the times. Therefore, in intercultural communication in Chinese and western personality characteristics and main taboos, and to understand and study the taboo taboo custom can reduce cross-cultural communication may lead to misunderstanding and friction, ensuring international communication smoothly. A taboo and taboo customs of taboo is a complicated social phenomenon, English word is "taboo" ("Tabou, tower of terror"), said "no" or "suppression", which originated from the South Pacific Polynesian dialect Tonga people, the original meaning is "sacred" "be violated". In 1777, the taboo phrase was first discovered by the English navigator Cook (JamesCook) and introduced into english. There is a taboo in the early Han Dynasty in China recorded: "and to hold detainees, and taboos, mud in decimal, and any ghosts sheren." Taboo is a universal cultural phenomenon in human society, which regulates people's speech act and social communication. Around the world, there are "Customs" which require extreme attention and are punished if they do not pay attention to a certain taboo. Can cause misunderstanding, or suffer fatal disaster. Magellan waskilled by aborigines on the Philippines islands because of the taboos he made against the natives. With the progress and development of society, taboo customs have precipitated rich cultural connotations. The quantity is not reduced but increased in a way. It also has distinctive cultural characteristics and strong characteristics of the times. Therefore, in intercultural communication in Chinese and western personality characteristics and main taboos, and to understand and study the taboo taboo custom can reduce cross-cultural communication may lead to misunderstanding and friction, ensuring international communication smoothly. A taboo and taboo customs of taboo is a complicated social phenomenon, English word is "taboo" ("Tabou, tower of terror"), said "no" or "suppression", which originated from the South Pacific Polynesian dialect Tonga people, the original meaning is "sacred" "be violated". In 1777, the taboo phrase was first discovered by the English navigator Cook (JamesCook) and introduced into english. There is a taboo in the early Han Dynasty in China recorded: "and to hold detainees, and taboos, mud in decimal, and any ghosts sheren." tabooIncluding the nature, natural objects (stars, lightning) as a sacred form about their taboos and behavior; of some animals and plants taboo; worship of ancestors and gods, the gods and ancestors have symbolic relics taboo [1], also formed in interpersonal relationships in the long-term taboo customs. Freud, a famous psychologist in Austria, made a deep study of the cultural phenomenon of taboo in his book totem and taboo. In his view, Tab (taboo), in our view, it represents two different aspects of meaning. First of all, it's "mysterious", "dangerous", "forbidden", and "unclean"". The opposite of Tabin Polynesian language is "NOA", which means "popular" or "usually approachable". So, that means a taboo have been restricted or prohibited and can not touch the nature of things exist. We usually say "sacred person or thing" in meaning and has some of the same tower [2]. Generally passed through oral inheritance and social demonstration. "Taboos are almost everywhere. In the same culture,Taboos differ and differ because of regional or sub cultural differences. Taboos vary much in different cultures." [3] taboos involve speech acts, and if you do not pay attention to or disrespect each other's taboos, it is easy to hurt each other's feelings. Because of this, more people taboo communication, especially cross-cultural communication is a sort of a small obstacle. Taboo refers to violations of the expectations of the society, it not only comes from the people of some mysterious force of fear, but also contains people in the long-term accumulation of experience in the struggle with nature, and formed in interpersonal communication in the long-term social etiquette. Taboo customs vary according to nationality, society, culture, region, occasion and so on. Therefore, people must be very sensitive to taboos incross-cultural communication and have to study it. They have to pay attention to it and have to avoid it in order to communicate smoothly. Two, the taboo characteristics of Chinese and Western taboos are the common cultural phenomena of different ethnic groups in the world, but the content and form of taboos are different. Taboos, as a kind of non behavioral normative folk customs, are closely related to the cultural characteristics and traditions of the society in which taboos are based. In the course of human history, the samenation usually has a common spiritual structure, value system, psychological characteristics and behavior patterns, and it is in this common cultural background that they have a sense of belonging and identity. The dialectics of Chinese classical philosophy emphasizes the harmony and interpenetration of opposites, that is, unity in opposites, and the whole world is a unity. The book of changes uses the interaction of two opposing forces, yin and Yang, to explain the development and change of things. Chinese traditional culture emphasizes the harmony between man and nature as a whole. "Harmony" in the political field is the spring and autumn unified concept, on ethical performance for the overall situation; in terms of value, although the ancient China is private ownership, but on the relationship between individual and society still emphasize collectivism, value orientation in order to safeguard the overall interests of the. With the changes of the times, the phenomenon of taboo which reflects the patriarchal clan system and hierarchy has disappeared. But there are still taboos in appellation. The dialectics of western philosophy is similar to the dialectics of Chinese classical philosophy. Heraclitus, an ancient Greek philosopher, also believes that the world is a harmonious unity. However, the 14 sixteenth Century European Renaissance and religious reform is like a star in the night of seventeenth Century; Newton and other scientists reveal the secrets of the universe, inductive reasoning observation, Bacon advocated the scientific research as the hard facts; eighteenth Century cultural enlightenment movement swept Europe and the United States, national independence, democracy and Republic, within the in the 21st century, "the world is a philosophy in the unity of opposites", the pursuit of "freedom and equality" and "civil rights, thepeople" concept and "individual struggle" in the western society is deeply rooted in the hearts of "individual standard" consciousness as the mainstream consciousness. For the pursuit of freedom and human rights, the concept of "privacy" (Privacy) in personal life is extremely developed, and privacy has become an important content of taboos. In this colorful folk culture, some factors vary from culture to culture, western culture is likely to be highly appreciated from the Chinese culture, and Chinese culture of "bad habits" may be as unalterable principles in western culture. Some topics are popular in Chinese culture, but in Western cultures it may constitute a violation of privacy. "When in Rome, do as the Romans do" is a must. Three, the taboos of Chinese and western social taboos mainly exist in all aspects of human social interaction. Chinese and Western English speaking countries have different social taboos because of different cultural backgrounds, cultural traditions, religious beliefs and different hierarchical concepts. 1. self esteem and privacy incross-cultural communication, involving Chinese self-esteem or "face" and Westerners privacy issues is absolutely not openly asked, otherwise it will be regarded as rude and disrespectful. The Chinese people pay most attention to "face"". In Chinese culture, "face" is a symbol of status, identity, honor and self-respect. Chinese saying "don't hit the face,Don't speak Jieduan, Chinese the biggest taboo is related to personal dignity "weaknesses" and "pain" and "shortcomings" "wrong" and so on. Chinese people are good at face, criticism can not be mentioned directly, but should be expressed in a tactful way. No evil human nature concept in China. For the personality cultivation of the heart should be mature and timesof day. Instead of trying hard to improve one's own character, but to pay attention to the faults of others, just as a stone hits his own foot, society will come to the concept of "disgrace" and so on。
中国风俗禁忌英文作文
中国风俗禁忌英文作文Chinese Taboos in Traditional Customs。
As a country with a long history and rich cultural heritage, China has developed a set of unique customs and traditions. However, many of these customs are accompanied by taboos that must be observed to avoid bad luck or misfortune. In this essay, I will discuss some of the most common taboos in Chinese traditional customs.Firstly, during the Chinese New Year, it is considered unlucky to sweep the floor or take out the garbage. This is because it is believed that doing so will sweep away good luck and fortune. Instead, people usually clean their homes thoroughly before the New Year and then avoid sweeping or cleaning during the first few days of the holiday. Additionally, it is taboo to use scissors or knives during the New Year, as it is believed that this will cut off good luck.Secondly, in Chinese culture, the number four is considered unlucky because it sounds like the word for death. Therefore, it is taboo to give gifts in sets of four or to have four people sitting at a table. Similarly, the number eight is considered lucky because it sounds like the word for prosperity. Many Chinese people will choose phone numbers or license plate numbers with multiple eights.Thirdly, in Chinese weddings, it is considered taboofor the bride and groom to see each other before the ceremony. Additionally, the color white is associated with funerals and death, so it is not a traditional color for wedding dresses. Instead, brides typically wear red, whichis a symbol of good luck and happiness.Finally, in Chinese funerals, it is taboo to wearbright colors or to celebrate with alcohol. The color white is the traditional color of mourning, and it is also common to wear black or dark colors. Additionally, it isconsidered disrespectful to laugh or smile during a funeral, as it is a solemn occasion.In conclusion, Chinese traditional customs are accompanied by many taboos that must be observed to avoid bad luck or misfortune. These taboos are deeply rooted in Chinese culture and are still observed by many people today. By understanding and respecting these customs and taboos,we can gain a better appreciation of Chinese culture and traditions.。
中国语言禁忌
Linguistic Taboo Either in English or in Chinese culture, disease, death, and physical disability may horrify people. So people don’t like to mention these directly in conversation. Therefore, they are considered taboos. In both English and Chinese, death is viewed as “departing”. In English, we can find many euphemisms for death, such as “go”, “depart”, “depart from this world”, “go to a better world”, “go the ways of all flesh”, “pass away” etc. In Chinese, we also can find similar euphemisms: “去了”, “离开了我们”, “辞世”, “去见马克思了”, “归西”,“升天”, “上路”etc. In both English and Chinese, death is compared to “sleeping”, “sleep”in English correspond to “正寝”，“长眠”，or“永眠”in Chinese. Words denoting terrible disease are also sources of horror. In Englis h, people don’t like to talk about terrible disease or disease related to sexual organs directly. For instance, they use “V.D” instead of “veneral disease”; use “big C”, “long disease”, or ”terminal illness” to replace “cancer”. Abbreviations are often used to alleviate the shocking effect. For instance, SARS is used to substitute the terrible name “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndromes”. In Chinese, when we talk to a patient, we may say “你今天不舒服，别上班了”.Here, we use “不舒服”instead of “病”. As a soldier, we may say “挂彩了”instead of “伤”. Mental illnesses are thought not to be mentioned directly. For example, when referring to a mental illness, we just say “a little eccentric”or “a little confused”. Either in Chinese or Western, people have sympathy for one’s phy sical disability. If someone looks ugly, we will say she/he looks plain/ordinary and we won’t use the word “fat” to describe a man. We only use “heavily set” or “on the heavy side”. If a girl is thin, we won’t use skinny. We just say slender, and when we refer to a crippled, we will say, “physically handicapped”. In Chinese, if one is deaf, we will say “耳朵背”, “耳朵有点不好”, “说话得近点”. In English, it is called “hard of hearing”. In both cultures, people think that certain parts of the body and the excretion of body cannot be mentioned in daily conversations. They are often considered taboos. For example, in English, there are so many euphemisms for lavatory, such as “washroom”, “restroom”, “bathroom”, “comfort station”. If they want to go to lavatory, they will say: “go to the bathroom”, “do their business”, “answer nature’s call”. In Chinese, “厕所”is always avoided in public occasion, one may say :“去一号”or“去方便一下”Discrimination against woman is a universal and unreasonable phenomenon in the society. And its reflection on language is sexist language. Both in English and Chinese, there are traces of sexist language. Unless one is careful enough with his/her speech, one may easily offend others unconsciously. In China, under the control of strict hierarchy feudal society, the females were regarded inferior. They depend on male and were dominated by male. Sothe discrimination and prejudice against women is the long-term accumulation, which is inevitably reflected in Chinese. For example, the sayings “妇人之见”, “头发长见识短”, “男子汉不和妇人一般见识”, “长舌妇”, etc, reflect the pejorative attitude toward women. And there are also many derogatory titles for women, such as “贱人”, “泼妇”, “母老虎”, “母夜叉”, “娘儿们”，“悍妇”etc. In Chinese, there is also racist language. For example, “using “蒙古大夫”for an incompetent doctors; using “小鬼子”for Japanese. “洋鬼子”,“大鼻子”for westerners.”[16] Most of these words are derogatory. It shows off that Chinese is more superior than other racial or ethic groups. Having a good knowledge of the taboo culture。
中国禁忌-Chinese-Taboos
• And the position of the chopsticks when holding may depends the position where your husband’s home.
Now, I will introduce some Chinese taboos from the following aspects.
Chinese Taboos
The production, essence and functions of taboos
• Taboos are some actions that be forbid.
• The source of the taboos are the instinct to the horrific things, for example the animals, and the natural calamities.
• If a people pass away, we shouldn’t say that he is die, but choose other words replace.
Taboos in language
• Chinese people always avoid the negative things when speaking.
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othing
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Eating and drinking
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Language
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Gender
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Wedding
Taboos in clothing
• People must select the clothes depend on the seasons.
中国禁忌文化@
• widows They were considered to be ominous（不吉利的）. • Nuns and Monks
In Hunan,it was said that if you encountered nuns or monks on New Year's Day，you would be unlucky a year．
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Taboos for objects
c chopsticks to hit the side of your bowl or plate to make a lot of noise, because Chinese people think only beggars would do this to beg food. 2. When you use chopsticks, don't stretch out your index finger, which would be regarded as a kind of accusation(谴责） to others. Never use chopsticks to point at others. 3. It is thought to be an impolite behavior when you suck the end of a chopstick. People will think you lack family education. Powerpoint Templates
• The ancestors’names(alive or dead)
Sima Qian's “史记” was used instead of“史谈”, just because his father's name was “司马谈”. By Tang Dynasty,people were not allowed to use ancestors' names of the monarchs for more than seven generations，even after they died.
跨文化交际之中英禁忌语比较
（二）词汇禁忌语
• 1 怀孕与生育 • 中西方都对怀孕、生育有一定的避讳。汉民族十分重 视后代繁衍,中国民间有“不孝有三,无后为大”的说 法,因此,生子添丁是大喜之事,但是由于怀孕与性行为 有关,加上旧时一些封建迷信思想,认为产妇不吉利,因 此无论孕妇本人还是他人对怀孕一事总是不便直说, 而是采用委婉语代指,诸如“有喜”、“有身”、“ 快要做妈妈了”之类。 • 英语国家的人可以比较自由地、公开地谈论女性的身 孕,甚至怀孕的女性本人也向异性直言其事。
What is Taboo？
Definition of Taboo
• 禁忌语的定义： • 原意是“神圣的”“不可接触的”“极其 注意的”东西。 • 在语言交际中，有一些词语是不能随便说 的，说出来就可能会引起听话人的不快和 反感，这就是语言学上所说的“禁忌语” • 禁忌语指人们在说话时，因不能、不敢或 不愿说出不愉快的联想色彩的词语。
• 4 “性” • 中西方文化都有禁忌,但方式和程度不同。汉民 族是比较保守的民族,无论是在公共场合还是在 日常生活中,关于性的词汇都是在禁忌之列。 • 在英美国家,性教育早已实施,性观念比较开放, 有部分词汇受到禁忌,如“同性恋”一词很少用 homosexual ,而多用gay或者queer 。
• 3 “疾病” • 生病是被看作是一种不幸(misfortune) ,它给人们 带来不适和痛苦。中西方文化中对疾病都比较忌 讳,病人本人不愿意提起,也不愿他人提起。 • 在美国,病人有知道自己真实病情的权利,如果病人 要求,医生则会直言相告。 • 在汉文化里,病情确实很重时,为减轻病人的负担, 医生和病人家属则倾向于向病人隐瞒病情。
• 5 数字 • 中西方文化对数字禁忌很不相同, 中西数字 禁忌差异及民族文化心理总体而言，汉民 族讲究对称，注重成双，喜联想吉祥，小 心或刻意躲避因语言同似或构字相关造成 的不祥意义的联想。而西方民族崇拜单数 ，追求独立，将由于宗教和神话传说影响 而不受欢迎的数字，如“13”“星期五”视若 蛇蝎。
中国饮食禁忌英文作文
中国饮食禁忌英文作文英文：As a Chinese, I have grown up with a set of dietary taboos that have been passed down for generations. These taboos are deeply rooted in our culture and are believed to have health and spiritual benefits. Here are some of the most common Chinese dietary taboos:1. Avoid eating cold and raw food: In Chinese culture,it is believed that cold and raw food can cause digestive problems and weaken the body's immune system. Therefore, we avoid eating raw food, especially during the winter months.2. Don't eat too much spicy food: Spicy food isbelieved to cause excessive heat in the body, which canlead to health problems such as acne, nosebleeds, and sore throat. Therefore, we try to limit our intake of spicy food.3. Don't eat too much seafood: In Chinese culture,seafood is considered a "cold" food, which can cause digestive problems and weaken the body's immune system. Therefore, we try to limit our intake of seafood,especially during the winter months.4. Avoid eating certain types of meat: Some types of meat, such as dog meat and horse meat, are considered taboo in Chinese culture due to cultural and historical reasons. Eating these types of meat is seen as disrespectful and offensive.5. Don't eat certain types of vegetables: In Chinese culture, some vegetables, such as bitter melon and lotus root, are believed to have cooling properties, which can cause digestive problems and weaken the body's immune system. Therefore, we try to limit our intake of these vegetables.中文：作为一个中国人，我从小就接受了一套代代相传的饮食禁忌。
taboo
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Superstition and taboo
迷信和禁忌
英美社会中有一些常见的迷信说法和禁忌，如下： 1) To get out of bed on the wrong side means you will have a bad day. 下床方向错了，一天都不会顺利。 2) It is unlucky to have a black cat cross the road in front of you. 看见黑猫在你面前横穿马路是不吉利的。 3） The bride should not see the husband on the morning before the wedding. 在婚礼举行前的早上，新娘不应见自己的丈夫。
餐桌禁忌 Table Taboo
餐桌禁忌 Table Taboo中国禁忌文化是一种历史悠久的文化现象，是中国文化很重要的一部分，普遍存在于我们的日常生活中，如衣食住行、婚丧嫁娶、游戏娱乐等。
从远古直至今天，禁忌始终没有从人们的灵魂中完全消退。
Chinese taboo culture is a cultural phenomenon with a long history and is an important part of Chinese culture, generally exists in our daily life, such as basic necessities of life, marriage, games and entertainment etc. Taboo has never been completely dissipated in spirit of people from ancient times until today.中国自古就很讲究吃，中国人认为饮食是与个人命运息息相关的，用餐时犯了禁忌，便会招来衰运。
下面我们来了解一些最常见的餐桌禁忌。
Chinese people pay more attention to diet from ancient times, who think diet has closed link with the fate of the individuals and will attract bad luck if committed a taboo. Let’s see some common table taboos.俗话说“主不请，客不尝”。
用餐开始时，如果主人没有动筷，客人不可以先动筷取食，待主人礼貌的请大家一起用餐时，方可动筷取食。
There is an old saying ”Don’t take the food unless been invited by host.” At beginning of a meal, if the host has not started to eat, the guest can not eat first till the host invite the guests to eat together politely.用餐时，关于筷子的禁忌也有很多，如不能拿不定主意，手握筷子在菜品上巡游；不能刚吃过一个菜马上去吃另一个菜中间不停顿；不能筷子上粘着食物便去取食；不能把筷子插在饭菜上。
英汉禁忌语对比分析
英汉禁忌语对比分析禁忌语就是指在日常交际中所不能涉及到的特有话题，可以说凡是在交往和公共场合中那些引起对方或公众反感或不快的一些词或表达方式都属于禁忌语的范畴。
在英汉禁忌语存在不同的表相下，反映的是文化的差异。
地方文化根植于禁忌语中，使其成为直接反映本土特色的载体。
一、英汉禁忌语的定义、起源与发展在英语中，“禁忌”（Taboos）一词源于波利尼西亚语，原意指“神圣的”和“非凡的”，后引申为“禁止的”和“危险的”。
夏威夷语指导禁忌读作“卡普”（Kapu）。
在波利尼西亚文化中，禁忌是指“任何与帝王有关的而普通百姓接触后会有危险的事，或者帝王碰过后，从而变得具有威力的任何事”。
甚至帝王的影子对他来说也是危险的。
除此之外，波利尼西亚人还对其他一些显示力量的地方和事物用禁忌予以表示，例如某些食物、山脉或泉水。
在某种意义上说，禁忌是与另一个波利尼西亚语“马纳（mana）”联系在一起的。
马纳意指“能对过分靠近它的人产生危害的一种神秘力量”。
后来，这一意思也被进一步引申，指有些事是禁忌的，因为它具有这样一种力量，任何随随便便处理这些事情的人都可能受到它的危害。
正如心理学家E.格雷戈里所说：“不论是卡普还是马纳，禁忌基本上是对人的，而不是对神的。
因此，神授的帝王或首领是不受禁忌伤害的，不具神性者却是需要禁忌的”。
“禁忌”这个词历史悠久，在各类历史文献中均有记载。
汉王符《潜夫论•忠贵》：“贵戚惧家之不吉而聚诸令名，惧门之不坚而为铁枢，卒其所以败者，非苦禁忌少而门枢朽也，常苦崇财货而行骄僭，虐百姓而失民心尔。
”汉应劭《风俗通•正失•彭城相袁元服》：“今俗间多有禁忌，生三子者、五月生者，以为妨害父母，服中子犯礼伤孝，莫肯收举。
”《后汉书•郎传》：“臣生长草野，不晓禁忌，披露肝胆，书不择言。
”唐苏拯《明禁忌》诗：“阴阳家有书，卜筑多禁忌。
”在西方历史上，黑人是最受歧视的种族，因此很多带有浓厚歧视色彩的词汇出现了。
随着社会的发展，人权与民族平等思想的深入人心，这些种族歧视语成了英语禁忌语的重要组成部分。
中国的文化禁忌英语作文200词
中国的文化禁忌英语作文200词全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: Chinese Cultural TaboosHey guys, today I want to talk about some cultural taboos in China. In China, there are some things that we shouldn't do because they are considered disrespectful or unlucky. Let's learn about them together!First, let's talk about the number four. In Chinese culture, the number four sounds like the word for "death" in Chinese. So, people believe that the number four brings bad luck. That's why many buildings in China skip the fourth floor or avoid using the number four in phone numbers or license plates.Second, let's talk about giving clocks as gifts. In Chinese culture, giving someone a clock as a gift is considered bad luck because the phrase "giving a clock" sounds like "attending a funeral" in Chinese. So, it's better to avoid giving clocks as gifts to your Chinese friends or family members.Next, let's talk about chopsticks. When using chopsticks, it's important to remember not to stick them upright in a bowl of rice. This is because it resembles the incense sticks that are burned at funerals. It's also considered disrespectful to pass food from chopstick to chopstick because it reminds people of a funeral custom.Lastly, let's talk about the color white. In Chinese culture, the color white is associated with death and mourning. That's why it's better to avoid wearing white to joyful occasions like weddings or festivals. Instead, it's better to choose bright and colorful clothes to bring good luck and happiness.So, guys, remember these cultural taboos when you are in China or interacting with Chinese people. Let's respect their culture and traditions!篇2Title: Cultural Taboos in ChinaHey guys! Today, I want to talk about some cultural taboos in China. Do you know what taboos are? Well, they are things that you should avoid doing or saying because they are considered disrespectful or rude in a particular culture. Let's dive into some of the taboos in China!First of all, one major taboo in China is touching someone's head. In Chinese culture, the head is considered the most sacred part of the body, so touching or patting someone's head is seen as disrespectful. So remember, never touch anyone's head in China!Another taboo is giving gifts in sets of four. In Chinese culture, the number four is considered unlucky because it sounds like the word for "death" in Chinese. So, giving gifts in sets of four is a big no-no in China. Stick to sets of six or eight instead!Oh, and don't forget to never point your finger at someone in China. Pointing is considered impolite and rude in Chinese culture. If you need to gesture, use your whole hand or just nod in the direction you are talking about.Lastly, never stick your chopsticks upright in your bowl of rice. This is a superstition in China that is associated with death and funerals. It is better to lay your chopsticks flat on your plate or bowl when you are not using them.So, there you have it, some important cultural taboos to remember when in China. Respect and understanding of other cultures are key to building strong relationships and friendships. Let's all strive to be mindful of these taboos and be respectful of Chinese culture. Thanks for listening, guys! Bye-bye!篇3Chinese Cultural TaboosHi guys! Today I want to talk about some interesting things about Chinese culture - cultural taboos! Do you know what cultural taboos are? They are certain things that Chinese people believe are bad luck or disrespectful. Let's check them out!1. Never stick your chopsticks upright in a bowl of rice. This is a big no-no in China because it looks like the incense sticks that are used at funerals.2. Don't gift clocks or anything in sets of four. In Chinese, the pronunciation of the word 'four' sounds like 'death', so it is considered unlucky.3. Avoid giving umbrellas as gifts. The word for umbrella in Chinese sounds like 'break up', so it is believed to bring bad luck to relationships.4. Don't whistle at night. It is believed that whistling at night will bring bad luck or attract ghosts and spirits.5. Never point at the moon with your finger. In Chinese culture, the moon is considered a sacred object, so pointing at it is disrespectful.6. Don't write someone's name in red ink. In China, writing someone's name in red ink is associated with death and is considered very unlucky.7. Avoid mentioning the number '250'. In Chinese, the number '250' sounds like 'idiot', so it is impolite to use it to describe someone.Remember these cultural taboos when you are in China or interacting with Chinese people. It's always good to respect and appreciate different cultures!篇4Chinese Culture TaboosHey guys, today let’s talk about some interesting stuff in Chinese culture – taboos! Taboos are things that Chinese people believe are bad luck or disrespectful to do. It’s important to know these taboos so you don’t accidentally offend someone. Let’s learn more about them!1. Don’t stick your chopsticks upright in y our rice! This is a big no-no because it looks like the incense sticks that are used at funerals. It’s considered bad luck and disrespectful to the deceased.2. Don’t point at people with your chopsticks! This is seen as rude and aggressive. Instead, use your hand to gesture or point.3. Don’t write someone’s name in red ink! In Chinese culture, writing someone’s name in red ink is believed to bring bad luck and symbolize death. So, always use black ink when writing names.4. Don’t give clocks as gifts! The Chinese word for “clock” sounds like the word for “funeral” in Chinese. Giving someone a clock as a gift is like wishing them bad luck or death.5. Don’t talk about ghosts at night! Chinese people believe that talking about ghosts at night will attract them and bring bad luck. So, save those spooky stories for daytime.Remember, respecting other people’s culture is super important. So, be mindful of these taboos when you’re in China or around Chinese people. Let’s all have fun learning about different cultures!篇5Title: Chinese Cultural TaboosHello everyone! Today I want to talk about some interesting things about Chinese culture. Do you know that there are some things that Chinese people believe are important to follow? These are called cultural taboos.The first taboo is about giving gifts. In China, it is not polite to give a clock as a gift because it sounds like the word for "funeral" in Chinese. Instead, it is better to give something like fruit or tea. Also, it is important to never give a gift that is too expensive because it could make the other person feel uncomfortable.The second taboo is about chopsticks. Did you know that it is considered rude to stick your chopsticks straight up in a bowl of rice? This is because it looks like the incense sticks that are used at funerals. Instead, it is better to place your chopsticks on a chopstick rest or on the edge of your plate.Another cultural taboo in China is to never point at someone with your finger. In Chinese culture, it is considered impolite and disrespectful. If you need to point at something, it is better to use your whole hand or gesture with your chin.Lastly, it is important to always respect your elders in Chinese culture. This means listening to them, being polite, andnever talking back. In China, family and respect for elders are very important.So, let's remember these cultural taboos and show respect when interacting with Chinese people. Thank you for listening!篇6China has a lot of cultural taboos that everyone should know about. Today, let's talk about some of these taboos in a fun and easy way!First of all, let's talk about the color white. In China, white is the color of mourning and funerals, so it's not a good idea to wear white clothes or give white gifts. If you want to stay away from bad luck, it's better to avoid white!Next, let's talk about chopsticks. It's a big no-no to stick your chopsticks upright in a bowl of rice, because it looks like incense sticks at a funeral. It's also rude to point at people with your chopsticks or pass food from chopsticks to chopsticks, because these actions are associated with death.Another taboo in China is giving clocks as gifts. The Chinese words for "giving clocks" sound like "attending a funeral," so clocks are considered bad luck. Instead of giving someone aclock, it's better to choose a different gift to show your appreciation.Lastly, let's talk about shoes. It's important to take off your shoes before entering someone's home in China, because wearing shoes inside is seen as disrespectful. Also, never give someone a pair of shoes as a gift, because it's believed to bring bad luck and symbolize sending someone away.So remember, be mindful of these cultural taboos when you're in China. It's important to respect and understand the customs of the country you're visiting. Let's all be cultural savvy and avoid any awkward situations!篇7Title: Chinese Culture TaboosHey guys, have you ever heard of Chinese culture taboos? Well, today I'm gonna tell you all about it!In China, there are some things you should avoid doing because they are considered bad luck or disrespectful. One of the big taboos is giving someone a clock as a gift. This is because the word for "clock" sounds like the word for "death" in Chinese.So if you give someone a clock, it's like you're wishing them bad luck!Another taboo is sticking your chopsticks upright in a bowl of rice. This is something you should never do because it looks like the incense sticks that are used at funerals. It's seen as a sign of death and is very disrespectful.Also, you should never point your finger at someone in China. It's considered impolite and rude. Instead, use your hand to gesture or point with an open palm.In Chinese culture, the number "4" is also seen as unlucky because it sounds like the word for "death" in Chinese. So you should try to avoid the number 4 whenever you can.There are many more taboos in Chinese culture, but these are just a few examples. It's important to be respectful and mindful of these taboos when you're in China so you don't accidentally offend someone.That's all for today! Thanks for listening and be sure to remember these taboos if you ever visit China. Bye!篇8Title: Chinese Cultural TaboosHey guys, do you know there are some things you shouldn't do in Chinese culture? Let me tell you about some of the taboos in China.First, in China, it's not polite to point at someone with your finger. Instead, you should use your whole hand to gesture or nod in their direction. It's considered rude to point directly at someone.Second, when you're giving a gift in China, you should avoid wrapping it in white or black paper. These colors are associated with funerals and are considered bad luck. It's better to use red or other bright colors when wrapping gifts.Next, in Chinese culture, it's important to respect your elders. You should always address them with proper titles and show them deference and respect. It's also important to avoid speaking loudly or arguing with older people.Another taboo in China is not to discuss sensitive topics, such as politics or religion, in public. These topics can be controversial and may offend others. It's best to avoid these discussions in social settings.Lastly, when you're dining in China, there are some rules to follow. Never stick your chopsticks upright in a bowl of rice, asthis resembles the incense sticks used at funerals. Also, don't tap your chopsticks on the edge of your bowl, as this is considered bad luck.So, remember these cultural taboos when you're in China and show respect for the traditions and customs of the country. It's important to be aware of these taboos to avoid unintentionally offending someone. Let's all be respectful and understanding of different cultures!篇9In China, there are some cultural taboos that we should be aware of. It's important to respect these traditions and customs to show respect to the Chinese culture.One of the biggest taboos in China is talking about sensitive topics such as politics or religion. It's best to avoid these topics in conversation as they can lead to arguments or misunderstandings. It's also important to be respectful when discussing these topics and not to offend anyone.Another cultural taboo in China is touching someone's head. In Chinese culture, the head is considered the most sacred part of the body and it's disrespectful to touch someone's headwithout permission. It's best to avoid any physical contact with someone's head to show respect.In Chinese culture, it's also important to avoid the number four as it is considered unlucky. The number four in Chinese sounds like the word for 'death', so it's best to avoid using or talking about the number four. Instead, it's better to use other numbers or avoid mentioning the number four altogether.Overall, it's important to be respectful of Chinese culture and traditions when visiting or interacting with Chinese people. By following these cultural taboos, we can show respect and appreciation for the Chinese culture. Let's all be mindful of these traditions and customs to promote harmony and understanding between cultures.篇10In China, there are lots of cultural taboos that we need to follow. These rules have been passed down from generation to generation, and it's important for us to respect them. If we don't follow these taboos, we might offend someone or bring bad luck to ourselves.One of the most important cultural taboos in China is not to point at people with your finger. It is considered impolite anddisrespectful to point at someone, so we should always use our hand or nod our head to gesture towards someone instead.Another taboo is not to talk about death or anything related to it. In Chinese culture, talking about death is seen as bad luck and it is believed that it can bring misfortune to the person you are talking to.We should also avoid giving clocks or umbrellas as gifts in China. Clocks are associated with death and funerals, while umbrellas are linked to the idea of splitting up or parting ways. It's best to choose a different gift to avoid any negative connotations.In addition, we should never step on someone's shadow in China. It is believed that stepping on someone's shadow is disrespectful and can bring bad luck to both parties involved.Overall, it's important for us to be aware of these cultural taboos in China and respect them. By following these rules, we can show our respect for Chinese culture and avoid causing any unintentional offense.。
TheTaboosinChineseandWesternCulture中西方文化禁忌
中西方文化禁忌The Taboos in Chinese and Western CultureAcknowledgementsFirst and foremost, my appreciation goes to my affectionate parents, and the rest of my family. Throughout the development of this paper, they have been there always giving me continuous support, encouragement and understanding. Their love and support encourage me to pursue progress all the time.I would also like to extend my sincere thanks to all other teachers who gave me lectures during the past four academic years. I have benefited so much not only from their courses and lectures but also from their constant encouragement.Finally, my deepest gratitude and respect go to my supervisor, Zhong Liping. It is for his constant encouragement, critical instructions, his great care and precious advice and suggestions that this paper appears in the present form.AbstractWith the development of economic globalization and China's Reform and Opening up, the connection between China and western countries are Increasingly close. And the communication and collisions between the Chinese and western culture also appear in each person's life. This thesis mainly introduced the Chinese and western cultural taboo from the definition of taboo to origin, then to the differences between Chinese and western cultural taboos, and finally research how to avoid touching these taboo in daily communication. This thesis involves these taboos of name, address, gender, race, religion, superstition and other espects relate to our life.And through these research readers will not touched others‘ taboo and even influence people‘s relationship in communication.Key words:Chinese and western; taboo; definition; origin of taboo; species of taboo; details of taboo; how to avoid touching taboo随着经济全球化的发展和中国对外开放程度的加深，中国和西方国家的联系也日益密切起来，中西方文化之间的交流和碰撞也出现在了每个人的生活中。
跨文化交际中英汉禁忌语对比研究及语言禁忌的应对
1942019年32期总第472期ENGLISH ON CAMPUS跨文化交际中英汉禁忌语对比研究及语言禁忌的应对文/贝 玉在我国，“禁忌”一词由来已久。
早在汉朝，《后汉书·郎顗传》中云：“臣生长草野，不晓禁忌，披露肝胆，书不择言。
”许慎《说文解字》云：“禁，吉凶之忌也”。
可见 “禁”和“忌”在意思上是相近的。
不论是色气禁忌，婚嫁禁忌，还是动物禁忌，都是人们害怕给自己招来凶险而禁止接触某种事物或做出行为。
英语 taboo 一词源于波利尼西亚的汤加语(Tongan)，原意指“神圣超凡的”，后来逐渐发展为专有名词在人类学和社会学中广泛使用。
古今中外，禁忌都是各个民族文化的一个组成部分，而语言作为文化的载体，同样反映着各种文化现象，禁忌语就是其中一种。
在跨文化交际中，禁忌语对不同文化背景的人们进行有效交际造成了一定的障碍。
对禁忌语的研究与学习有助于我们丰富文化知识，开阔视野，避免不必要的误会发生，做一位成功的交际者。
一、英汉禁忌语的相似性虽然衍生于不同的背景，但中英两种文化是存在相似性的，这种相似性同样也体现在禁忌语中。
1.词的体现。
死亡一直是人们最恐惧、最不愿言说的事，因此跟死亡相关的字词带有很深的禁忌色彩，是不可随便提及的。
比如“薨”，本意是指成群的昆虫一起飞的声音；但在古代“薨”用来称诸侯或者有爵位的大官死去，也会用于 皇帝的高等级嫔妃和所生育的皇子公主，或者封王的贵族。
平头百姓也有相应的委婉语，比如“卒”。
在佛教中，和尚的死称为“坐化”，僧尼之死称为“圆寂”。
英语中有关“die”(死)的委婉表达也有很多。
“to return to dust /earth” ，尘归尘，土归土，源于上帝用泥土创造了人。
go to heaven(去天堂)、with God(和上帝在一起)等都是跟宗教文化相关。
再比如，对于女性的性别歧视也体现在两种语言的禁忌中。
中国封建社会历史漫长，汉语中有关性别歧视方面的词汇也非常丰富。
中国筷子禁忌英语作文
中国筷子禁忌英语作文Chinese Chopstick Taboos。
As one of the oldest civilizations in the world, China has a rich culture with many customs and traditions. One of the most important aspects of Chinese culture is food, which is closely tied to social customs and etiquette. When it comes to eating with chopsticks, there are many taboos and rules that must be followed to show respect and avoid offending others.Firstly, it is considered rude to use chopsticks to point at someone or something. This is because pointing with chopsticks is seen as a sign of aggression or disrespect. Instead, if you need to indicate something, it is better to use your words or gestures.Secondly, it is taboo to cross your chopsticks on the table. This is because it resembles the Chinese funeral ritual of incense burning, where incense sticks are placedin a bowl of sand with the sticks crossed over each other. Therefore, crossing chopsticks is seen as a symbol of bad luck and death.Thirdly, it is considered impolite to suck or lick your chopsticks. This is because it is seen as unclean and disrespectful to the person who prepared the food. Instead, it is better to use a napkin or tissue to wipe your mouth or hands.Fourthly, it is taboo to use your chopsticks to dig through a dish to find a particular ingredient. This is because it is seen as a sign of greed and disrespect towards other diners. Instead, it is better to ask for the ingredient or politely wait for it to come to you.Fifthly, it is considered bad manners to use chopsticks to spear food. This is because it is seen as aggressive and reminiscent of hunting. Instead, it is better to use chopsticks to pick up food delicately and with care.Lastly, it is taboo to leave your chopsticks stickingupright in a bowl of rice. This is because it resembles the incense sticks used in Chinese funerals. Therefore, it is seen as a symbol of death and bad luck.In conclusion, chopstick etiquette is an important aspect of Chinese culture and should be respected and followed. By observing these taboos, we can show respect to others and avoid offending them. So, next time you eat with chopsticks, remember these rules and enjoy your meal!。
中国禁忌文化英文作文
中国禁忌文化英文作文In Chinese culture, there are many taboos that people need to be aware of. For example, it is considered rude to point at someone with your finger. Instead, it is better to use an open hand to gesture towards someone.Another taboo in Chinese culture is the concept of "saving face." This means that it is important to avoid embarrassing someone in public, as it can cause them to lose face. It is important to be mindful of this when interacting with others in Chinese culture.In Chinese culture, the number four is considered unlucky because it sounds similar to the word for death. As a result, it is best to avoid giving gifts or making references to the number four.Additionally, it is important to be mindful of the concept of hierarchy in Chinese culture. It is important to show respect to elders and those in positions of authority.This can be demonstrated through actions such as allowing them to speak first or serving them food and drinks before yourself.In Chinese culture, it is important to be mindful of the concept of "guanxi," which refers to the importance of building and maintaining relationships. This can involve exchanging favors and building a network of connections to help one another in various aspects of life.Furthermore, it is important to be mindful of the concept of "yin and yang" in Chinese culture, which emphasizes the balance between opposing forces. This can be seen in various aspects of life, including the balance between work and rest, as well as the balance between different elements in traditional Chinese medicine.In Chinese culture, it is important to be mindful of the concept of "qi," which refers to the life force or energy that flows through all living things. This concept is important in traditional Chinese medicine and can influence various aspects of daily life.In conclusion, Chinese culture is rich in taboos and traditions that are important to be mindful of when interacting with others. By being aware of these cultural nuances, one can show respect and understanding towards the customs and beliefs of the Chinese people.。
中国禁忌英语作文
The Subtleties of Chinese Culture: ExploringTaboos in EnglishThe rich tapestry of Chinese culture, intricate andmulti-faceted, is often adorned with threads of taboos that weave their way through everyday life. These taboos, often deeply rooted in history, tradition, and superstition, play a significant role in shaping social norms and interactions. As China increasingly engages with the global community, understanding these taboos becomes crucial for effective cross-cultural communication.One of the most prominent taboos in Chinese culture is the avoidance of discussing death, illness, and other unpleasantries. This is not out of disrespect or lack of empathy, but a cultural norm that reflects a deep-seated belief in the importance of maintaining harmony and positivity. When discussing such topics, it is customary to use euphemisms or indirect language to avoid directly mentioning the unpleasant details. For instance, the phrase "going to a better place" is often used instead of "dying," and "falling ill" is preferred over "becoming sick."Another taboopertains to the number four, which is widely considered unlucky in Chinese culture. This beliefis attributed to the homophony between the word "four" and the word for "death" in Chinese. Consequently, many buildings, especially hospitals and hotels, skip the fourth floor entirely, labeling it as the fifth floor instead. Similarly, gifts that come in sets of four are often avoided, as they are associated with bad luck.Respect for elders is another crucial taboo in Chinese culture. Elders are held in high esteem, and their wordsand advice are considered wisdom. It is considered disrespectful to argue with or contradict an elder, especially in public. Moreover, it is customary to address elders using respectful titles and avoid using informal or familiar language.In the realm of food, there are also numerous taboos. For instance, it is considered unlucky to serve fish withits head pointing towards the elderly, as it is believed to symbolize someone "going over the hill" or dying. Similarly, it is avoided to serve chicken dishes with the head andfeet intact, as they are associated with death and misfortune.The Chinese also have strong taboos regarding personal space and privacy. It is considered impolite to stare at others, especially in public, and it is customary to maintain a certain level of distance when interacting with others. Personal information, such as age, marital status, and income, is considered private and should not be disclosed unless explicitly asked by the other person.Understanding these taboos is crucial for effective communication and cultural exchange between China and the rest of the world. By respecting these cultural norms, we can foster a deeper understanding and appreciation of Chinese culture, and promote harmonious interactions between people of different cultures.**中国禁忌的微妙之处：英文探索**中国文化的丰富多样性，就像一幅精心织就的挂毯，其中穿插着禁忌的线索，这些禁忌在日常生活中扮演着重要角色。
中国使用筷子的原因和禁忌英语作文
中国使用筷子的原因和禁忌英语作文The Reason for Using Chopsticks in China and ItsEtiquetteIn China, the use of chopsticks is deeply ingrained inour culture and daily life. These slender, wooden or bamboo utensils are not just a tool for eating; they are a symbolof tradition, etiquette, and respect.Firstly, the reason for using chopsticks stems from the rich culinary history of China. Our cuisine is diverse, featuring a vast array of dishes with various textures and flavors. Chopsticks allow for precise and delicate handling of food, enabling us to appreciate the nuances of each dish. Whether it's picking up a delicate dumpling or tearingapart a succulent piece of meat, chopsticks offer the flexibility and precision required to enjoy Chinese cuisine.Moreover, the use of chopsticks is also a reflection of Chinese etiquette. Eating with chopsticks requires patience, concentration, and respect for the food. It is considered impolite to stab or scoop food with chopsticks, as this is seen as粗鲁 (rude) and disrespectful to the preparer.Instead, we are taught to use our chopsticks gently,lifting and transferring food with finesse.However, there are also certain taboos and etiquette surrounding the use of chopsticks. For instance, it is considered unlucky to stick chopsticks upright in a bowl of rice, as this resembles the incense sticks burned atfuneral altars. Additionally, passing food from oneperson's chopsticks to another's is considered unsanitary and impolite. These taboos reflect the Chinese culture's emphasis on respect, hygiene, and propriety.Furthermore, the choice of chopsticks itself is often a reflection of personal taste and culture. From intricate designs etched onto wooden chopsticks to elegant jade or ivory varieties, the choice of chopsticks can reveal a lot about a person's preferences and background.In conclusion, the use of chopsticks in China is notjust a practical tool for eating; it is a cultural phenomenon that embodies our rich culinary heritage, etiquette, and traditions. Whether you are a lifelong user or just beginning to explore the art of using chopsticks,it is an experience that is deeply ingrained in the Chinese culture and one that should be respected and appreciated.中国使用筷子的原因和禁忌在中国，筷子的使用深深植根于我们的文化和日常生活中。
中国禁忌英语作文
中国禁忌英语作文{z}Title: Chinese TaboosIn China, there are numerous taboos that have been passed down through generations.These taboos are deeply rooted in Chinese culture and tradition, and they continue to influence the behavior and actions of people in various aspects of life.In this essay, we will explore some of the most common Chinese taboos and their significance.One of the most well-known Chinese taboos is the avoidance of four-word phrases that are homophones for death.These phrases include "say goodbye" (再见), "early goodbye" (早逝), "sudden departure" (突然), and "white hair" (白发).Chinese people believe that using these phrases can bring bad luck and cause the early death of a family member.As a result, they try to avoid using these phrases in conversations, especially when talking about elderly relatives.Another common taboo in China is the avoidance of certain numbers.The number four (4) is considered unlucky because it is a homophone for "death".As a result, Chinese people try to avoid anything related to the number four, such as staying in room number 4 or buying a car with a license plate that contains the number four.Similarly, the number eight (8) is considered unlucky because it is a homophone for "发" (fa), which means "to make a fortune" in Chinese.Chinese people believe that using the number eight can lead to a loss of fortune and badluck.In addition to these taboos, Chinese people also have certain superstitions about certain objects and actions.For example, breaking a mirror is considered a bad omen because it is believed to bring seven years of bad luck.Chinese people also believe that giving clocks as gifts is equivalent to wishing the recipient a short life.Therefore, clocks are not given as gifts in Chinese culture.Furthermore, there are certain taboos related to personal hygiene and behavior.Chinese people believe that sleeping with wet hair can cause a cold or a headache.They also believe that sitting with crossed legs is impolite and disrespectful.In conclusion, Chinese taboos are an integral part of Chinese culture and tradition.They reflect the values and beliefs of the Chinese people and continue to influence their behavior and actions.Understanding these taboos is important for anyone who wishes to interact with Chinese people and respect their cultural norms.By avoiding certain phrases, numbers, and actions, individuals can show their respect for Chinese culture and avoid causing offense.。
中国禁忌英语作文
中国禁忌英语作文（中英文实用版）Title: Chinese Taboos: An English CompositionIn the vast and culturally rich landscape of China, certain behaviors are considered taboo, reflecting deep-seated societal norms and traditional beliefs.These taboos play a significant role in shaping interactions among the people and are worth exploring in an English composition.在中国这片广袤且文化丰富的土地上，某些行为被认为是禁忌的，这些禁忌体现了根深蒂固的社会规范和传统信仰。
在英语作文中探讨这些禁忌，有助于我们更好地理解它们在人际交往中的作用。
Avoiding the Mention of DeathIt is widely regarded as impolite to mention death or anything related to it.Chinese people often associate such discussions with bad luck and prefer to use euphemisms when referring to passing away.避免提及死亡在中文交流中，广泛认为提及死亡或与之相关的内容是不礼貌的。
中国人将此类讨论与厄运联系起来，在提及去世时更倾向于使用委婉语。
umbers and Their Hidden MeaningsCertain numbers hold special significance in Chinese culture.For example, the number four is considered unlucky because it sounds similar to the word for "death" in Mandarin.Conversely, the number eight isfortunate as it signifies prosperity in pronunciation.数字及其隐含意义在中国文化中，某些数字具有特殊意义。
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Now, I will introduce some Chinese taboos from the following aspects.
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Wedding
Taboos in wedding
• The date of wedding is important. • The bride must cover the head with a red
fabric, otherwise they may crash the gods. • And the bride should take some nuts in
Now, I will introduce some Chinese taboos from the following aspects.
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Clothing
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Eating and drinking
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Language
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Gender
•
Wedding
The taboos in gender
• The ancient Chinese people think that the blood of women is evil.
hand like the longans, to avoid the monsters.
• Sometimes some people may forbid eating something because of the belief or worship.
Taboos in eating and drinking
• Chinese people also think it is ominous that knock the bowl with the chopsticks.
• Taboos always make people think about something superstitious, but it can protect and help people in some situations.
Now, I will introduce some Chinese taboos from the following aspects.
• And the pregnant women is evil too.
Now, I will introduce some Chinese taboos from the following aspects.
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Clothing
•
Eating and drinking
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Language
•
Gender
Chinese Taboos
The production, essence and functions of taboos
• Taboos are some actions that be forbid.
• The source of the taboos are the instinct to the horrific things, for example the animals, and the natural calamities.
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Clothing
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Eating and drБайду номын сангаасnking
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Language
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Gender
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Wedding
Taboos in eating and drinking
• Chinese people sometimes think that you may like the food you have eaten, in especial the children.
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Clothing
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Eating and drinking
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Language
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Gender
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Wedding
Taboos in clothing
• People must select the clothes depend on the seasons.
• People should choose the right colors. • In some parts in China, people have to
• If a people pass away, we shouldn’t say that he is die, but choose other words replace.
Taboos in language
• Chinese people always avoid the negative things when speaking.
wear the clothes that must cover the body. • In Shandong province, the number of
buckles in the clothes must be the odd number.
Now, I will introduce some Chinese taboos from the following aspects.
•
Clothing
•
Eating and drinking
•
Language
•
Gender
•
Wedding
Taboos in language
• Chinese people always choose some lucky words to replace the unlucky words.
• If a soldier get injured in a war, the other people can’t say that he is injured.