计算机控制系统技术作业(中文翻译)
计算机控制系统课后习题答案
1-1 什么是计算机控制系统?画出一个实际计算机控制系统原理结构图,并说明一个计算机控制系统由哪些部分组成及各部分的作用。
利用计算机参与控制的系统称为计算机控制系统。
1-2 简述计算机控制系统的控制过程。
实时数据采样实时计算控制量实时控制实时管理1-3 实时、在线方式和离线方式的含义是什么?(1)实时:所谓“实时”,是指信号的输入、计算和输出都是在一定时间范围内完成的,超出了这个时间就会失去控制时机,控制也就失去了意义。
(2)“在线”方式:生产过程和计算机系统直接连接,并接受计算机直接控制的方式称为在线或联机方式。
(3)“离线”方式:若生产过程设备不直接与计算机相连接,其工作不直接受计算机的控制的方式叫做“脱机”方式或“离线”方式。
1-4 计算机控制系统的硬件由哪几部分组成?各部分的作用是什么?主机:这是微型计算机控制系统的核心,通过接口它可以向系统的各个部分发出各种命令,同时对被控对象的被控参数进行实时检测及处理。
输入输出通道:这是微机和生产对象之间进行信息交换的桥梁和纽带。
(3)外部设备:这是实现微机和外界进行信息交换的设备,简称外设,包括人机联系设备(操作台)、输入输出设备(磁盘驱动器、键盘、打印机、显示终端等)和外存贮器(磁盘)。
(4)生产过程装置a.测量变送单元:为了测量各种参数而采用的相应检测元件及变送器。
b.执行机构:要控制生产过程,必须有执行机构。
1.5 计算机控制系统的软件由哪几部分组成?各部分的作用是什么?就功能来分,软件可分为系统软件、应用软件及数据库。
系统软件:它是由计算机设计者提供的专门用来使用和管理计算机的程序。
系统软件包括:a.操作系统:即为管理程序、磁盘操作系统程序、监控程序等;b.诊断系统:指的是调节程序及故障诊断程序;c.开发系统:包括各种程序设计语言、语言处理程序(编译程序)、服务程序(装配程序和编辑程序)、模拟主系统(系统模拟、仿真、移植软件)、数据管理系统等;d.信息处理:指文字翻译、企业管理等。
计算机控制系统课后答案
计算机控制系统课后答案1. 概述计算机控制系统是指利用计算机进行控制的系统,它采用计算机硬件和软件的协同作用,对被控对象进行监测、测量、判断以及控制操作的任务。
本文将回答计算机控制系统课后习题,以帮助读者加深对该课程的理解。
2. 习题答案2.1 什么是计算机控制系统?计算机控制系统是指利用计算机硬件和软件的协同作用,对被控对象进行监测、测量、判断以及控制操作的系统。
其核心是计算机的控制程序,通过对输入信号的处理和对输出信号的控制,实现对被控对象的精准控制。
2.2 计算机控制系统的组成计算机控制系统主要由以下几个组成部分构成:•输入设备:用于采集被控对象的状态信息,将其转化为数字信号输入到计算机中。
•输出设备:将计算机产生的控制信号转化为可被被控对象接受的信号。
•中央处理单元(CPU):负责执行控制程序,对输入信号进行处理和判断,并产生相应的控制信号。
•存储器:用于存储控制程序和控制数据。
•总线:用于传输控制信号和数据,连接CPU、存储器和输入输出设备。
2.3 计算机控制系统的特点•精确性:计算机控制系统能够对被控对象进行精确的控制,实时调整控制参数,确保控制过程的稳定性和准确性。
•灵活性:通过编写不同的控制程序,可以实现对不同对象的控制,具有很高的灵活性。
•可靠性:计算机控制系统具有自主诊断和故障处理能力,当出现故障时,能够自动检测、定位和修复错误,提高了系统的可靠性。
•扩展性:计算机控制系统可以根据需要增加或替换硬件设备,增加系统的功能和性能。
•可维护性:计算机控制系统通常使用模块化设计,方便对系统进行维护和升级。
2.4 计算机控制系统的应用领域计算机控制系统广泛应用于工业自动化领域,例如:•工业生产线控制:计算机控制系统可以对生产线上的各个环节进行监控和控制,提高生产效率和产品质量。
•交通信号控制:计算机控制系统可以对交通信号灯进行精确控制,实现交通流量的调度和优化。
•智能家居系统:计算机控制系统可以对家庭设备进行智能控制,实现远程操控和自动化管理。
计算机控制系统课后答案,李华
计算机控制系统课后答案1. 介绍本文是针对计算机控制系统课后作业的答案汇总。
在课程中涉及到的问题和概念将会一一解答和说明,帮助读者更好地理解和掌握计算机控制系统。
2. 问题解答2.1 列举计算机控制系统的应用领域。
计算机控制系统广泛应用于以下领域:- 工业自动化控制:用于控制工业生产线上的各种设备和工艺过程。
- 交通运输系统:包括地铁、公交、航空、航天等领域的运输工具的控制。
- 农业自动化:应用于农业机械和设备的控制,提高农业生产效率。
- 医疗设备控制:用于医疗设备的自动控制和监测。
- 建筑智能化:用于建筑内部的照明、供暖、空调等控制系统。
- 安防、监控系统:包括视频监控、入侵报警等各种安全系统的控制。
2.2 计算机控制系统的组成结构是什么?计算机控制系统的基本组成结构包括: - 传感器:用于将被控制对象的状态转换为电信号,并输入到控制系统中。
- 执行器:根据控制系统的指令,执行相应的动作,控制被控制对象。
- 控制器:对传感器采集到的数据进行处理和分析,并产生相应的控制指令。
- 通信网络:用于传输控制指令和传感器数据的通信网络。
- 计算机:负责控制器的运行和算法的执行,对控制系统进行监控和管理。
2.3 什么是开环控制系统和闭环控制系统?它们的区别是什么?开环控制系统是指控制器只根据预先设置的控制指令,对被控制对象进行控制,而不对被控制对象的输出进行测量和反馈。
因此,开环控制系统的控制效果受到外界扰动和被控制对象本身性能变化的影响。
闭环控制系统是指控制器在对被控制对象进行控制的同时,通过测量被控制对象的输出信号,并与设定值进行比较,产生反馈信号进行控制调节。
闭环控制系统能够根据被控制对象实际输出的变化来调整控制指令,使控制效果更加稳定和准确。
区别: - 开环控制系统没有反馈环路,只根据预先设置的控制指令对被控制对象进行控制;闭环控制系统设有反馈环路,通过测量被控制对象的输出进行调节。
计算机控制作业及答案
用部分作分部组成的?各制计算机控系统是由哪级硬件组成:微控制器或微处理器、ROM、RAM、外部设备、网络通信接口、实时时钟、电源。
软件组成:系统软件和应用软件。
作用:硬件中有A/D称为模拟数字转换器,它包括采样保持和量化,其输出为数字形式,何时采样由计算机控制。
D/A称为数字模拟转换器,它是将数字信号转换成模拟信号形成控制量。
应用软件根据要解决的问题而编写的各种程序,系统软件包括操作系统,开发系统。
为适应控制现场的工作环境,对工业控制机有何要求?1.2.)扩展性)实时性(4)适应性(2)可靠性(3(1)基于嵌入式系统的结构2)基于通用计算机的结构(结构:(11.3. PCI总线,CPCI总线,PC/104总线以及RS232,RS422,RS485有何特点,电平特性,适用场合? IO接口?何谓2.1.IO接口?在计算机控制系统中为什么要有和外围设备之间的时序配合和通信联络问题CPU1()解决主机和外围设备之间的数据格式转换和匹配问题CPU2)解决(的负载能力和外围设备端口的选择问题CPU3()解决 2.2.计算机与外围设备交互信息有哪几种控制方式?各有何优缺点?)并行通信。
优点:传送速度快、信息率高。
缺点:传输线多,成本高1(.RS-485)串行通信。
全双工方式2 RS-422 ,RS-232。
半双工方式()同步通信。
要求收发双方具有同频同相的同步时钟信号,每帧信息开始加特定的同3 (步字符,不允许有间隙。
开始位,停止位,发送的字符间允许有间隙4)异步通信( 2.3.模拟输入通道中为何要加采样保持器,采样保持器的组成及要求是什么?转换期间保持输入模拟信号不变)用采样保持电路使得在A/D(1转换器完成一次模拟量到数字量转换所需要的时间。
)孔径时间:AD(2的变化所引起的误差称为孔径误内,由于输入信号x(t) 孔径误差:在孔径时间ta/dδ。
差芯片为例:10的位ADC 以ta/d=10μs的转换精度为保证不低于0.1%转换精度如何计算?位的ADC的主要性能指标有哪些?10V8转换的方(6). A/D(5). (4). 误差和精度转换速率(3). (1). 接口特性(2). 量程分辨率法)(0.4%转换精度。
计算机控制系统作业参考答案
《计算机控制系统》作业参考答案作业一第一章1.1什么是计算机控制系统?画出典型计算机控制系统的方框图。
答:计算机控制系统又称数字控制系统,是指计算机参与控制的自动控制系统,既:用算机代替模拟控制装置,对被控对象进行调节和控制. 控制系统中的计算机是由硬件和软件两部分组成的.硬件部分: 计算机控制系统的硬件主要是由主机、外部设备、过程输入输出设备组成; 软件部分: 软件是各种程序的统称,通常分为系统软件和应用软件。
图1.3-2 典型的数字控制系统1.2.计算机控制系统有哪几种典型的类型?各有什么特点。
答:计算机控制系统系统一般可分为四种类型:(1)数据处理、操作指导控制系统;计算机对被控对象不起直接控制作用,计算机对传感器产生的参数巡回检测、处理、分析、记录和越限报警,由此可以预报控制对象的运行趋势。
(2)直接数字控制系统;一台计算机可以代替多台模拟调节器的功能,除了能实现PID调节规律外, 还能实现多回路串级控制、前馈控制、纯滞后补偿控制、多变量解藕控制,以及自适应、自学习,最优控制等复杂的控制。
(3)监督计算机控制系统;它是由两级计算机控制系统:第一级DDC计算机, 完成直接数字控制功能;第二级SCC计算机根据生产过程提供的数据和数学模型进行必要的运算,给DDC计算机提供最佳给定值和最优控制量等。
(4)分布式计算机控制系统。
以微处理机为核心的基本控制单元,经高速数据通道与上一级监督计算机和CRT操作站相连。
1.3.计算机控制系统与连续控制系统主要区别是什么?计算机控制系统有哪些优点?答:计算机控制系统与连续控制系统主要区别:计算机控制系统又称数字控制系统,是指计算机参与控制的自动控制系统,既:用计算机代替模拟控制装置,对被控对象进行调节和控制。
与采用模拟调节器组成的控制系统相比较,计算机控制系统具有以下的优点:(1))控制规律灵活,可以在线修改。
(2)可以实现复杂的控制规律,提高系统的性能指标。
PLC技术中英文翻译可编程控制器技术(英语原文中文翻译)
l 中文翻译可编程控制器技术随着时代的发展当今的技术也日趋完善、竞争愈演愈烈单靠人工的操作已不能满足于目前的制造业前景也无法保证更高质量的要求和高新技术企业的形象.人们在生产实践中看到自动化给人们带来了极大的便利和产品质量上的保证同时也减轻了人员的劳动强度减少了人员上的编制.在许多复杂的生产过程中难以实现的目标控制、整体优化、最佳决策等熟练的操作工、技术人员或专家、管理者却能够容易判断和操作可以获得满意的效果.人工智能的研究目标正是利用计算机来实现、模拟这些智能行为通过人脑与计算机协调工作以人机结合的模式为解决十分复杂的问题寻找最佳的途径我们在各种场合看到了继电器连接的控制,那已经是时代的过去,如今的继电器只能作为低端的基层控制模块或者简单的设备中使用到;而 PLC的出现也成为了划时代的主题,通过极其稳定的硬件穿插灵活的软件控制,使得自动化走向了新的高潮。
PLC的最大特点在于:电气工程师已不再电气的硬件上花费太多的心计,只要将按钮开关或感应器的输入点连接到 PLC的输入点上就能解决问题,通过输出点连接接触器或继电器来控制大功率的启动设备,而小功率的输出设备直接连接就可以。
PLC 的内部包含了具有中央处理器的CPU,并带有外部 I/O 口扩展的 I/O 接口地址和存储器三大块组成,CPU的核心是由一个或者多个累加器组成,它们具有逻辑的数学运算能力,并能读取程序存储器的内容通过计算后去驱动相应的存储器和 I/O 接口;I/O口将内部累加器和外部的输入和输出系统连接起来,并将相关的数据存入程序存储器或者数据存储器中;存储器可以将 I/O口输入的数据存入存储器中,并在工作时调转到累加器和 I/O接口上,存储器分程序存储器 lROM 和数据存储器 RAMROM可以将数据永久的存入存储器中,而 RAM 只能作为 CPU计算时临时计算使用的缓冲空间。
PLC的抗干扰是极其优秀的,我们根本不用去关心它的使用寿命和工作场合的恶劣,这些所有的问题已不再成为我们失败的主题,而留给我们的是关心如何来利用 PLC 的内部资源为我们加强设备的控制能力,使我们的设备更加的柔性。
计算机网络中英文互译
计算机网络中英翻译ACK (ACKnowledgement) 确认帧ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) 非对称数字用户线AN (Access Network )接入网ANSI (American National Standards Institute) 美国国家标准协会AP (Access Point) 接入点API (Application Programming Interface) 应用编程接口APNIC (Asia Pacific Network Information Center) 亚太网络信息中心ARP ( Address Resolution Protocol )地址解析协议ARPA (Advanced Research Project Agency)美国国防部远景研究规划局(高级研究计划署)ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest) 自动请求重发ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) 异步传递方式ATU (Access Termination Unit) 接入端接单元ATU-C (Access Termination Unit Central Office )端局接入端接单元ATU-R (Access Termination Unit Remote) 远端接入端接单元AUI (Attachment Unit Interface )连接接口单元AWT ( Abstract Window Toolkit )抽象窗口工具箱BECN (Backward Explicit Congestion Notification) 反向显式拥塞通知BER (Basic Encoding Rule) 基本编码规则BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) 边界网关协议BSA (Basic Service Area) 基本服务区BSS (Basic Service Set) 基本服务集BNA 宝来网络体系结构CAC (Connection Admission Control) 连接准许控制CAP (Carrierless Amplitude Phase) 无载波振幅相位调制CATV (Community Antenna TV, CAble TV) 有线电视CBR ( Constant Bit Rate )恒定比特率CCIR (Consultative Committee,International Radio) 国际无线电咨询委员会CCITT (Consultative Committee, International Telegraph and Telephone)国际电报电话咨询委员会CCP 通信控制处理机CDM (Code Division Multiplexing) 码分复用CDMA (Code Division Multiplex Access) 码分多址CNNIC (Network Information Center of China) 中国互联网络信息中心CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) 循环冗余检验CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection)载波监听多点接入/碰撞检测CSU/DSU ( Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit) 信道服务单元/数据服务单元CTD (Cell Transfer Delay) 信元传送时延DACS (Digital Access and Cross-connect System) 数字交接系统DCA 数据通信体系结构DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment) 数据电路端接设备DE (Discard Eligibility) 丢弃指示DES (Data Encryption Standard) 数据加密标准DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) 动态主机配置协议DLCI (Data Link Connection Identifier) 数据链路连接标识符DMT (Discrete Multi-Tone) 离散多音(调制)DNS (Domain Name System) 域名系统DNA 数据网络系统结构DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) 数字用户线DSLAM (DSL Access Multiplexer) 数字用户线接入复用器DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) 直接序列扩频DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) 数据终端设备DVMRP (Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol) 距离向量多播路由选择协议DWDM (Dense WDM) 密集波分复用EGP (External Gateway Protocol) 外部网关协议EIA (Electronic Industries Association )美国电子工业协会ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload) 封装安全有效载荷ESS 伍 xtended Service Set) 扩展的服务集FCS (Frame Check Sequence) 帧检验序列FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface )光纤分布式数据接口FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) 频分复用FEC (Forwarding Equivalence Class) 转发等价类FEC (Forward Error Correction) 前向纠错FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) 跳频扩频FIFO ( First In First Out) 先进先出FQ (Fair Queuing) 公平排队FR (Frame Relay) 帧中继FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) 移频键控FTP (File Transfer Protocol )文件传送协议FTTB (Fiber To The Building) 光纤到大楼FTTC (Fiber To The Curb )光纤到路边FTTH (Fiber To The Home) 光纤到家FTTD (Fiber To The Desk) 光纤到桌面FTTZ(Fiber To The Zone )光纤到小区FTTO (Fiber To The Office) 光纤到办公室FTTF (Fiber To The Floor) 光纤到楼层GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) 图形交换格式GII (Global Information Infrastructure) 全球信息基础结构,全球信息基础设施GFC ( Generic Flow Control) 通用流量控制GSM (Group Special Mobile) 群组专用移动通信体制HDLC (High-level Data Link Control) 面向比特的链路控制规程HDSL (High speed DSL) 高速数字用户线HEC (Header Error Control) 首部差错控制HFC (Hybrid Fiber Coax) 光纤同轴混合(网)HTML (HyperText Markup Language) 超文本置标语言HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) 超文本传送协议IAB (Internet Architecture Board) 因特网体系结构委员会IAC ( Interpret As Command )作为命令解释IAHC (Internet International Ad Hoc Committee )因特网国际特别委员会ICMP ( Internet Control Message Protocol )因特网控制报文协议IDEA (International Data Encryption Algorithm) 国际数据加密算法IEEE电气和电子工程师协会IESG (Internet Engineering Steering Group) 因特网工程指导小组IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) 因特网工程部IFS (Inter Frame Space) 帧间间隔IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) 因特网组管理协议IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol) 内部网关协议IM (Instant Messaging) 即时传信IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) 因特网报文存取协议IMP ( Interface Message Processor) 接口报文处理机IP (Internet Protocol )网际协议IR (InfraRed )红外技术IRTF ( Internet Research Task Force )因特网研究部ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) 综合业务数字网ISO ( International Organization for Standardization )国际标准化组织ISOC (Internet Society) 因特网协会ISP ( Internet Service Provider) 因特网服务提供者ITU ( International Telecommunication Union )国际电信联盟ITU-T ( ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector) 国际电信联盟电信标准化部门JPEG (Joint Photographic Expert Group) 联合图像专家组标准KDC (Key Distribution Center) 密钥分配中心LAN (Local Area Network )局域网LANE (LAN Emulation )局域网仿真LAPB (Link Access Procedure Balanced) 链路接入规程(平衡型)LCP (Link Control Protocol) 链路控制协议LDP (Label Distribution Protocol) 标记分配协议LLC (Logical Link Control) 逻辑链路控制LSP (Label Switched Path) 标记交换路径LSR (Label Switching Router) 标记交换路由器MAC (Medium Access Control) 媒体接入控制MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) 城域网MAU (Medium Attachment Unit) 媒体连接单元MBONE (Multicast Backbone On the InterNEt )多播主干网MBS (Maximum Burst Size )最大突发长度MCR (Minimum Cell Rate )最小信元速率 MCU (Multipoint Control Unit)多点控制单元MD (Message Digest) 报文摘要MDI (Medium Dependent Interface )媒体相关接口MIB (Management Information Base) 管理信息库MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) 通用因特网邮件扩充modem 调制解调器MOTIF (Message Oriented Text Interchange System) 面向报文的电文交换系统MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group) 活动图像专家组标准MPOA (MultiProtocol Over ATM) 多协议在 ATM 上运行MPLS (MultiProtocol Label Switching) 多协议标记交换MRU (Maximum Receive Unit) 最大接收单元MSS (Maximum Segment Size) 最长报文段MTU (Maximum Transfer Unit) 最大传送单元NAK (Negative AcKnowlegement) 否认帧NAP ( Network Access Point) 网络接入点N.ISDN (Narrowband-ISDN) 窄带综合业务数字网NAT (Network Address Translation )网络地址转换NAV (Network Al location Vector) 网络分配向量NCP (Network Control Protocol) 网络控制协议NFS (Network File System) 网络文件系统NGI 下一代因特网计划NIA 网络适配器NIC (Network Interface Card) 网络接口卡、网卡NII (National Information Infrastructure) 国家信息基础结构,国家信息基础设施NLRI (Network Layer Reachability Information) 网络层可达性信息NNI (Network-Node Interface) 网络结点接口NSF (National Science Foundation) (美国)国家科学基金会NVT (Network Virtual Terminal )网络虚拟终端ODBC (Open Database Connection)开放数据库互连OSF (Open Software Fundation )开放软件基金会OSI (Open System Interconnection )开放系统互联PBX (Private Branch eXchange )用户交换机PCM (Pulse Code Modulation ) 脉冲编码调制PCN (Personal Communications Network ) 个人通信网络PCR (Peak Cell Rate )峰值信元速率PCS 个人通信服务 Personal Communications ServicePDH 准同步数字系列PDA 个人数字助理 Personal Digital AssistantPDN 公用数据网 Public Data NetworkPDU 协议数据单元 Protocol Data UnitPER 分组差错率 packet error ratePIR 分组插入率 packet insertion ratePLCP 物理层会聚协议 Physical Layer Convergence ProtocolPLR 分组丢失率 packet loss ratePMD 物理媒体相关(子层) Physical Medium DependentPPP 点到点协议 Point to Point ProtocolPPTP 点对点隧道协议PRM 协议参考模型 Protocol Reference ModelPRN 分组无线网 Packet Radio NetworkPSN 分组交换节点 Packet Switch NodePSTN 公用电话交换网 Public Switched Telephone NetworkRARP 逆向地址解析协议 Reverse Address Resolution ProtocolRAS 远程访问服务器RFC 请求评注 Request for CommentsRMON 远程网络管理Router 路由器RPC 远程过程调用 Remote Procedure CallRSVP 资源重复利用协议RTP 接收和发送端口RTS 往返样本 Round Trip SampleRTS 剩余时间标签SAP 业务接入点 Service Access PointSAP 服务公告协议 Service Advertising ProtocolSAR 分段和重组(子层) Segmentation and ReassemblySDH 同步数字系列 Synchronous Digital HierarchySDLC 同步数据链路控制(协议) Advanced Data Communication Control Procedure SDTV 标准数字电视SDU 业务数据单元 Service Data UnitSIPP 增强的简单因特网协议 Simple Internet Protocol PlusSLIP 串行线路IP Serial Line Interface ProtocolSMDS 交换式多兆比特数据业务 Switched Multimegabit Data ServicesSMF 单模光纤 Single-mode FiberSMT 站点管理 Station ManagementSMTP 简单邮件传输协议 Simple Mail Transfer ProtocolSNA 系统网络体系结构 System Network ArchitectureSNMP 简单网络管理协议 Simple Network Management ProtocolSNR 信噪比 Signal-Noise ratioSONET 同步光纤网络 Synchronous Optical NetworkSTM 同步传输方式 Synchronous Transfer ModeSTP 屏蔽双绞线 Shielded Twisted PairSTS 同步传输信号 Synchronous Transport SignalSVC 交换虚电路 Switched Virtual CircuitSwitch 交换机TCP 传输控制协议 Transmission Control ProtocolTDM 时分多路复用 Time Division MultiplexingTFTP 单纯文件传输协议 Trivial File Transfer protocolTelnet 远程登录协议TIP 终端接口处理机 Terminal Interface ProcessorTP 双绞线 Twisted PairTSAP 传输层服务访问点 Transport Service Access PointUDP 用户数据报协议 User Datagram ProtocolUSB 通用串行总线 Universal Serial BusUTP 非屏蔽双绞线 Unshielded Twisted PairVAN 增值网 Value Added NetworkVBR 可变比特率 Variable Bit RateVCC 虚信道连接 Virtual Channel ConnectionVLAN 虚拟局域网 Virtual LANVLSI 超大规模集成电路VOD 点播图像 Video on DemandVPC 虚路径连接 Virtual Path ConnectionVPI 虚路径标识 virtual path identifierVPN 虚拟专用网络 Virtual Private NetworkVRML 虚拟现实造型语言 Virtual Reality Modeling Language VTP 虚拟隧道协议WAN 广域网 Wide Area NetworkWDM 波分多路复用 Wavelength Division MultiplexingWWW 万维网 World Wide Web。
计算机专业英语课文翻译
第4章操作系统第一部分阅读和翻译A部分 Windows 71. 简介Windows 7是微软最新发布的windows版本,这一系列微软制造的操作系统主要用于个人电脑,其中包括家庭和商业台式电脑、笔记本电脑、上网本、平板电脑、和媒体中心电脑。
(见图4.1)Windows 7于2009年7月22日开始生产,并在2009年10月22日零售,这个时间距其推出其前任Windows Vista不到三年时间。
与Windows 7相对应的Windows server 2008 R2,也是同年发布。
不像其前一操作系统vista,windows7 引入了大量的新特性,更集中于增量升级的windows线,目标是兼容已经在vista中兼容的应用程序和硬件。
微软在2008年的报告中关注于对于多点触控的支持,以及一个重新设计的windows shell和一个新的任务栏,并将其称之为Superbar,还有一个称之为家庭组的网络系统,注重性能改进。
之前版本的windows 系统中的一些标准的应用程序,包括windows日历,windows邮件,windows movie maker,和windows相片画廊在windows 7中并没有包含进来,而大多数是作为Windows Live Essentials套件单独免费进行提供的。
2. 发展最初,微软计划用一个代号为Blackcomb的windows版本来继承Windows XP(代号惠斯勒)和Windows Server 2003。
微软计划在Blackcomb中设计的主要功能包括在搜索中的加强,查询数据以及一个先进的存储命名系统。
然而,一个临时的,更小的,代号为Longhorn 的版本在2003年发布了。
微软在2003年中旬推迟发布了Blackcomb,但是Longhorn获得了大部分当初试图在Blackcomb中实现的特性。
在2003年,相继有三个主要病毒暴露了windows操作系统的一些漏洞,微软改变了其的发展重点,搁置了Longhorn的主要开发工作,主要开发windows xp和windows server 2003的服务包。
智能控制系统毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献
智能控制系统中英文资料对照外文翻译文献附录一:外文摘要The development and application of Intelligence controlsystemModern electronic products change rapidly is increasingly profound impact on people's lives, to people's life and working way to bring more convenience to our daily lives, all aspects of electronic products in the shadow, single chip as one of the most important applications, in many ways it has the inestimable role. Intelligent control is a single chip, intelligent control of applications and prospects are very broad, the use of modern technology tools to develop an intelligent, relatively complete functional software to achieve intelligent control system has become an imminent task. Especially in today with MCU based intelligent control technology in the era, to establish their own practical control system has a far-reaching significance so well on the subject later more fully understanding of SCM are of great help to.The so-called intelligent monitoring technology is that:" the automatic analysis and processing of the information of the monitored device". If the monitored object as one's field of vision, and intelligent monitoring equipment can be regarded as the human brain. Intelligent monitoring with the aid of computer data processing capacity of the powerful, to get information in the mass data to carry on the analysis, some filtering of irrelevant information, only provide some key information. Intelligent control to digital, intelligent basis, timely detection system in the abnormal condition, and can be the fastest and best way to sound the alarm and provide usefulinformation, which can more effectively assist the security personnel to deal with the crisis, and minimize the damage and loss, it has great practical significance, some risk homework, or artificial unable to complete the operation, can be used to realize intelligent device, which solves a lot of artificial can not solve the problem, I think, with the development of the society, intelligent load in all aspects of social life play an important reuse.Single chip microcomputer as the core of control and monitoring systems, the system structure, design thought, design method and the traditional control system has essential distinction. In the traditional control or monitoring system, control or monitoring parameters of circuit, through the mechanical device directly to the monitored parameters to regulate and control, in the single-chip microcomputer as the core of the control system, the control parameters and controlled parameters are not directly change, but the control parameter is transformed into a digital signal input to the microcontroller, the microcontroller according to its output signal to control the controlled object, as intelligent load monitoring test, is the use of single-chip I / O port output signal of relay control, then the load to control or monitor, thus similar to any one single chip control system structure, often simplified to input part, an output part and an electronic control unit ( ECU )Intelligent monitoring system design principle function as follows: the power supply module is 0~220V AC voltage into a0 ~ 5V DC low voltage, as each module to provide normal working voltage, another set of ADC module work limit voltage of 5V, if the input voltage is greater than 5V, it can not work normally ( but the design is provided for the load voltage in the 0~ 5V, so it will not be considered ), at the same time transformer on load current is sampled on the accused, the load current into a voltage signal, and then through the current - voltage conversion, and passes through the bridge rectification into stable voltage value, will realize the load the current value is converted to a single chip can handle0 ~ 5V voltage value, then the D2diode cutoff, power supply module only plays the role of power supply. Signal to the analog-to-digital conversion module, through quantization, coding, the analog voltage value into8bits of the digital voltage value, repeatedly to the analog voltage16AD conversion, and the16the digital voltage value and, to calculate the average value, the average value through a data bus to send AT89C51P0, accepted AT89C51 read, AT89C51will read the digital signal and software setting load normal working voltage reference range [VMIN, VMAX] compared with the reference voltage range, if not consistent, then the P1.0 output low level, close the relay, cut off the load on the fault source, to stop its sampling, while P1.1 output high level fault light, i.e., P1.3 output low level, namely normal lights. The relay is disconnected after about 2minutes, theAT89C51P1.0outputs high level ( software design), automatic closing relay, then to load the current regular sampling, AD conversion, to accept the AT89C51read, comparison, if consistent, then the P1.1 output low level, namely fault lights out, while P1.3 output high level, i.e. normal lamp ( software set ); if you are still inconsistent, then the need to manually switch S1toss to" repair" the slip, disconnect the relay control, load adjusting the resistance value is: the load detection and repair, and then close the S1repeatedly to the load current sampling, until the normal lamp bright, repeated this process, constantly on the load testing to ensure the load problems timely repair, make it work.In the intelligent load monitoring system, using the monolithic integrated circuit to the load ( voltage too high or too small ) intelligent detection and control, is achieved by controlling the relay and transformer sampling to achieve, in fact direct control of single-chip is the working state of the relay and the alarm circuit working state, the system should achieve technical features of this thesis are as follows (1) according to the load current changes to control relays, the control parameter is the load current, is the control parameter is the relay switch on-off and led the state; (2) the set current reference voltage range ( load normal working voltage range ), by AT89C51 chip the design of the software section, provide a basis for comparison; (3) the use of single-chip microcomputer to control the light-emitting diode to display the current state of change ( normal / fault / repair ); specific summary: Transformer on load current is sampled, a current / voltage converter, filter, regulator, through the analog-digital conversion, to accept the AT89C51chip to read, AT89C51 to read data is compared with the reference voltage, if normal, the normal light, the output port P.0high level, the relay is closed, is provided to the load voltage fault light; otherwise, P1.0 output low level, The disconnecting relay to disconnect the load, the voltage on the sampling, stop. Two minutes after closing relay, timing sampling.System through the expansion of improved, can be used for temperature alarm circuit, alarm circuit, traffic monitoring, can also be used to monitor a system works, in the intelligent high-speed development today, the use of modern technology tools, the development of an intelligent, function relatively complete software to realize intelligent control system, has become an imminent task, establish their own practical control system has a far-reaching significance. Micro controller in the industry design and application, no industry like intelligent automation and control field develop so fast. Since China and the Asian region the main manufacturing plant intelligence to improve the degree of automation, new technology to improve efficiency, have important influence on the product cost. Although the centralized control can be improved in any particular manufacturing process of the overall visual, but not for those response and processingdelay caused by fault of some key application.Intelligent control technology as computer technology is an important technology, widely used in industrial control, intelligent control, instrument, household appliances, electronic toys and other fields, it has small, multiple functions, low price, convenient use, the advantages of a flexible system design. Therefore, more and more engineering staff of all ages, so this graduate design is of great significance to the design of various things, I have great interest in design, this has brought me a lot of things, let me from unsuspectingly to have a clear train of thought, since both design something, I will be there a how to design thinking, this is very important, I think this job will give me a lot of valuable things.中文翻译:智能控制系统的开发应用现代社会电子产品日新月异正在越来越深远的影响着人们的生活,给人们的生活和工作方式带来越来越大的方便,我们的日常生活各个方面都有电子产品的影子,单片机作为其中一个最重要的应用,在很多方面都有着不可估量的作用。
电子信息毕业设计外文翻译--微型计算机控制系统(单片机控制系统)
毕业设计外文资料翻译Graduation design foreign language translation学院:电气工程与自动化学院专业班级:电子信息科学与技术三班学生姓名:学号:指导教师:外文资料:Microcomputer SystemsElectronic systems are used for handing information in the most general sense; this information may be telephone conversation, instrument read or a company‟s accounts, but in each case the same main type of operation are involved: the processing, storage and transmission of information. in conventional electronic design these operations are combined at the function level; for example a counter, whether electronic or mechanical, stores the current and increments it by one as required. A system such as an electronic clock which employs counters has its storage and processing capabilities spread throughout the system because each counter is able to store and process numbers.Present day microprocessor based systems depart from this conventional approach by separating the three functions of processing, storage, and transmission into different section of the system. This partitioning into three main functions was devised by V on Neumann during the 1940s, and was not conceived especially for microcomputers. Almost every computer ever made has been designed with this structure, and despite the enormous range in their physical forms, they have all been of essentially the same basic design.In a microprocessor based system the processing will be performed in the microprocessor itself. The storage will be by means of memory circuits and the communication of information into and out of the system will be by means of special input/output(I/O) circuits. It would be impossible to identify a particular piece of hardware which performed the counting in a microprocessor based clock because the time would be stored in the memory and incremented at regular intervals but the microprocessor. However, the software which defined the system‟s behavior would contain sections th at performed as counters. The apparently rather abstract approach to the architecture of the microprocessor and its associated circuits allows it to be very flexible in use, since the system is defined almost entirely software. The design process is largely one of software engineering, and the similar problems of construction and maintenance which occur inconventional engineering are encountered when producing software.The figure1-1 illustrates how these three sections within a microcomputer are connected in terms of the communication of information within the machine. The system is controlled by the microprocessor which supervises the transfer of information between itself and the memory and input/output sections. The external connections relate to the rest (that is, the non-computer part) of the engineering system.Fig.1-1 Three Sections of a Typical Microcomputer Although only one storage section has been shown in the diagram, in practice two distinct types of memory RAM and ROM are used. In each case, the word …memory‟ is rather inappropriate since a computers memory is more like a filing cabinet in concept; information is stored in a set of numbered …boxes‟ and it is referenced by the serial number of the …box‟ in question.Microcomputers use RAM (Random Access Memory) into which data can be written and from which data can be read again when needed. This data can be read back from the memory in any sequence desired, and not necessarily the same order in which it was written, hence the expres sion …random‟ access memory. Another type of ROM (Read Only Memory) is used to hold fixed patterns of information which cannot be affected by the microprocessor; these patterns are not lost when power is removed and are normally used to hold the program which defines the behavior of a microprocessor based system. ROMs can be read like RAMs, but unlike RAMs they cannot be used to store variable information. Some ROMs have their data patterns put in during manufacture, while others are programmable by the user by means of special equipment and are called programmable ROMs. The widely used programmable ROMs are erasable by means of special ultraviolet lamps and are referred to as EPROMs, short for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memories. Other new types of device can be erased electrically without the need for ultraviolet light, which are called Electrically Erasable Programmable Read OnlyMemories, EEPROMs.The microprocessor processes data under the control of the program, controlling the flow of information to and from memory and input/output devices. Some input/output devices are general-purpose types while others are designed for controlling special hardware such as disc drives or controlling information transmission to other computers. Most types of I/O devices are programmable to some extent, allowing different modes of operation, while some actually contain special-purpose microprocessors to permit quite complex operations to be carried out without directly involving the main microprocessor.The microprocessor processes data under the control of the program, controlling the flow of information to and from memory and input/output devices. Some input/output devices are general-purpose types while others are designed for controlling special hardware such as disc drives or controlling information transmission to other computers. Most types of I/O devices are programmable to some extent, allowing different modes of operation, while some actually contain special-purpose microprocessors to permit quite complex operations to be carried out without directly involving the main microprocessor.The microprocessor , memory and input/output circuit may all be contained on the same integrated circuit provided that the application does not require too much program or data storage . This is usually the case in low-cost application such as the controllers used in microwave ovens and automatic washing machines . The use of single package allows considerable cost savings to e made when articles are manufactured in large quantities . As technology develops , more and more powerful processors and larger and larger amounts of memory are being incorporated into single chip microcomputers with resulting saving in assembly costs in the final products . For the foreseeable future , however , it will continue to be necessary to interconnect a number of integrated circuits to make a microcomputer whenever larger amounts of storage or input/output are required.Another major engineering application of microcomputers is in process control. Here the presence of the microcomputer is usually more apparent to the user because provision is normally made for programming the microcomputer for the particular application. In process control applications the benefits lf fitting the entire system on to single chip are usually outweighed by the high design cost involved, because this sort lf equipment is produced in smaller quantities. Moreover, process controllers are usually more complicatedso that it is more difficult to make them as single integrated circuits. Two approaches are possible; the controller can be implemented as a general-purpose microcomputer rather like a more robust version lf a hobby computer, or as a …packaged‟ system, signed for replacing controllers based on older technologies such as electromagnetic relays. In the former case the system would probably be programmed in conventional programming languages such as the ones to9 be introduced later, while in the other case a special-purpose language might be used, for example one which allowed the function of the controller to be described in terms of relay interconnections, In either case programs can be stored in RAM, which allows them to be altered to suit changes in application, but this makes the overall system vulnerable to loss lf power unless batteries are used to ensure continuity of supply. Alternatively programs can be stored in ROM, in which case they virtually become part of the electronic …hardware‟ and are often referred to as firmware. More sophisticated process controllers require minicomputers for their implementation, although the use lf large scale integrated circuits …the distinction between mini and microcomputers, Products and process controllers of various kinds represent the majority of present-day micro computer applications, the exact figures depending on one‟s interpretation of the word …product‟. Virtually all engineering and scientific uses of microcomputers can be assigned to one or other of these categories. But in the system we most study Pressure and Pressure Transmitters. Pressure arises when a force is applied over an area. Provided the force is one Newton and uniformly over the area of one square meters, the pressure has been designated one Pascal. Pressure is a universal processing condition. It is also a condition of life on the planet: we live at the bottom of an atmospheric ocean that extends upward for many miles. This mass of air has weight, and this weight pressing downward causes atmospheric pressure. Water, a fundamental necessity of life, is supplied to most of us under pressure. In the typical process plant, pressure influences boiling point temperatures, condensing point temperatures, process efficiency, costs, and other important factors. The measurement and control of pressure or lack of it-vacuum-in the typical process plant is critical.The working instruments in the plant usually include simple pressure gauges, precision recorders and indicators, and pneumatic and electronic pressure transmitters. A pressure transmitter makes a pressure measurement and generates either a pneumatic orelectrical signal output that is proportional to the pressure being sensed.In the process plant, it is impractical to locate the control instruments out in the place near the process. It is also true that most measurements are not easily transmitted from some remote location. Pressure measurement is an exception, but if a high pressure of some dangerous chemical is to be indicated or recorded several hundred feet from the point of measurement, a hazard may be from the pressure or from the chemical carried.To eliminate this problem, a signal transmission system was developed. This system is usually either pneumatic or electrical. And control instruments in one location. This makes it practical for a minimum number of operators to run the plant efficiently.When a pneumatic transmission system is employed, the measurement signal is converted into pneumatic signal by the transmitter scaled from 0 to 100 percent of the measurement value. This transmitter is mounted close to the point of measurement in the process. The transmitter output-air pressure for a pneumatic transmitter-is piped to the recording or control instrument. The standard output range for a pneumatic transmitter is 20 to 100kPa, which is almost universally used.When an electronic pressure transmitter is used, the pressure is converted to electrical signal that may be current or voltage. Its standard range is from 4 to 20mA DC for current signal or from 1 to 5V DC for voltage signal. Nowadays, another type of electrical signal, which is becoming common, is the digital or discrete signal. The use of instruments and control systems based on computer or forcing increased use of this type of signal.Sometimes it is important for analysis to obtain the parameters that describe the sensor/transmitter behavior. The gain is fairly simple to obtain once the span is known. Consider an electronic pressure transmitter with a range of 0~600kPa.The gain isdefined as the change in output divided by the change in input. In this case, the output is electrical signal (4~20mA DC) and the input is process pressure (0~600kPa). Thus the gain. Beside we must measure Temperature Temperature measurement is important in industrial control, as direct indications of system or product state and as indirect indications of such factors as reaction rates, energy flow, turbine efficiency, and lubricant quality. Present temperature scales have been in use for about 200 years, the earliestkPamA kPa mA kPa kPa mA mA Kr 027.0600160600420==--=instruments were based on the thermal expansion of gases and liquids. Such filled systems are still employed, although many other types of instruments are available. Representative temperature sensors include: filled thermal systems, liquid-in-glass thermometers, thermocouples, resistance temperature detectors, thermostats, bimetallic devices, optical and radiation pyrometers and temperature-sensitive paints.Advantages of electrical systems include high accuracy and sensitivity, practicality of switching or scanning several measurements points, larger distances possible between measuring elements and controllers, replacement of components(rather than complete system), fast response, and ability to measure higher temperature. Among the electrical temperature sensors, thermocouples and resistance temperature detectors are most widely used.DescriptionThe AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel‟s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. Function characteristicThe AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.Pin DescriptionVCC:Supply voltage.GND:Ground.Port 0:Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as highimpedance inputs.Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed loworder address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pullups.Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming,and outputs the code bytes during programverification. External pullups are required during programverification.Port 1Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.Port 2Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current, because of the internal pullups.Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses. In this application, it uses strong internal pullupswhen emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses, Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.Port 3Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups.Port 3 also serves the functionsof various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below:Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.RSTReset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.ALE/PROGAddress Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming.In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory.If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.PSENProgram Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory.When the AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.EA/VPPExternal Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset.EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage(VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require12-volt VPP.XTAL1Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. XTAL2Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.Oscillator CharacteristicsXTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively,of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1.Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2.There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.中文翻译:微型计算机控制系统(单片机控制系统)广义地说,微型计算机控制系统(单片机控制系统)是用于处理信息的,这种被用于处理的信息可以是电话交谈,也可以是仪器的读数或者是一个企业的帐户,但是各种情况下都涉及到相同的主要操作:信息的处理、信息的存储和信息的传递。
DCS分布式控制系统中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述
DCS分布式控制系统中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述中文:DCSDCS是分布式控制系统的英文缩写(Distributed Control System),在国内自控行业又称之为集散控制系统。
即所谓的分布式控制系统,或在有些资料中称之为集散系统,是相对于集中式控制系统而言的一种新型计算机控制系统,它是在集中式控制系统的基础上发展、演变而来的。
它是一个由过程控制级和过程监控级组成的以通信网络为纽带的多级计算机系统,综合了计算机,通信、显示和控制等4C技术,其基本思想是分散控制、集中操作、分级管理、配置灵活以及组态方便。
在系统功能方面,DCS和集中式控制系统的区别不大,但在系统功能的实现方法上却完全不同。
首先,DCS的骨架—系统网络,它是DCS的基础和核心。
由于网络对于DCS 整个系统的实时性、可靠性和扩充性,起着决定性的作用,因此各厂家都在这方面进行了精心的设计。
对于DCS的系统网络来说,它必须满足实时性的要求,即在确定的时间限度内完成信息的传送。
这里所说的“确定”的时间限度,是指在无论何种情况下,信息传送都能在这个时间限度内完成,而这个时间限度则是根据被控制过程的实时性要求确定的。
因此,衡量系统网络性能的指标并不是网络的速率,即通常所说的每秒比特数(bps),而是系统网络的实时性,即能在多长的时间内确保所需信息的传输完成。
系统网络还必须非常可靠,无论在任何情况下,网络通信都不能中断,因此多数厂家的DCS均采用双总线、环形或双重星形的网络拓扑结构。
为了满足系统扩充性的要求,系统网络上可接入的最大节点数量应比实际使用的节点数量大若干倍。
这样,一方面可以随时增加新的节点,另一方面也可以使系统网络运行于较轻的通信负荷状态,以确保系统的实时性和可靠性。
在系统实际运行过程中,各个节点的上网和下网是随时可能发生的,特别是操作员站,这样,网络重构会经常进行,而这种操作绝对不能影响系统的正常运行,因此,系统网络应该具有很强在线网络重构功能。
计算机控制作业及答案,DOC
1.1.计算机控制系统是由哪级部分组成的?各部分作用硬件组成:微控制器或微处理器、ROM、RAM、外部设备、网络通信接口、实时时钟、电源。
软件组成:系统软件和应用软件。
作用:硬件中有A/D称为模拟数字转换器,它包括采样保持和量化,其输出为数字形式,何时采样由计算机控制。
D/A称为数字模拟转换器,它是将数字信号转换成模拟信号形成控制量。
应用软件根据要解决的问题而编写的各种程序,系统软件包括操作系统,开发系统。
1.2.为适应控制现场的工作环境,对工业控制机有何要求?(1)适应性(2)可靠性(3)实时性(4)扩展性结构:(1)基于通用计算机的结构(2)基于嵌入式系统的结构1.3.PCI总线,CPCI总线,PC/104总线以及RS232,RS422,RS485有何特点,电平特性,适用场合?2.1.何谓IO接口?在计算机控制系统中为什么要有IO接口?(1)解决主机CPU和外围设备之间的时序配合和通信联络问题(2)解决CPU和外围设备之间的数据格式转换和匹配问题(3)解决CPU的负载能力和外围设备端口的选择问题2.2.计算机与外围设备交互信息有哪几种控制方式?各有何优缺点?(1)并行通信。
优点:传送速度快、信息率高。
缺点:传输线多,成本高(2)串行通信。
全双工方式RS-422,RS-232。
半双工方式RS-485(3)同步通信。
要求收发双方具有同频同相的同步时钟信号,每帧信息开始加特定的同步字符,不允许有间隙(4)异步通信。
开始位,停止位,发送的字符间允许有间隙2.3.模拟输入通道中为何要加采样保持器,采样保持器的组成及要求是什么?(1)用采样保持电路使得在A/D转换期间保持输入模拟信号不变(2)孔径时间:AD转换器完成一次模拟量到数字量转换所需要的时间。
孔径误差:在孔径时间ta/d内,由于输入信号x(t)的变化所引起的误差称为孔径误差δ。
以ta/d=10μs的10位ADC芯片为例:为保证不低于0.1%的转换精度的主要性能指标有哪些?10V8位的ADC转换精度如何计算?(1).接口特性(2).量程(3).分辨率(4).误差和精度(5).转换速率(6).A/D 转换的方法2.5一个8位A/D转换器,孔径时间为100。
计算机控制习题及答案
计算机控制习题及答案计算机控制习题及答案计算机控制是计算机科学中的一个重要领域,它涉及到计算机系统的硬件和软件之间的相互作用,以及人与计算机之间的交互。
对于学习计算机控制的学生来说,习题是非常重要的一部分,它可以帮助他们巩固所学的知识,提高解决问题的能力。
本文将介绍一些常见的计算机控制习题,并给出相应的答案。
1. 什么是计算机控制?计算机控制是指通过编程和软件设计,控制计算机系统的硬件和软件之间的相互作用。
它涉及到输入、处理和输出三个主要步骤,以及各种控制结构和算法的应用。
2. 什么是控制结构?控制结构是一种编程语言中用于控制程序执行流程的语句或指令。
常见的控制结构包括顺序结构、选择结构和循环结构。
顺序结构按照代码的顺序依次执行,选择结构根据条件判断选择不同的执行路径,循环结构根据条件重复执行一段代码。
3. 什么是条件语句?条件语句是一种选择结构,根据条件的真假来选择不同的执行路径。
在大多数编程语言中,条件语句通常使用if-else语句或switch语句来实现。
if-else语句根据条件的真假选择执行不同的代码块,switch语句根据条件的值选择执行不同的分支。
4. 什么是循环语句?循环语句是一种重复执行一段代码的结构。
在计算机控制中,循环语句通常使用for循环、while循环或do-while循环来实现。
for循环在执行前先判断条件,然后执行一段代码,再更新条件,直到条件不满足为止。
while循环和do-while 循环也是根据条件判断是否继续执行一段代码,但它们的判断条件在循环体内部。
5. 什么是函数?函数是一段封装了一系列操作的代码块,它可以接受参数并返回结果。
函数可以重复使用,提高代码的复用性和可维护性。
在计算机控制中,函数通常用于封装一些常用的操作,以便在程序中多次调用。
6. 什么是递归?递归是一种函数调用自身的技术。
在计算机控制中,递归通常用于解决可以分解为相同问题的子问题的问题。
递归函数必须有一个结束条件,否则会导致无限递归。
计算机控制系统大作业
数字控制器一、数字控制器综述数字控制器,电子控制器件的一类,计算机控制系统的核心部分,一般与系统中反馈部分的元件、设备相连,该系统中的其他部分可能是数字的也可能是模拟的。
数字控制器通常是利用计算机软件编程,完成特定的控制算法。
通常数字控制器应具备: A/D转换、D/A转换、一个完成输入信号到输出信号换算的程序。
1、常见类型直接数字控制器直接数字控制器,也称“DDC控制器”。
通常DDC系统的组成通常包括中央控制设备(集中控制电脑、彩色监视器、键盘、打印机、不间断电源、通讯接口等)、现场DDC控制器、通讯网络、以及相应的传感器、执行器、调节阀等元器件。
直接式数字控制器是指完成被控设备特征参数与过程参数的测量,并达到控制目标的控制装置。
直接式数字控制器也是计算机家族的重要成员。
它的主要功能是:1. 对第三层的数据采样设备进行周期性的数据采集;2. 对采集的数据进行调整和处理(滤波、放大、转换)3. 对现场采集的数据进行分析,确定现场设备的运行状态;4. 对现场设备运行状态进行检查对比,并对异常状态进行报警处理;5. 根据现场采集的数据执行预定的控制算法,从而获得控制数据;6. 通过预定的控制程序完成各种控制功能,包括比例控制、比例加积分控制、比例加积分微分控制以及其他的控制功能;7. 向第三层的数据控制和执行设备输出控制和执行命令;8. 通过数据网关或网络控制器连接第一层的设备,与各上级管理计算机进行数据交换,同时发出请求和接收各种控制命令。
可编程控制器可编程控制器简称PC,但沿用PLC的简称。
其英文全称为:Programmable Controller,它经历了可编程矩阵控制器PMC、可编程顺序控制器PSC、可编程逻辑控制器PLC(英文全称:Programmable Logic Controller)和可编程程序控制器PC几个不同时期。
1987年国际电工委员会(International Electrical Committee)颁布的PLC标准草案中对PLC做了如下定义:“PLC是一种专门为在工业环境下应用而设计的数字运算操作的电子装置。
计算机控制系统大作业 - 副本
计算机控制系统大作业农电2013级(答题纸作答,附图粘在答题纸上,答案要求全部手写)1、简述开环控制系统、闭环控制系统的定义。
(6分)如果系统的输出端与输入端之间不存在反馈,也就是控制系统的输出量不对系统的控制产生任何影响,这样的系统称开环控制系统。
由信号正向通路和反馈通路构成闭合回路的自动控制系统,称为闭环控制系统。
二者相比,开环控制系统的结构要简单的多,同时也比较经济。
闭环系统也具有一系列优点,由于闭环控制系统拥有反馈通路,不管出于什么原因(外部扰动或系统内部变化),只要被控制量偏离规定值,就会产生相应的控制作用去消除偏差。
因此,它具有抑制干扰的能力,对元件特性变化不敏感,并能改善系统的响应特性。
2、简述计算机控制系统的组成与基本工作原理。
(10分)计算机控制系统由控制部分和被控对象组成,其控制部分包括硬件部分和软件部分,这不同于模拟控制器构成的系统只由硬件组成。
计算机控制系统软件包括系统软件和应用软件。
系统软件一般包括操作系统、语言处理程序和服务性程序等,它们通常由计算机制造厂为用户配套,有一定的通用性。
应用软件是为实现特定控制目的而编制的专用程序,如数据采集程序、控制决策程序、输出处理程序和报警处理程序等。
它们涉及被控对象的自身特征和控制策略等,由实施控制系统的专业人员自行编制。
计算机控制系统的工作原理:实时数据采集:对来自测量变送装置的被控量的瞬时值进行检测和输入实施控制决策:对采集到的被控量进行分析和处理并按已定的控制规律决定将要采取的控制行为。
实时控制输入:根据控制决策,实时的对执行机构发出控制信号,完成控制任务3、列举计算机控制系统的典型型式。
(6分)(1)操作指导控制系统优点:结构简单,控制灵活,安全。
缺点:由人工操作,速度受到限制,不能控制多个对象。
(2)直接数字控制系统(DDS)优点:实时性好,可靠性高,适应性强。
(3)监督控制系统(SCC)优点:生产过程始终处于最优工况。
计算机控制习题及答案
计算机控制习题及答案计算机控制是现代工业自动化和智能制造领域中的一个重要分支,它涉及到计算机技术在控制系统中的应用。
以下是一些计算机控制的习题及其答案,供学习者参考和练习。
习题一:计算机控制系统的组成1. 简述计算机控制系统的基本组成部分。
2. 描述计算机控制系统中输入/输出接口的作用。
答案一:1. 计算机控制系统的基本组成部分包括:传感器、输入/输出接口、中央处理单元(CPU)、执行器和控制软件。
2. 输入/输出接口在计算机控制系统中起到连接传感器和执行器的作用,它负责将传感器检测到的信号转换成数字信号供CPU处理,并将CPU的控制指令转换成适合执行器工作的信号。
习题二:数字PID控制器的实现1. 解释什么是PID控制器,并简述其工作原理。
2. 编写一个简单的数字PID控制器算法。
答案二:1. PID控制器是一种常见的控制算法,其名称来源于比例(Proportional)、积分(Integral)、微分(Derivative)三个控制作用的首字母。
PID控制器通过调整比例系数、积分系数和微分系数来实现对系统输出的精确控制。
2. 数字PID控制器算法示例(伪代码):```for each control cycle {setpoint = desired value;measurement = read sensor;error = setpoint - measurement;P_term = Kp * error;I_term += Ki * error * dt;D_term = Kd * (error - previous_error) / dt;output = P_term + I_term - D_term;apply output to actuator;previous_error = error;}```习题三:计算机控制系统的稳定性分析1. 简述稳定性的概念。
2. 描述如何使用奈奎斯特判据进行系统的稳定性分析。
计算机控制作业及答案
计算机控制作业及答案1.1.计算机控制系统是由哪级部分组成的?各部分作用硬件组成:微控制器或微处理器、ROM、RAM、外部设备、网络通信接口、实时时钟、电源。
软件组成:系统软件和应用软件。
作用:硬件中有A/D称为模拟数字转换器,它包括采样保持和量化,其输出为数字形式,何时采样由计算机控制。
D/A称为数字模拟转换器,它是将数字信号转换成模拟信号形成控制量。
应用软件根据要解决的问题而编写的各种程序,系统软件包括操作系统,开发系统。
1.2.为适应控制现场的工作环境,对工业控制机有何要求?(1)适应性(2)可靠性(3)实时性(4)扩展性结构:(1)基于通用计算机的结构(2)基于嵌入式系统的结构 1.3. PCI总线,CPCI总线,PC/104总线以及RS232,RS422,RS485有何特点,电平特性,适用场合?2.1.何谓IO接口?在计算机控制系统中为什么要有IO接口?(1)解决主机CPU 和外围设备之间的时序配合和通信联络问题(2)解决CPU和外围设备之间的数据格式转换和匹配问题(3)解决CPU的负载能力和外围设备端口的选择问题2.2.计算机与外围设备交互信息有哪几种控制方式?各有何优缺点?(1)并行通信。
优点:传送速度快、信息率高。
缺点:传输线多,成本高(2)串行通信。
全双工方式 RS-422 ,RS-232。
半双工方式 RS-485(3)同步通信。
要求收发双方具有同频同相的同步时钟信号,每帧信息开始加特定的同步字符,不允许有间隙(4)异步通信。
开始位,停止位,发送的字符间允许有间隙 2.3.模拟输入通道中为何要加采样保持器,采样保持器的组成及要求是什么?(1)用采样保持电路使得在A/D转换期间保持输入模拟信号不变(2)孔径时间:AD转换器完成一次模拟量到数字量转换所需要的时间。
孔径误差:在孔径时间ta/d内,由于输入信号x(t)的变化所引起的误差称为孔径误差δ。
以ta/d=10μs的10位ADC芯片为例:为保证不低于0.1%的转换精度?U???100%=2?f?tA/D?100%Um0.1%0.1f?=?16Hz?102??tA/D?100%2??10?10?100(1). 接口特性(2). 量程(3). 分辨率(4). 误差和精度(5). 转换速率(6). A/D转换的方法2.4.ADC的主要性能指标有哪些?10V8位的ADC转换精度如何计算?2.5 一个8位A/D转换器,孔径时间为100。
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Homework(中英对照)Chapter 11.2 如果信号在0到10v 之间变化(即称动态范围),要求用计算机中使用的数字信号来表述,若分辨率要求为5mV , 问A/D 转换器应为多少位?1.3 描述5种你熟悉的控制系统。
并说明数字化执行比模拟化执行有何优点。
1.4: Point out which is the discrete signal, and which is the continuous signal. ① Temperature changes. ② Distance from A to B. ③ Signals plotted on radar screen. ④ Level of the tank (槽罐).⑤ Sampled values of the voltage.1.4 指出下面那些是离散信号,那些是模拟信号 ① 温度变化② A 到 B 的距离 ③ 雷达屏上的轨迹 ④ 槽罐的液位 ⑤ 电压的采样值1.5: Point out which is the continuous signal, and which is the discrete signal of 1 to 5 in following system.1.5 指出图中1到5点,那些是连续信号,那些是离散信号。
Chapter 323 4513.1 做下列事情:(a)为附录A.1中的卫星状态控制例题(G(s)=1/s2)设计一个连续超前补偿器,使其复根大约位于s=-1.4±j4.4r/s。
(b) 假设采用数字化实现,数字执行约有T/2的延时,即:G h(s)=(2/T)/[s+(2/T)]确定对于采样频率为w s=5Hz, 10Hz, 20Hz, T=1/w s时所对应的根的位置。
3.2重复例题3.1,但用下列近似:即欧拉方法的反向矩阵版本。
并与欧拉方法的前向矩阵版本比较。
并计算对w s=1—100Hz中的一个采样频率系数值。
假设连续系统的数值见式3.8,注意式3.7中的系数(1-bT)和(aT-1)是对应前向矩阵的。
3.3对于补偿器…….若采样频率为80Hz,用欧拉前向矩阵方法计算数字执行时的差分方程。
用欧拉反向矩阵方法重复上述计算,并作比较。
3.4 3.4 对于补偿器…….若采样频率为80Hz,用欧拉前向矩阵方法计算数字执行时的差分方程。
用欧拉反向矩阵方法重复上述计算,并作比较。
3.7 对于G(s)=1/s 2.(a) 设计一个连续补偿器,使闭环系统对阶跃输入时的指标为上升时间t r <1s ,以及超调量M p <15%。
(b) 如果反馈是由采样频率为5Hz 的数字化实现,修正补偿器,使其仍然满足指标要求。
(c) 求数字化实现时的差分方程。
Chapter 44.01 For a discrete system (对离散系统) y(k)-3 y(k-1)+2 y(k-2)=2 u(k-1)-2 u(k-2) where u(k)= k k ≥00 k <0 and y(0)=1, y(k)=0 k <0Find its output series by using recurrence and z-transform. (用递推法和z-变换法求其输出序列)4.02 Find the difference equation relating u(k) and y(k) for following discrete-time filter: (求下列离散时间滤波器的差分方程,该滤波器是否稳定)111()1(1/2)()[1(1/2)][1(1/3)]Y z z u z z z ---+=-+Is the filter stable or not?4.1 测试下列系统的稳定性:…4.5 对差分方程u(k+2)=0.25u(k).(a) 假设其解为u(k)=A i z k,求用z表达的特征方程。
(b) 求特征方程的根z1和z2,并判断其是否稳定。
(c) 假设其通解为u(k)=A1z1k+A2z2k,求满足初始条件u(0)=0, u(1)=1的A1和A2。
(d) 对于u(k+2)=-0.25u(k),重复(a)(b)(c)。
(e) 对于u(k+2)=u(k+1)-0.5u(k),重复(a)(b)(c)。
4.6 证明特征方程…..的根为….用差分方程表达下列方框图)Chapter 54.9 如果图4.12中的G(s) 如下(a)和(b),手算其离散传递函数。
5.16: For state-space system (对如下状态空间系统) 0.50.31(1)()()00.20x k x k u k --⎡⎤⎡⎤+=+⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦⎣⎦ []()53()y k x k =-- Find the pulse transfer function of it. (求其脉冲传递函数)Chapter 66.3:(a). Compute the discrete equivalent to (计算下列设计的离散等价) The design is via: - Forward rectangular rule; (用前向矩阵法) - Backward rectangular rule; (用反向矩阵法) - Trapezoid rule; (用梯形法)- Zero-Pole Matching; (用零-极点映射法)1()0.11s H s s +=+- Zero-Order Hold Equivalents. (用零阶保持等价法)(b). For each of the design methods, compute and plot in the z-plane the poles and zeros locations. (对每种设计方法,计算并画出在z-平面上的零点和极点位置)Chapter 77.2 一伺服机械系统,若要求其上升时间不超过10ms,超调量不大于5%。
(a) 在平面上画出可接受的闭环极点区域。
(b) 在波特图上的增益穿越频率约为多少?(c) 相位裕量约为多少?(d) 如果由于采样与保持的影响在穿越频率处的相位偏移不超过10°,问采样周期应为多少?(e) 如果上升时间里采8个样,问采样周期应为多少?7.3: Show the sketch in s-domain and z- domain for specification (画出s-平面与z-平面下列指标的区域) M p, ts, tr.7.4: Describe the main methods of controller design with transform techniques. (描述用转换技术进行控制器设计的主要方法)7.5A discrete controller(0.8)()0.1z zD zz-=-to control a plant of0.9(1)(0.9)zGz z+--(z)=. Ifsample period is 1s, what is the steady-state error K v? (用控制器D(s)来控制对象G(s),若采样周期为1s,求其稳态误差K v)7.6 For a closed discrete system is: 1+K D(z)G(z) = 0 , If the open system is stable, What is thestability condition according to Nyquist critial for the closed system? And why?7.6 对离散系统,如果开环系统稳定1+K D(z)G(z) = 0,依据耐奎斯特判据其闭环系统是否稳定?为什么?Chapter 88.0: If state-space formula (若有状态方程) x(k+1)=Φx(k)+Γu(k)y=Hx(k)with control law (其控制率为) u(k)=-K x(k);What is the characteristic equation for this closed-loop system? (求其闭环系统的特征方程)8.1: Find the discrete equivalents for following state formulas with forward rectangular rule. (用前向矩阵法求下列状态方程的离散等价)8.2 对于开环系统Φ=…..,Γ=…..计算如果要求全状态反馈的闭环极点在z=0.9±j0.1位置,手工计算K 值。
8.3: For a state-space system as following Figure. Point out where is the estimator, where is the plant and where is the controller? (对于下图的状态空间系统,指出哪里是观测器、哪里是对象、哪里是控制器)8.4: Test the state-space system of following reachable and observable or not? (问下列状态空间系统是否能达与能观)10.51(1)()()00.20x k x k u k ⎡⎤⎡⎤+=+⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦⎣⎦[]()10.5()y k x k =-xA xB u =+ y Cx =。