外文翻译-----学生信息管理系统的设计与发展
外文翻译---JSP的技术发展历史
THE TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT HISTORY OF JSPBy:Kathy Sierra and Bert BatesSource:Servlet&JSPThe Java Server Pages( JSP) is a kind of according to web of the script plait distance technique, similar carries the script language of Java in the server of the Netscape company of server- side JavaScript( SSJS) and the Active Server Pages(ASP) of the Microsoft. JSP compares the SSJS and ASP to have better can expand sex, and it is no more exclusive than any factory or some one particular server of Web. Though the norm of JSP is to be draw up by the Sun company of, any factory can carry out the JSP on own system.The After Sun release the JSP( the Java Server Pages) formally, the this kind of new Web application development technique very quickly caused the people's concern. JSP provided a special development environment for the Web application that establishes the high dynamic state. According to the Sun parlance, the JSP can adapt to include the Apache WebServer, IIS4.0 on the market at inside of 85% server product.This chapter will introduce the related knowledge of JSP and Databases, and JavaBean related contents, is all certainly rougher introduction among them basic contents, say perhaps to is a Guide only, if the reader needs the more detailed information, pleasing the book of consult the homologous JSP.1.1 GENERALIZEThe JSP(Java Server Pages) is from the company of Sun Microsystems initiate, the many companies the participate to the build up the together of the a kind the of dynamic the state web the page technique standard, the it have the it in the construction the of the dynamic state the web page the strong but the do not the especially of the function. JSP and the technique of ASP of the Microsoft is very alike. Both all provide the ability that mixes with a certain procedure code and is explain by the language engine to carry out the procedure code in the code of HTML. Underneath we are simple of carry on the introduction to it.JSP pages are translated into servlets. So, fundamentally, any task JSP pages can perform could also be accomplished by servlets. However, this underlying equivalence does not mean that servlets and JSP pages are equally appropriate in all scenarios. The issue is not the power of the technology, it is the convenience, productivity, and maintainability of one or the other. After all, anything you can do on a particular computer platform in the Java programming language you could also do in assembly language. But it still matters which you choose.JSP provides the following benefits over servlets alone:• It is easier to write and maintain the HTML. Your static code is ordinary HTML: no extra backslashes, no double quotes, and no lurking Java syntax.• You can use standard Web-site development tools. Even HTML tools that know nothing about JSP can be used because they simply ignore the JSP tags.• You can divide up your development team. The Java programmers can work on the dynamic code. The Web developers can concentrate on the presentation layer. On large projects, this division is very important. Depending on the size of your team and the complexity of your project, you can enforce a weaker or stronger separation between the static HTML and the dynamic content.Now, this discussion is not to say that you should stop using servlets and use only JSP instead. By no means. Almost all projects will use both. For some requests in your project, you will use servlets. For others, you will use JSP. For still others, you will combine them with the MVC architecture . You want the appropriate tool for the job, and servlets, by themselves, do not complete your toolkit.1.2 SOURCE OF JSPThe technique of JSP of the company of Sun, making the page of Web develop the personnel can use the HTML perhaps marking of XML to design to turn the end page with format. Use the perhaps small script future life of marking of JSP becomes the dynamic state on the page contents.( the contents changes according to the claim of)The Java Servlet is a technical foundation of JSP, and the large Web applies the development of the procedure to need the Java Servlet to match with with the JSP and then can complete, this name of Servlet comes from the Applet, the local translation method of now is a lot of, this book in order not to misconstruction, decide the direct adoption Servlet but don't do any translation, if reader would like to, can call it as" small service procedure". The Servlet is similar to traditional CGI, ISAPI, NSAPI etc. Web procedure development the function of the tool in fact, at use the Java Servlet hereafter, the customer need not use again the lowly method of CGI of efficiency, also need not use only the ability come to born page of Web of dynamic state in the method of API that a certain fixed Web server terrace circulate. Many servers of Web all support the Servlet, even not support the Servlet server of Web directly and can also pass the additional applied server and the mold pieces to support the Servlet. Receive benefit in the characteristic of the Java cross-platform, the Servlet is also a terrace irrelevant, actually, as long as match the norm of Java Servlet, the Servlet is complete to have nothing to do with terrace and is to have nothing to do with server of Web. Because the Java Servlet is internal to provide the service by the line distance, need not start a progressto the each claimses, and make use of the multi-threading mechanism can at the same time for several claim service, therefore the efficiency of Java Servlet is very high.But the Java Servlet also is not to has no weakness, similar to traditional CGI, ISAPI, the NSAPI method, the Java Servlet is to make use of to output the HTML language sentence to carry out the dynamic state web page of, if develop the whole website with the Java Servlet, the integration process of the dynamic state part and the static state page is an evil-foreboding dream simply. For solving this kind of weakness of the Java Servlet, the SUN released the JSP.A number of years ago, Marty was invited to attend a small 20-person industry roundtable discussion on software technology. Sitting in the seat next to Marty was James Gosling, inventor of the Java programming language. Sitting several seats away was a high-level manager from a very large software company in Redmond, Washington. During the discussion, the moderator brought up the subject of Jini, which at that time was a new Java technology. The moderator asked the manager what he thought of it, and the manager responded that it was too early to tell, but that it seemed to be an excellent idea. He went on to say that they would keep an eye on it, and if it seemed to be catching on, they would follow his company's usual "embrace and extend" strategy. At this point, Gosling lightheartedly interjected "You mean disgrace and distend."Now, the grievance that Gosling was airing was that he felt that this company would take technology from other companies and suborn it for their own purposes. But guess what? The shoe is on the other foot here. The Java community did not invent the idea of designing pages as a mixture of static HTML and dynamic code marked with special tags. For example, Cold Fusion did it years earlier. Even ASP (a product from the very software company of the aforementioned manager) popularized this approach before JSP came along and decided to jump on the bandwagon. In fact, JSP not only adopted the general idea, it even used many of the same special tags as ASP did.The JSP is an establishment at the model of Java servlets on of the expression layer technique, it makes the plait write the HTML to become more simple.Be like the SSJS, it also allows you carry the static state HTML contents and servers the script mix to put together the born dynamic state exportation. JSP the script language that the Java is the tacit approval, however, be like the ASP and can use other languages( such as JavaScript and VBScript), the norm of JSP also allows to use other languages.1.3JSP CHARACTERISTICSIs a service according to the script language in some one language of the statures system this kind of discuss, the JSP should be see make is a kind of script language.However, be a kind of script language, the JSP seemed to be too strong again, almost can use all Javas in the JSP.Be a kind of according to text originally of, take manifestation as the central development technique, the JSP provided all advantages of the Java Servlet, and, when combine with a JavaBeans together, providing a kind of make contents and manifestation that simple way that logic separate. Separate the contents and advantage of logical manifestations is, the personnel who renews the page external appearance need not know the code of Java, and renew the JavaBeans personnel also need not be design the web page of expert in hand, can use to take the page of JavaBeans JSP to define the template of Web, to build up a from have the alike external appearance of the website that page constitute. JavaBeans completes the data to provide, having no code of Java in the template thus, this means that these templates can be written the personnel by a HTML plait to support. Certainly, can also make use of the Java Servlet to control the logic of the website, adjust through the Java Servlet to use the way of the document of JSP to separate website of logic and contents.Generally speaking, in actual engine of JSP, the page of JSP is the edit and translate type while carry out, not explain the type of. Explain the dynamic state web page development tool of the type, such as ASP, PHP3 etc., because speed etc. reason, have already can't satisfy current the large electronic commerce needs appliedly, traditional development techniques are all at to edit and translate the executive way change, such as the ASP → ASP+;PHP3 → PHP4.In the JSP norm book, did not request the procedure in the JSP code part( be called the Scriptlet) and must write with the Java definitely. Actually, have some engines of JSP are adoptive other script languages such as the EMAC- Script, etc., but actually this a few script languages also are to set up on the Java, edit and translate for the Servlet to carry out of. Write according to the norm of JSP, have no Scriptlet of relation with Java also is can of, however, mainly lie in the ability and JavaBeans, the Enterprise JavaBeanses because of the JSP strong function to work together, so even is the Scriptlet part not to use the Java, edit and translate of performance code also should is related with Java.1.4JSP MECHANISMTo comprehend the JSP how unite the technical advantage that above various speak of, come to carry out various result easily, the customer must understand the differentiation of" the module develops for the web page of the center" and" the page develops for the web page of the center" first.The SSJS and ASP are all in several year ago to release, the network of that time is still very young, no one knows to still have in addition to making all business, datas and theexpression logic enter the original web page entirely heap what better solve the method. This kind of model that take page as the center studies and gets the very fast development easily. However, along with change of time, the people know that this kind of method is unwell in set up large, the Web that can upgrade applies the procedure. The expression logic write in the script environment was lock in the page, only passing to shear to slice and glue to stick then can drive heavy use. Express the logic to usually mix together with business and the data logics, when this makes be the procedure member to try to change an external appearance that applies the procedure but do not want to break with its llied business logic, apply the procedure of maintenance be like to walk the similar difficulty on the eggshell. In fact in the business enterprise, heavy use the application of the module already through very mature, no one would like to rewrite those logics for their applied procedure.HTML and sketch the designer handed over to the implement work of their design the Web plait the one who write, make they have to double work- Usually is the handicraft plait to write, because have no fit tool and can carry the script and the HTML contents knot to the server to put together. Chien but speech, apply the complexity of the procedure along with the Web to promote continuously, the development method that take page as the center limits sex to become to get up obviously.At the same time, the people always at look for the better method of build up the Web application procedure, the module spreads in customer's machine/ server the realm. JavaBeans and ActiveX were published the company to expand to apply the procedure developer for Java and Windows to use to come to develop the complicated procedure quickly by" the fast application procedure development"( RAD) tool. These techniques make the expert in the some realm be able to write the module for the perpendicular application plait in the skill area, but the developer can go fetch the usage directly but need not control the expertise of this realm.Be a kind of take module as the central development terrace, the JSP appeared. It with the JavaBeans and Enterprise JavaBeans( EJB) module includes the model of the business and the data logic for foundation, provide a great deal of label and a script terraces to use to come to show in the HTML page from the contents of JavaBeans creation or send a present in return. Because of the property that regards the module as the center of the JSP, it can drive Java and not the developer of Java uses equally. Not the developer of Java can pass the JSP label( Tags) to use the JavaBeans that the deluxe developer of Java establish. The developer of Java not only can establish and use the JavaBeans, but also can use the language of Java to come to control more accurately in the JSP page according to the expression logic of the first floor JavaBeans.See now how JSP is handle claim of HTTP. In basic claim model, a claim directly was send to JSP page in. The code of JSP controls to carry on hour of the logic processing and module of JavaBeanses' hand over with each other, and the manifestation result in dynamic state bornly, mixing with the HTML page of the static state HTML code. The Beans can be JavaBeans or module of EJBs. Moreover, the more complicated claim model can see make from is request other JSP pages of the page call sign or Java Servlets.The engine of JSP wants to chase the code of Java that the label of JSP, code of Java in the JSP page even all converts into the big piece together with the static state HTML contents actually. These codes piece was organized the Java Servlet that customer can not see to go to by the engine of JSP, then the Servlet edits and translate them automatically byte code of Java.Thus, the visitant that is the website requests a JSP page, under the condition of it is not knowing, an already born, the Servlet actual full general that prepared to edit and translate completes all works, very concealment but again and efficiently. The Servlet is to edit and translate of, so the code of JSP in the web page does not need when the every time requests that page is explain. The engine of JSP need to be edit and translate after Servlet the code end is modify only once, then this Servlet that editted and translate can be carry out. The in view of the fact JSP engine auto is born to edit and translate the Servlet also, need not procedure member begins to edit and translate the code, so the JSP can bring vivid sex that function and fast developments need that you are efficiently.Compared with the traditional CGI, the JSP has the equal advantage. First, on the speed, the traditional procedure of CGI needs to use the standard importation of the system to output the equipments to carry out the dynamic state web page born, but the JSP is direct is mutually the connection with server. And say for the CGI, each interview needs to add to add a progress to handle, the progress build up and destroy by burning constantly and will be a not small burden for calculator of be the server of Web. The next in order, the JSP is specialized to develop but design for the Web of, its purpose is for building up according to the Web applied procedure, included the norm and the tool of a the whole set. Use the technique of JSP can combine a lot of JSP pages to become a Web application procedure very expediently.JSP的技术发展历史作者：Kathy Sierra and Bert Bates来源：Servlet&JSPJava Server Pages(JSP)是一种基于web的脚本编程技术，类似于网景公司的服务器端Java脚本语言——server-side JavaScript(SSJS)和微软的Active Server Pages(ASP)。
学生公寓管理系统--外文翻译
学生公寓管理系统--外文翻译)外文翻译本科毕业设计(论文1本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译2本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译3原文:The anesthesia information management system for electronicdocumentation: what are we waiting for?ERIC LAIMS and reasons for its useFor many hospital administrators and chief executive officers, the operating room is a black box. Patients may have common diagnoses and undergo common surgical procedures, but they often have diverse outcomes and different costs associated with their care. The reasons for the disparity are often multifaceted and not well defined. The current medical records system lacks the ability to define and compare outliers, thereby hindering analysis. Furthermore, many medical centers must maintain the high level of care in their practices without effecting change (operating at fixed costs), while reimbursement continually decreases relative to inflation (capitated markets). An AIMS potentially can bridge this economic gap by providing critical data useful forscheduling, operating room use, material management, and improved use of resources in a declining reimbursement environment.The electronic revolution enters this environment. As a medical specialty, anesthesiahas always embraced new technologies, such as the automated blood pressure cuff, invasive monitoring, and monitors that record physiologic trends. Early anesthesia record-keepers were able to obtain data from monitors, and anesthesiologists were able to create an electronic record instead of a paper record. The layout of the electronic record was similar to that of the customary paper record,thereby providing a format that was familiar to the Anesthesiologist.With an AIMS, in addition to physiologic data, other information such as surgical time, cost of medication, resources used, and quality assurance data can be recorded. Many departments have described their experiences with these systems and reported the corresponding cost-efficiencies that resulted from electronic data collation and the use of a simulation model. Moreover, electronic systems can search for patient allergies or identify improper drug dosages or contraindications. The system can verify provider attendance during procedures, as required by the Health Care Financing Administration in the United States. In addition, some systems (institutionally or commercially developed) offer a preoperative data entry system that can storeanesthetic histories and physical examination findings, and may be used to review preoperative laboratory data and medical histories.The ergonomics of newer AIMS have improved as computer technologyhas advanced; in contrast to the traditional keyboard method of data entry, barcoded materials and data entry with a touch screen or mouse are now available, and voice-activated systems are being refined. Electronic delivery systems allow the caregiver to administer medication without manually documenting the entry. These systems are electronically linked to the anesthesia equipment at the point of care, but departments can also use them to document anesthesia procedures in variouslocations .Monitoring equipment typically sends data in a unique andproprietary format through its RS232 ports. Newer monitors adhere to a common standard (e.g., universal serial bus [USB]), and today’s AIMS can collate and analyze data. Many ofthese physiologic monitors are linked via a network (e.g., localarea network or intranet) to servers that retain backup copies of the data. Duplicate copies of data are required for the mission-critical function of the operating room.The United States Institute of Medicine Guidelines for an electronic health record system The Institute of Medicine in the United States issued a report in 2003 that detailed the key capabilities of an EMR system . It should provide: (1) longitudinal collection of patient data;(2) immediate access by authorized users; (3) information to aid in decision-making throughout the continuum of patient care; and (4) support for efficient healthcare delivery. The guidelines furtherdivided the EMR into primary and secondary applications . Patient care, management, support processes, financial and administrative processes, and patient self-management are considered1本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译primary applications. Secondary applications include education, regulation, research,public health, and policy support.Primary application of an AIMS would omit patient self-management, but otherwise would comply with the guidelines described above. Similarly, secondary applications would also include education, regulation, and research. If an AIMS had a greater role, one could argue favorably about its role in public health and policy support. Bothpublic policy and public health are affected by the issue of what types of providers administer anesthesia. Aspects of anesthesiology that are important to public health (for example, whether changes in the quality of care occur when anesthesia is administered by a physician, a nurse anesthetist, or a physician and nurse anesthetist as a team, as performed in the United States and some European countries) can be analyzed using data from an AIMS. Furthermore, the role of the anesthesiologist assistant is evolving, and an AIMS may help define it. The increased accuracy in documentation that would result from the use of an AIMS will be necessary to determine policy support of an anesthesia care team.The Institute of Medicine has recommended time lines for the implementation of electronic medical record keeping. Guidelines for implementing an electronic system to record health data, results management, and order entry, as well as improve electronic communication, decision support, patient support, administrative processes, and population health management reporting, are slated for completion by the year 2010. The United States government has also supported an aggressive time line. Will this happen? Or will skeptics still rule the playingfield ?Advantages of an AIMSThe patient record is extremely important and must be carefully chronicled with every anesthetic procedure. The anesthetic record is used for patient care during anesthesia administration and in the post anesthesia care unit (PACU), the intensive care unit (ICU), and the postsurgical ward. The recorded information is used for billing, tabulating patient statistics, and reviewing previous anesthetic procedures. Finally, advances in quality improvement methods assist in peer review and legal defense.There are many advantages of an AIMS, including (1) capturing datain real time; (2) alerting the anesthesia provider of deviations from preset physiologic limits; (3) communicating with various patient databases; and (4) generating an accurate, understandable record at the end of the procedure. In certain instances, the EMR has enabled the identification of missing or incorrect data and thereby led to qualityimprovement. A study of manual and automated documentation during anesthesia procedures showed that, with an AIMS, 18.7% of anesthesia administrations had recorded adverse events versus 5.7% of administrations documented manually. Additional advantages of EMRs over manual records include immediate and simultaneous data access for authorized users, error checking, recovery of files from backup sources, definitions of billing and patient care for database entry, and integration of records into a searchable patient database . Table 1 provides example functions of an AIMS. Moreover, an AIMS can overcome problems with illegible handwriting and transcription errors. Nevertheless, electronic record-keeping systemsdo fail from time to time, although that frequency is not documented. Everyone must be prepared to document manually if the AIMS is unavailable.1.Automated collection of physiologic data from the operating roomin flowsheet format (a time-honored format designed by Harvey Cushing, circa 1900s)2.Mission-critical functionality3.Emergency provisions for charting4.Database for queries and analysis5.Electronic billing6.Cost analysis7.Ability to print hard copies (black and white or color; 1- or 2-sided pages)8.Electronic signature (e.g., authentication by biometric characteristic or password)9.Secure data entry, storage, transfer, and access10.Audit trails11.Preoperative and postoperative documentation12.Procedure documentation (e.g., central venous pressure, epidural anesthesia, spinal anesthesia, regional block anesthesia)5本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译13.Ability to use in remote areas distant from the operating room(e.g., endoscopy suite, radiology suite, emergency department)14.Full integration with other systems in the medical center (orwell interfaced)Total integration of an AIMS into the hospital information network Hospital administrators must consider merging an AIMS into the main body of the information network as a totally integrated system instead of an interfaced system. First, data should have seamless passage from one area or specialty to another. For example, after echocardiography is performed in the cardiology suite images should be instantly accessible by the anesthesia provider evaluating the patient for surgery. Similarly the anesthesia provider should be able to access laboratory data, consultations, pulmonary function test results and patient history at any time.Second, the resources required to support an integrated system are reduced when compared with maintaining an interfaced system because the information management team can be centralized with the mission to keep the whole system functioning. Otherwise, each proprietary system would require product-specific technology specialists for service. For AIMSs, which have a mission-critical function, the technical support staf would need to be available on a 24-h basis, resulting in high personnel costs.Third, if a fully integrated medical system is supported by a large medical informatics vendor, future upgrades and improvements can reasonably be assured. Some vendors offer real-time data acquisitionthat can be integrated with other aspects of the hospital information system, but many vendors do not. However, if products from multiple vendors are used in a noninte-grated system, upgrades may be dif, cult or impossible. For example, a newly acquired piece of operating room equipment(e.g., a system to record and view radio-graphic studies or transesophageal echocardiography images) may be only partially supported by a company for integration into its monitoring system. The AIMS vendor would need to create a driver to help interpret the data recorded bythis device or to import data. Ensuring timely access to data can be a concern, but such problems can be solved by sharing data within networks only on an intermittent basis. Networks currently are designed with a gigabit network bandwidth to ensure that data access is not compromised by the retrieval of information by others. Echocardiographic and otherradiology studies are accessible through a separate network backbone. In both integrated platforms and interfaced platforms, a high-gigabit network bandwidth enables one to transfer data from elsewhere without interrupting data capture with AIMS.Fourth, a fully integrated system provides the ability to analyze how the process of anesthesia and surgery fit into a medical center’s overall mission. Benchmarks fordata could be established, and the costs and resources needed could be determined. The whole process of healthcare delivery could be analyzed, and these data could be provided to state and government regulatory agencies or third-party payers (e.g., insurers). However, anesthesia departments often are fearful of how these data might be used and are concerned about potentially punitive outcomes. Nevertheless, in today’s high-priced medical environment, if these crucial data are not provided, solutions to problems will ultimately be generated by administrators and chief executive officers with minimal or no knowledge of the anesthesia process.6。
管理信息系统外文翻译
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系 ：专 业：姓 名：学 号：外文出处： Madiha shah procedia-social and附 件 ：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文(用外文写)附件1：外文资料翻译译文管理信息系统(MIS)对学校的影响-----文献报告Madiha Shah Malaysia. Malaya大学马来西亚摘要鉴于其快捷和有效性,教育管理信息技术的使用已迅速增加。
在其发展的初始阶段,管理信息系统(MIS)的主要目的和使用是改善学校办公室活动的效率。
它是用于存储的学生和全体职工的数据。
最重要的的是重要数据录入和整理,而不是在数据传输或分析。
管理信息的价值当时被人们公认。
在集成阶段，全盘回顾文献，其强调积极影响学校管理和管理信息系统管理,包括更好的可访问性信息,更有效的管理,学校资源更高的利用率同时也减少了工作量,更好的时间管理,提高报告的质量。
对于信息管理系统，大量的抑制剂的使用在文献中很明显,其中最重要的是缺乏时间,缺乏信心或能力,缺乏培训,缺乏高层管理人员的支持,缺乏技术支持等。
管理信息系统可以提供所需的信息通知计划、决策和评估方面相关的管理员和教师。
管理信息系统改变了学校管理领域的领导、决策、工作负载、人力资源管理、沟通、责任,规划等方方面面。
这些系统可以帮助学校管理者在决定学校的目标,制定战略计划,分配资源,评估员工的绩效以及组织时更加顺利。
关键词: 管理信息系统、MIS 、学校管理、学校管理。
1、介绍电脑被视为有潜力在教学、学习和学校的管理方面做出重大的贡献。
信息和介绍通信技术(ICT)进入到学校包括硬件、软件、网络和员工发展的广泛的投资被认为是值得的前提。
如果有证据表明,它使在学校的表现和产生相应的影响有效性(Condie et al .,2007)真实存在。
利用信息技术在教育管理就会由于其效率和迅速增加有效性。
学校管理人员花大量的时间用于解决复杂的分配问题(如人员分配、资源分配、时间安排)和监控学校的操作已经有了更好的选择旨运用发展该技术。
实验室管理信息系统外文翻译
实验室管理信息系统外文翻译nXXX universities。
The management of these laboratories is a critical component of the overall management system。
Implementing scientific and modern management practices can XXX the level of teaching and research。
The laboratory n management system utilizes computer XXX n to manage computer are。
hardware systems。
and testing through the n of computer technology and management science.nXXX ns。
With the help of computer orks。
these XXX n。
The system can manage laboratory resources。
including equipment。
materials。
and personnel。
and provide real-time data on laboratory ns.The laboratory n management system can also XXX。
The system can automate data n and analysis。
cing the time and effort required for manual data entry。
The system can also streamline laboratory workflows。
XXX.XXX efficiency。
the laboratory n management system can enhance the quality of teaching and research。
外文翻译---安卓系统的基本描述
附录二外文文献（原文）The basic of description of android system The mainstream of the next generation of open operating systems will not be on the desktop, but will appear in the phone that we carry every day. Open environment will lead these new applications may be integrated into these online services that already exist, of course, as with growing data services on mobile phones support the security flaws on the phone is also becoming increasingly clear. The nature of the next-generation operating system, whether to provide a complete integrated security platform.By the Open Mobile Alliance (open Handset Alliance led by Google) developed the android system is a widely optimistic about an open source phone system, the system provides a basic operating system, a middle ware application layer, a java development tools and a system Application collector (collection of system applications). The android the SDK since 2007 on the release of the first android phone in October 2008 before the birth. Google opened since then on his own time, Taiwan's HTC, the manufacturer of the T-Mobile G1 estimate G1 shipments have more than one million at the end of 2008. According to industry insiders expect the G1 mobile phone sales in 2009 continue. Many other mobile phone suppliers in the near future plans to support this system.Around an android and a huge developer community has been established, while a lot of new products and applications on the android. Android's main selling point is that it enables developers to seamlessly expand online services to mobile phones. This is the most obvious example is Google's tightly integrated with Gmail, Calendar and Contacts Web applications through the system. Users only need to provide an android user name and password, the phone automatically sync with Google services. The other vendors are quickly adapt their existing instant messaging, social networking and gaming services. Android and many companies find new ways to integrate their existing business to the android.Traditional desktop and server operating system has been working for the integration of security features. These individuals and business applications on a single platform is very good, however a business phone platform like android is not very useful. It gives the hope of many researchers. Android is not parked in the body for other platform application support: the implementation of the application depends on a top-level JA V A middle ware, the middle ware running on the embedded Linux kernel. Therefore, developers should deploy their applications to the Android mustuse a custom user interface environment.In addition, the android system applications limit the application to call each other API collaboration, and the other to authenticate the user application. Although these applications have certain safety features, some of our experienced developers to create Android applications who revealed that the design of security applications is not always straight forward. Android uses a simple permission label distribution mode to restrict access to resources, but the reasons for the necessity and convenience of other applications, the designers have increased the confusion on this system. This paper attempts to explain the complexity of the Android security, and pay attention to some of the possible development defects and application security. We try to draw some lessons learned, and hope that the safety of the future.Android application framework for developers is a mandatory framework. It does not have a main () function function or a single entry point for the implementation of the contrary, the developer must in the design of application components. We developed applications to help the API of the android sdkThe Android system defines four kinds of component type.Activity component that defines the application user interface. Usually, the application developer defines each activity screen. Activity can start, it may pass and return values. Can be handled at a time only a keyboard system Activity, all other Activity will be suspended at this time.Service components perform background processing. The need for some operations when an activity, after the disappearance of the user interface (such as downloading a file or playing music), it usually take such action specially designed services. Developers can also use a special daemon at system startup, the service is usually defined a remote procedure call (RPC), and other system components can be used to send the interface command and retrieve data, as well as to register a callback function.ContentProvider component storage and share data with relational database interfaces. Each Content supplier has an associated "rights" to describe its contents contains. Other components when used as a handle to execute SQL queries (eg SELECT, INSERT, or DELETE content. Content suppliers are typically stored the values on the database records, data retrieval is a special case, the file is also shared by the content provider interface.The components of the broadcast receiver as to send a message from the mailbox to the application. Typically, the broadcast message, the application code implicit destination. Therefore, the radio receiver subscribe to these destinations receive messages sent to it. The application code can also be solved explicitly broadcast receivers, including the name space allocation.The main mechanism of the interaction of the components of the Component Interaction, is an intent, which is a simple message object, which contains a destination address and data components. The Android API defines his approach into intent, and use that information to initiate an activity such as start an activity (startActivity (An intent)) start services (the startService (An intent)) and radio (sendBroadcast (An intent)). Android framework to inform the calls to these methods began to perform in the target application code. This process, the internal components of communication is called an action. Simply put, the Intent object defined in the "Intent to implement the" action ". One of the most powerful features of the Android is allowed a variety of intent addressing mechanism. The developer can solve the space of a target component using its applications, they can also specify an implicit name. In the latter case, the system determines the best components of an action by considering the installed applications and user choice.Implicit name is called the action string because of his special type of the requested action. Such as a view action string, in an intent data field points to an image file, the system will directly referring to the preferred image viewer.Developers can also use the action string a large number of radio to send and receive. Receiver at the receiving end, the developers use an intent filter to customize the special action string. Android Department, including the additional goal of the resolution rules, but an optional string type of data manipulation is the most common.Android applications are written in the Java programming language.The compiled Java code —along with any data and resource files required by the application —is bundled by the apt tool into an Android package,an archive file marked by an .apk suffix.This file is the vehicle for distributing the application and installing it on mobile devices;it's the file users download to their devices.All the code in a single.apk file is considered to be one application.In many ways,each Android application lives in its own world:（1）By default,every application runs in its own Linux process.Android starts the process when any of the application's code needs to be executed,and shuts down the process when it's no longer needed and system resources are required by otherapplications.（2）Each process has its own virtual machine(VM),so application code runs in isolation from the code of all other applications.（3）By default,each application is assigned a unique Linux user ID.Permissions are set so that the application's files are visible only to that user and only to the application itself —altough there are ways to export them to other applications as well.It's possible to arrange for two applications to share the same user ID,in while case they will be able to see each other's files.To conserve system resources,applications with the same ID can also arrange to run in the same Linux process,sharing the same VM.Application ComponentsA central feature of Android is that one application can make use of elements of other application (provided those application permit it).For example,if your application needs to display a scrolling list of images and another application has developed a suitable scroller and made it available to others,you can call upon that scroller to do the work,rather than develop your own.Your application doesn't incorporate the code of the other application or link to it.Rather,it simply starts up that piece of the other application when the need arises.For this to work,the system must be able to start an application process when any part of it is needed,and instantiate the Java objects for that part.Therefore,unlike applications on most other systems,Android applications don't have a single entry point for everything in the application(no main()function,for example).Rather,they have essential components that the system can instantiate and run as needed.There are four types of components:ActivitiesAn activity presents a visual user interface for one focused endeavor the user can undertake.For example,an activity might present a list of menu items users can choose from or it might display photographs along with their captions.A text messaging application might have one activity that shows a list of contacts to send messages to,a second activity to write the message to the chosen contact,and other activities to review old messages or change or change settings.Tough they work together to form a cohesive user interface,each activity is independent of the others.Each one is implemented as a subclass of the Activity base class.An application might consist of just one activity or,like the text messaging application just mentioned,it may contain several.What the activities are,and how many there are depends,of course,on the application and its design.Typically,one of the activities is marked as the first one that should be presented to the user when the application is launched.Moving from one activity to another is accomplished by having the current activity start the next one.Each activity is given a default window to draw in.Typically,the window fills the screen,but it might be smaller than the screen and float on top of other windows.An activity can also make use of additional windows —for example,a pop-up dialog that calls for a user response in the midst of the activity,or a window that presents users with vital information when they select a particular item on-screen.The visual content of the window is provided by a hierarchy of views —objects derived from the base View class.Each view controls a particular rectangular space within the window.Parent views contain and organize the layout of their children.Leaf views(those at the bottom of the hierarchy)draw in the rectangles they control and respond to user actions directed at that space.Thus,views are where the activity's interaction with the user takes place.For example,a view might display a small image and initiate an action when the user taps that image.Android has a number of ready-made views that you can use —including buttons,text fields,scroll bars,menu items,check boxes,and more.A view hierarchy is placed within an activity's window by the Activity.setContentView()method.The content view is the View object at the root of the hierarchy.(See the separate User Interface document for more information on views and the hierarchy.)ServicesA service doesn't have a visual user interface,but rather runs in the background for an indefinite period of time.For example,a service might play background music as the user attends to other matters,or it might fetch data over the network or calculate something and provide the result to activities that need it.Each service extends the Service base class.A prime example is a media player songs from a play list.The player application would probably have one or more activities that allow the user to choose songs and start playing them.However,the music playback itself would bot be handled by an activity because users will expect the music to keep the music going,the media player activity could start a service to run in the background.The system would then keep themusic playback service running even after the activity that started it leaves the screen.It's possible to connect to (bind to)an ongoing service(and start the service if it's not already running).While connected,you can communicate with the service through an interface that the service exposes.For the music service,this interface might allow users to pause,rewind,stop,and restart the playback.Like activities and the other components,services run in the main thread of the application process.So that they won't block other components or the user interface,they often spawn another thread for time-consuming tasks(like music playback).See Processes and Thread,later.Broadcast receiversA broadcast receiver is a component that does nothing but receive and react to broadcast announcements.Many broadcasts originate in system code —for example,announcements that the timezone has changed,that the battery is low,that a picture has been taken,or that the user changed a language preference.Applications can also initiate broadcasts —for example,to let other applications know that some data has been downloaded to the device and is available for them to use.An application can have any number of broadcast receivers to respond to respond to respond to any announcements it considers important.All receivers extend the BroadcastReceiver base class.Broadcast receivers do not display a user interface.However,they may start an activity in response to the information they receive,or they may use the NotificationManager to alert the user.Notifications can get the user's attention in various ways —flashing the backlight,vibrating the device,playing a sound,and so on,They typically place a persistent icon in the status bar,which users can open to get the message.Content providersA content provider makes a specific set of the application's data available to other applications.The data can be stored in the file system,in an SQLite database,or in any other manner that makes sense.The content provider extends the ContentProvider base class to implement a standard set of methods that enable other applications to retrieve and store data of the type it controls.However,applications do not call these methods directly.Rather they use a ContentResolver object and call its methods instead.A ContentResolver can talk to any content provider;it cooperates with the provider to manage any interprocess communication that's involved.See the separate Content Providers document for more information on using content providers.Whenever there's a request that should be handled by a particular component,Android makes sure that the application process of the component is running,starting it if necessary,and that an appropriate instance of the component is available,creating the instance if necessary.Activating components:intentsContent providers are activated when they're targeted by a request from a ContentResolver.The other three components —activities,services,and broadcast receivers —are activated by asynchronous messages called intents.An intent is an Intent object that holds the content of the message.For activities and services,it names the action being requested and specifies the URI of the data to act on,among other things.For example,it might convey a request for an activity to present an image t the user or let the user edit some text.For broadcast receivers,the Intent object names the action being announced.For example,it might announce to interested parties that the camera button has been pressed.There are separate methods for activating each type of component:1.An activity is launched(or given something new to do)by passing an Intent object to Context.startActivity() or Activity.startActivityForResult().The responding activity can look at the initial intent that caused it to be launched by calling its getIntent() method.Android calls the activity's onNewIntent()method to pass it any subsequent intents.One activity often starts the next one.If it expects a result back from the activity it's starting,it calls startActivityForResult() instead of startActivity().For example,if it starts an activity that lets the user pick a photo,it might expect to be returned the chosen photo.The result is returned in an Intent object that's passed to the calling activity's onActivityResult() method.2.A service is started(or new instructions are given to an ongoing service)by passing an Intent object to Context.startService().Android calls the service's onStart() method and passes it the Intent object.Similarly,an intent can be passed to Context.bindService() to establish an ongoing connection between the calling component and a target service.The service receives the Intent object in an onBind() call.(If the service is not already running,bindService() can optionally start it.)For example,an activity might establish a connection with the music playback service mentioned earlier so that it can provide the user with the means(a user interface)for controlling the playback.The activity would call bindService() to set up thatconnection,and then call methods defined by the service to affect the playback.A later section,Remote procedure calls,has more details about binding to a service.3.An application can initiate a broadcast by passing an Intent object to methods like Context.sendStickyBroadcast() in any of their variations.Android delivers the intent to all interested broadcast receivers by calling their onReceive() methods.For more on intent messages,see the separate article,Intents and Intent Filters.Shutting down componentsA content provider is active only while it's responding to a request from a ContentResolver.And a broadcast receiver is active only while it's responding to a broadcast message.So there's no need to explicitly shut down these components.Activities,on the other hand,provide the user interface.They're in a long-running conversation with the user and may remain active,even when idle,as long time.So Android has methods to shut down activities and services in an orderly way:1.An activity can be shut down by calling its finish() method.Onte activity can shut down another activity (one it started with startActivityForResult())by calling finishActivity().2.A service can be stopped by calling its stopSelf() method,or by calling Context.stopService().Components might also be shut down by the system when they are no longer being used or when Android must reclaim memory for more active components.A later section,Component Lifecycles,discusses this possibility and its ramifications in more detail.The manifest fileBefore Android can start an application component,it must learn that the component exists.Therefore,applications declare their components in a manifest file that's bundled into the Android package,the .apk file that also holds the application's code,files, and resources.The manifest is a structured XML file and is always named AndroidManifest.xml for all applications.It does a number of things in addition to declaring the application's components,such as naming any libraries the application needs to be linked against(besides the default Android library)and identifying any permissions the application expects to be granted.But the principal task of the manifest is to inform Android about the application's components.For example,an activity might be declared as follows:The name attribute of the <activity>element names the Activity subclass that implements the activity.The icon and label attributes point to resource files containing an icon and label that can be displayed to users to resource files containing an icon and label that can be displayed to users to represent the activity.The other components are declared in a similar way —<service>elements for services,<receiver>elements for broadcast receivers,and<provider>elements for content providers.Activities,services,and content providers that are not declared in the manifest are not visible to the system and are consequently never run.However,broadcast receivers can either be declared in the manifest,or they can be created dynamically i code (as BroadcastReceiver objects)and registered with the system by calling Context.registerReceiber().For more on how to structure a manifest file for your application,see The Android Manifest.xml File.Intent filtersAn Intent object can explicitly name a target component.If it does,Android finds that component(based on the declarations in the manifest file)and activates it.But if a target is not explicitly named,Android must locate the best component to respond to the intent.It does s by comparing the Intent object to the intent filters of potential targets.A component's intent filters inform Android of the kinds of intents the component is able to handle.Like other essential information about the component,they're declared in the manifest.Here's an extension of the previous example that adds two intent filters to the activity:The first filter in the example —the combination of the action "android.intent.action.MAIN"and the category "UNCHER"—is a common one.It marks the activity as one that should be represented in the application launcher,the screen listing applications users can launch on the device.In other words,the activity is the entry point for the application,the initial one users would see when they choose the application in the launcher.The component can have any number of intent filters,each one declaring a different set of capabilities.If it doesn't have any filters,it can be activated only by intents that explicitly name the component as the target.For a broadcast receiver that's created and registered in code,the intent filter is instantiated directly as an IntentFilter object.All other filters are set up in the manifest.For more on intent filters,see a separate document, Intents and Intent Filters.附录三外文文献（译文）安卓系统的基本描述下一代开放操作系统的主流将不会在桌面上，但是将会出现在我们每天携带的手机上。
外文翻译---基于校园网的高校教育信息系统的研究与实现
附录Design and Implementation of the Higher Education Management InformationSystem in Campus NetworkAbstract：After the construction of the campus network, a university-wide, open, distributed, multimedia information system was built. This paper introduces the higher education management information system, the relationship between the campus network and the management information system (MIS). system structure combines three structures, the browser/web server, the browser/web server/DBMS and the client/server. This paper develops a method for constructing the large MIS by combining the three structure . Several important application systems developed with these techniques are running successfully on the campus network.Key words：automatic office; information service; WWW; information safetyWith the development of technology in computer and network, computer network has been more and more widely used. As for colleges and universities, the function of the establishment of the campus network in general lies in the following two aspects: the first is the external network connection, connecting with INTERNET, providing the university's information services, getting involved in the information trend of the world to understand the outside world, and strengthen academic exchanges and cooperation. Another is to establish information management system of the university, management, and technology; use modern means to improve the quality of teaching and management level. Through the network, use multimedia and communication technologies to achieve long-distance teaching and complementarities of teachers and other conditions. As the management information system is relatively sound, the network application starts the importance of building a campus network and to realize the full benefits. Therefore, what the technical development and construction information management system of colleges and universities is the subject of this article.1 The needs and goals of Higher Education Information SystemDomestic colleges and universities have three models information systems at the same time, due to the uneven development of the campus network. The first model is the stand-alone management style, because in some schools, the computer networkhas not yet been established, so that the computer can not exchange data and share information. These schools are still facing the individual transaction level in the sector. This state of affairs determines their data are often inconsistent, prone to lose data, and the system is easy to be infected with a virus, etc. The second model is the LAN management model, which can carry out work on the net, such as establish information management systems in local area network, and the data is collected on the department server. The management of this sector provides data sharing. By using this approach for the management of the department, it has played a catalytic role to solve the department and the data redundancy inconsistent, but applications are completed in the workstation whose burden is too heavy, so what the server can do is just for file storage, data storage and print sharing with lower network utilization. Many schools have their own local area network; the firms involved which can not be achieved between different units of data sharing, but also not the rational flow of information resources. The third model is online information system of the school campus, the information systems is based on departments management system, the data used by each department can also be shared with all the staff.2 The realization of Higher Education Information SystemColleges and universities based on the general analysis, can be drawn from the information needs of the school are: information services, office information management information and education information. They demand information on the college system is a university-wide, open, distributed, multimedia information system, according to the information needs of the establishment of schools of information subsystems, namely integrated information services, office automation, network administration and management of information and teaching system. The face of these suB/Systems with different users, the organization of data in different ways, so the need for solution of different technologies. Domestic and foreign-oriented, internal and external users of the system, users use the most convenient www browser; in the functions of management, the majority of information for structured data, users of data are complex to operate, should be oriented database management in the flow of information between the office, most of unstructured data, and process complex information, using Lotus Notes data organized.2.1 By WWW technology develop comprehensive information service systemAfter the emergence of Internet/Intranet, WWW technology as the mainstream of information services system develops rapidly. Due to the use of WWW technology,breaking the original scope of information services, schools’ information can open to the whole country and the world at large. Integrated information service system take the campus network as the physical environment, external and Internet connected, providing a variety of types of information. Besides the information on the daily use of text messages, it also can provide audio, video information in the form of services, such as school leaders’ important speech recording and a wide range of academic reports to mold students’ character. Video is also very rich in information content. Comprehensive WWW information service system to provide a variety of multimedia information services, but also achieved with the departmental management information system (RDBMS) and the school office automation system (NOTES) combined with the organic. The type of service information from the file system extended to the SQL Server database and Notes database.The extensive information system determine the users to must use the common cross-platform software. WWW browser provides a good condition for the information service system. The system uses the B/S (Browser/Server) architecture, which is easy to operate. And client software installation is simple and easy to maintain and so on.Integrated information service system is made up of more than online information server in the campus , of which a large number of user-oriented information on the main server, other servers can be specified by the user-specific direct access to ports, which is also available from the main server on the establishment of information connected, through a visit to the main server.2.2 Using Notes technology to fulfill campus network office automation systemIn the management of colleges and universities, office information flows in two ways, one is between higher and lower levels of information flow, such as the Office of the principal's to the Department, the Department's Office to give notice of teachers and students; the other is horizontal information flow, such as the Office of Academic Affairs for Personnel information, Personnel Department to research information. To improve office efficiency, we must change the traditional way of handling things by hand, the application of modern office technology, office systems to establish school.Office system is multi-user-oriented information systems built on the campus online. It uses Lotus Notes as a system development platform, Notes with advanced database document processing functions, not only can deal with structured data, but also capable of dealing with the general document data, graphics, images, sounds andother unstructured data. It can combine with the software such as MS Word, MS Excel which users are familiar, leaving sufficient room for further expansion. Now it had developed general official functions, such as, document management, mail, conference management, office discussion boards, document information. Since Notes with the WWW information dissemination functions, it has been used not only for school office staff, but school teachers and students also can use the WWW browser to access the contents of the office system.2.3 Use database technique to develop information management systemTake campus network as the physical environment for the establishment of the functional departments of the management information system to support the specific bus iness of the executive branch of work. Schools’ basic data including the information of teachers, students, research, financial and equipment that are scattered in various departments or departments of computer local area network servers before. Since network has been set up on campus, in order to achieve the basis for all the sharing of information, we must unit data storage and unified management.In spite of B/W/D has many advantages, it can not provide rich enough data in the development of technical means. In the complex manipulation, C/S approach is still used. This approach requires computer concentrated in the physical location of the unit, the number of control in a limited range. What methods to be used based on user type and function. Geographically dispersed users must use the B/W/D structure, such as students, teachers, information, as they are decentralized and the use of location uncertainty, the use of WWW interface is preferred approach. Organs ministries office-based general WWW interface, and in academic departments (bear registration, results, course arrangement, such as transaction processing course) data-processing-oriented sector take use of C/S mode, as a result of concentrated and complex data processing.3College Information System Security PolicyAfter the completion of management information system, anyone can visit the colleges and universities through the campus computer network, which may have a "hacker" trying to attack the network, network, dissemination of computer viruses, as well as the possible theft of confidential technical information and data and so on, so it is particularly important to safety management. Network and security management information system includes the physical security and logical security, in which physical security mainly refers to the maintenance of network, hardware and the use and management, etc.; and the logic of security is put forward from the softwareperspective, mainly referring to data confidentiality, integrity, availability and so on.Security management of Campus network and information management systems is a big problem, only a very good safety-focused management, and good management measures to take, can it keep operation of the campus network and of the information management systems normal.4Concluding remarksTaking advantage of Internet/Intranet helps to realize education and management network-based, and the realization of the system becomes easier, management and maintenance more convenient, data queries more flexible in particular, and the requirements of the client significantly reduced (only need to run the standard browser) . In the Intranet environment, network security has greatly improved. Network access can not subject to geographical constraints with Internet connectivity, so that the expansion of the network gets easier and easier. Therefore, establishing education information management system in campus environment has become a well-established method.From <Management Information System for the information age 2nd Canadian Edition>基于校园网的高校教育信息系统的研究与实现摘要：高校的校园网建成以后，需要在校园网上建设一个全校范围的、开放的、分布的、多媒体的管理信息系统。
信息系统外文文献翻译---系统的分析与设计
附录1 外文翻译(原文)Systems Analysis and DesignWorking under control of a stored program, a computer processes data into information. Think about that definition for a minute. Any given computer application involves at least three components: hardware, software, and data. Merely writing a program isn't enough; because the program is but one component in a system.A system is a group of components that work together to accomplish an objective. For example, consider a payroll system. Its objective is paying employees. What components are involved? Each day，employees record their hours worked on time cards. At the end of each week, the time cards are collected and delivered to the computer center, where they are read into a payroll program. As it runs, the program accesses data files. Finally, the paychecks are printed and distributed. For the system to work, people, procedures, input and output media, files, hardware, and software must be carefully coordinated. Note that the program is but one component in a system.Computer-based systems are developed because people need information. Those people, called users, generally know what is required, but may lack the expertise to obtain it. Technical professionals, such as programmers, have the expertise, but may lack training in the user's field. To complicate matters, users and programmers often seem to speak different languages, leading to communication problems. A systems analyst is a professional who translates user needs into technical terms, thus serving as a bridge between users and technical professionals.Like an engineer or an architect, a systems analyst solves problems by combining solid technical skills with insight, imagination, and a touch of art. Generally, the analyst follows a well-defined, methodical process that includes at least the following steps;1.Problem definition2.Analysis3.Design4.Implementation5.MaintenanceAt the end of each step, results are documented and shared with both the user and the programmers. The idea is to catch and correct errors and misunderstandings as early as possible. Perhaps the best way to illustrate the process is through example.Picture a small clothing store that purchases merchandise at wholesale, displays this stock, and sells it to customers at retail. On the one hand, too much stock represents an unnecessary expense. On the other hand, a poor selection discourages shoppers. Ideally, a balance can be achieved: enough, but not too much.Complicating matters is the fact that inventory is constantly changing, with customer purchases depleting stock, and returns and reorders adding to it. [1] The owner would like to track inventory levels and reorder and given item just before the store runs out. For a single item, the task is easy-just count the stock-on-hand. Unfortunately, the store has hundreds of different items, and keeping track of each one is impractical. Perhaps a computer might help.2-1 Problem DefinitionThe first step in the systems analysis and design process is problem definition. The analyst's objective is determining what the user (in this case, the store's owner) needs. Note that, as the process begins, the user possesses the critical information, and the analyst must listen and learn. Few users are technical experts. Most see the computer as a "magic box, "and are not concerned with how it works. At this stage, the analyst has no business even thinking about programs, files, and computer hardware, but must communicate with the user on his or her own term.The idea is to ensure that both the user and the analyst are thinking about the same thing-Thus, a clear, written statement expressing the analyst's understanding of the problem is essential. The user should review and correct this written statement. The time to catch misunderstandings and oversights is now, before time, money and effort are wasted.Often, following a preliminary problem definition, the analyst performs a feasibility study. The study a brief capsule version of the entire systems analysis and design process, attempts to answer three questions:1.Can the problem be solved?2.Can it be salved in the user's environment?3.Can it be solved at a reasonable cost?If the answer to any one of these questions is no, the system should not be developed. Given a good problem definition and a positive feasibility study, theanalyst can turn to planning and developing a problem solution.2- 2 AnalysisAs analysis begins, the analyst understands the problem. The next step is determining what must be done to solve it. The user knows what must be done 1 during analysis; this knowledge is extracted and formally documented. Most users think in terms of the functions to be performed and the data elements to be manipulated. The objective is to identify and link these key functions and data elements, yielding a logical system design.Start with the system's basic functions. The key is keeping track of the stock-on-hand for each product in inventory. Inventory changes because customers purchase, exchange, and return products, so the system will have to process customer transactions. The store's owner wants to selectively look at the inventory level for any product in short supply and, if appropriate, order replacement stock, so the system must be able to communicate with management. Finally, following management authorization, the system should generate a reorder ready to send to a supplier.Fig 1Given the system's basic functions, the analyst's next task is gaining a sense of their logical relationship. A good way to start is by describing how data flow between the functions. As the name implies, data flow diagrams are particularly useful for graphically describing these data flows. Four symbols are used (Fig. 1). Data sources and destinations are represented by squares; input data enter the system from a source, and output data flow to a destination. Once in the system, the data are manipulated or change by processes, represented by round-corner rectangles. A process might be a program, a procedure, or anything else that changes or moves data. Data can be held for later processing in data stores, symbolized by open-ended rectangles. A data store might be a disk file, a tape file, a database, written notes, or even a person's memory.Finally, data flow between sources, destinations, processes, end data stores over data flows, which are represented by arrows.Fig 2Figure 2 shows a preliminary data flow diagram for the inventory system. Start with CUSTOMER. Transactions flow from a customer f into the system, where they are handled by Process transaction. A data store, STOCK, holds data on each item in inventory. Process transaction changes the data to reflect the new transaction. Meanwhile, MANAGEMENT accesses the system through Communicate, evaluating the data in STOCK and, if necessary, requesting a reorder. Once, a reorder is authorized. Generate reorder sends necessary data to the SUPPLIER, who ships the items to the store. Note that, because the reorder represents a change in the inventory level of a particular product or products it is handled as a transaction.The data flow diagram describes the logical system. The next step is tracing the data flows. Start with the destination SUPPLIER. Reorders flow to suppliers; for example, the store might want 25 pairs of jeans. To fill the order, the supplier needs the product description and the reorder quantity. Where do these data elements come from? Since they are output by Generate reorder, they must either be Input to or generated by this process. Data flow into Generate reorder for STOCK; thus, product descriptions and reorder quantities must be stored in STOCK.Other data elements, such as the item purchased and the purchase quantity are generated by CUSTOMER. Still others, for example selling price and reorder point, are generated by or needed by MANAGEMENT. The current stock-on-hand for a given item is an example of a data element generated by an algorithm in one of the procedures. Step by step, methodically, the analyst identifies the data elements to be input to .stored by, manipulated by, generated by, or output by the system.To keep track of the data elements, the analyst might list each one in a datadictionary. A simple data dictionary can be set up on index cards, but computerized data dictionaries have become increasingly popular. The data dictionary, a collection of data describing and defining the data, is useful throughout the systems analysis and design process, and is often used to build a database during the implementation stage.The idea of analysis is to define the system's major functions and data elements methodically. Remember that the objective is translating user needs into technical terms. Since the system starts with the user, the first step is defining the user's needs. Users think in terms of functions and data. They do not visualize programs, or files, or hardware .and during this initial, crucial analysis stage it is essential that the analyst think like a user, not like a programmer.Data flow diagrams and data dictionaries are useful tools. They provide a format for recording key information about the proposed system. Also, they jog the analyst's memory) for example, if the analyst doesn't have sufficient information to complete a data dictionary entry, he or she has probably missed something. Perhaps most importantly, the data flow diagram and the data dictionary document the analyst's understanding of the system requirements. By reviewing these documents, the user can correct misunderstandings or oversights. Finally, they represent an excellent starting point the next step, design.2-3 DesignAs we enter the design stage, we know what the system must do, and thus can begin thinking about how to do it. The objective is to develop a strategy for solving the problem. At this stage, we are not interested in writing code or in defining precise data structures; instead, we want to identify, at a black box level, necessary programs, files, procedures, and other components.The data flow diagram defines the system's necessary functions; how might they be implemented? One possibility is writing one program for each process. Another is combining two or more processes in a single program; there are dozens of alternative solutions. Let's focus on one option and document it.A system flowchart uses symbols to represent programs, procedures, hardware devices, and the other components of a physical system (Fig. 3). Our flowchart (.Fig.4) shows that transaction data enter the system through a terminal, are processed by a data collection program, and then are stored on an inventory file. Eventually, the inventory file is processed by a Report and reorder program. Through it, management manipulates the data and authorizes reorders.Fig. 4 on a system flowchart, symbols represent programs, procedures, hardware devices, and the other components of a physical system.Fig 3Look at the system flowchart. It identifies several hardware components, including a computer, a disk drive, a data entry terminal, a printer, and a display terminal. Two programs are needed; Process transaction and Report and reorder. In addition to t he hardware and the programs, we’ll need data structures for the inventory file and for data flaws between the I/O devices and the software. Note that this system flowchart illustrates one possible solution; a good analyst will develop several feasible alternatives before choosing one.Fig 4The flowchart maps the system, highlighting its major physical components. Since the data link the components, the next task is defining the data structures.Consider, for example, the inventory file. It contains all the data elements from the data store STOCK. The data elements are listed in the data dictionary. Using them, the file's data structure can be planned,How should the file be organized? That depends on how it will be accessed. For example, in some applications, data are processed at regular, predictable intervals. Typically, the data are collected over time and processed together, as a batch. If batch processing is acceptable, a sequential file organization is probably best.It is not always possible to wait until a batch of transactions is collected, however. For example, consider an air defense early warning system. If an unidentified aircraft is spotted it must be identified immediately the idea of waiting until 5 _ 00 p.m. because "that's when the air defense program is run" is absurd. Instead, because of the need for quick response, each transaction must be processed as it occurs. Generally such transaction processing systems call for direct access file.Our inventory system has two programs. One processes transactions. A direct access inventory file seems a reasonable choice. The other allows management to study inventory data occasionally; batch processing would certainly do. Should the inventory file be organized sequentially or directly? Faced with such a choice a good analyst considers both options. One possible system might accept transactions and process them as they occur. As an alternative, sales slips might be collected throughout the day and processed as a batch after the store closes. In the first system, the two programs would deal with direct access files; in the second system, they would be linked to sequential files. A program to process direct access data is different from a program to process sequential data. The data drive the system. The choice of a data structure determines the program’s structure. Note that the program is defined and planned in the context of the system.2- 4 ImplementationOnce the system's major components have been identified .we can begin to develop them. Our system includes two programs, several pieces of equipment, and a number of data structures. During implementation, each program is planned and written using the techniques described in Chapter 7. Files are created, and their contents checked. New hardware is purchased, installed, and tested. Additionally, operating procedures are written and evaluated. Once all the component parts are ready, the system is tested. Assuming the user is satisfied, the finished system is released.2- 5 MaintenanceMaintenance begins after the system is released. As people use it, they will suggest minor improvements and enhancements. Occasionally, bugs slip through debug and testing, and removing them is another maintenance task. Finally, conditions change, and a program must be updated; for example, if the government passes a low changing the procedure for collecting income taxes, the payroll program must be modified. Maintenance continues for the life of a system, and its cost can easily match or exceed the original development cost. Good planning, solid documentation, and well-structured programs can help to minimize maintenance cost.附录2 外文翻译(译文)系统的分析与设计在存储程序的控制下，计算机把数据处理成信息。
内部控制外文文献及翻译
中文4500字本科生毕业设计（论文）外文原文及译文所在系管理系学生姓名郭淼专业会计学班级学号指导教师2013年6月外文文献原文及译文Internal ControlEmergence and development of the theory of the evolution of the internal controlInternal control in Western countries have a long history of development, according to the internal control characteristics at different stages of development, the development of internal control can be divided into four stages, namely the internal containment phase, the internal control system phase, the internal control structure phase, overall internal control framework stage.Internal check stages: infancy internal controlBefore the 1940s, people used to use the concept of internal check. This is the embryonic stage of internal control. "Keshi Accounting Dictionary" definition of internal check is "to provide effective organization and mode of operation, business process design errors and prevent illegal activities occur. Whose main characteristic is any individual or department alone can not control any part of one or the right way to conduct business on the division of responsibility for the organization, each business through the normal functioning of other individuals or departments for cross-examination or cross-control. designing effective internal check to ensure that all businesses can complete correctly after a specified handler in the process of these provisions, the internal containment function is always an integral part. "The late 1940s, the internal containment theory become important management methods and concepts. Internal check on a "troubleshooting a variety of measures" for the purpose of separation of duties and account reconciliation as a means to money and accounting matters and accounts as the main control object primary control measures. Its characteristics are account reconciliation and segregation of duties as the main content and thus cross-examination or cross-control. In general, the implementation of internal check function can be roughly divided into the following four categories: physical containment; mechanical containment; institutional containment; bookkeeping contain. The basic idea is to contain the internal "security is the result of checks and balances," which is based on two assumptions: First: two or more persons1西安交通大学城市学院本科毕业设计（论文）or departments making the same mistake unconsciously chance is very small; Second: Two or more the possibility of a person or department consciously partnership possibility of fraud is much lower than a single person or department fraud. Practice has proved that these assumptions are reasonable, internal check mechanism for organizations to control, segregation of duties control is the foundation of the modern theory of internal control.Internal control system phases:generating of internal controlThe late1940s to the early1970s, based on the idea of internal check, resulting in the concept of the internal control system, which is the stage in the modern sense of internal control generated. Industrial Revolution has greatly promoted the major change relations of production, joint-stock company has gradually become the main form of business organization of Western countries, in order to meet the requirements of prevailing socio-economic relations,to protect the economic interests of investors and creditors, the Western countries have legal requirements in the form of strengthen the corporate financial and accounting information as well as internal management of this economic activity.In 1934, the "securities and exchange act" issued by the U.S. government for the first time puts forward the concept of "internal accounting control", the implementation of general and special authorization book records, trading records, and compared different remedial measures such as transaction assets. In 1949, the American institute of certified public accountants (AICPA) belongs to the audit procedures of the committee (CPA) in the essential element of internal control: the system coordination, and its importance to management department and the independence of certified public accountants' report, the first official put forward the definition of internal control: "the design of the internal control includes the organization and enterprise to take all of the methods and measures to coordinate with each other. All of these methods and measures used to protect the property of the enterprise, to check the accuracy of accounting information, improve the efficiency of management, promote enterprise stick to established management guidelines." The definition from the formulation and perfecting the inner control of the organization, plan, method and measures such as rules and regulations to implement internal control, break through the limitation of control related to the financial and accounting department directly, the four objectives of internal control, namely the enterprise in commercial2外文文献原文及译文activities to protect assets, check the veracity and reliability of financial data, improve the work efficiency, and promote to management regulations. The definition of positive significance is to help management authorities to strengthen its management, but the scope of limitation is too broad. In 1958, the commission issued no. 29 audit procedures bulletin "independent auditors evaluate the scope of internal control", according to the requirements of the audit responsibility, internal control can be divided into two aspects, namely, the internal accounting control and internal management control. The former is mainly related to the first two of the internal control goal, the latter mainly relates to the internal control after two goals. This is the origin of the internal control system of "dichotomy". Because the concept of management control is vague and fuzzy, in the actual business line between internal control and internal accounting control is difficult to draw. In order to clear the relations between the two, in 1972 the American institute of certified public accountants in the auditing standards announcement no. 1, this paper expounds the internal management control and internal accounting control: the definition of "internal management control including, but not limited to organization plan, and the administrative department of the authorized approval of economic business decision-making steps on the relevant procedures and records. This authorization of items approved activities is the responsibility of management, it is directly related to the management department to perform the organization's business objectives, is the starting point of the economic business accounting control." At the same time, the important content of internal accounting control degree and protect assets, to ensure that the financial records credibility related institutions plans, procedures and records. After a series of changes and redefine the meaning of the internal control is more clear than before and the specification, increasingly broad scope, and introduces the concept of internal audit, has received recognition around the world and references, the internal control system is made.The internal control structure stage: development of the internal controlTheory of internal control structure formed in the 90 s to the 1980 s, this phase of western accounting audit of internal control research focus gradually from the general meaning to specific content to deepen. During this period, the system management theory has become the new management idea, it says: no physical objects in the world are composed of elements of3西安交通大学城市学院本科毕业设计（论文）system, due to the factors, there exists a complicated nonlinear relationship between system must have elements do not have new features, therefore, should be based on the whole the relationship between elements. System management theory will enterprise as a organic system composed of subsystems on management, pay attention to the coordination between the subsystems and the interaction with the environment. In the modern company system and system management theory, under the concept of early already cannot satisfy the need of internal control systems. In 1988, the American institute of certified public accountants issued "auditing standards announcement no. 55", in the announcement, for the first time with the word "internal control structure" to replace the original "internal control", and points out that: "the enterprise's internal control structure including provide for specific target reasonable assurance of the company set up all kinds of policies and procedures". The announcement that the internal control structure consists of control environment, accounting system (accounting system), the control program "three components, the internal control as a organic whole composed of these three elements, raised to the attention of the internal control environment.The control environment, reflecting the board of directors, managers, owners, and other personnel to control the attitude and behavior. Specific include: management philosophy and operating style, organizational structure, the function of the board of directors and the audit committee, personnel policies and procedures, the way to determine the authority and responsibility, managers control method used in the monitoring and inspection work, including business planning, budgeting, forecasting, profit plans, responsibility accounting and internal audit, etc.Accounting systems, regulations of various economic business confirmation, the collection, classification, analysis, registration and preparing method. An effective accounting system includes the following content: identification and registration of all legitimate economic business; Classifying the various economic business appropriate, as the basis of preparation of statements; Measuring the value of economic business to make its currency's value can be recorded in the financial statements; Determine the economic business events, to ensure that it recorded in the proper accounting period; Describe properly in the financial statements of4外文文献原文及译文economic business and related content.The control program, refers to the management policies and procedures, to ensure to achieve certain purpose. It includes economic business and activity approval; Clear division of the responsibility of each employee; Adequate vouchers and bills setting and records; The contact of assets and records control; The business of independent audit, etc. Internal structure of control system management theory as the main control thought, attaches great importance to the environmental factors as an important part of internal control, the control environment, accounting system and control program three elements into the category of internal control; No longer distinguish between accounting control and management control, and uniform in elements describe the internal control, think the two are inseparable and contact each other.Overall internal control framework stages: stage of internal controlAfter entering the 1990 s, the study of internal control into a new stage. With the improvement of the corporate governance institutions, the development of electronic information technology, in order to adapt to the new economic and organizational form, using the new management thinking, "internal control structure" for the development of "internal control to control the overall framework". In 1992, the famous research institutions internal control "by organization committee" (COSO) issued a landmark project - "internal control - the whole framework", also known as the COSO report, made the unification of the internal control system framework. In 1994, the report on the supplement, the international community and various professional bodies widely acknowledged, has wide applicability. The COSO report is a historical breakthrough in the research of internal control theory, it will first put forward the concept of internal control system of the internal control by the original planar structure for the development of space frame model, represents the highest level of the studies on the internal control in the world.The COSO report defines internal control as: "designed by enterprise management, to achieve the effect and efficiency of the business, reliable financial reporting and legal compliance goals to provide reasonable assurance, by the board of directors, managers and other staff to5西安交通大学城市学院本科毕业设计（论文）implement a process." By defining it can be seen that the COSO report that internal control is a process, will be affected by different personnel; At the same time, the internal control is a in order to achieve business objectives the group provides reasonable guarantee the design and implementation of the program. The COSO report put forward three goals and the five elements of internal control. The three major target is a target business objectives, information and compliance. Among them, the management goal is to ensure business efficiency and effectiveness of the internal control; Information goal is refers to the internal control to ensure the reliability of the enterprise financial report; Compliance goal refers to the internal controls should abide by corresponding laws and regulations and the rules and regulations of the enterprise.COSO report that internal control consists of five elements contact each other and form an integral system, which is composed of five elements: control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, monitoring and review.Control Environment: It refers to the control staff to fulfill its obligation to carry out business activities in which the atmosphere. Including staff of honesty and ethics, staff competence, board of directors or audit committee, management philosophy and management style, organizational structure, rights and responsibilities granted to the way human resources policies and implementation.Risk assessment: It refers to the management to identify and take appropriate action to manage operations, financial reporting, internal or external risks affecting compliance objectives, including risk identification and risk analysis. Risk identification including external factors (such as technological development, competition, changes in the economy) and internal factors (such as the quality of the staff, the company nature of activities, information systems handling characteristics) to be checked. Risk analysis involves a significant degree of risk estimates to assess the likelihood of the risk occurring, consider how to manage risk.Control activities: it refers to companies to develop and implement policies and procedures, and 6外文文献原文及译文to take the necessary measures against the risks identified in order to ensure the unit's objectives are achieved. In practice, control activities in various forms, usually following categories: performance evaluation, information processing, physical controls, segregation of duties.Information and communication: it refers to enable staff to perform their duties, to provide staff with the exchange and dissemination of information as well as information required in the implementation, management and control operations process, companies must identify, capture, exchange of external and internal information. External information, including market share, regulatory requirements and customer complaints and other information. The method of internal information including accounting system that records created by the regulatory authorities and reporting of business and economic matters, maintenance of assets, liabilities and owners' equity and recorded. Communication is so that employees understand their responsibilities to maintain control over financial reporting. There are ways to communicate policy manuals, financial reporting manuals, reference books, as well as examples such as verbal communication or management.Monitoring: It refers to the evaluation of internal controls operation of the quality of the process, namely the reform of internal control, operation and improvement activities evaluated. Including internal and external audits, external exchanges.Five elements of internal control system is actually wide-ranging, interrelated influence each other. Control environment is the basis for the implementation of other control elements; control activities must be based on the risks faced by companies may have a detailed understanding and assessment basis; while risk assessment and control activities within the enterprise must use effective communication of information; Finally, effective monitoring the implementation of internal control is a means to protect the quality. Three goals and five elements for the formation and development of the internal control system theory laid the foundation, which fully reflects the guiding ideology of the modern enterprise management idea that security is the result of systems management. COSO report emphasizes the integration framework and internal control system composed of five elements, the framework for the7西安交通大学城市学院本科毕业设计（论文）establishment of an internal control system, operation and maintenance of the foundation.In summary,because of social, economic and environmental change management, internal control functions along with the changes, in order to guide the evolution of the internal control theory. As can be seen from the history of the development of internal control theory, often derived from the internal control organizational change management requirements, from an agricultural economy to an industrial economy, innovation management methods and tools for the development of the power to bring internal controls.From the internal containment center,controlled by the internal organization of the mutual relations between the internal control of various subsystems and went to COSO as the representative to the prevention and management loopholes to prevent the goal, through the organization of control and information systems,to achieve the overall system optimization of modern internal sense of control theory, from Admiral time, corresponding to the two economic revolution.Therefore, in the analysis of foreign internal control theory and Its Evolution, requires a combination of prevailing socio-economic environment and business organization and management requirements, so as to understand the nature of a deeper internal control theory of development.8外文文献原文及译文译文：内部控制Ge.McVay一、内部控制理论的产生与发展演进内部控制在西方国家已经有比较长的发展历史，根据内部控制在不同发展阶段的特征，可以将内部控制的发展分为四个阶段，即内部牵制阶段、内部控制制度阶段、内部控制结构阶段、内部控制整体框架阶段。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译(学生用)
毕业设计外文资料翻译学院：信息科学与工程学院专业：软件工程姓名： XXXXX学号： XXXXXXXXX外文出处： Think In Java (用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文网络编程历史上的网络编程都倾向于困难、复杂，而且极易出错。
程序员必须掌握与网络有关的大量细节，有时甚至要对硬件有深刻的认识。
一般地，我们需要理解连网协议中不同的“层”（Layer）。
而且对于每个连网库，一般都包含了数量众多的函数，分别涉及信息块的连接、打包和拆包；这些块的来回运输；以及握手等等。
这是一项令人痛苦的工作。
但是，连网本身的概念并不是很难。
我们想获得位于其他地方某台机器上的信息，并把它们移到这儿；或者相反。
这与读写文件非常相似，只是文件存在于远程机器上，而且远程机器有权决定如何处理我们请求或者发送的数据。
Java最出色的一个地方就是它的“无痛苦连网”概念。
有关连网的基层细节已被尽可能地提取出去，并隐藏在JVM以及Java的本机安装系统里进行控制。
我们使用的编程模型是一个文件的模型；事实上，网络连接（一个“套接字”）已被封装到系统对象里，所以可象对其他数据流那样采用同样的方法调用。
除此以外，在我们处理另一个连网问题——同时控制多个网络连接——的时候，Java内建的多线程机制也是十分方便的。
本章将用一系列易懂的例子解释Java的连网支持。
15.1 机器的标识当然，为了分辨来自别处的一台机器，以及为了保证自己连接的是希望的那台机器，必须有一种机制能独一无二地标识出网络内的每台机器。
早期网络只解决了如何在本地网络环境中为机器提供唯一的名字。
但Java面向的是整个因特网，这要求用一种机制对来自世界各地的机器进行标识。
为达到这个目的，我们采用了IP（互联网地址）的概念。
IP以两种形式存在着：(1) 大家最熟悉的DNS（域名服务）形式。
我自己的域名是。
所以假定我在自己的域内有一台名为Opus的计算机，它的域名就可以是。
信息管理与信息系统论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
信息管理与信息系统论文中英文资料外文翻译文献Construction of Network Management Information System of Agricultural Products Supply Chain Based on 3PLsAbstractThe necessity to construct the network management information system of 3PLs agricultural supply chain is analyzed, showing that 3PLs can improve the overall competitive advantage of agricultural supply chain. 3PLs changes the homogeneity management into specialized management of logistics service and achieves the alliance of the subjects at different nodes of agricultural products supply chain. Network management information system structure of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs is constructed, including the four layers (the network communication layer, the hardware and software environment layer, the database layer, and the application layer) and 7 function modules (centralized control,transportation process management, material and vehicle scheduling, customer relationship, storage management, customer inquiry, and financial management).Framework for the network management information system of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs is put forward. The management of 3PLs mainly includes purchasing management, supplier relationship management, planning management, customer relationship management, storage management and distribution management. Thus, a management system of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprises is obtained. The network management information system of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs has realized the effective sharing of enterprise information of agricultural products supply chain at different nodes, establishing a long-term partnership revolving around the 3PLs core enterprise, as well as a supply chain with stable relationship based on the supply chain network system, so as to improve the circulation efficiency of agricultural products, and to explore the sales market for agricultural products.Key words3PLs (third party logistics)，Agricultural products supply chain, Network management information system, China3PLs means that production enterprises entrust the logistics activity to the professional logistics service firms in order to concentrate efforts on core business, to keep close contact with logistics enterprise through information system, and to achieve a logistics operation and management mode with full control in logistics. According to the 3PLs requirements forinformation technology, supply chain management information system based on 3PLs is a supply chain management mode with 3PLs enterprises as the core, using EDI technology, GIS/GPS system, B/S mode and other technologies. Integration, processing and application of 3PLs enterprises in supply chain management information system are fully applied in order to reduce the cost of logistics and to improve the service level of logistics.At present, management information technology in China is just at the initial stage. The existing management information system offers insufficient information for the 3PLs enterprises which are engaged in the circulation of agricultural products.Besides, its construction of logistics data processing system is imperfect, having not realized the truly professional 3PLs enterprises for the circulation of agricultural products with information technology. At the same time, 3PLs enterprise for agricultural products has just started in China. And logistics applied in the agricultural supply chain with 3PLs enterprise as the core is time-consuming, inefficient and low-level, which can hardly meet the needs of the rapid development of rural market and social productive forces. Therefore, it is particularly important and urgent to construct a management information system for agricultural products supply chain under the current Internet environment. Problems in the management of the supply chain of agricultural products are analyzed, and a network management information system of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs is constructed in order to offer references for the information management in the supply chain of agricultural products in China.1 Necessity of constructing the network management information system of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLsAgricultural products are seasonal, perishable and vulnerable. With the improvement of income level，consumers have increasingly high requirements for the diversification, personalization, just-in-time nature, and environment protection of agricultural products, which requires faster, more professional，and better organized logistics. At the same time, supply chain of agricultural products has the characteristics of the special purpose of funds, the uncertainty of market, and the unbalanced development of market. Thus, the support of supply chain management information system is needed during the circulation of agricultural products. Construction of market integration,as well as the integration of production, supply and marketing,urgently needs a new management information system of agricultural products, as well as an accompanying legal support system, in order to reduce the cost and to increase the profit for agricultural enterprises. And the application of 3PLs in the supply chain of agricultural products can solve this problem.Therefore, we should give full play to the central hub function of 3PLs enterprises in agricultural products supply chain, increase the input in the informationization of agricultural products supply chain, and promote the construction of logistics operation system and management information system.1 .1 Improving the overall competitive advantage of agricultural products supply chain by 3PLs3PLs is a new logistics organizational form established by modern information technology, as well as a kind of complementary and win-win strategic alliance by signing contract with the party being served. Taking 3PLs as the professional and core enterprise in the production and circulation of agricultural products can help to realize resource consolidation of the construction and organization of the whole supply chain of agricultural products. The specialization of raw materials and the service for product distribution have greatly improved the logistics efficiency of traditional enterprise. At the same time, construction of the management information system ofagricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs has made up for the shortage of information in agricultural market, has improved the efficiency of the flow of agricultural products, has connected all the links in the supply chain into an organic whole in an reasonable and effective way,and has enhanced the overall competitive advantage and economic benefits. 3PLs platform has greatly brought down the production and circulation processes of traditional agricultural enterprises, and has reduced the costs in raw material procurement and product distribution, so as to better adapt to the changes in market demand, to realize the rational distribution of resources, and to improve the overall competitiveness of the supply chain of agricultural products.1 .2 Changing the homogeneity management to specialized operation of logistics service by 3PLsDue to the characteristics of agricultural products, market requirement for logistics varies widely. Since traditional enterprises try to obtain the competitive advantage, there is fierce market competition in commodity circulation. Therefore, behavior of logistics market shows the characteristics of homogeneity and the profit is getting lower and lower. In order to seize the customer, some enterprises even take a loss. 3PLs enterprises share business risk with partners and carry out operation according to the items number, time and cost of customer by integration and utilization of resources. As a means of the supply chain integration of agricultural products, specialized operation of 3PLs can help the stakeholders of supply chain to obtain more demand information of agricultural products, and can reduce the circulation cost of agricultural products.1 .3 Alliance of the subjects in supply chain nodes of agricultural products by 3PLs3PLs stresses the relationship of “mutual complementarity, benefit sharing, information sharing” among the stakeholders in different nodes of supply chain. Development of the agricultural producer, supplier and retailer is limited if they rely only on their own resources. 3PLs enters into the outside service market, integrates the resources through the way of strategic alliances, ensures that the subject focuses its attention on core business, reduces the cost by scale effect, enhances the anti-risk strength, and helps to achieve quick response to market demand by information sharing.At the same time, contract-0riented 3PLs enterprises unify the interests of all subjects in supply chain of agricultural products, emphasize the strategic partnership of both parties,and alleviate market competition of related industries in agricultural markets. Subjects in both downstream and upstream of the supply chain share information and establish long-term partnership with 3PLs enterprises as the core.2 Construction of the network management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs2.1 Construction of structural system3PLs platform is used to offer network communications and system services to the subjects in agricultural supply chain. Fig. 1 illustrates the structural system of network management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs.Fig.1 Structural system of network management information system of agricultural supplychain based on 3PLsFig. 1 illustrates that the basic hardware of the system is combined by the network transmission media and network equipment, that is the network communication layer. Hardware facilities, corresponding system software, operation system and netmanager software together constitute the software and hardware environment layer.This layer provides necessary software and hardware facilities for 3PLs enterprises during the data storage and management of agricultural products. Database layer is responsible for the management of data source in agricultural information resources and network systems, and offers data integration to the application layer. 3PLs standard system includes the overall standard, network infrastructure standard, application support standard, application standard, information security standard, and management standard. Safety system of 3PLs includes the security management, security infrastructure, and security service.This system is composed of 7 function modules, such as the centralized control module, transportation process management module, material and vehicle scheduling module, customer relationship module, storage management module, customer query module, and financial management module(Fig. 2),the function of which is to ensure the information fluency and system security of 3PLs enterprises during the operation and integration of resources. These modules have improved the service module of different nodes in agricultural supply chain and have reduced the operation risk of system, so that the system becomes more structured, perfect, and rational.2.2 Framework of management systemBased on the existing research result，the business and module of modern logistics management，and the management information systems，Fig.3 reports the management system of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprises according to the circulation of agricultural products from the manufacturer，supplier，and retail terminal to the consumer.Fig．2 Function modules of 3PLs network management information systemFig.3 The management system of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprises Fig.3 shows the framework of network management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs. The whole system, running under an open 3PLs, is formed by four layers of network communication layer, software and hardware environment layer, database layer and application layer. In the application layer, 3PLs, as the core of management information system of agricultural supply chain, plays the role of information processing center. It mainly manages the plan, inventory, and other subsystems, supervises subsystem through supplier relationship, conducts information interaction with procurement management subsystem and the supplier, and carries out information interaction with the supplier, producer and consumer through customer relationship management subsystem and sales management subsystem. Besides, 3PLs is also responsible for logistics management and control through the distribution management subsystem. Management of 3PLs mainly includes the 7 modules of purchasing management, supplier relationship management, planning management, customer relationship management, sales management, inventory management and distribution management. Through the effectiveintegration and coordination between 3PLs and the business with partner at the downstream and upstream of agricultural supplier chain, management system of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprises is formed using the logistics information system to realize the integration of logistics and information flow.In general，3PLs enterprise is still in the initial stage in China. Management information system of agricultural supply chain is not perfect, which can not meet the current needs of the rapid development and agricultural products circulation in rural China. Thus, there is an urgent need to build a new mode of agricultural logistics, so as to reduce the process of sales turnover, to lower the production cost of 3PLs enterprises, to improve the circulation efficiency of agricultural products, and to expand the sales market of agricultural products.3 ConclusionDeveloping modern 3PLs is an inevitable trend of market development. Design and development of management information system based on 3PLs can bring spillover benefits to the producer, supplier and retailer of agricultural products.Under the current Internet environment, management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs must be established based on the specific characteristics of operation mode and the actual business situation of 3PLs enterprises, so as to establish a management information system suitable for a given enterprise. From the perspective of overall integration of resources, the network management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs established has connected the interests of different nodes in agricultural supply chain into an organic whole, has effectively eliminated the barriers to information flow, and has increased the profits of agriculture-related enterprises and farmers. At the same time, according to the characteristics of agricultural enterprises in China, a rational agricultural products logistics mode of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprise is established, which offers a reference for the management of agricultural supply chain in China.基于第三方物流的农产品供应链网络管理信息系统的建设摘要本文对构建网络农业第三方物流供应链管理信息系统的必要性进行了分析，表明第三方物流可以提高农产品供应链的整体竞争优势。
数据库毕业设计外文翻译--数据库管理系统的介绍
Database Management Systems( 3th Edition ),Wiley ,2004, 5-12A introduction to Database Management SystemRaghu RamakrishnanA database (sometimes spelled data base) is also called an electronic database , referring to any collection of data, or information, that is specially organized for rapid search and retrieval by a computer. Databases are structured to facilitate the storage, retrieval , modification, and deletion of data in conjunction with various data-processing operations .Databases can be stored on magnetic disk or tape, optical disk, or some other secondary storage device.A database consists of a file or a set of files. The information in these files may be broken down into records, each of which consists of one or more fields. Fields are the basic units of data storage , and each field typically contains information pertaining to one aspect or attribute of the entity described by the database . Using keywords and various sorting commands, users can rapidly search , rearrange, group, and select the fields in many records to retrieve or create reports on particular aggregate of data.Complex data relationships and linkages may be found in all but the simplest databases .The system software package that handles the difficult tasks associated with creating ,accessing, and maintaining database records is called a database management system(DBMS).The programs in a DBMS package establish an interface between the database itself and the users of the database.. (These users may be applications programmers, managers and others with information needs, and various OS programs.)A DBMS can organize, process, and present selected data elements form the database. This capability enables decision makers to search, probe, and query database contents in order to extract answers to nonrecurring and unplanned questions that aren’t available in regular reports. These questions might initially be vague and/or poorly defined ,but people can “browse” through the database until they have the needed information. In short, the DBMS will “manage”the stored data items and assemble the needed items from the common database in response to the queries ofthose who aren’t programmers.A database management system (DBMS) is composed of three major parts:(1)a storage subsystem that stores and retrieves data in files;(2) a modeling and manipulation subsystem that provides the means with which to organize the data and to add , delete, maintain, and update the data;(3)and an interface between the DBMS and its users. Several major trends are emerging that enhance the value and usefulness of database management systems;Managers: who require more up-to-data information to make effective decision Customers: who demand increasingly sophisticated information services and more current information about the status of their orders, invoices, and accounts.Users: who find that they can develop custom applications with database systems in a fraction of the time it takes to use traditional programming languages.Organizations : that discover information has a strategic value; they utilize their database systems to gain an edge over their competitors.The Database ModelA data model describes a way to structure and manipulate the data in a database. The structural part of the model specifies how data should be represented(such as tree, tables, and so on ).The manipulative part of the model specifies the operation with which to add, delete, display, maintain, print, search, select, sort and update the data. Hierarchical ModelThe first database management systems used a hierarchical model-that is-they arranged records into a tree structure. Some records are root records and all others have unique parent records. The structure of the tree is designed to reflect the order in which the data will be used that is ,the record at the root of a tree will be accessed first, then records one level below the root ,and so on.The hierarchical model was developed because hierarchical relationships are commonly found in business applications. As you have known, an organization char often describes a hierarchical relationship: top management is at the highest level, middle management at lower levels, and operational employees at the lowest levels. Note that within a strict hierarchy, each level of management may have manyemployees or levels of employees beneath it, but each employee has only one manager. Hierarchical data are characterized by this one-to-many relationship among data.In the hierarchical approach, each relationship must be explicitly defined when the database is created. Each record in a hierarchical database can contain only one key field and only one relationship is allowed between any two fields. This can create a problem because data do not always conform to such a strict hierarchy.Relational ModelA major breakthrough in database research occurred in 1970 when E. F. Codd proposed a fundamentally different approach to database management called relational model ,which uses a table as its data structure.The relational database is the most widely used database structure. Data is organized into related tables. Each table is made up of rows called and columns called fields. Each record contains fields of data about some specific item. For example, in a table containing information on employees, a record would contain fields of data such as a person’s last name ,first name ,and street address.Structured query language(SQL)is a query language for manipulating data in a relational database .It is nonprocedural or declarative, in which the user need only specify an English-like description that specifies the operation and the described record or combination of records. A query optimizer translates the description into a procedure to perform the database manipulation.Network ModelThe network model creates relationships among data through a linked-list structure in which subordinate records can be linked to more than one parent record. This approach combines records with links, which are called pointers. The pointers are addresses that indicate the location of a record. With the network approach, a subordinate record can be linked to a key record and at the same time itself be a key record linked to other sets of subordinate records. The network mode historically has had a performance advantage over other database models. Today , such performance characteristics are only important in high-volume ,high-speed transaction processing such as automatic teller machine networks or airline reservation system.Both hierarchical and network databases are application specific. If a new application is developed ,maintaining the consistency of databases in different applications can be very difficult. For example, suppose a new pension application is developed .The data are the same, but a new database must be created.Object ModelThe newest approach to database management uses an object model , in which records are represented by entities called objects that can both store data and provide methods or procedures to perform specific tasks.The query language used for the object model is the same object-oriented programming language used to develop the database application .This can create problems because there is no simple , uniform query language such as SQL . The object model is relatively new, and only a few examples of object-oriented database exist. It has attracted attention because developers who choose an object-oriented programming language want a database based on an object-oriented model. Distributed DatabaseSimilarly , a distributed database is one in which different parts of the database reside on physically separated computers . One goal of distributed databases is the access of information without regard to where the data might be stored. Keeping in mind that once the users and their data are separated , the communication and networking concepts come into play .Distributed databases require software that resides partially in the larger computer. This software bridges the gap between personal and large computers and resolves the problems of incompatible data formats. Ideally, it would make the mainframe databases appear to be large libraries of information, with most of the processing accomplished on the personal computer.A drawback to some distributed systems is that they are often based on what is called a mainframe-entire model , in which the larger host computer is seen as the master and the terminal or personal computer is seen as a slave. There are some advantages to this approach . With databases under centralized control , many of the problems of data integrity that we mentioned earlier are solved . But today’s personal computers, departmental computers, and distributed processing require computers andtheir applications to communicate with each other on a more equal or peer-to-peer basis. In a database, the client/server model provides the framework for distributing databases.One way to take advantage of many connected computers running database applications is to distribute the application into cooperating parts that are independent of one anther. A client is an end user or computer program that requests resources across a network. A server is a computer running software that fulfills those requests across a network . When the resources are data in a database ,the client/server model provides the framework for distributing database.A file serve is software that provides access to files across a network. A dedicated file server is a single computer dedicated to being a file server. This is useful ,for example ,if the files are large and require fast access .In such cases, a minicomputer or mainframe would be used as a file server. A distributed file server spreads the files around on individual computers instead of placing them on one dedicated computer.Advantages of the latter server include the ability to store and retrieve files on other computers and the elimination of duplicate files on each computer. A major disadvantage , however, is that individual read/write requests are being moved across the network and problems can arise when updating files. Suppose a user requests a record from a file and changes it while another user requests the same record and changes it too. The solution to this problems called record locking, which means that the first request makes others requests wait until the first request is satisfied . Other users may be able to read the record, but they will not be able to change it .A database server is software that services requests to a database across a network. For example, suppose a user types in a query for data on his or her personal computer . If the application is designed with the client/server model in mind ,the query language part on the personal computer simple sends the query across the network to the database server and requests to be notified when the data are found.Examples of distributed database systems can be found in the engineering world. Sun’s Network Filing System(NFS),for example, is used in computer-aidedengineering applications to distribute data among the hard disks in a network of Sun workstation.Distributing databases is an evolutionary step because it is logical that data should exist at the location where they are being used . Departmental computers within a large corporation ,for example, should have data reside locally , yet those data should be accessible by authorized corporate management when they want to consolidate departmental data . DBMS software will protect the security and integrity of the database , and the distributed database will appear to its users as no different from the non-distributed database .Database Management Systems( 3th Edition ),Wiley ,2004, 5-12数据库管理系统的介绍Raghu Ramakrishnan数据库（database,有时拼作data base）又称为电子数据库，是专门组织起来的一组数据或信息，其目的是为了便于计算机快速查询及检索。
高校学生公寓管理系统_外文翻译（范文）
外文文献资料HTTP and Servlet BasicsLet's start off this chapter by defining the term web application. We've all seen regular client-side applications, but what exactly is a web application? Loosely, it can be defined as an application running on a server a user accesses through a thin, general-purpose client. Today, the most common client is a web browser on a PC or workstation, but other kinds of clients are rapidly joining the party, such as wireless PDAs, cell phones, and other specialized devices.The lofty goal here is to access all the information and services you need from any type of device that happens to be in front of you. This means that the same simple client program must be able to talk to many different server applications, and the applications must be able to work with many different types of clients. To satisfy this need, the protocol of how a client and a server talk to each other must be defined in detail. That's exactly what the HyperText Transport Protocol (HTTP) is for.The communication model defined by HTTP forms the foundation for all web application design. A basic understanding of HTTP is key to developing applications that fit within the constraints of the protocol, no matter whichserver-side technology you use. In this chapter, we look at the most important details of HTTP you need to be aware of as a web application developer.One other item: this book is about using JSP as the server-side technology. JSP is based on the Java servlet technology. Both technologies share a lot of terminology and concepts, so knowing a bit about servlets will help you even when you develop pure JSP applications. To really understand and use the full power of JSP, you need to know a fair bit about servlets. Hence, we look at servlet fundamentals in the last section of this chapter.2.1 The HTTP Request/Response ModelHTTP and all extended protocols based on HTTP are based on a very simplecommunications model. Here's how it works: a client, typically a web browser, sends a request for a resource to a server, and the server sends back a response corresponding to the resource (or a response with an error message if it can't process the request for some reason). A resource can be a number of things, such as a simple HTML file returned verbatim to the browser or a program that generates the response dynamically.This simple model implies three important facts you need to be aware of:HTTP is a stateless protocol. This means that the server doesn't keep any information about the client after it sends its response, and therefore it can't recognize that multiple requests from the same client may be related.Web applications can't easily provide the kind of immediate feedback typically found in standalone GUI applications such as word processors or traditional client/server applications. Every interaction between the client and the server requires a request/response exchange. Performing a request/response exchange when a user selects an item in a list box or fills out a form element is usually too taxing on the bandwidth available to most Internet users.There's nothing in the protocol that tells the server how a request is made; consequently, the server can't distinguish between various methods of triggering the request on the client. For example, HTTP doesn't allow a web server to differentiate between an explicit request caused by clicking a link or submitting a form and an implicit request caused by resizing the browser window or using the browser's Back button. In addition, HTTP doesn't contain any means for the server to invoke client specific functions, such as going back in the browser history list or sending the response to a certain frame. Also, the server can't detect when the user closes the browser.Over the years, people have developed various tricks to overcome the first problem; HTTP's stateless nature. The other two problems—no immediate feedback and no details about how the request is made—are harder to deal with, but some amount of interactivity can be achieved by generating a response that includes client-side code (code executed by the browser), such as JavaScript or a Java applet.2.1.1 Requests in DetailLet's take a closer look at requests. A user sends a request to the server byclicking a link on a web page, submitting a form, or typing in a web page address in the browser's address field. To send a request, the browser needs to know which server to talk to and which resource to ask for. This information is specified by an HTTP Uniform Resource Locator (URL):/index.htmlThe first part of the URL shown specifies that the request is made using the HTTP protocol. This is followed by the name of the server, in this case. The web server waits for requests to come in on a specific TCP/IP port. Port number 80 is the standard port for HTTP requests. If the web server uses another port, the URL must specify the port number in addition to the server name. For example::8080/index.htmlThis request is sent to a server that uses port 8080 instead of 80. The last part of the URL, /index.html, identifies the resource that the client is requesting.A URL is actually a specialization of a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI, defined in the RFC-2396 specification). A URL identifies a resource partly by its location, for instance the server that contains the resource. Another type of URI is a Uniform Resource Name (URN), which is a globally unique identifier that is valid no matter where the resource is located. HTTP deals only with the URL variety. The terms URI and URL are often used interchangeable, and unfortunately, they have slightly different definitions in different specifications. I'm trying to use the terms as defined by the HTTP/1.1 specification (RFC-2616), which is pretty close to how they are also used in the servlet and JSP specifications. Hence, I use the term URL only when the URI must start with http (or https, for HTTP over an encrypted connection) followed by a server name and possibly a port number, as in the previous examples. I use URI as a generic term for any string that identifies a resource, where the location can be deduced from the context and isn't necessarily part of the URI. For example, when the request has been delivered to the server, the location is a given, and only the resource identifier is important.The browser uses the URL information to create the request message it sends to the specified server using the specified protocol. An HTTP request message consists of three things: a request line, request headers, and possibly a request body.The request line starts with the request method name, followed by a resource identifier and the protocol version used by the browser:GET /index.html HTTP/1.1The most commonly used request method is named GET. As the name implies, a GET request is used to retrieve a resource from the server. It's the default request method, so if you type a URL in the browser's address field, or click on a link, the request is sent as a GET request to the server.The request headers provide additional information the server may use to process the request. The message body is included only in some types of requests, like the POST request discussed later.Here's an example of a valid HTTP request message:GET /index.html HTTP/1.1Host: User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Win 9x 4.90; en-US; rv: 1.0.2)Accept: image/gif, image/jpeg, image/pjpeg, image/png, */*Accept-Language : enAccept-Charset : iso-8859-1,*,utf-8The request line specifies the GET method and asks for the resource named/index.html to be returned using the HTTP/1.1 protocol version. The various headers provide additional information.The Host header tells the server the hostname used in the URL. A server may have multiple names, so this information is used to distinguish between multiple virtual web servers sharing the same web server process.The User-Agent header contains information about the type of browser making the request. The server can use this to send different types of responses to different types of browsers. For instance, if the server knows whether Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator is used, it can send a response that takes advantage of each browser's unique features. It can also tell if a client other than an HTML browser is used, such as a Wireless Markup Language (WML) browser on a cell phone or a PDA device, and generate an appropriate response.The Accept headers provide information about the languages and file formats the browser accepts. These headers can be used to adjust the response to the capabilities of the browser and the user's preferences, such as use a supportedimage format and the preferred language. These are just a few of the headers that can be included in a request message.The resource identifier (URI) doesn't necessarily correspond to a static file on the server. It can identify an executable program, a record in a database, or pretty much anything the web server knows about. That's why the generic term resource is used. In fact, there's no way to tell if the /index.html URI corresponds to a file or something else; it's just a name that means something to the server. The web server is configured to map these unique names to the real resources.2.1.2 Responses in DetailWhen the web server receives the request, it looks at the URI and decides, based on configuration information, how to handle it. It may handle it internally by simply reading an HTML file from the filesystem, or it can forward the request to some component that is responsible for the resource corresponding to the URI. This can be a program that uses database information, for instance, to dynamically generate an appropriate response. To the browser it makes no difference how the request is handled; all it cares about is getting a response.The response message looks similar to the request message. It consists of three things: a status line, response headers, and an optional response body. Here's an example:HTTP/1.1 200 OKLast-Modified: Mon, 20 Dec 2002 23:26:42 GMTDate: Tue, 11 Jan 2003 20:52:40 GMTStatus: 200Content-Type: text/htmlServlet-Engine: Tomcat Web Server/5.0Content-Length: 59<html><body><h1>Hello World!</h1></body></html>The status line starts with the name of the protocol, followed by a status code and a short description of the status code. Here the status code is 200, meaning therequest was executed successfully. The response message has headers just like the request message. In this example, the Last-Modified header gives the date and time for when the resource was last modified. The browser can use this information as a timestamp in a local cache; the next time the user asks for this resource, he can ask the server to send it only if it's been updated since the last time it was requested. The Content-Type header tells the browser what type of response data the body contains and the Content-Length header how large it is. The other headers areself-explanatory. A blank line separates the headers from the message body. Here the body is a simple HTML page:<html><body><h1>Hello World!</h1></body></html>Of course, the body can contain a more complex HTML page or any other type of content. For example, the request may return an HTML page with <img> elements. When the browser reads the first response and finds the <img> elements, it sends a new request for the resource identified by each element, often in parallel. The server returns one response for each image request, with a Content-Type header telling what type of image it is (for instance image/gif) and the body containing the bytes that make up the image. The browser then combines all responses to render the complete page.2.1.3 Request ParametersBesides the URI and headers, a request message can contain additional information in the form of parameters. If the URI identifies a server-side program for displaying weather information, for example, request parameters can provide information about the city the user wants to see a forecast for. In an e-commerce application, the URI may identify a program that processes orders, with the user's customer number and the list of items to be purchased transferred as parameters.Parameters can be sent in one of two ways: tacked on to the URI in the form of a query string or sent as part of the request message body. This is an example of a URL with a query string:/forecast?city=Hermosa+Beach&state=CAThe query string starts with a question mark (?) and consists of name/value pairs separated by ampersands (&). These names and values must be URL-encoded, meaning that special characters, such as whitespace, question marks, ampersands, and all other nonalphanumeric characters are encoded so that they don't get confused with characters used to separate name/value pairs and other parts of the URI. In this example, the space between Hermosa and Beach is encoded as a plus sign. Other special characters are encoded as their corresponding hexadecimal ASCII value; for instance, a question mark is encoded as %3F. When parameters are sent as part of the request body, they follow the same syntax; URL encoded name/value pairs separated by ampersands.2.1.4 Request MethodsAs described earlier, GET is the most commonly used request method, intended to retrieve a resource without causing anything else to happen on the server. The POST method is almost as common as GET; it requests some kind of processing on the server, for instance, updating a database or processing a purchase order.The way parameters are transferred is one of the most obvious differences between the GET and POST request methods. A GET request always uses a query string to send parameter values, while a POST request always sends them as part of the body (additionally, it can send some parameters as a query string, just to make life interesting). If you insert a link in an HTML page using an <a> element, clicking on the link results in a GET request being sent to the server. Since the GET request uses a query string to pass parameters, you can include hardcoded parameter values in the link URI:<a href="/forecast?city=Hermosa+Beach&state=CA">Hermosa Beach weather forecast</a>When you use a form to send user input to the server, you can specify whether to use the GET or POST method with the method attribute, as shown here: <form action="/forecast" method="POST">City: <input name="city" type="text">State: <input name="state" type="text"><p><input type="SUBMIT"></form>If the user enters "Hermosa Beach" and "CA" in the form fields and clicks on the Submit button, the browser sends a request message like this to the server: POST /forecast HTTP/1.1Host: User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Win 9x 4.90; en-US; rv: 1.0.2)Accept: image/gif, image/jpeg, image/pjpeg, image/png, */*Accept-language: en-USAccept-charset: iso-8859-1,*,utf-8city=Hermosa+Beach&state=CADue to the differences in how parameters are sent by GET and POST requests, as well as the differences in their intended purpose, browsers handle the requests in different ways. A GET request, parameters and all, can easily be saved as a bookmark, hardcoded as a link, and the response cached by the browser. Also, the browser knows that no damage is done if it needs to send a GET request again automatically, for instance if the user clicks the Reload button.A POST request, on the other hand, can't be bookmarked as easily; the browser would have to save both the URI and the request message body. Since a POST request is intended to perform some possibly irreversible action on the server, the browser must also ask the user if it's okay to send the request again Besides the GET and POST methods, HTTP specifies the following methods: OPTIONSThe OPTIONS method is used to find out what options (e.g., methods) a server or a resource offers.HEADThe HEAD method is used to get a response with all headers generated by a GET request but without the body. It can make sure a link is valid or to see when a resource was last modified.PUTThe PUT method is used to store the message body content on the server as a resource identified by the URI.DELETEThe DELETE method is used to delete the resource identified by the URI.TRACEThe TRACE method is used for testing the communication between the client and the server. The server sends back the request message, exactly as it received it, as the body of the response.These methods aren't normally used in a web application.2.2 ServletsThe JSP specification is based on the Java servlet specification. In fact, JSP pages are often combined with servlets in the same application. In this section, we take a brief look at what a servlet is, and then discuss the concepts shared by servlets and JSP pages. In Chapter 3, we'll take a closer look at how JSP pages are actually turned into servlets automatically.If you're already familiar with servlets, this is old news. Y ou can safely skip the rest of this chapter.2.2.1 Advantages over Other Server-Side TechnologiesIn simple terms, a servlet is a piece of code that adds new functionality to a server (typically a web server), just like CGI and proprietary server extensions such as NSAPI and ISAPI. But compared to other technologies, servlets have a number of advantages:Platform and vendor independenceAll the major web servers and application servers support servlets, so a servlet-based solution doesn't tie you to one specific vendor. Also, servlets are written in the Java programming language, so they can be used on any operating system with a Java runtime environment.IntegrationServlets are developed in Java and can therefore take advantage of all other Java technologies, such as JDBC for database access, JNDI for directory access, RMI for remote resource access, etc. Starting with V ersion 2.2, the servlet specification is part of the Java 2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE), making servlets an important ingredient of any large-scale enterprise application, with formalized relationships to other server-side technologies such as Enterprise JavaBeans.EfficiencyServlets execute in a process that is running until the servlet-based applicationis shut down. Each servlet request is executed as a separate thread in this permanent process. This is far more efficient that the CGI model, where a new process is created for each request. First of all (and most obvious), a servlet doesn't have the overhead of creating the process and loading the CGI script and possibly its interpreter. But another timesaver is that servlets can also access resources that remain loaded in the process memory between requests, such as database connections and persistent state.ScalabilityBy virtue of being written in Java and the broad support for servlets, a servlet-based application is extremely scalable. Y ou can develop and test the application on a Windows PC using the standalone servlet reference implementation, and deploy it on anything from a more powerful server running Linux and Apache to a cluster of high-end servers with an application server that supports loadbalancing and failover.Robustness and securityJava is a strongly typed programming language. This means that you catch a lot of mistakes in the compilation phase that you would only catch during runtime if you used a script language such as Perl. Java's error handling is also much more robust than C/C++, where an error such as division by zero typically brings down the whole server.In addition, servlets use specialized interfaces to server resources that aren't vulnerable to the traditional security attacks. For instance, a CGI Perl script typically uses shell command strings composed of data received from the client to ask the server to do things such as send email. People with nothing better to do love to find ways to send data that will cause the server to crash, remove all files on the hard disk, or plant a virus or a backdoor when the server executes the command. While a CGI script programmer must be very careful to screen all input to avoid these threats, such problems are almost nonexistent with a servlet because it doesn't communicate with the server in the same insecure way2.2.2 Servlet ContainersA servlet container is the connection between a web server and the servlets. It provides the runtime environment for all the servlets on the server as defined by the servlet specification, and is responsible for loading and invoking those servletswhen the time is right. The container typically loads a servlet class when it receives the first request for the servlet, gives it a chance to initialize itself, and then asks it to process the request. Subsequent requests use the same, initialized servlet until the server is shut down. The container then gives the servlet a chance to release resources and save its state (for instance, information accumulated during its lifetime).There are many different types of servlet containers. Some containers are called add-ons, or plug-ins, and are used to add servlet support to web servers without native servlet support (such as Apache and IIS). They can run in the same operating-system process as the web server or in a separate process. Other containers are standalone servers. A standalone server includes web server functionality to provide full support for HTTP in addition to the servlet runtime environment. Containers can also be embedded in other servers, such as a climate-control system, to offer a web-based interface to the system. A container bundled as part of an application server can distribute the execution of servlets over multiple hosts. The server can balance the load evenly over all containers, and some servers can even provide failover capabilities in case a host crashes.No matter what type it is, the servlet container is responsible for mapping an incoming request to a servlet registered to handle the resource identified by the URI and passing the request message to that servlet. After the request is processed, it's the container's responsibility to convert the response created by the servlet into an HTTP response message and send it back to the client2.2.3 Servlet Contexts and Web ApplicationsA Java web application is typically made up by a combination of several different types of resources: JSP pages, servlets, applets, static HTML pages, custom tag libraries and other Java class files. Containers compliant with the Servlet 2.2 specification (or later), support a standard, portable way to package all these resources, along with a web application deployment descriptor containing information about how all the resources fit together. The deployment descriptor and all the other web application files are arranged in a well-defined hierarchy within an archive file, called a web application archive (WAR). All compliant containers provide tools for installing a WAR file or a special directory where a WAR file is automatically picked up (such as the webapps directory in Tomcat).Most containers also support web applications deployed directly in a filesystem using the same file structure as is defined for the WAR file, which can be convenient during development.Within the container, each web application is represented by a servlet context. The servlet context is associated with a unique URI path prefix called the context path. For instance, your human resources application can be associated with the context path /hr and your sales tracking system with the context path /sales. This allows one servlet container to distinguish between the different applications it serves and dispatch requests like /sales/report?month=Jan to the sales tracking application and /hr/emplist to the human resources application.The remaining URI path is then used within the selected context to decide how to process the request by comparing it to path-mapping rules defined by the application's deployment descriptor. Rules can be defined to send all requests starting with /report to one servlet and requests starting with /forecast to another. Another type of mapping rule can say that one servlet handles all requests with paths ending with a specific file extension, such as .jsp. shows how the different parts of the URI paths are used to direct the request processing to the right resource through the container and context.Each context is self-contained and doesn't know anything about other applications running in the same container. References between the servlets and JSP pages in the application are commonly relative to the context path and, therefore, are referred to as context-relative paths. By using context-relative paths within the application, a web application can be deployed using any context path.Finally, a context can hold objects shared by all components of the application, such as database connections and other shared resources needed by multiple servlets and JSP pages.中文翻译稿应用技术学院 06计算机（0616403028）徐鹏程2010年4月HTTP和Servlet的基础知识让我们从定义Web应用程序这一章开始。
外文翻译---现代机房管理系统发展分析
The modern computer room management system development analysis现代机房管理系统发展分析教学部经管部专业信息管理与信息系统班级学号姓名指导教师2011年6月The Modern Computer Room Management System DevelopmentAnalysisAlong with the national education system reform, college enrollment expansion and computer technology, computer is widely used students more than doubled, public computer room size is more and more big. In order to adapt to the needs of students on mode diversification, computer room allocation and management system in the stable operation, efficient, reliable, safe, can be expanded and at the same time with the development of computer technology constantly updated. At present, appear all sorts of types, such as all kinds of public computer room net cafe, library electronic reading-room, unit electronic reading-room, all kinds of training institutions, colleges and universities rooms. In the common computer room, computer room management in colleges and universities is the most representative and versatility. The school public computer open laboratory has the following characteristics.（1）Students, such as computer mode diversification schedule to attend class, internship, computer, computer skills practice, at one's own expenses at DuoZhong surfing the Internet, and grade examination, training, etc.（2）A computer room dozens of computer already can't satisfy the need of the actual situation, arise hundreds of Taiwan, hundreds of computer room, computer room of the new trend large scale.（3）Service targets are junior college students, the undergraduate and graduate student, continue to education and various types such as training, service object diversification.（4）Computer room function increase form a network experiment room, multimedia computer room, etc, can use D0S, Windows 9 x, WindowsNT o2000oXP, Linux and Unix operating system software and hardware, such as room of the configuration of diversification.According to the actual situation of domestic, the design applies to domestic colleges and universities computer room management system is necessary. A forget computer room management status, Foreign computer room management way and the domestic many differences. In abroad, especially in developed countries, because the computer technologyapplication popularity is higher, common computer room management system and didn't get a wide range of applications, computer resources is quite abundant, computer room so small, relatively stable development.（1）Network infrastructure improvement, the cost of Internet service, common computer room can only be cheaper to assist in the role.（2）Room open degree high, basically all provide free by machine, 24 hours free and open computer class, students does not require the attendance, so the entrance guard system, educational administration management (curriculum arrangement, attendance, etc) system, the financial system are not integrated into the system.（3）The general scale is not large, equipped with computer room the diversity of all kinds of equipment, not only have the PC, and the apple Macintosh), various (workstation, printers, scanners, experimental conditions diversification.（4）Equipment renewal cycle 1.5 ~ 3 years, update quickly and caused many kinds of safety management system is difficult.（5）Does not exist a rapid expansion in the number of students, computer room size, there was little change management personnel, so in computer room management enough in the reform of domestic so urgent, no development is relatively stable.（6）Computer generally high quality personnel, computer room make strict experimental regulation, rely mainly on everyone's consciously abide by.Second, the domestic computer room management situationHigher education in China because of the rapid development of the computer room doesn't satisfy the scale of development of the students' growth, most college computer room facing lack of qualified teachers, management personnel serious shortcomings, and in the recruitment of students scale growing circumstances, it is to meet student learning and the rapidly growing demand, and to ensure the computer teaching work smoothly. So, each university in computer room management reform and innovation. At present domestic university computer room management can be roughly divided into artificial management, computer aided artificial management, and the automation management three modes.（1）Artificial management .In some small, computer equipment, older computer task little room, investment and technology to achieve a computer room, often safety management system is not worth the candle. So still USES the traditional artificialmanagement means, also have some room the sizeSmall, but limited to conditions, and also still stay in insufficient artificial management mode.（2）Computer aided artificial management reform of some room just starting out, or lack of funds and technology, still can't suddenly realize standardized management of computer room, part of the use of computer aided management. If a student in and out of the room when take student or card to the officer on duty place brush card, use billing system for timing, and for students of each computer order, on contentAnd so on all or rely on artificial management.（3）Computer room full automation management use computer room management system and standardized management of computer room, the student exceptThe computer as planned, other time outside the open round-the-clock, and students can independent computer experiment, with machine, computer room much freedom realized in the unattended, safe and convenient, improve application up the quality of management. At present domestic has been some schools the computer automation management, there are more schools still stay in artificial management mode, part of the school computer room has in someThe degree of the computer aided artificial management mode. Management means and methods is uneven, in order to more effectively, the standard, highly effective implementation of the management, it is necessary to improve the management mode and management methods are discussed.Three, computer room management system design through the system analysis, the general structure of the system is divided into the server (database service Device and control server), the client of financial management and machine. The database server for all users of person information, accounting information, computer record and prepaid phone CARDS and other information. Control the server and the client through information interaction room management function to realize, financial management machine through the generation prepaid phone CARDS users prepaid phone, fill the complete statistics etc. Function. Each subsystem contains a different function modules of the system function.（1）The customer terminal system: operation in every client to verify user identity,and their own balance inquires deposits, and realize the switch machine, the client and the server communication. It than the amount of code the server are much smaller, but it many need to function of the realization of the it is any senior language does not have, like a lock keyboard, traverse process, system shutdown and so on. In order to realize the function of the call to the client API, these API system to help us achieve the Windows kernel functions calls, so as to realize the function of the want to do. As a user of the computer monitoring, direct client program process should be is not easy to be was suspended and will not be around, completely do not be suspended and bypass is not realistic. We in the client outside the main program, increased two monitoring program to monitor, small client main program of the operation, once found the problem immediately shut down, and at the same time in the server to the corresponding tracking the monitoring mechanism.（2）Control server running on control subsystem: the server, and achieve all the Monitoring and management functions, divided into DuoGe function module, the data stored in the database servicesImplement. The server is according to the manager and the client all kinds of requests from to complete .The database, and various operations to administrator provide a human, beautiful, easy Use interface. Due to the introduction of the ADO, the server database of all aikido Make all is to use the SQL language to finish, plus all the client database request Also is the server to a proxy to complete, the server is driven by ADO unified in the background .Scheduling these database request, make the whole system can be efficient operation.（3）Financial management subsystem: run in separate computer, realize the user filling .Value and financial surveillance management function, divided into DuoGe function module. In fact the computer maintenance and occurrence breakdown problem is far more than these, formed the good habit and master a set of maintenance computer fault method, out for personal and business unit has a very important significance.现代机房管理系统发展分析随着国家教育体制改革的不断深入, 高校招生规模的急剧扩大和计算机技术的普遍应用, 学生上机量成倍增长, 公用计算机机房规模越来越大。
数据采集外文翻译
中文1950字附录附录A外文资料Data CollectionAt present,the management of China’s colleges and universities’apartments are developing toward standardization and market development,accidents have occurred in electricity,while some colleges and universities have installed apart ment energy metering control system,however,these systems monitor the prevale nce of low level,billing accuracy is low,electricity-sharing,the network number o f the drawbacks of low extent.Therefore，improving the Energy Measurement m onitoring device has become more urgent．The issue of student hostels in colle ges and universities to monitor energy metering system to study，design the st udent hostels in colleges and universities of the electricity data collector apartm ent.Data acquisition, also known as data acquisition, is the use of a device th at collect data from outside the system and enter into an interface within the s ystem.Data acquisition technology is widely cited in the various fields.Such as camera, microphone, all data collection tools.Data is being collected has been c onverted to electrical signals of various physical quantities such as temperature, water level, wind speed, pressure, etc., can be analog, it can be digital.Sampl e collection generally means that a certain time interval (called the sampling p eriod) to repeat the same point of data collection.The data collected are mostly instantaneous value, but also a feature within a certain period of time value.A ccurate data measurement is the basis for data collection.Data measurement met hod of contact and non-contact detection elements varied.Regardless of which method and components are measured object does not affect the status and me asurement environment as a precondition to ensure the accuracy of the data.Ver y broad meaning of data collection, including continuous physical hold the collection across the state.In computer-aided mapping, surveying and mapping, desi gn, digital graphics or image data acquisition process may also be called, this time to be collected is the geometric volume (or include physical quantities, su ch as gray)data.[1] In today's fast-growing Internet industry, data collection has been widely used in the field of Internet and distributed data acquisition field has undergone important changes.First, the distributed control applications in i ntelligent data acquisition system at home and abroad have made great progres s.Second, the bus-compatible data acquisition plug-in number is increasing, and personal computer-compatible data acquisition system the number is increasing. Various domestic and international data collection machine has come out, the d ata acquisition into a new era.Digital signal processor (DSP) to the high-speed data processing ability an d strong peripherals interface, more and more widely used in power quality an alysis field, in order to improve the real-time and reliability.The DSP and micr ocomputer as the center of the system, realize the power system signal collecti on and analysis. This paper based on the FFT algorithm with window interpola tion electric system harmonic analysis, improves the accuracy of the power qua lity parameters. In electricity parameter acquisition circuit, by highaccuracy tran sformer and improve software synchronous communication sampling method to conduct electricity parameters of the acquisition.The system consists of two main components, mainly complete data acquis ition and logic control.To synchronous sampling and A/D converter circuit pri ority . The DSP development board(SY-5402EVM),complete data processing. T HE signal after transformer, op-amp into A/D converter, using DSP multi-chann el buffer (McBSP) and serial port (A/D connected, data collection and operatio ns. At the same time, adopt PLL circuit implementation synchronous sampling, can prevent well due to sampling synchronization and cause the measuring err or. The overall system diagram of the A/D converter chooses the Analog to pr oduce stats redetect (AD) company AD73360. The chip has six analogue input channel, each channel can output 16 the digital quantity. Six channel simultan eous sampling, and conversion, timeshare transmission, effectively reduce gener ated due to the sampling time different phase error. SY - 5402EVM on-board DSP chip is TI company's 16 fixed-point digital signal processor TMS320VC54 02. It has high costperformance and provide high-speed, bidirectional, multi-channel belt cushion, be used to serial port with system of other serial devices di rectly interface.The realization method of ac sample：In the field of power quality analysi s,The fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm analysis of electric system harmon ic is commonly used.and the FFT algorithm to signal a strict requirements syn chronous sampling. The synchronous sampling influence: it's difficult to accomp lish synchronous sampling and integer a period truncation in the actual measur ement, so there was a affect the measurement accuracy of the frequency spectr um leakage problem. The signal has to deal with through sampling and A/D c onversion get limited long digital sequence,the original signal multiplied by A r ectangular window to truncated. Time-domain truncation will cause the detuning frequency domain, spectrum leakage occurs. In the synchronous sampling, bec ause the actual signal every harmonic component can't exactly landed in freque ncy resolution point in, but fall between the frequency resolution points. But F FT spectrum is discrete, only in all sampling points, while in other places of s pectrum is not. Such through FFT and cannot directly get every harmonic com ponent, but only the accurate value in neighboring frequency resolution point v alue to approximate instead of, can cause the fence effect error.The realization method of synchronous sampling signal：According to provide different ways of sampling signal, synchronous sampling method and divided into software sync hronous sampling method and hardware synchronous sampling method is two k inds. Software is synchronous sampling method by micro controller (MCU) or DSP provide synchronized sampling pulse, first measured the measured signal, the sa mpling interval period T Δ T = T/N (N for week of sampling points), T hus the count value determined timer,Use timing interrupt way realization sync hronous sampling. The advantage of this method is no hardware synchronous c ircuit, simple structure .This topic will be the eventual realization of access to embedded systems，the realization of the power measurement and monitoring,m onitoring system to meet the electricity network,intelligence requirement,it prom ote the development of remote monitoring services,bringing a certain degree of socio.economic effectiveness.On the fundamental reactive current and harmonic current detection, there are mainly 2 ways: First, the instantaneous reactive power theory based method, the second is based on adaptive cancellation techniques.In addition, there areother non-mainstream approach, such as fast Fourier transform method, wavelet transform.Instantaneous power theory based on the method of offensive principles ar e: a three-phase current detection and load phase voltage A, the coordinate tra nsformation, two-phase stationary coordinate system the current value, calculate the instantaneous active and instantaneous reactive power ip iq,then after coor dinate transformation, three-phase fundamental active current, with the final loa d current minus the fundamental current, active power and harmonic currents a re fundamental iah, ibhi, ich.From:Principles of Data Acquisitio数据采集目前，我国高校公寓管理正在向着正规化、市场化发展，在不断提高学生方便用电的同时，用电事故频有发生，虽然部分高校公寓已经安装了电能计量监控系统，但这些系统普遍存在着监控程度低、计费精度不高、电费均分、网络程度低等诸多端。
本科生外文译文课程设计
本科生外文译文课程设计一、课程目标知识目标：1. 学生能够理解并掌握外文课文中的主要知识点，包括专业词汇、语法结构和文章组织。
2. 学生能够准确翻译外文课文，理解其深层含义，并能进行相关领域的知识拓展。
3. 学生能够对外文课文进行批判性阅读，分析文章的论证方式和逻辑结构。
技能目标：1. 学生能够运用所学翻译技巧，对外文课文进行准确、流畅的翻译。
2. 学生能够通过小组讨论、课堂展示等形式，提高自己的表达能力和团队合作能力。
3. 学生能够运用批判性思维，对外文课文进行深入分析，提高自己的思辨能力。
情感态度价值观目标：1. 学生能够增强对所学专业的兴趣和热情，培养自主学习的能力。
2. 学生能够尊重不同文化背景，培养跨文化交际的意识。
3. 学生能够通过外文译文的学习，拓宽国际视野，增强国家意识和责任感。
课程性质：本课程为专业选修课，旨在提高学生的外文翻译能力和跨文化交际能力。
学生特点：本科生已经具备一定的外语基础，但翻译技巧和批判性思维能力有待提高。
教学要求：教师应注重理论与实践相结合，充分调动学生的主观能动性，引导学生进行自主、合作、探究式学习。
同时，关注学生的个体差异，因材施教，提高课程教学效果。
通过本课程的学习，使学生达到上述课程目标，并为后续相关课程的学习打下坚实基础。
二、教学内容本课程教学内容主要包括以下几部分：1. 外文课文翻译基本技巧：包括词汇、语法、句型结构等方面的翻译方法，以及翻译过程中的常见问题与对策。
2. 外文课文分析与解读：对教材中的精选文章进行深度剖析，理解文章的论证方式、逻辑结构和作者观点。
3. 批判性阅读与思考：培养学生对外文课文进行批判性思考，分析文章的优点和不足，提高学生的思辨能力。
4. 跨文化交际能力培养：通过对比分析中外文化差异，提高学生在实际翻译中的跨文化交际能力。
教学内容安排如下：第一周：外文课文翻译基本技巧介绍与练习。
第二周：分析教材第一章文章，进行翻译实践和讨论。
【计算机专业文献翻译】信息系统的管理
传播媒体必须经过仔细选择，平衡每个媒体的优点和缺点，这个选择决定网络的速度。改变一个已经安装好的网络媒体通常非常昂贵。最实用的传播媒体是电缆，光纤，广播，光，红外线。
本科生毕业设计（论文）外文资料译文
（2009届）
论文题目
基于Javamail的邮件收发系统
学生姓名
学号
专业
计算机科学与技术
班级
指导教师
职称
讲师、副教授
填表日期
2008年 12月 10 日
信息科学与工程学院教务科制
外文资料翻译（译文不少于2000汉字）
1．所译外文资料：信息系统的管理Managing Information Systems
数据共享是网络的重要应用之一。网络可以共享交易数据，搜索和查询数据，信息，公告板，日历，团队和个人信息数据，备份等。在交易的时候，连接一个公司的电脑的中央数据库包括现有库存信息和出售的数据信息。如果数据被储存在一个中央数据库中，搜查结果便可从中获取。电子邮件的发送已经成为同事之间最常用的信息共享的方式之一。
自从信号在空中传输后，广播，光以及红外线作为传播媒体已经不需要电缆。
传输能力，即一个传播媒体一次性传输的数据量，在不同的媒体中，材料不同，安装时付出的劳动不同，传输的能力有很大的区别。传播媒体有时候被合并，代替远地域之间的高速传播媒体，速度虽慢，但是成本低，在一幢大楼中进行信息传播。
连接设备包括网络连接卡NICS，或者在计算机和网络间进行传输和信号传递的局域网LAN卡。其他常用的设备连接不同的网络，特别是当一个网络使用不用的传输媒体的时候。使用一个对很多用户都开放的系统很重要，比如windows/NT,Office2000，Novell，UNIX.
外文翻译--EDA的发展及VHDL的应用
附录A英文文献The development of EDA and the application of VHDL 90's in 20 centuries, international last electronics and calculator technique more the forerunner's nation, has been being actively investigating a new design method of the electronics electric circuit, and carried on an exhaustive change in the aspects of designing a method, tool wait, obtain huge success.At the design realm of the electronics technique, the application of programmable logic spare part(like CPLD, FPGA), have already got extensive universality, these spare parts brought tremendous vivid for the design of numerical system.These spare parts can pass a software plait a distance but as to it's hardware structure and work the way carry on heavy Gou and make thus the design of hardware can like software design so convenient fast.The all these biggest changed a traditional numerical method, design process of the system design and design idea and promoted the EDA technical quick development.The EDA is an electronics design automation of abbreviation, design from the calculator assistance at the beginning of 90's in 20 centuries, calculator assistance manufacturing, calculator assistance test and calculator lend support to the concept of engineering a development since then.The EDA technique is to take calculator as tool, design at EDA software terrace up, use the hardware description language HDL completion a design a document, then is of oneself completed logic to edit and translate, turn Chien, partitioned by the calculator, comprehensive, excellent turn, set up, cloth line with imitate really, until for particular target chip of proper go together with to edit and translate, the logic reflect to shoot with plait distance download etc. work.The EDA technical emergence, biggest raised efficiency and maneuverability of electric circuit design, eased to design of labor strength.These spare parts can pass a software plait a distance but as to it's hardware structure and work the way carry on heavy Gou and make thus the design of hardware can like software design so convenient fast.The all these biggest changed a traditional numerical method, design process of the system design and design idea and promoted the EDA technical quick development.Make use of EDA tool, the electronics designer can start design electronics system from the concept, calculate way, agreement...etc., a great deal of work can pass calculator completion, and can design the electronics product is from the electric circuit, the function analyze compute of the whole process of design an IC landscape or PCB landscape on board auto processing completion.Use to the EDA concept or category very breadth now.Include in each realm of the machine, electronics, correspondence, aviation aerospace, chemical engineering, mineral, living creature, medical science, military...etc., all there is EDA application.The EDA technique has already extensively used in each archduke department, the Qi business unit and research teaching sectioncurrently.For example in the airplane the manufacturing the process, from design, performance test and characteristic analytical until fly emulation, may involve an EDA technique.The EDA technique that this text point mainly to the design, PCB design of the electronics electric circuit and IC design. The EDA design can is divided into system class, electric circuit class and physics to carry out class. The EDA in common use software and tool pile up one after another and get into an our country currently and have the EDA software of extensive influence to have:MultiSIM 7(the latest edition of original EWB), PSPICE, OrCAD, PCAD, Protel, Viewlogic, Mentor, Graphics, Synopsys, LSIIogic, Cadence, MicroSim, ISE, modelsim etc..These tools all have stronger function, generally can used for a few aspects, for example a lot of softwares all can carry on an electric circuit design with imitate really, together entering can also carry on PCB to automatically set up cloth line, can output various net form a document with the third square software connect.The VHDL birth in 1982.At the end of 1987, the VHDL is confirm by IEEE and American Ministry of National Defense to describe language for the standard hardware.Announced VHDL standard edition from the IEEE, IEEE-1076(call 87 versions) after, the each EDA company released own VHDL design environment one after another, or declared that the own design tool can connect with VHDL.Henceforth the VHDL designed realm to get to extensively accept in the electronics, and gradually replaced an originally not- standard hardware description language.In 1993, the IEEE carried on to revise to the VHDL, describe ability to up expand a VHDL contents from higher abstract layer and the system, announced the VHDL of new edition.VHDL and Verilog are the industrial standard hardware description of the IEEEs language, again arrive support of numerous EDA companies, at electronics engineering realm, have become in general use hardware to describe language in fact.There is expert think, in the new century in, the VHDL will start to undertake a greatly part of numerical system design mission at the Verilog language. The VHDL language is a kind of deluxe language which useds for an electric circuit design.It expects to appear after the 80's of.BE at the beginning come out by American Ministry of National Defense development to provide the American solider with the credibility which uses to raise a design with cut 1 kind of development period to use the scope smaller design language.VHDL,Translating into chinese is soon extremely high the description language of the integrated circuit hardware.So it of the application mainly is an application in the design of numerical electric circuit.Currently, itis in the application most in china is thedesign which uses in the FPGA/CPLD/EPLD.Certainly in some units with stronger real strenght, it is also use to design ASIC.The VHDL mainly useds for the structure, behavior which describes numerical system,function with connect.In addition to implying many languages sentence which have a hardware characteristic, VHDL languages forms and description style and sentence construction are very similar at general calculator deluxe language.VHDL procedure structure characteristics is an engineering design, or call that the design entity(can be a component, an electric circuit mold piece or a system) is divided into exterior(or call but part, and port) with inner part(or call to can't see part), since involve internal function and calculate way of entity to complete part of.At to 1 designed entity to define exterior interface after, once it internal development completion after, other designs can directly adjust to use this entity.This kind of will design entity to be divided into a little bit basic VHDL system that is a VHDL system inside the concept of outside part design design of a little bit basic and other hardware describe the language compare and the VHDL has a following characteristics:The function is strong and the design be vivid.The VHDL has the function strong language structure, can describe a complicated logic control with the simple and direct and explicit source code.It has a multi-layer design description function, in multiple layers thin turn, finally directly born electric circuit class description.The VHDL supports synchronous electric circuit, difference's tread electric circuit with random the design of electric circuit, this be the other hardware description although the language can't compare to.The VHDL still supports various design method, since support from the bottom upward design, support again from the design of crest declivity;Since the support mold piece turns a design, support layer's turn a design again. Support extensively and be easy to a modification.Because the VHDL has already become IEEE standard the norm of hardware description language, most EDA tools almost support VHDL currently, this is VHDL of further expansion with extensively applied lay foundation.In the design process of the hardware electric circuit, the main design document is the source code which writes with the VHDL, the VHDL easily reads with the structure turn, so be easy to a modification design.The strong system hardware describes ability.The VHDL has a multi-layer design description function, since can describe system class electric circuit, can describe door class electric circuit again.And description since can adopt a behavior description, deposit a machine to deliver description or structure description, can also adopt the hybrid description of threes mixture.Moreover, VHDL support is inertial to delay and deliver to delay, can also accurately build up hardware electric circuit model.VHDL support prepare definite of with from definition of data type, bring hardware description a bigger freedom degree, make design the personnel can expediently establish the system model of high time. The independence is at the design of spare part, have nothing to do with the craft.Don't need to consider a choice completion the spare part of design first while designing a personnel to carry on a design with the VHDL, can concentrateenergy to carry on design of excellent turn.When the design description complete after, can carry out its function with various different spare part structure. Very strong transplantation ability.The VHDL is a kind of hardware description for standardize language, the same of design description can be support by the different tool and make to design to describe of the transplantation make possible.Be easy to a share and reply to use.The VHDL adoption can build up various mold piece that can again make use of according to the design method of database.These canned in advance design or use to design a medium backup mold a piece before and depositted these to the database in, can be in laterly of the design carry on replying to use, can make the design result be design the personnel's to carry on exchanges and share, decrease hardware electric circuit design.(1)compared with other hardware description languages, the VHDL have stronger behavior description ability, come to a decision him to become a system design realm the best hardware a description language thus.The strong behavior description ability is to avert from concrete spare part structure and describe and design important assurance of large-scale electronics system from the logic behavior.(2)the VHDL be abundant of imitate true language sentence and database function, make in any big system of the design can inspect a function possibility of design the system in early days, can carry on imitating true emulation to the design at any time.(3)the ability and procedure structure of the behavior description with lexical VHDL come toa decision the decomposition that he has to support a large-scale design with have already have design of again make use of function.Meet the market demanding large-scale system efficiently, the completion of the high speed has to include many people the several generation hair set even together and abreast works and then can carry out.(4)for use the design of an assurance of VHDL completion, can make use of EDA tool to carry on logic comprehensive with excellent turn, and auto of the VHDL describe the design change into the door class net form.(5)the description of VHDL to design have opposite and independent, the design can not understand the structure of hardware and need not manage the target spare part that the end design carry out, either is what, but carry on an independent design.EDA的发展及VHDL的应用20世纪90年代，国际上电子和计算机技术较先进的国家，一直在积极探索新的电子电路设计方法，并在设计方法、工具等方面进行了彻底的变革，而且取得了巨大成功。
外文翻译---网上选课系统设计的关键技术及系统的构建
毕业设计外文资料翻译题目基于WEB的网上选课系统的设计与实现学院信息科学与工程学院专业网络工程班级学生学号指导教师二〇一二年二月二十五日Key Techniques for Web Course—Choosing SystemDesign and ConstructionAbstract：The Web Course—Choosing is the core that the credit system management reforms ，at present，the Web Course—Choosing system that every enterprises and colleges and universities already develop out，13o sttong or because of the diversity managing a pattern or because of system general availability，can be used being put in use directly having pretty big difficulty．Developed out the Web Course—Choosing adapting to our college credit system requires．In this paper，three key techniques of W eb Co urse～Choosing design were given：O0，system security。
Data optimized．Using JSP technology，the Web Course—Choosing system with the functions of data input，query，statistics was also given．Gave technical and methodology supports for understanding the Web Course—Choosing system structural design，making full use of current practical projects，and solving the practical problems as well as paved the way of implementation of the Web Course—Choosing system based credit support system．Key words：Web course—choosing ；system design；key techniques；construction IntroductionOnline course selection is an important part of teaching management of credit system, its characteristics can be summarized as a training model of diversity, autonomy of selective learning content, learning processes, learning flexibility of time and space. Flexible teaching management mode of a significant increase in impact of traditional, manual approach does not suit the new management mode, all colleges and universities in research to adapt to the new mode of teaching administration of network course selection system.At present, the College developed a system for close connection with the College teaching management mode, so the software versatility is not high, often only apply to colleges and universities. Software versatility of enterprise development was strong, but later maintenance and redevelopment more difficult. Based on the above reasons, Nanyang Institute of technology has developed online course selection system based on teaching management of credit system.1.Analysis of course-choosing system requirements1.1 S tudents on course selection system functional requirements analysisStudents in the courses of the requirements within the time period, log on to the systemas an optional course, by-election, in the course selection process to be able to query the professional teaching program, instructors, such as scientific research, after the end of the course to be able to browse individual curricula, while allowing students access to personal files and all subjects.1.2Teachers ' course-selecting system functional requirements analysisTeachers can use the system, maintain their own research and archival information, other teachers have access to part of the research, to be able to query your course schedule, can query the courses students, to entry the students, to on course score for statistical analysis, inspection under the teaching plan and teaching schedule, and so on.1.3Manager course-selecting system functional requirements analysisManagers use the system to develop the teaching plan, have access to teachingschedule tasks, have access to all courses, students and teachers have access to basic information, to carry out all kinds of statistics, and so on.2. Key technologies for design of network course selection system andmethod2.1 System design process2.1.1 Database designDatabase design is reasonable, is the key to the smooth running of the Office software system. Online course selection through to serious research, teaching and foreign colleges and universities in the province runs the entire process means of tracking the implementation of requirements analysis, design of the e-r model, associate system functions and data structures, and are reflected in the database design process. The system database reference 《education management information standard under》, combination I school actual of Senate teaching management mode for design, while meet relationship database of entity integrity, and reference integrity, and user defined integrity requirements, using main key and outside key implementation data of integrity, using since defined of constraints conditions to reduced entry of complex of and errors rate, using trigger mechanism enhanced reference integrity and control database of changes, using storage process reduced database development personnel workload, improve database implementation speed. Foreground and background common to access a database server systems, taking into account the large amounts of data the system itself (such as students ' basic information basic information basic information, courses, teachers and more than more than 40) and therelationships between data, in accordance with the relational database paradigm of 3NF, as much as possible but without redundant data interdependence.2.1.2Server configurationServer configuration requirements (with PC Server as an example):Operating system: Windows 2003, Linux, and UnixJava runtime environment-Jdk1. 3. 1Application server: Tomcat 4. 0 percentDatabase server: SQL Server 2000, Oracle 8i& Oracle 9i、Mysql3．23 PCServer hardware requirements:CPU: Intel PIII 800 or more (recommended P4 1. 6G)Memory: 512M (recommend 1G)Hard disk: 40G (reference 80G)Problem to focus on addressing the Security Server with the server configuration: (1) using the security features of the operating system, the operating system, such as users, user groups and access rights for strict rules, turn off services that may lead to security vulnerabilities, such as Telnet, FTP, SendMail, etc;(2) in respect of hardware disk array technology, guarantee the security of server-side data.2.1.3 Client developmentDevelopment tools use the most popular Web programming language of JSP and JavaBean and Servlet technologies used in conjunction. Its advantage program page once compiled, dramatically improves program speed, followed by its good cross-platform.2.1.4Commissioning and publishingOnline course selection in three stages, namely normal course, lessons confirmed election results, and a by-election. Trial operation of the System 2003-level undergraduate students, students in the school to fill out course selection form within the required time, selected courses, which lasted a week. Normal course after the end of Dean's Office in the normal course results to remove are not eligible for classes teaching 8 classes in, while another 4 course class class. Students can be viewed on the course-choosing system Web site was removed, fill out the course teaching class list information, confirm the election results. After withdrawal, combined classes allow re-election of the same category of students in other courses. Normal course results when processing is complete, 143 people have a by-election. Dean's Office Manager for by-election results are processed, are still not eligible classes of the class withdrawn(that is no longer offering the course next semester). Students on the course to confirm the results, you can log in course selection system to print their own curricula. Through the trial operation of the system and achieve the goal of college book, since 2004 in the hospital.2.2Design of key technologies and methods2.2.1Object-oriented programming technologyMethod of object-oriented programming is a kind of support software reuse and modular design method of practical programming, its basic idea is to encapsulate and scalability. Packaging to bring software modularity, security, and so on, because there is no data coupling, objects with no action taken as a result of boundary effects, therefore, easier to maintain and modify [. Scalability to leave system interfaces for easy integration with other systems, this system to work with the library, personnel management system management system, scientific management system, theInstitute of financial management systems, Office OA system integration, people of the smooth realization of data export.2.2.2System security technologyInformation security system construction of the first issue, of course-choosingsystem key information (such as student achievement, student information, and so on) safety is essential, must be developed at the design stage of the systemconstruction of reliable security policy. This system from network traffic, serversecurity, database management systems, systems, procedures, computer virusprevention and cure of the five regard provide security:(1) network communications: virtual local area network (VI, AN) services andfirewall technologies. Your WEB server and database server system on Collegecampus virtual subnet, only allow internal users to access, shielded external user access. For network protocol for qualifying, cute as h, p Protocol allows you toaccess, such as FrP, TeNet Protocol implementation.(2) Server security.(3) the database account permissions and database, database view, accountoperations record operating information, concurrency control, trigger actions, such as time tracking, in addition, enables automatic data backup data, and so on.(4) system. a．Designed to dynamically set the user information in your application,access information, illegal may be effective in preventing the program from thesystem the client logs on to the system, and b. Application security control fordatabase operations, will not cause half of the data submitted, or submitted error; c.Data encryption technology, the system user (such as students, teachers, and so on) registered passwords are encrypted to eliminate user Session such as technologygets the password.(5) computer virus prevention: install legitimate antivirus on the server side Withanti-virus and firewall software, ensure that the functioning of the system.2.2.3 Database optimization techniques.(1) SQL statement optimization: SQL statement into the same purpose to be poorperformance the performance of SQL statements. Using artificial intelligence,automatically overriding SQL statements, so as to find the best performance of anequivalent SQL statement.(2) indexed: improving query speed of the system.(3) create views and stored procedures3. Online course system construction3.1 Construction of management systemSystems using Microsoft SQLServer2000 database in the background, foreground mining technology of JSP+JavaBean+Servlet and B/S mode Tomcat5. 0 as a WEB server, Internet course-selecting system features such as data entry, modification, querying, and statistics. Figure 1 is a system function module3.2System function(1) data maintenance functions: you can add, delete or modify data in a database operation, such as, and to deal with emergencies in the course selection process.(2) search function: can be based on user needs, such as students, teachers, and retrieve compliance data in a library.(3) data and statistics: statistical data in the database, and displayed as an icon, which found laws, provide reference for managers.(4) help: to provide users with timely, easy online help service. Figure 2 gives the student the normal course Interface, Figure 3 shows the student's schedule.4. Concluding remark s(1) after the course-choosing system, inputs to leap up in the students first, after four students ' course selection action, constantly modifying system functions, the currentsystem has been improved, and user more human.(2) policy, system security. Throughout the development phase of the system, had a number of discussions around the policy of credit system in College, due to prior implementation and to develop policies, resulting in wide range adjustment system modules, the progress made in the development of the system. (3) course-choosing system data processing algorithms that require further study and discussion. Current system is used in the optimization level and first-come, first-served approach, courses are not guaranteed a fair and just.References:[1] Hu Shijun, Wei-Chun yan, Rui Zhiyuan. Study on the current situation of credit system and its [j]. Gansu technology, 2004,20 (2): 151-153.[2]-SA divisions warmth, Wang Shan. An introduction to database systems [m]. Beijing: higher education press, 2002.[3] Tang Yang, Wei Xiong, Chen Hongcheng. , And so on. Mechanism design and implementation of database triggers [j]. Application of electronic technology. 2005 (2):16-18.[4] Liu De Chung Hom Kok. Principle and application of database system [m]. Wuhan: Hubei people s press. 2003.[5] Guo Haifeng. Yang Guogui. Oracle database performance tuning techniques and implementation [j]. Computer engineering. 2006. 32 (19): 82-94.网上选课系统设计的关键技术及系统的构建摘要：学生选课是学分制管理制度改革的核心。
本科学生毕业设计论文外文翻译
本科学生毕业设计论文外文翻译随着全球化的不断深入，跨国交流以及文化交融已成为一种趋势，许多本科学生在毕业设计过程中需要进行对外文献的翻译，以获得更广泛的学术视野和研究资源。
在本文中，将探讨本科学生毕业设计论文外文翻译的意义、挑战以及一些有效的翻译技巧。
首先，进行外文翻译对于本科学生毕业设计论文具有重要意义。
通过翻译外文献，本科学生可以了解最新的研究动态和学术观点，为自己的毕业设计论文提供更全面的支持和理论基础。
外文翻译还可以帮助本科生扩大学术交流和合作的范围，与国内外学者进行对话和合作。
此外，通过翻译外文献，本科生可以提高自己的英语水平和翻译能力，为今后的学术研究和职业发展打下坚实的基础。
然而，进行本科学生毕业设计论文外文翻译也面临一些挑战。
首先是语言障碍，即翻译过程中可能遇到的词汇、语法和语言结构上的困难。
为了克服这些困难，本科生可以利用在线翻译工具和词典进行辅助翻译，并结合自身的英语学习经验和语言能力进行适当的调整和校对。
其次是理解困难，即外文献中的专业术语、理论框架和思维方式对于本科生来说可能较为陌生和复杂。
为了解决这个问题，本科生可以利用学校图书馆和互联网资源，查阅相关的学术文献和背景资料，尽量深入理解外文献的内容和学术价值。
另外，做好翻译前的准备工作也非常重要，包括阅读源文献的摘要，了解文章的主旨和结构，这样可以更好地把握外文献的核心内容和论点。
接下来，探讨一些有效的翻译技巧，帮助本科学生顺利完成毕业设计论文的外文翻译。
首先是遵循翻译规范和要求，包括准确传达作者的意图，保持语句的一致性和通顺性，避免翻译中的主观色彩。
其次是注重上下文的理解和翻译，即通过分析上下文信息、推测词义并结合专业背景知识，正确理解和翻译整个句子或段落的含义。
此外，学会合理使用同义词和近义词，选用相应的词汇来表达源文献中的概念和观点，保证翻译的准确性和一致性。
最后，进行适当的校对和修订工作，确保翻译的结果与原文内容一致，语言流畅自然，并减少语法错误和表达不准确的问题。
外文翻译----管理信息系统
英文原文The Source Of Article：Russ Basiura, Mike BatongbacalManagement Information SystemIt is the MIS(Management Information System ) that we constantly say that the management information system , and is living to emphasize the administration , and emphasizes that it changes into more and more significantly and more and more is universalized in the contemporary community of message . MIS is a fresh branch of learning, and it leaped over several territories, and for instance administers scientific knowledge, system science, operational research, statistic along with calculating machine scientific knowledge. Is living on these the branches of learning base, and takes shape that the message is gathered and the process means, thereby take shape the system that the crossbar mingles.1. The Management Information System Summary20 centuries, in the wake of the flourishing development of whole world economy, numerous economists propose the fresh administration theory one by one. Xi Men propose the administration and was dependent on idea to message and decision of strategic importance in the 50’s 20 centuries. The dimension of simultaneous stage is admitted issuing cybernetics, and he thinks that the administration is a control procedure. In 1958, Ger. write the lid: “ the administration shall obtain without delay with the lower cost and exact message, completes the better control “. This particular period, the calculating machine starts being used accountancy work. The data handling term has risen.In 1970, Walter T.Kennevan give administration that has raised the only a short while ago information system term to get off a definition: “ either the cover of the book shape with the discount, is living appropriately time to director, staff member along with the outside world personnel staff supplies the past and now and message that internal forecasting the approaching relevant business reaches such environment, in order to assist they make a strategic decision”. Is living in this definition to emphasize, yet does not emphasize using the pattern, and mention the calculating machine application in the way of the message support decision of strategic importance.In 1985, admonishing information system originator, title Buddhist nun Su Da university administration professor Gordon B.Davis give the management information system relatively integrated definition, in immediate future “ administer the information system is one use calculating machine software and hardware resources along with data bank man - the engine system.It be able to supply message support business either organization operation, administration or the decision making function. Comprehensive directions of this definition management information system target and meritorious service capacity and component, but alsomake known the management information system to be living the level that attains at that time.1.1 The Developing History of MISThe management information system is living the most primarily phase is counting the system, the substance which researched is the regular pattern on face between the incremental data, it what may separate into the data being mutually related and more not being mutually related series, afterwards act as the data conversion to message.The second stage is the data are replaced the system, and it is that the SABRE that the American airline company put up to in the 50’s 20 centuries subscribes to book the bank note system that such type stands for. It possess 1008 bank note booking spots, and may access 600000 traveler keep the minutes and 27000 flight segments record. Its operation is comparatively more complex, and is living whatever one “spot ”wholly to check whether to be the free place up some one flight numbers. Yet through approximately attending school up to say, it is only a data and replaces the system, for instance it can not let know you with the bank note the selling velocity now when the bank note shall be sell through, thereby takes remedying the step. As a result it also is administer information system rudimentary phase.The third phase is the status reports system, and it may separate into manufacture state speech and service state and make known and research the systems such as status reports and so on. Its type stands for the production control system that is the IBM corporation to the for instance manufacture state speech system. As is known to all, the calculating machine corporation that the IBM corporation is the largest on the world, in 1964 it given birth to middle-sized calculating machine IBM360 and causes the calculating machine level lift a step, yet form that the manufacture administration work. Yet enormously complicatedly dissolve moreover, the calculating machine overtakes 15000 difference components once more, in addition the plant of IBM extends all over the American various places to every one components once more like works an element, and the order of difference possess difference components and the difference element, and have to point out that what element what plant what installation gives birth to, hence not merely giving birth to complexly, fitting, installation and transportation wholly fully complex. Have to there be a manufacture status reports system that takes the calculating machine in order to guarantee being underway successfully of manufacture along with else segment as the base. Hence the same ages IBM establish the systematic AAS of well-developed administration it be able to carry on 450 professional work operations. In 1968, the corporation establishes the communal once more and manufactures informationsystem CMIS and runs and succeeds very much, the past needs 15 weeks work, that system merely may be completed in the way of 3 weeks.It is the data handling system that the status reports system still possess one kind of shape , and that it is used for handles the everyday professional work to make known with manufacture , and stress rests with by the handwork task automation , and lifts the effectiveness with saves the labor power . The data handling system ordinarily can not supply decision of strategic importance message.Last phase is the support systems make a strategic decision, and it is the information system being used for supplementary making a strategic decision. Thatsystem may program and the analysis scheme, and goes over key and the error solve a problem. Its proper better person-machine dialogue means, may with not particularly the personnel staff who have an intimate knowledge of the calculating machine hold conversation. It ordinarily consists of some pattern so as to come into being decision of strategic importance message, yet emphasize comprehensive administration meritorious service capacity.1.2 The Application of Management Information SystemThe management information system is used to the most base work, like dump report form, calculation pay and occurrences in human tubes and so on, and then developing up business financial affairs administrations and inventory control and so on individual event operational control , this pertains to the electron data handling ( EDP Data Processing ) system . When establish the business data bank, thereby possess the calculating machine electric network to attain data sharing queen , the slave system concept is start off , when the implementation the situation as a whole is made program and the design information system ,attained the administration information system phase . In the wake of calculating machine technique progress and the demand adjust the system of people lift further, people emphasize more furthermore administer the information system phase. Progress and people in the wake of the calculating machine technique lift at the demand adjust the system further, people emphasize more furthermore to administer the information system whether back business higher level to lead makes a strategic decision this meritorious service capacity, still more lay special emphasis on the gathering to the external message of business and integrated data storehouse, model library , means storehouse and else artificial intelligence means whether directly to decision of strategic importance person , this is the support system ( DDS ) mission making a strategic decision.There is the part application that few business start MIS inner place the limit of the world at the early da ys of being living in the 70’s 20 centuries. Up at the moment, MIS is living, and there be the appropriatePopularization rate in every state nation in world, and nearly covered that every profession reaches every department.1.3 The Direction of MIS DevelopmentClose 20 curtains; external grand duke takes charge of having arisen3 kinds of alternations:A. Paying special attention to the administration being emphasized toestablishing MIS’s system, and causing the administration technique headfor the ageing.B. The message is the decision of strategic importance foundation, and MISsupplies the message service in the interest of director at all times.C. Director causes such management program getting in touch with togetherwith the concrete professional work maneuver by means of MIS. not merelybig-and-middle-sized business universally establish MIS some small-sizebusiness also not exceptions of self, universally establish the communal datanetwork, like the electronic mail and electron data exchange and so on, MISsupplied the well support environment to the application of Intranet’stechnique to speedily developing of INTERNET especially in the past fewyears in the interest of the business.Through international technique developme nt tendency is see, in the 90’s 20 centuries had arisen some kinds of brand-new administration technique.1. Business Processes Rebuild (BPR)A business should value correctly time and produce quality, manufacturing cost and technical service and so on several section administrations, grip at the moment organization and the process compose once more,andcompletes that meritorious service capacity integrationist, operation processization and organization form fluctuation. Shall act as the service veer of middle layer management personnel staff the decision of strategic importance of the director service?2. Intelligentization Decision Support System (IDSS)The intelligentization decision of strategic importance support system was sufficiently consider demand and the work distinguishing feature of business higher level personnel staff.3. Lean Production (LP)Application give birth to on time, comprehensive quality control and parallel project that picked amount is given birth to and so on the technique, the utmost product design cutting down and production cycle, raise produce quality and cuts down the reproduced goods to reserve, and is living in the manufacture promote corps essence, in order to meet the demand that client continuously changes.4. Agile Manufacture (AM)One kind of business administration pattern that possess the vision, such distinguishing feature is workers and staff members’ quality is high, and the organization simplifies and the multi-purpose group effectiveness GAO message loading is agile and answers client requires swiftly.2. The Effect To The Business Administration of MIS DevelopmentThe effect to the business administration of the management information system development is administered the change to business and business administration of information system development and come into being and is coming into being the far-reaching effect with.Decision of strategic importance, particularly strategic decision-making may be assisted by the administration information system, and its good or bad directly affects living and the development up the business. The MIS is impeding the orientation development that the administration means one another unites through quality and ration. This express to utilize the administration in the calculation with the different mathematical model the problem in the quantitative analysis business.The past administer that the problem is difficult to test, but MIS may unite the administration necessaries, and supply the sufficient data, and simulates to producethe term in the interest of the administration.In the wake of the development of MIS, much business sit up the decentralized message concentration to establish the information system ministry of directly under director, and the chief of information system ministry is ordinarily in the interest of assistant manager’s grade. After the authority of business is centralized up high-quality administration personnel staff’s hand, as if causing much sections office work decrease, hence someone prophesy, middle layer management shall vanish. In reality, the reappearance phase employed layer management among the information system queen not merely not to decrease, on the contrary there being the increase a bit.This is for, although the middle layer management personnel staff getting off exonerate out through loaded down with trivial details daily routine, yet needs them to analyses researching work in the way of even more energy, lift further admonishing the decision of strategic importance level. In the wake of the development of MIS, the business continuously adds to the demand of high technique a talented person, but the scarce thing of capability shall be washed out gradually. This compels people by means of study and cultivating, and conti nuously lifts individual’s quality. In The wake of the news dispatch and electric network and file transmission system development, business staff member is on duty in many being living incomparably either the home. Having caused that corporation save the expenses enormously, the work efficiency obviously moves upward American Rank Zeros corporation the office system on the net, in the interest of the creativity of raise office personnel staff was produced the advantageous term.At the moment many countries are fermenting one kind of more well-developed manufacturing industry strategy, and become quickly manufacturing the business. It completely on the basis of the user requirement organization design together with manufacture, may carry on the large-scale cooperation in the interest of identical produce by means of the business that the flow was shifted the distinct districts, and by means of the once more programming to the machinery with to the resources and the reorganization of personnel staff , constituted a fresh affrication system, and causes that manufacturing cost together with lot nearly have nothing to do with. Quickly manufacturing the business establishes a whole completely new strategy dependence relation against consumer, and is able to arouse the structure of production once more revolution.The management information system is towards the self-adoption and Self-learning orientation development, the decision procedure of imitation man who is be able to be better. Some entrepreneurs of the west vainly hope that consummate MIS is encircles the magic drug to govern the business all kinds of diseases; Yet also someone says, and what it is too many is dependent on the defeat that MIS be able to cause on the administration. It is adaptable each other to comprehend the effect to the business of MIS, and is favor of us to be living in development and the research work, and causes the business organization and administer the better development against MIS of system and administration means , and establish more valid MIS.英文翻译文章的出处：Russ Basiura, Mike Batongbacal管理信息系统管理信息系统就是我们常说的MIS(Management Information System), 在强调管理，强调信息的现代社会中它变得越来越重要、越来越普及。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
英文译文学生信息管理系统的设计与发展随着信息技术的日新月异,各种管理系统的相继出现,让日常生活变的更加具有条理化, 尽可能的合理的运用网络资源可以大大的减少人工管理上带来的不便及时间的浪费.二十一世纪现代化程度的不断加速,科学文化水平的不断提高,学生数量的急剧增长，势必增加了管理学生信息带来的压力，人工检索的低效完全不符合整个社会的需要.学生信息管理系统是信息管理系统中的一种，目前信息技术不断的发展，网络技术已经广泛的应用于我们身边的各行各业，有了网络技术的发展，各高校都利用计算机来管理办学，以前学校靠手工操作的一切繁琐事情都得到了快速且高效率的解决，特别是学生成绩管理系统在学校中起到了很大的作用，对于学生和教师来说都能够更方便、快捷、准确地了解和管理各方面信息。
采用人工管理庞大的数据库是一项繁重枯燥的工作，无论是数据录入，查询还是修改都存在着工作量大，效率低下，周期长的缺点。
而计算机管理系统的引进将给人工管理数据库的工作带来一次彻底的变革。
学校由于学生众多，学生数据信息库庞大，使信息的管理成为了一个复杂繁琐的工作。
本系统针对学校,经过实际的需求分析，采用功能强大的VB6.0作为开发工具来开发学生信息管理系统。
整个系统从符合操作简便，界面美观、灵活、实用的要求出发，完成学生信息管理的全过程，包括系统管理、基本信息管理、学习管理、奖惩管理和打印报表等功能。
经过使用证明，本文所设计的学生信息管理系统可以满足学校对学生信息管理方面的需要。
论文主要介绍了本课题的开发背景，所要完成的功能和开发的过程。
重点的说明了系统设计的重点、开发设计思想、难点技术和解决方案。
学生管理系统的产生大大减少了人力上的不便，让整个学生数据管理更加科学合理。
本系统最有特色的地方就是后台数据库对学生信息的统一管理。
该系统主要分为系统管理，学生专业管理，学生档案管理，学费管理，课程管理，成绩管理和打印报表。
系统的界面是运用vb软件制作的，以上几个模块都是运用vb 控件绑定的方法来实现对后台数据库的连接，后台数据库大概分为以下几个表：专业信息表，收费类别表，学生职务表，学生信息表，学生政治面貌表，用户登入表。
采用Client/Server结构进行设计，本系统是在由一台数据服务器和若干台工作站组成的局域网上。
能够由不同权限的用户查看系统，在不同用户提交个人数据之后，后台数据库可以快速的给出对你的权限看到的内容.成绩管理是学校的一项重要工作，原有的人工管理存在这着很多不足，造成不足的原因是，在校学生人数众多，并且每个学生的信息过于复杂，从而工作量非常大，给统计和查询带来了不便。
因此，如何解决这些不足，使成绩管理更快捷、更方便，具有更高的效率也就成了一个关键问题。
随着科学技术的迅速发展学校成绩管理的自动化也越来越迫切，因此有必要开发成绩学籍的软件系统来辅助学校的教学管理。
这样能极大方便成绩的管理，提高管理效率。
附件2：外文原文The Design and Development of the Students' Information Management SystemAs information technology advances, various management systems have emerged to change the daily lives of the more coherent, to the extent possible, the use of network resources can be significantly reasonable reduction of manual management inconvenience and waste of time.Accelerating the modernization of the 21st century, the continuous improvement of the scientific and cultural levels, the rapid growth of the number of students will inevitably increase the pressure information management students, the inefficient manual retrieval completely incompatible with the community\'s needs. The Student Information Management Systemis an information management one kind within system, currently information technique continuously of development, the network technique has already been applied in us extensively nearby of every trade, there is the network technical development, each high schools all make use of a calculator to manage to do to learn, the school is operated by handicraft before of the whole tedious affairs all got fast and solve high-efficiencily, especially student result management the system had in the school very big function, all can be more convenient, fast for the student and the teacher coming saying and understand accurately with management everyone noodles information.AbstractIt is a very heavy and baldness job of managing a bulky database by manpower. The disadvantage, such as great capacity of work, low efficiency and long period, exist in data inputting, demanding and modification. So the computer management system will bring us a quite change.Because there are so many students in the school, the data of students' information is huge, it makes the management of the information become a complicated and tedious work. This system aims at the school, passing by practically of demand analysis, adopt mighty VB6.0 to develop the student information management system. The whole system design process follow the principle of simple operation, beautiful and vivid interface and practical request. The student information management system including the function of system management, basic information management, study management, prize and punishment management , print statement and so on. Through the proof of using, the student information management system which this text designed can satisfy the school to manage the demand of the aspect to students' information. The thesis introduced the background of development, the functions demanded and the process of design. The thesis mainly explained the point of the system design, the thought of design, the difficult technique and the solutions. The student managed the creation of the system to reduce the inconvenience on the manpower consumedly, let the whole student the data management is more science reasonable.The place that this system has most the special features is the backstage database to unify the management to student's information.That system mainly is divided into the system management, student profession management, student file management, school fees management, course management, result management and print the statement.The interface of the system is to make use of the vb software creation of, above few molds pieces are all make use of the vb to control a the piece binds to settle of method to carry out the conjunction toward the backstage database, the backstage database probably is divided into following few formses:Professional information form, the charges category form, student the job form, student the information form, political feature form of student, the customer logs on the form The system used Client/Server structure design, the system is in the data from one server and a number of Taiwanformed LAN workstations. Users can check the competence of different systems in different users submit personal data, background database you can quickly given the mandate to see to the content.Marks management is a important work of school,the original manual management have many insufficiencies,the reasons that,students' population are multitudinous in school,and each student's information are too complex,thus the work load are extremely big,the statistics and the inquiry have been inconvenient.Therefore,how to solve these insufficiencies,let the marks management to be more convenient and quickly,have a higher efficiency,and become a key question.More and more are also urgent along with school automationthe marks management when science and technology rapid development,therefore is essential to develop the software system of marks register to assist the school teaching management.So that can improve the marks management,enhance the efficiency of management.。