二战后的英国经济
二次世界大战前后经济危机介绍
二次世界大战前后经济危机介（一）背景战前工业革命和第二次工业革命极大地提高了生产力，使资本主义经济得到空前发展。
如新的交通工具和通信工具的出现，为资本主义世界市场的发展提供了先进的物质条件。
其次垄断组织的出现，资本主义进入垄断阶段，这种局部调整了生产关系适应了资本主义生产的要求，从而促进了资本主义的迅速发展。
最终相对生产力相对过剩。
战后二战后，资本主义各国充分利用第三次科技革命的成果革新生产技术，发展新兴工业，原子能、电子计算机、半导体、激光等工业应运而生，极大地提高生产效率，推动了经济的发展。
各国采取有效的社会经济政策来促进经济的快速发展。
如联邦德国、日本的政治改革和实行非军事化，各国的市场经济、国家调控、社会保障三结合的经济政策，发展科技教育等促进了经济的迅速发展。
二战后，主要资本主义国家普遍奉行国家干预经济政策，资本主义进入国家垄断资本主义阶段，并取得不同程度的成功。
第三产业蓬勃发展，促进了经济竞争力的提高，拓展了经济领域，增加了就业，扩大了市场，一定程度上缓和了经济的周期波动，使经济发展产生了质的飞跃。
社会福利事业发展。
使底层人员有社会保障，极大地稳定了社会秩序，也是经济快速发展的一个原因。
（二）起因战前1.资本主义生产方式的基本矛盾，即生产的社会化与生产资料私人主义占有形式之间的矛盾。
2.个别企业内部生产的有组织和整个社会生产无政府状态之间的矛盾。
3.资本主义生产无限扩大的趋势和劳动人民有支付能力的需求相对缩小的矛盾战后1.战后初期，由于资本主义各国遭受战争破坏的程度不同，经济恢复的时间不同，资本主义经济周期的进程也就很不一致。
2.局部战争，即50年代初的美国侵朝战争和60年代中期至70年代初的美国侵越战争，对各资本主义国家经济周期的进程产生了不同的影响。
3.由于技术的迅速进步，固定资本更新的周期大为缩短。
4.固定资本投资幅度下降不大。
5.个人消费需求下降幅度较小。
6.以通货紧缩、银根吃紧、银行挤兑和大批倒闭为主要形式的货币信用危机有所改变。
英国二战后经济发展史感想总结
英国二战后经济发展史感想总结
二战后英国经济发展
英国是最早开始工业化进程的资本主义国家。
第一次工业革命首先发生在英国。
1850年，英国在世界工业总产值中占39%，在世界贸易中占21%，均居垄断地位。
第一次世界大战期间，英国的经济实力遭到严重打击，英国占有250年的海上霸权丧失了。
第二次世界大战以后,英国的经济力量遭到更严重的削弱，殖民地市场进一步缩小。
60年代后期推行的高税、福利和国有化政策使英国经济处于极端困难境地。
然而,英国由于工业发展历史较长，有比较完整的国民经济体系和工业体系，所以仍属世界上有较强经济实力的国家。
1973年，英国加入欧洲经济共同体，改变了其依赖英联邦各国和发展中国家的传统转而加强与欧洲国家的贸易关系。
1979 年，以撒切尔夫人为首的保守党政府开始治理"英国病”,其措施是:强调发挥市场经济作用，减少国家干预，紧缩开支，降低税收，整顿福利，调整工业,取消外汇管制，推行私有化和货币主义政策。
结果使英国经济有了明显的恢复。
英国是世界经济强国之一，其2010年国内生产总值位居世界第5。
英国制造业在国民经济中的比重有所下降;服务业和能源所占的比重
不断增大，其中商业、金融业和保险业发展较快。
旅游业是英最重要的经济部门之一。
年产值700多亿英镑，旅游收入占世界旅遊收入的5%左右。
与以风光旅游为主的国家不同，英国的王室文化和博物馆文化是旅游业的最大看点。
主要旅游点有伦敦、爱丁堡、加的夫、布赖顿、格林威治、斯特拉福、牛津、剑桥等。
英国是世界第四大贸易国，贸易额占世界贸易总额的5%以上，商品和劳务出口约占国内生产总值的25%。
英国经济发展历程
英国经济发展历程1 发展历程1.1 概述（1）16世纪到18世纪经济转型阶段；（2）英国上升为霸权国，1700-1820；（3）技术进步和实际收入增长的加速阶段，1820-1913；（4）“英国病”的初期，1918-1929；（5）危机和战争的双重打击，1930-1945；（6）帝国解体后的惨淡经营，1946-1967；（7）“英国病”的激化，1967-20世纪末期；（8）增长缓慢的十年（2000-2009）1.2 转型期（16-18世纪）16-17世纪的英国正处于由封建社会向资本主义社会过度时期，这个时期的英国新兴资产阶级为了积累更多的原始积累财富才采取“重金主义”政策这样便极大的促进了英国资本主义革命和相关产业的发展，到了17世纪末18世纪初英国已经完成了资本主义进程中的原始积累，为了向工业革命过度并适应世界经济发展趋势“重金主义”政策也转变为“重工主义”政策，向世界资本主义工业化进程转变。
1.3 英国上升为霸权国（1700-1820）在此时期，英国人均收入增长要快于17世纪。
是欧洲平均水平的两倍多。
1700年时，英国的GDP是荷兰的两倍，到了1820年则是七倍。
英国资本从1750年的5亿英镑增长到1865的60亿英镑。
对总人口的人均收入进行的计算，1700年人均收入大约是每年8-9英镑，经过50年增加到12-13英镑，到1800年增加到22英镑，而1860年则又翻了一番。
在1720-1820年期间，英国的出口每年增长2%，在1700年时，英国的航运量占世界航运能力的五分之一多一点，但是，到了1820年英国的份额已经超出了40%。
1700年-1820年，虽然英国的经济增长由于成功地施行以邻为壑的商业战略而得到加强，但它的进步还有一些其他原因。
与其他欧洲大陆国家不同，它的国内发展没有受到17世纪武装冲突的干扰。
国内市场的统一程度通过创建收税公路和渠道网络以及发展海岸运输得到极大的提高。
其结果促进了不同地区之间更有效率的专业化劳动分工。
英语国家概况 - (大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合帝国 )第六章 英国经济
第六章英国经济英国是世界上最老的工业国，工业革命首先发生在英国。
一个世纪前英国被称为"世界工广"。
英国生产出许多商品然后销往世界各地。
那时的英国经济属世界强国之林，生活水平远远高于欧洲邻国。
但是今非昔比。
二战后不久，英国不仅失去经济霸权，而且其工业领导地位也丢失大部分。
其人均国民生产总值在1900年被美国超过，1950年被法国和德国超过，1960年被意大利超过。
1950年至1973年间，英国的国民生产总值平均年增产率为3.0%，低于其大多数贸易伙伴。
经济发展受阻于长期收支差额赤字。
一个国家的收支差额是指出口所挣的货币与进口所花货币之间的差额。
当一个国家花在进口上的总货币量超过它在出口上得到的总货币量时，这个国家就遭受收支差额的赤字。
几十年来英国一直存在收支差额赤字。
在增长率上英国再也不能与其他工业国匹敌。
现在常用"英国病"这个词来概括英国经济衰退的特征。
I.二战后英国经济的演变二战后英国经济的发展有三个阶段:1.15年代和60年代的稳定发展二战蹂躏了欧洲。
战争使英国经济遭受巨大损失，但它所受的直接战争损失比其他欧洲国家和日本要小。
美国的援助使英国经济很快恢复。
被战争抑制的消费需求很快成了促进经济发展的重要因素。
到1947年底英国经济已恢复到战前水平。
1950年英国的国民生产总值及外贸列世界第二位(仅次于美国)，人均收入列世界第三位。
这一时期英国经济的特点是发展缓慢但很稳定，失业少，物质的极度繁荣伴随着消费水平的提高。
像所有西方国家一样，英国把充分就业问题看作是战后经济的突出问题，它所奉行的经济政策以约翰·凯恩斯理论为基础。
他提出，政府在利用物价和收入政策从根本上抑制通货膨胀的同时，应该利用财政和货币政策来微调社会的总需求，以达到充分就业的目的。
这种以高消费和低投资为特点的政策也产生了一些问题，其中之一是劳动力费用昂贵，这反过来又导致英国在国际市场上竞争力低下。
二战后的五次经济危机
二战后的五次经济危机在自由竞争阶段，主要资本主义国家的经济危机大体上是十年左右爆发一次；20世纪进入垄断资本主义后，直到第二次世界大战以前，经济危机每隔七八年爆发一次；战后差不多四五年就爆发一次。
二战后第一次世界经济危机（957-1958)从1955年到1957年，美国的投资增长率超过10%，被认为是战后美国经济最繁荣的时期。
但是，由于美国的工资和汇率较高，国际竞争力相对下降，美国的投资最容易出现过剩。
1957年3月起至1958年4月，美国经济落入危机，商品滞销，库存增长，工业生产下降13.5%，失业率上升到7.3%，是危机前的1倍。
与战前危机不同的是，这次危机并未导致物价下跌，相反，危机期间美国消费者物价指数上涨了4.2%，生产者价格指数上涨了2.2%。
因此，危机并没有增强美国的出口竞争力，相反，出口竞争力进一步削弱。
1958年美国出口总值下降了14.3%，贸易顺差从1957年的65.1亿美元减少到35.7亿美元。
与此同时，美国资本输出和海外军事开支不断增加，国际收支第一次出现33.5亿美元的逆差。
这样，美国的危机持续时间延长了。
危机迅速波及加拿大、日本及西欧各国。
由于日本对美出口依赖程度高，日本的危机深度和持续时间仅次于美国。
日本危机持续13个月，工业生产下降10.4%。
英国（忽略加拿大，因加拿大不是一个独立的工业强国）紧随其后，危机持续13个月，工业生产下降3.7%。
而西德的危机持续时间却只有4个月，工业生产下降仅为1.4%。
由此可见，虽然美国仍然是世界经济的龙头，也是世界经济危机的震中和首发地，但是美国经济地位已经明显下降，不足以向外转嫁危机，因此不能最先摆脱危机。
相反，西德经济却具备了向外转嫁危机的能力，成为摆脱危机的领头羊。
二战后第二次世界经济危机（1973-1975)1973年12月，一场二战后规模最大、程度最深的世界经济危机爆发了。
触发这场危机的是石油涨价。
美国的危机从1973年12月持续到1975年5月，GNP下降了5.7%，工业生产下降了5.1％，其中建筑、汽车、钢铁三大支柱产业受打击尤为严重。
二战后英国经济的缓慢发展及其福利政策的演变
四、英国福利政策的起源与发展—从济贫到福利
1、前工业社会的济贫政策
（1）《济贫法》
（2）《斯宾汉姆莱法》
（3）《新济贫法》
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2、贫困理论的发展变化
3、劳合· 乔治的社会改革政策
4、贝弗里奇报告与福利国家的建立 （1）贝弗里奇报告
（2）福利国家的建立
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2、福利政策
3、对英国民主社会主义的定位 （1）实质: 民主社会主义的实质是国 家垄断资本主义与福利制 度的结合物。
（2）评价
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三、英国经济发展的特有现象——“英国病”
1、表现形式 所谓“英国病”，是经济学界对20世纪以来 英国经济发展长期停滞不前、综合国力持续哀落 现象的概括性称谓。“英国病”的症状表现 为:“走走停停”的经济增长率、通货膨胀一一失
二、二战后英国政府采取的政策
1、“国有化运动”
约翰· 梅纳德 · 凯恩斯（1883--1946）， 生于英国剑桥，现代西方经济学最有影响的 经济学家之一。1909年创立政治经济学俱 乐部并因其最初著作《指数编制方法》而获 “亚当· 斯密奖”。1911－1944年任《经济 学杂志》主编，1913－1914年任皇家印度 通货与财政委员会委员兼任皇家经济学会秘 书，1919年任财政部巴黎和会代表，1929 －1933年主持英国财政经济顾问委员会工 作，1942年被晋封为勋爵，1944年出席布 雷顿森林联合国货币金融会议，并担任了国 际货币基金组织和国际复兴开发银行的董事。
业并发症与国际收支危机的交织、收入分配与经
济效率之间的矛盾、地方经济发展的不平衡性和 分权主义日益严重的趋势。
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2、原因
综上所述，“英国病”的根源在于：长期
的国防交全、社会稳定和组织自由，产生了大
二战后资本主义世界经济体系的形成
中国 、
等23个国家
③签署:《 关税与贸易总协定 》
3、宗旨：降低 关税 ,减少 贸易壁垒,实
施 互惠和非歧视 ,实现国际贸易自由化 。
General Agreement on Tariff and Trade （GATT）
《关税与贸易总协定》
关贸总协定大楼
1995年改为世界贸易组织
WTO
4、作用：
世 界 银 行 宗 旨
• 成立初期是致力于战后的欧洲经济复兴， 后来转向全球性的发展援助，为成员国 提供（长期）贷款和技术援助。
国际复兴开发银行又称世界银行， 截止至2007年1月，世行拥有185个成 员国，1980年中国恢复了在世界银行 的席位。
关注现实
WB
中国经济学家:林毅夫
“2008年2月4日林毅夫被正式任命 为世界银行首席经济学家兼发展经 济学的高级副行长.这是世界银行60 多年来首次任用发展中国家的经济 学家担任这一重要职务.”
解析：本题考查学生知识迁移能力。国际货币 基金组织的宗旨是加强国际货币合作，通过提 供短期贷款缓解成员国国际收支平衡。灾后重 建是一个长期性恢复建设，需向世界银行贷款。 答案：B
2．二战后“金元帝国”实指一种货币体系， 在该体系中居主导地位的国家的国旗是( )
解析： 在布雷顿森林体系中起主导作用的是 美国。 答案： B
材料四：2008年3月21日，北京： 世界银行执董会昨天批准给中国的 “甘肃文化自然遗产保护与开发项 目”3840万美元贷款，用于修缮保 护甘肃省丝绸之路沿线的重要文化 自然遗产，开发可持续旅游 业。 —— 世界银行集团网站
思考：上述材料表明了世界银行的 成立有什么作用？
有利于当今世界经济的发展
1．2011年3月11日，日本发生了9.0级强烈地 震以及由此引发海啸等灾害，日本在灾后重 建中可以向下列哪个国际组织申请贷款( ) A．国际货币基金组织 B．世界银行 C．世界贸易组织 D．关贸总协定
二战后的英国经济
回顾战后英国经济的发展，可以1979年为 界划分为两个截然不同的阶段： 1，1945－1979年的30多年是英国经济深 受殖民帝国瓦解和“英国病”的长期困扰 而发展十分迟缓的时期 2，1979年－现在 是英国经济不断进行 调整，经济增长速度明显加快的时期
二次大战结束时，英国仍然控制着1400多万平方公里、5亿 左右人口，包括50多个国家和地区的殖民地与附属国，此 外还拥有1900万平方公里、5千万人口的自治领。表面上， 英国仍然是一个庞然大物。 从战后初期开始，英属殖民地人民为争取民族独 1945－ 1979年的30多年是英国经济深受殖民 立与解放的斗争便不断高涨－ 帝国瓦解和“英国病”的长期困扰而发展十分 •战后初期首先是缅甸、马来西亚，继而南亚各 迟缓的时期 国 •50年代亚洲、非洲民族解放斗争蓬勃兴起，54 年英被迫从苏伊士运河撤军，56年侵略埃及失败，殖民统 所有这些表明，英国的殖民帝国已无可挽回地崩溃了 治开始土崩瓦解 •60年代以后，英在非洲、地中海、中东、太平 洋和拉美的殖民地、附属国纷纷独立 •此外，一些经济发达的自治领（如加、澳、新） 的离心倾向加强
高劳动生产率决非易事 走向对其经济影响巨大
The end~ thx~^_^
欧洲政策
• 英国于1973年1月1日加入欧洲共同体。在 加入EC后，英国始终未放弃其“离心离德” 倾向，主要是在共同预算和共同农业基金 分配问题上一直有不同意见，尤其在撒切 尔夫人当政时，曾出现过长达6个月的“空 椅子危机”。在“马约”谈判过程中，梅 杰前首相又竭力为英争得了自主决定是否 加入、何时加入EMU第三阶段及欧盟社会 政策的两项例外权。
二。70年代末--80年代英国政府对经济调节和干预 的调整－所谓“撒切尔主义”（Thatcherism)
世界资本主义经济发展史(二)·世界主要资本主义国家经济的发展和演变
世界主要资本主义国家经济的发展和演变一、英国经济的发展和演变1、概况：17世纪，通过圈地运动、殖民掠夺和对外贸易，完成了资本主义原始积累过程。
英国资本主义有了较大发展，但是斯图亚特王朝的封建专制统治严重束缚着英国资本主义的进一步发展。
1640年到1688年英国完成资产阶级革命，确立了资产阶级和新贵族的联合统治，为资本主义的迅速发展开辟了道路，大大促进了社会生产力的进步。
18世纪，圈地运动进一步推行，基本上消灭了自耕农。
英国取得了向西班牙在美洲的殖民地输入黑人奴隶的专卖权。
18世纪中期又打败法国，国外市场扩大。
18世纪中期到19世纪上半期率先开展并完成工业革命，导致社会生产力迅速提高，英国成为世界上第一个工业化国家，处于“世界工厂”地位，也成为拥有广大殖民地的“日不落帝国”。
19世纪末20世纪初，在向帝国主义过渡的过程中，英国由于设备陈旧又不愿意更新生产设备和采用先进技术；拥有广大殖民地而把资本输往国外，利用殖民地廉价的劳动力和原料榨取高额利润；殖民地的反抗斗争也沉重打击了英国。
因此，英国经济发展速度相对缓慢下来，工业制造由原先的世界第一位退居世界第三位，丧失了世界工厂地位。
一战以后，海外贸易中各国的购买力锐减，同时受到美国和日本的商业竞争，加上大战期间国内经济损失惨重，使英国工商业呈现出衰退现象，伦敦也不再是世界唯一的金融中心。
经济衰退导致政党政治变化、国际地位下降、军事实力削弱和对殖民地控制的减弱。
1929年～1933年的经济危机严重的打击的英国，二战严重削弱了英国，1946年的工业产量仅是1937年的百分之九四。
后来在美国资本援助下，生产水平逐渐增长。
20世纪50年代初期至20世纪70年代初期进入黄金时期，但很快就陷入“滞胀状态”2、特点：英国是世界上率先进行和完成工业革命的国家，是世界上第一个资本主义工业国；最早发生资本主义经济危机；占有的殖民地最多，其经济发展受殖民地影响巨大，被称为“日不落帝国”与“殖民帝国主义”；从17世纪到19世纪的第二次工业革命期间，英国一直是资本主义工业最发达的国家，工业革命后英国成为“世界工厂”。
二战后的英国经济
二战后的英国经济二战后，英国的经济受到严重创伤。
主要是英国依赖美国的援助来恢复发展经济。
美国的主要政策就是《马歇尔计划》。
经济模式的特征：由以前的国家过多干预向自由主义转变，国家资本比重下降，私人资本重新得到加强；经济计划程度下降，自由市场作用增大；国家干预减弱，自由竞争加强。
“多市场、少政府”的转变已成为英国经济发展的趋势。
战后世界经济格局（1）英国“世界工厂”地位的演变：①确立：英国最早发生工业革命，经济实力最强大；英国拥有广阔的殖民地。
到19世纪中期，英国成为世界工厂。
②19世纪末20世纪初在向帝国主义过渡的过程中，资本家不愿采用新技术和新设备；美、德经济迅速发展。
到19世纪末英国丧失了在世界工业的垄断地位。
（2）美国掌握世界经济霸权（二战结束后初期到50年代末）：①原因：美国在向帝国主义过渡过程中，工业总产值跃居世界第一位；两次世界大战使美国大发横财；其他帝国主义国家在战争中力量削弱。
②确立：二战后初期美国经济占绝对优势，它通过1944年确立的“布雷顿森林体系”、1947年成立的关税及贸易总协定、1948年开始实施的“马歇尔计划”等确立了其世界经济霸主地位。
（3）20世纪70年代世界经济格局向多极化方向转变：①原因：欧共体和日本的崛起。
②多极化：70年代初，以美元为中心的资本主义世界货币体系崩溃，资本主义世界出现美、日、西欧三足鼎立的局面；发展中国家要求建立国际新秩序，各种原料输出国和生产国组织起来，一批新兴工业化国家和地区脱颖而出。
英国具有典型的公私混合型经济体制特征。
第二次世界大战后，英国在工党主政期间大力发展国有经济，分别在1945年7月至1951年10月和1975年3 月至1979年5月，掀起两次国有化高潮，国有企业得到迅速发展。
据统计，1970年国有企业劳动力占全国劳动力8.1%，生产总值占全国生产总值的11.1%，固定资产投资额占国内固定资产投资总额的20%。
70年代末80年代初，英国国有企业地位显著上升。
2战后的经济危机历史
2战后的经济危机历史.txt心脏是一座有两间卧室的房子，一间住着痛苦，一间住着快乐。
人不能笑得太响，否则会吵醒隔壁的痛苦。
世界经济危机史简述.二战后第一次世界经济危机（1957年-1958年）二战决定性地改变了世界经济地图。
战争期间，美国非但没有遭到战争的直接破坏，其生产能力反而有了巨大增长。
从1939 年到1942年，美国工业生产即增加近一倍，1945年又比1940年增加116%。
1948年，美国工业生产占整个资本主义世界工业生产的54.6%，出口贸易占23.9%，还集中了世界3/4的黄金。
不仅如此，美国工业产品的国际竞争力十分明显。
1950年美国制造业的劳动生产率为英国的3倍，西德的4倍，是日本的更多倍。
美国制成品的生产为西德的6倍，为日本的30倍。
美国煤矿的生产率比英国、西德高3-4倍，是法国的7倍。
因此，战争刚结束时，美国的政策是利用美国统治的全部优势，为美国资本取得最有利的地位，迫使各国开放市场，接受价廉物美的美国货，摧毁德国、日本、英国、法国、意大利的经济，夺取这些国家对殖民地的统治和影响，从而实现美国独霸西方世界的美梦。
为达此目的，美国对盟国援助只用于救急，不是帮助盟国重建生产体系；援助都附有“排除国际商业中的一切歧视待遇的协议”，并且在货币和贸易体系计划中，美国不让各国为平衡支付而限制贸易。
最重要的是，美国以防止德、日再次侵略他国为名，制定了拆毁德国、日本军事工业的计划，从根本消灭这两个新兴工业强国的竞争能力。
如果这一切都成为现实，则美国将成为新的世界工厂，而欧洲和日本将成为美国的原材料及初级产品加工地，那里的经济需求将无法增长，一个长达二十多年的繁荣期也就不可能出现。
事实上，美国的这一商业野心并没能实现。
随着美国商品大量输入各国，随着拆毁德、日两国军事工业的进程的开始，欧洲和日本国内失业工人大量增加，各国共产党势力迅速壮大，美国不得不更弦改张。
美国统治精英终于发现，他们的头号敌人是苏联社会主义阵营，而不是欧洲和日本，因此美国对外经济政策发生了一百八十度的变化，变消灭竞争对手为扶植竞争对手。
二战后的英国经济(英文)
The Economy of United Kingdom after World War Ⅱ二战后的英国经济CONTENTAbstract: (1)Key word: (1)1. The current situation of English economy (2)2. The decline of English economy after world war Ⅱ (2)3. The reasons of the decline of British economy (2)3.1. British heavily debt because of financing the war (2)3.2. India got out of the British control. (3)3.3. Britain spent a higher proportion of its national wealth on the military. (3)3.4. British older equipment made the output low than others. (3)3.5. The failure to invest sufficiently in industry (3)4. The resuscitation of English economy in Margaret Thatc her’s government (4)4.1. Macroeconomic measures (5)4.2. Microeconomic policies (5)4.3. Some explanation about Margaret Thatcher’s government (5)4.3.1. Free-market economic theory (6)4.3.2. Thatcher Governmen t’s Medium-term Financial Strategy (6)4.3.3. The meaning of British disease (6)5. Soft Policies Adopted by Post-war Governments (6)6. The Impetus to Change from Defeat in War (7)7. The Current British Economy (7)7.1. Primary Industries (8)7.2. Secondary industries (8)7.3. Tertiary Industries (9)8. British several industries and its present agriculture (11)8.1. British coal mining (11)8.2. British oil and natural gas (11)8.3. British iron and steel industry (11)8.4. British textile industry (11)8.5. Britain’s agriculture (12)8.6. The change of Britain’s trade pattern (12)9. Conclusion (12)Work cited (14)The Economy of the United Kingdom after World War ⅡAbstract: Before the World War Ⅱ, Britain was the oldest industrial country in the world. By the 1880s, British economy was dominant in the world.Although by 1900 this was no longer the case, and the United Kingdomhad been overtaken by both the United States and Germany, Britain stillhad an obvious advantage of economy. However, after World War Ⅱ, it isstainable but misleading, and there is a period as one of decline. Maybethis decline is relative to some other economies rather than absolute, butthis relative failure is a serious cause of concern to the British internalcondition.Key word: the economy of the United Kingdom, World War Ⅱ, decline, the reasons of decline, resuscitation, Margaret Thatcher’s government, soft policies,current British economy, primary industries, second industries, tertiaryindustries, British industries, British agriculture.The Economy of The United Kingdom after World War Ⅱ1. The current situation of English economyThe United Kingdom of Great Britain is a major developed capitalist country. It is now the world’s sixth largest economy and has a gross domestic product (GDP) of US&2 645 billion (2010) and is forecast to have the strongest business environment of all major European economies for the period 2007 to 2011. The United Kingdom is not only a member of the G7, G8, G-20 major economies, but also a member of the World Trade Organization. It is a leading global trading nation, as the second largest exporter and third largest importer of commercial services, and the tenth largest exporter and sixth largest importer of merchandise (2007).2. The decline of English economy after world war ⅡHere, we mainly talk about the British Economy after World War Ⅱ.Britain is the oldest industrial country in the world. By the 1880s, British economy was dominant in the world; producing one third of the world’s manufactured goods, half its coal and iron, half its cotton. The amount of British shipping was greater than that in the rest of the world put together. Although by 1900 this was no longer the case, the United Kingdom having been overtaken by both the United States and Germany, Britain still had an obvious advantage of economy. Unfortunately, certainly from 1945 until the present, it is stainable but misleading, as it has in fact been a period of steady economic growth and rapidly increasing living standards. Britain remains one of the Group of Seven large industrial economies. But there are reasons for describing this period as one of decline. Britain entered the post-war world as one of successful allies of the Second World War, with some of its chief competitor nations such as Germany and Japan, economically destroyed. Also Britain was the center of a still vast empire. According to the figures, the United Kingdom was second only to the United States in the international economy. Thus Britain was then in an apparently strong economic position, a position it clearly no longer occupies, which indicates some sort of decline. And the basic positive-seeming facts describing the size of economy, the high proportion of world trade that was British, and so on, in 1945, did not reveal important negative facts about the United Kingdom’s position even then.3. The reasons of the decline of British economyThere are several reasons explaining the appearance.3.1. British heavily debt because of financing the warThe country had gone heavily into debt in order to finance the war, selling many of its accumulated overseas assets, and borrowing large amounts from the UnitedStates and Canada. These debts meant that the United Kingdom entered the post-war era with a major economic problem.3.2. India got out of the British control.The era of empire was over. India, popularly known as “The Jewel in the Crown”of the British Empire, gained its independence in 1947, only 2 years after the end of the war. This was the largest element in the empire, providing raw materials and a big market for British goods. This relationship with India was no longer available, and the rest of the empire quickly followed India to independence, leaving Britain as just a medium-size European country, with a population only one fifth the sizes of the U.S.3.3. Britain spent a higher proportion of its national wealth on the military.Despite the relatively rapid and trouble-free process of decolonization, Britain was still forced to maintain a substantial and expensive military presence in many overseas locations until the process was completed (mostly by the end of the 1960s). Also its position as one of the shapers of the post-war world required substantial military contributions – both as one of the NATO’s major partners, and as a member of the UN Security Council. All this had the result that Britain spent a higher proportion of its national wealth (and especially of its research and development budget) on the military than most of its competitors. Military expenditure tends not to generate an economic return in quite the same way as other industrial investment.3.4. British older equipment made the output lower than others.Although Britain was quite badly damaged by German bombing during the war, its industry survived comparatively unaffected. This contrasted greatly with some of its competitors – especially the main losers in the conflicts, Germany and Japan, who almost had to start again from nothing. This apparent disadvantage for them may have worked in their favor in that as they had to invest, they could invest in the most modern equipment and new products. British industry, however, could continue with its older factories and pre-war products, and give its other economic problems, did so – a problem in the long-term. It also meant that output was initially very low in these two potentially large economies: so while Britain looked securely wealthier than them in 1945, a catching-up with the United Kingdom was inevitable as they recovered.3.5. The failure to invest sufficiently in industryThe failure to invest sufficiently in industry also reflects a long-standing and continuing problem in the United Kingdom economy. Even without the particular circumstances of the post-war world, relatively low rates of investment (the amount of money businesses put aside from profits to reinvest in the business in new products and production methods) were characteristic of the British economy in relation to other developed economies. Economists have pointed to the lack of close relationshipbetween industry and banks in the United Kingdom – again the contrast, particularly with the two most successful post-war economy, Japan and Germany, where banks and industrial firms have very close links. Economic historians have suggested that this may be due to the fact that the United Kingdom was the first economy to industrialize, and industrial firms, without foreign competition, grew used to financing their own development, without need to borrow from banks. Banks therefore, not able to find good investment opportunities in the United Kingdom, looked overseas for investment opportunities. A low rate of domestic industrial investment coupled with a very high rate of overseas investment is still a characteristic of the United Kingdom economy. So, amongst European nations, Britain is the largest investor in China, but sells fewer of its own manufactured goods here than do Germany or France.The point to note is that the comparatively strong economic position Britain found itself in 1945 was in many ways deceptive. So the decline from Britain’s apparently good fortunes at that point until now is thus not as extraordinary as it might seem, being the result of already existing basic problems. And it should also be remembered that this was not an absolute decline: Britain is not poorer, or producing less than it was in 1945, in fact (like most countries) it is a lot wealthier and more productive than it was then. The problem is that though it has improved, other counties have improved more rapidly, hence the slide from being the 2nd largest economy (after the United States) to being the sixth, as it is at present. And even many smaller economies have overtaken the United Kingdom in terms of output per head of population. So the United Kingdom has experienced economic decline, but this decline is relative to some other economies rather than absolute. Nevertheless, this relative failure is a serious cause of concern to the United Kingdom governments.4. The resuscitation of English economy in Margaret Thatcher’s governmentThe phenomenon culminated in the winter of 1979 when there were widespread strikes. The Labor government faced a vote of no confidence, which it lost, causing a general election. This was won by the Conservatives under their leader Margaret Thatcher, who thus became the United Kingdom’s first woman Prime Minister.She was a radical in conservative terms, committed to the idea of small government and free-market economics, and less concerned with being “fatherly” this she dismissed as the “nanny state”, encouraging laziness and discouraging entrepreneurship. As a result the 1980s saw the most substantial changes to British society since the late 1940s. Part of the change was to undo some of the work of that 1945 Labor government, because one of their major policies was the privatization of nationalized industry: British Aerospace; British Airways; British Telecom; British Petroleum; the electricity, gas and water companies, and many others, including much public housing, were gradually sold off, until today when little remains to be sold. The policy is generally seen as a success because the privatized companies have done very well, becoming very efficient and profitable. There were negative consequences; however, as the process of becoming efficient enough for private investors to buy them involved all these huge businesses in the loss of many workers. Sounemployment went up quickly in the early 1980s, from 1 million jobless to 3.5 million. So poverty has increased for the first time since the War. Government welfare payments have become less generous too. So through the 1980s many people got richer and many got poorer: Britain became a less equal society, and many thought public services, such as health, education and transport, got worse. The leader of the liberal party described the 1980s as a time of “private affluence and public squalor”. Nevertheless many businesses boomed, and simplified government regulations attracted many foreign businesses.From a clearer aspect, we know that Thatcher’s government adopted a Medium-term Financial Strategy and took numerous to improve the efficiency of the economy during the past decade, using both macroeconomic and microeconomic policies.4.1. Macroeconomic measures●The aim: to bring down the rate inflation and achieve price stability.●The measures: to apply a tight control on the exchange rate and the regulation ofmoney growth. This monetary policy was complemented by a firm fiscal policy to reduce public borrowing.4.2. Microeconomic policies●The aim: to work with the grain of market forces by encouraging enterprise,efficiency and flexibility.●The seven policies:Privatization of some state –owned enterprises;Deregulation and market liberalization replacing prices and incomes control and state intervention;Emphasis on improving the long run supply performance of the economy;Labor legislation to change labor-capital relation for the good;Reform of taxation stimulates private investment;Control over foreign transactions, company dividends, installment purchase and bank lending were abolished;Encouraging competition is among financial institutions.Owing to the Thatcher programmed, the British in the 1980s developed quite significantly. Mrs. Thatcher tried to cure the “British disease”but she failed in the end.4.3. Some explanation about Margaret Thatcher’s governmentThere are some proper nouns in Margaret Thatcher’s government. Next, some explanation is as follows.4.3.1. Free-market economic theoryIt is an economic theory put forward by John M. Keynes, a British economist in the first half of the twentieth century. It hold that the government should use fiscal and monetary policy to fine-tune aggregate demand to achieve full employment, while using prices and incomes policies to suppress inflation at source. This policy is characterized by high consumption and low investment.4.3.2. Thatcher Government’s Medium-term Financial StrategyThatcher Government’s Medium-term Financial Strategy in many ways represented a break with that of its predecessors. Its theory turned Keynesianism on its head. Privatization, deregulation and market liberalization replaced prices and incomes control and state interventionism. Unlike earlier Keynesian approach the new approach placed emphasis on improving the long-run supply-side performance of the economy.4.3.3. The meaning of British diseaseBritain is the oldest industrial country in the world. However, soon after World War Ⅱ, Britain gave up its economic hegemony. Its GDP growth rate became lower than that of its trading partners. It has been running balance of payments deficits for many decades. As a result the British pound has fallen into its lowest level. Britain is no longer able to match the growth rates of other industrial counties. The term “British disease” is now often used to characterize Britain’s economic decline.5. Soft Policies Adopted by Post-war GovernmentsIn principle, there were two broad strategies which British governments might have adopted after the war. The first was a market solution, in which the economy was deregulated and producers exposed to competitive pressures. The advantage of this strategy was that competition will penalize firms with, say, weak management or poor industrial relations. This was broadly the type of strategy which West Germany adopted after 1948, with some success. Such policies were also pursued by the Thatcher Government in the 1980s, when, as already noted, there was some improvement in Britain's relative performance. The obvious implication was that it would have been better if British governments had moved in this direction earlier. However, this conclusion may be unsustainable. For one thing, it waits to be seen if Britain's improved performance can be sustained through the 1990s. For another, there are reasons to doubt whether a market solution is always appropriate. If, for example, low growth has been due to an underinvestment in education then a market solution will not solve the problem.The alternative strategy would have been to introduce a state-led modernizationprogram. This was the direction which both France and Japan took after the war with some success.4 British economic policy, with the adoption of demand management, nationalization and active industrial, regional and manpower measures also became much more interventionist after the war. Yet, these policies seem to have been less effective. Why?One possibility has been canvassed by Corelli Barnett. He has argued that the need for a modernization strategy was clearly recognized by the wartime administration. Yet it never materialized after the war, because the immediate policy priority became the establishment of the welfare state. Barnett is probably wrong to put so much emphasis on the welfare state, which, judging from expenditure levels has been no more prominent in Britain than in other European countries. Nevertheless, he is correct to argue that Britain never developed a modernization strategy.Why did Britain not develop a modernization strategy? It is was not the intention to argue here that Britain would have achieved an economic miracle if she had been defeated in 1945. Nevertheless, the Table does did show that a number of countries, which were defeated or occupied during the Second World War, were extremely successful thereafter. One possible reason for this is that wartime damage created exceptional investment opportunities. However, this could not be the whole story; their above average performance was sustained for too long. Another possibility, suggested by Mansur Olson, is that, when a country is defeated in a war, this will lead to a change in its attitudes and policies. Business and labor become receptive to change, while governments are likely to push through unpalatable reforms and to adopt modernization policies.6. The Impetus to Change from Defeat in WarWartime victors, by contrast, are less likely to do this. There will be less impetus to change, and governments will prefer to adopt policies which reward the population for their wartime sacrifices. This is essentially what happened in Britain after 1945. At this time there was extensive state intervention, but it was not to foster modernizing as in France and Japan. Rather the overriding priority was to correct the principal economic deficiency of the interwar years - high unemployment. Thus Britain never had a modernization strategy; it was effectively a strategy for containing unemployment. Similarly, wartime victory encouraged British governments to persist with international policies of questionable economic value. Thus, in the 1950s, Britain remained a colonial power, which restricted her freedom of action, without providing many obvious economic benefits. At the same time, she continued to act as a world policeman, and was obliged to maintain higher levels of defense expenditure than her international competitors, and this generated few economic benefits.7. The Current British EconomyThe national economies of Britain can be broken down into three main areas: “Primary” industries, such as agriculture, fishing, and mining; “Secondary” industries,which manufacture complex goods from those primary products; and “Tertiary”industries, often referred to as services, such as banking, insurance, tourism, and the selling of goods.7.1. Primary IndustriesThe British agriculture is highly efficient by the standard of France and Germany . It produces 1.4% of the national wealth, with only 2% of the labor force that grow 58 % of the food needed by the nation. The high rate of production is due to the extensive use of modern technical improvements.Only parts of the country have good soil, and farmland is scare. The quarters of Britain's land is used for agriculture, with about a quarter of undercrops--wheat and barley are the two commonest. The farmland in the eastern half of the country is used for raising crops. Its chief agricultural products are wheat, barley, oats, potatoes and sugar beets. The rest is used for grazing animals, including cattle (both dairy and beef), though sheep are the most numerous livestock. Dairy farming is distributed all over the country but is characteristic of the west of England. Britain is the world's leading exporter of pedigree livestock: cattle, sheep, pigs, and horses. Cattle are bred for meat as well as for dairy farming. Sheep are found in hilly counties particularly and are bred chiefly for their meat. Britain's beef, especially the best Scottish meat, is well known for its excellence, and Welsh mutton is the favorite meat in the country. The beef industry has been hit badly by BSE disease in cattle leading to a 1996 ban on beef exports. The best agricultural land is in the southeast of England.Britain has a large ocean fishing fleet and fish is a basic item in the national diet. The fishing industry provides 55% of the United Kingdom demand for fish. The leading fish caught are cod, haddock, herring, plaice, turbot and sole. The major fishing areas are the North Sea, the English Channel, the sea area around Ireland and the sea area between English and Iceland. Scottish ports land the majority of the fish caught.Energy production is an important part of the British economy, account for 5% of the national wealth. Since 1970s, when oil and gas were discovered under the North Sea, Britain has become a major oil and gas producer, in addition to its older coal mining industry, which now accounts for only about a quarter of energy supplies, the rest being divided between oil, gas, and nuclear energy. This abundance of energy resources means that the United Kingdom has become an overall exporter of energy. The technology required to extract oil from the difficult offshore conditions has given British companies a strong position in the offshore oil industry around the world. Three of the biggest ten companies in Britain are to be found in the energy sector: Shell (half Dutch), British Petroleum (BP), and British Gas. The world's largest mining company, RTZ, is a United Kingdom company, which operates mines all over the world.7.2. Secondary industriesIn the secondary sector of the economy, manufacturing industry remains important, producing 22% of national wealth. Britain companies are active in all major fields of manufacturing industry, but are particularly strong in pharmaceutical (Glaxo-Wellcome, the British company is the biggest drug company in the world), chemicals (including plastics, petrochemicals and pharmaceutical industry, ICI being the second largest paint manufacturer in the world), aerospace (overall the United Kingdom industry is third in size in the world, with such products as VC 10, the Trident, the BAC One-Eleven, and a range of military aircraft including the Jaguar, and the Harrier, a vertical take-off and landing strike aircraft, and the Concorde, the Anglo-French supersonic airliner) and food and drink (Scottish whisky being c major export). Britain has a big electronics industry (the fourth largest in the world, which produces such products as radar, computers, radio and television transmitting equipment, industrial control equipment and consumer goods) but like the car industry (which includes Ford, GM, Peugeot, Nissan, and Toyota) is in many cases foreign-owned. Britain's last major independent car company, Rover, was recently bought by the German company BMW. A high-technology engineering industry has developed around the motor-racing business, with many of the world's racing cars, both for Formula One and the American Indy Car series, being designed and built in Britain. McLaren and Williams are two of the most successful of these companies. The recently privatized British Steel is the world's fourth largest steel company. Other manufacturing industries include mechanical engineering that produces all forms of machinery and industrial plant; instrument engineering, with a product range extending from scientific instruments to photographic equipment and time-pieces; electrical engineering, engaged in the manufacture and installation of generation, transmitting and distribution equipment, telecommunications and broadcasting apparatus, specialized laboratory equipment and domestic electrical appliances. The other leading traditional industries include shipbuilding, textiles, locomotives, food products and consumer goods.7.3. Tertiary IndustriesLike most developed economies, Britain has seen a relative shrinking of the importance of secondary industry and a spectacular growth in tertiary or service industries, which now produce 65% of national wealth. A lot of this domestic activity such as retailing, tourism, insurance, and so on, but British is also a major international provider of services, accounting for about 10% of the world's exports of such services. 70% of the United Kingdom's work force is employed in the service sector.Trade is Britain's lifeline. Britain's geographical position makes it a natural transfer point. It imports many goods that are immediately re-exported to other countries in smaller lots, sometimes after some minor processing. Britain remains one of the world's most important trading nations. It exports about one-sixth of the total world exports of manufactured goods. It buys about one-fifth of the raw materials exported in the world.Britain's traditional customers in trade were the Commonwealth countriesand its former colonies. Its trade with highly industrialized nations has gone up since it joined the European Economic Community (the Common Market) in 1973. Apart from the Common Market, the United States and Canada are also its important customers in trade now.The invisible trade makes a great contribution to Britain's balance of payment problems. Earnings from tourism, with the associated shipping, international insurance, banking fees and air services and from private investment overseas constitute one of the largest single sources of foreign currency. A government-sponsored body, the British Trade Authority (BTA) is responsible for the overseas promotion of tourism in Britain.The financial sector is an important part of this service industry, as London is one of the top three financial centers in the world. It has the greatest concentration of foreign banks in the world, accounts for 20% of all international bank-loans, and is the world's largest foreign exchange market. As well as banking, dealing in commodities and insurance are important processes in "The City"--the name given to the historic area at the center of London where all the business is concentrated, at the heart of which is the London Stock Exchange, one of the busiest share-dealing centers in the world. Advertising is another major business service in which United Kingdom companies are highly successful. Britain's unit of currency is the proud sterling (￡). It did not adopt the new decimal currency system until February 15th, 1971. Before the introduction of the new system, one pound was worth 20 shilling, and one shilling 12 pence, Following the introduction of the decimal currency system, the pound is divided into 100 pence (p). Cupronickel coins are issued with denominations of 50p, 10p, and 5p, and bronze coins with demonstrators of 2p, 1p, and 1/2p. The Bank of England notes are issued for sums of ￡1, ￡5, ￡10, and ￡20.The United Kingdom has not yet adopted the euro currency and the debate continues over when and indeed whether it will do so. The government has said a series of economic criteria must be met before the issue can be put to a referendum. In recent years, these have been divisions in both major parties as to whether the United Kingdom should form greater ties within the EU, leave things as they are, or reduce the EU’s supranational powers. Opponents of greater European integration are known as Europhiles. Divisions over Europe run deep in both major parities, and though the Conservative Party is seen to spilt over this issue, which in Government up to1997 and today opposition. The Labor Party also faces conflicting views within Cabinet over United Kingdom adoption of the Euro, and whether to ratify the new European Constitution.The Bank of England is Britain's central bank, with was established in 1694, and was brought into public ownership in 1946. It has a wide range of financial and economic responsibilities both as an agent of government policy and in its own right. It acts as banker to the government and the deposit banks. It advises government on the formulation of monetary policy and plays an important part in making agreed policy effective. In addition, the Bank is the note-issuing authority, the registrar for government stocks and banker to many overseas central banks.Besides the Bank of England, which acts as a clearing house, there are。
一轮复习二战后资本主义的新变化
共同点：都加强了对经济干预但是程度方式不同
•三、战后资本主义国家新变化
•1.背景： •①30年代大危机的惨痛教训迫使发达资本主义国家放弃 自由放任的经济政策和二战战争的需要。 •②罗斯福新政为战后发达资本主义国家提供了实践经验 。 •③凯恩斯主义为国家大力干预经济奠定了理论基础。 •④垄断资本主义发展的需要。 •⑤战后高科技的运用与第三次科技革命所需要的巨额资 金与归各部门的有效管理，超出了私人资本的承受能力。 •⑥工人阶级的长期斗争 •⑦对社会主义的建设成果的借鉴 •⑧有识之士改革的推动 •2.表现： •（1）资源配置方式：国家垄断资本主义的进一步发展
• （2009高考广东单科）（12分）阅读材料， 结合所学知识回答问题。 •材料 部分发达国家的社会福利及经济发展情
况
2001年社会福利开支占GDP比重 1995~2005年GDP
( %)
年均增长速度（%）
美国
14.7
3.3
英国
21.8
2.8
挪威
23.9
2.8
德国
24.3
1.4
芬兰
24.8
3.5
法国
1.英国：二战后“混合经济”---1979年以后货币主义 经济理论-----20世纪90年代向经济自由主义过渡“ 多市场少政府”成为发展趋势
2.法国：二战后计划指导型经济模式-----20世纪80 年代中期以后受新自由主义经济理论影响，开始 私有化浪潮。
3.联邦德国：二战后“社会市场经济”让市场充分发 挥作用，同时建立完善的社会保障制度。结果： 成为西欧经济“火车头”。
• （3）形成过程： • ①罗斯福新政采取的社会福利政策，是国家 干预社会财富分配的一次成功实践。 • ②二战后，西欧资本主义国家普遍实行社会 福利政策，福利国家的发展日渐完备。 • （4）变化：从单纯的救济发展成为公民的社 会权利，并有立法和制度上的保证。 • （5）种类：医疗保险、失业保险、工伤保险 和养老保险等。 • （6）特点：覆盖面广，低收入阶层受惠多。
二战后资本主义世界经济体系的形成
英国首相丘吉尔
一、布雷顿森林体系
——以美元为中心的国际货币金融体系
1.背景： ①必要性： 吸取大危机贸易保护主义教训，防止战争重演； 战后世界经济发展需要建立有效机制以规划秩序； ②可能性： 战后国际经济格局发生变化； 西欧遭受重创，美国实力空前膨胀，积极谋求世界经济霸主 地位。
2.过程： （1）召开联合国国际货币金融会议：
有人认为，世界经济的混乱、各国利己主义的政策，
是导致1929年世界经济危机加深的重要原因，并由此促使 德意日三国走上使用武力重新瓜分殖民地的战争道路。你 认为有道理吗？ 有一定的道理。1929年发生经济危机时，各国面对恶 化的形势，转嫁危机，设置关税壁垒，从而引发了倾销、 关税战，使危机程度更加严重。各国以邻为壑的利己主义 政策导致了资本主义世界的不断分化。资源自给率较低、 金融力量相对薄弱的德意日逐渐勾结并结成了法西斯联盟， 走上了战争道路。
材料三：美国的经济在战争期间获得迅速发展，国民生产总 值从1940年的1006亿美元上升到1945年的2136亿美元。美国 的黄金储备1945年已占到资本主义世界黄金储备总量的59%， 1948年更增至74.5%。美国已跃升为资本主义世界的头号强 国。
主要资本主义国家工业生产在资本主义世界工业生产中所占比重（％）
二战后主要资本主义国家的经济发展
二战后主要资本主义国家的经济发展（一）二战后美国经济的发展（繁荣--危机与调整—持续稳定增长）a 二战初期，美国推行中立政策，大发战争横财，军事工业迅速发展；b战后初期，美国成为头号资本主义强国，美元在国际货币体系中取得了统治地位，经济一片繁荣；c 70年代，欧共体国家和日本迅速崛起，中东国家展开石油斗争，美国经济陷入危机；80年代，美苏争霸激烈，美国大力发展高技术军事工业，债务负担沉重，经济发展受阻；d 90年代，为了在多极化世界格局中占据绝对优势，美1、战后的繁荣原因：①美国是世界上最富强的国家，占据了广阔的国际市场；②大力发展科技教育，发展新兴工业和军事工业③改善人民生活，创造有力的经济发展环境。
2、危机和经济调整原因：①经济发展弊端显露；②受到1974-1975年经济危机严重打击；③通货膨胀，债务沉重。
（二十世纪80年代中后期，美国成为世界最大负债国）3、新经济(知识经济)的出现原因：①改革社会经济；②加大发展教育科技事业的力度，促进以信息产业为代表的高新技术的发展；③完成传统产业的技术改造。
新经济的主要特征：信息化和全球化。
总结：战后美国经济发展的基本特点a出现繁荣，七八十年代遭遇危机与通货膨胀，90年代持续稳定发展，21世纪初又发生经济衰退，这显示了美国经济发展的周期性。
b美国经济的发展速度仍处于西方发达国家经济发展的前列，是当今世界上综合国力最强的国家。
c、高科技特别是信息技术成为美国经济发展的主要推动力量经济发展的科技含量高。
战后美国经济发展的原因:1、适时调整经济政策，进行资本主义的自我调节（根本原因）；2、抓住第三次科技革命的机遇，大力发展科学技术，发展高新技术产业（最主要原因）；3、重视基础教育，培养实用人才；4、战后国际地位的提高和军事经济实力的增强；5、确立世界霸权地位的政治需要。
（二）西欧和日本经济的发展1、欧洲的联合（1967年成欧共体，1993年欧盟，说明欧洲一体化的趋势）欧洲联合的原因：a、为了保障自身的安全和国际地位，避免成为超级大国的附庸；b 为了加强交流合作，促进经济的发展。
【精品】英国经济
第五章英国经济绝对衰退和相对衰退到19世纪80年代，英国经济在世界上占主导地位，生产世界上1/3的制成品，1/2的煤炭和1/2的棉花。
英国航运量比世界其它国家的总量还要大。
但是这种状况持续时间不长，甚至到1900年时，已不再是这种局面，英国被美国和德国超过。
当然，从1945年直到现在，英国经济通常都被认为是一种衰退。
这是可以理解的，但是也相当容易引起误解，因为事实上，在这段期间，经济是稳步增长的，人们生活水平也在迅速提高。
英国仍然是七大工业国之一（美、英、德、法、日、意、加）。
但是把这段时间描述成经济衰退期也是有原因的。
英国作为在二战中胜利的联盟国之一进入了战后的世界，而其主要竞争对手们如德国和日本经济遭到了严重破坏。
而且英国仍然是大帝国的中心。
统计数字表明，英国在国际经济中仅次于美国而位居第二。
因而，很明显，那时的英国经济繁荣昌盛，而这样繁荣的经济它已不再拥有，这表明某种性质的衰退。
但是显示1945年英国的经济规模以及它在当时世界贸易中所占的高比例等等那些看似乐观的数据，掩盖了当时英国已处于极为不利地位的重要事实。
第一，为了资助战争，该国已经债台高筑，出卖了许多长期积累的海外资产，并从美国和加拿大借了大量的外债。
这些债务意味着英国是带着严重的经济问题进入战后时期的。
第二，帝国时代结束了。
俗称大英帝国的“皇冠上的珠宝”的印度于1947年也就是二战结束的两年之后，赢得了独立。
印度是大英帝国最大的要素，为英国产品提供原材料和广阔的消费市场。
与印度的这种关系已不复存在，继1947年印度独立以后，其他原英属殖民地相继独立，使得英国成了一个土地面积大小仅为中等的欧洲国家，人口也只有美国的1/5。
第三，尽管非殖民化的过程相对迅速，相对平静，英国还是被迫在此过程结束（大多是到了60年代末）之前在许多海外殖民地区驻扎大量军队，军费开支巨大。
作为战后世界的建造者之一――既是北大西洋公约组织的主要伙伴之一，又是联合国安理会成员国之一――英国需要在军事上做大量的贡献。
英国的经济发展的概况和特点
英国的经济发展的概况和特点经济的概况：（6个阶段）①16世纪：英国资本主义兴起和发展。
新航路开辟后，英国成为大西洋航运中心，积极开展海外贸易。
手工工场在许多领域建立起来。
农村，圈地运动，使农村出现了资本主义的牧场和农场。
奴隶贸易使许多城市兴盛起来。
②18世纪60年代－1840年前后，英国完成了工业革命。
（复习英国进行工业革命的条件、重大发明、特点、影响、尤其是对英国的影响）③19世纪中期，英国是世界上最发达的资本主义国家，号称世界工厂。
在世界工业中居垄断地位、英国的煤、铁、纺织品的产量都超过法、德、美三国的总和。
④19世纪末20世纪初，英国经济发展缓慢，丧失了世界工业中的垄断地位，但还占有一定地位，特别是它的造船业和金融业仍有举足轻重的作用（注意英国经济格局的变化－世界工厂地位的确立和丧失并分析原因、影响）⑤20世纪二三十年代，：英国霸权地位开始衰落。
一战使英国的债务比战前增加了10倍。
英国从债权国变成了债务国。
伦敦不再是世界唯一的金融中心，英镑的地位发生了动摇。
1924年，英国的工业超过战前的水平。
1929－1933年，英国发生了经济危机，经济出现了严重倒退（分析经济的这种变化对政治、外交、民族解放运动的影响？）⑥二战后，英国经济严重削弱。
英国同其它资本主义国家一样经历了恢复、快速发展和滞胀时期．(注意知识的拓展和延伸，没讲英国，而只是讲了美国，要注意)这种情况对英国外交的影响．（二）特点：①英国是世界上最先进行和完成工业革命的资本主义国家，是世界上第一个资本主义工业国②英国是占领殖民地最多的国家，殖民地对英国经济的发展具有非常重要的意义。
③从17世纪到19世纪中期，英国一直是资本主义最发达的国家。
19世纪中期以后，英国在世界资本主义经济中的地位逐渐下降。
英国的政治：（一）英国政治的演变概况（8个阶段）：①文艺复兴时期，英国出现了杰出的人文主义者莎士比亚和卓越的思想家弗兰西斯·培根②宗教改革运动中，英国进行了自上而下的宗教改革，成立了不属罗马教皇管辖的英国国教。
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※ Shipping was the essential lifeline for the nation’s economy. Ninety-nine per cent of the trade in and out of the country went by ship- and over half of it in British ships. Shipping was also a significant British success story. It earned over ￡1,000 million a year in foreign exchange earnings: without the merchant fleet, the balance of payments would be permanently in deficit, despite North Sea oil. Now it was greatly threatened by other countries. ※ Today Britain has discovered 50 oil fields in the North Sea, with a reserve of 2.2 billion tons. Production began in the second half of 1975 and went up gradually. In 1976 production of crude oil reached 52.8 million tons. It was estimated that by 1980 production rose to about 110 million tons. And if so, Britain was selfsufficient in oild War II
A. By the mid-1950’s , things were definitely rosy for Britain: unemployment was low; wages were far higher than before the war; more and more people were buying cars and going on holidays. B. By the 1960s, Britain was one of the world’s leading industrial as well as nuclear powers, a “permissive age” for many British people. C．In the 1970s, Britain was beset with troubles both at home and abroad. Although Britain’s rate of economic growth averaged 2%—3% annually up to 1971, yet the rate dropped considerably in subsequent years. The optimism of the 1960s disappeared. The oil embargo(石油禁运) declared by Opec and coal-miners’ strike at home forced the government to declare the State of Emergency in 1973. Edward Heath’s Conservative Government was brought down at the general election.
3. British disease A. low growth of productivity, B. soaring inflation and devaluation of the currency C. high unemployment rate 4. The causes of the disease (according to some of the western economists) A. excessive socialism ( one-fourth of production and service industries were nationalized . Many of the state-owned enterprises made thin profit (微利) or ran at a loss.( 亏 损经营) B. its from—cradle—grave social welfare program e.g. 1) the National Health Service 公共医疗卫生服务， providing free treatment for all English people.
2) the Social Security System 社会福利保障体系，securing a basic standard of living for people in financial troubles, transferred too much money from the haves to the have-nots through the system, thus, dampered people’s enthusiasm for self-reliance and encourage “dependency culture”, being contented themselves with relying on social welfare benefits and refused to make efforts to improve themselves. That is called the redistribution or transferring money (from the haves to the have-nots) C. the workers’ attitude to high technology (over-anxious to keep their jobs, reluctant to use labor-saving techniques that implies firing more workers e.g. Murdoch’s newspaper plant
3） During the 2nd World War and post-war era, the UK had experienced an economic decline since 1945. This is a relative decline rather than an absolute one. Actually Britain was more wealthier and more productive than it was in 1945, but since other countries developed more rapidly , people have such an impression. A. It has dropped from being the 2nd largest economy to being the 6th. This causes relative declines after the 2nd World War : B. Britain had gone heavily into debt in order to finance the 2nd World War. During the war, it sold many of its accumulated overseas assets (长期积累的海外资产，英 国在历史上有很多海外殖民地)and borrowed large amount from U.S. and Canada.
AKA Keith Rupert Murdoch
• Born: 11-Mar-1931 Birthplace: Melbourne, Australia • Gender: Male Religion: Christian Race or Ethnicity: White Sexual orientation: Straight Occupation: Business • Nationality: United States
• Keith Rupert Murdoch默多克（1931-）名闻欧、美、澳洲的报业巨子。 • 出生于墨尔本。父亲为著名的战地记者和出版商。在牛津大学获硕士 • 学位，经他父亲的朋友比弗布鲁克勋爵推荐，进伦敦《每日快报》任 • 副编辑。其父去世后，他返回澳大利亚继承父业，接管《新闻报》和 《星期日邮报》。之后立即采用两年来从《每日快报》所学的危言耸听 的报道方法，不久把《新闻报》由持重的报纸变成以色情、丑闻充斥的 报纸，销售量因此激增。后来打入英国报界，如伦敦的《世界新闻》周 刊，以色情、丑闻为内容，使其销售量增至600万份。后打入美国德克 萨斯州的《快报》，不久又购入《新闻晚报》将其办成色情，丑闻满篇 的报纸，压倒了所有对手，垄断了晚报市场。1976年转向纽约市，买进 了历史最悠久的报纸之一纽约《邮报》晚报。同时还购入《纽约》杂志 等。他很注意运用他早年从比弗布鲁克勋爵处学得的经验，善于利用高 善于利用高 科技、善于利用色情和丑闻扩大销售、善于在适当的时刻用低廉的价格 科技 购入其他报刊因此他的事业已发展成为世界上最大的出版企业之一。
D. Britain’s membership in the European Community (now called the European Union) was endorsed by the national referendum of 1973(全民公决). It was a major step to link Britain with other Western European countries. ※ The EU consists of 3 communities set up by separate treaties: 1) the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) 欧洲煤钢联营 2) the European Economic Community (EEC) 欧洲经济共同体 3)the European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC) 欧洲原子能共同 体