第十四章主谓一致和虚拟语气
虚拟语气主谓一致
Six times two are twelve. are 改为 is 十二、某些结构后所跟谓语动词必须用单数。 加 plus, added, and 减 minus 乘 time, multiply 除 divided (…by) Six divided by three is two.
are One or two books ______ needed.
is/are One book or two ______ needed.
九、"one or two＋名词复数","one or more＋ 名词复数"作主语，谓语动词用复数。 "one/a＋单数名词or two"作主语，谓语动 词可用单数也可用复数。
六、就近原则
主语由连词or, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but(also), nor, whether…or, not…but…, there be等连接的两个名词或代词组成时，其谓 语动词应与最近的名词一致。 倒装句中，也遵从就近原则
七、由and连接的名词的主谓一致情况分以下几种： 1.当and连接的两个名词指同一人、同一事或同一概念时，谓语 动词用单数。例如： The teacher and writer is respected by all the people around. 2.当and连接两个都有冠词的名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 The teacher and the writer are greatly respected here. 3.形容词＋and＋形容词＋名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 Social and political freedom are limited there. 4.用and连接的单数名词，前面有each, every, many a, no修饰 语时，谓语要用单数。 Every man, woman, and child takes part in the activity. Each pen and each paper is found in its place.
高中英语主谓一致用法详解文档
主谓一致用法详解在语言运用中，主语和谓语在人称、数等方面必须保持一致，即谓语动词的形式必须随着主语单复数形式的变化而变化，这是英语语言运用的法则。
I 主谓一致的三原则1.语法一致原则主语和谓语通常在语法形式上要取得一致，即主语用单数形式，谓语动词也采用单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。
Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.在太阳底下看书对眼睛有坏处。
All of them were praised for this.他们全都因此受到表扬。
2.意义一致原则意义上的一致不同于语法上的一致，意义上的一致着眼于主语的内在含义而非外在语法形式。
有些作主语的名词或代词在形式上是复数，但谓语动词却要用单数形式。
有些则形式上是单数，但谓语动词却要用复数形式。
Three months has passed since you left.你走了已有三个月了。
The old are very well taken care of in our city.老年人在我们城市被照顾得很好。
3.就近一致原则句中有两个或两个以上的主语时，谓语动词应和离它最近的主语保持人称和数的一致。
Neither his parents nor he himself is a bank clerk.他父母和他本人都不是银行职员。
Not only we but also the little girl is fond of the game.不仅仅是我们，就连这个小姑娘也喜欢这个游戏。
II 单一主语的情况当主语为下列形式时，其谓语要与主语一致。
1. 不定代词作主语1）不定代词either, neither, each, one, the other, another, someone, somebody, something, anyone, anybody, anything, everyone等作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。
虚拟语气的常见用法总结
虚拟语气的常见用法总结虚拟语气是一种特殊的语气形式，用来表示说话者对某种情况是假设、愿望、建议或推测等的态度。
在英语中，虚拟语气的用法相对复杂，但是掌握了常见的用法，就能够在表达自己的意思时更加准确和自如。
一、虚拟语气的定义和用法虚拟语气用于表达说话者的假设、愿望、建议、命令、要求、要求、要求等意愿情态。
在语法上表现为动词形态的变化和句子结构的变化。
以下是虚拟语气的常见用法。
1. 假设虚拟语气常用于表达假设，即假设一种不存在的情况。
例句：If I were a bird, I would fly freely in the sky.意思：如果我是一只鸟，我会自由自在地在天空中飞翔。
2. 愿望虚拟语气也可用于表达愿望，即希望实现一种未来的情况。
例句：I wish I had a car.意思：我希望我有一辆车。
3. 建议虚拟语气还可用于表达建议或推荐的动词后面。
例句：I suggest that he go to the doctor.意思：我建议他去看医生。
4. 命令或要求虚拟语气也可用于表示命令、要求或愿望等。
例句：She demanded that he leave immediately.意思：她要求他立即离开。
二、虚拟语气的形态变化在虚拟语气中，动词的形态会发生变化。
以下是常见的虚拟语气形态变化：1. 过去式（对于现在情况的虚拟）例句：If I had more time, I would travel around the world.意思：如果我有更多时间，我会周游世界。
2. 过去完成式（对于过去情况的虚拟）例句：If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.意思：如果我学得更努力，我就能通过考试了。
3. should + 动词原形（用于建议、命令或要求等）例句：I suggest that he should go to the dentist.意思：我建议他去看牙医。
主谓一致与虚拟语气
3. 就近原则 与就远原则
1.就近原则 There be, either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but also…, nor…or... Eg. Neither the students nor the teacher is to attend the meeting. Eg . There is an apple, two bottles and three books on the desk.
注意 有些集体名词如police, people, militia, cattle, youth 等作主语时谓语动词通常用复 数。 Eg . The police are discussing in the meeting room. Eg . Are there any cattle in the farm？
3) One of +n （复数）谓复 the only one of + n （复数） 谓单 Eg. This is one of the best movies that have been on this year. Eg. She is the only one of the students who is good at French in our class.
4） 并列结构作主语时谓语动词的数 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数 ,用and 或 both and连接并列主语，谓复 Eg. Tom and Jim are good friends. 注意：当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个 单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓 语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只 有一个冠词 Eg. The poet and writer is famous.
2024年新高考版英语主谓一致、虚拟语气、省略、倒装、强调讲解部分
“a number of+复数名词”作主 A number of other plants were
语时,谓语动词用复数形式,意为 found in America.在美洲还发现
“许多……”;“the number of+ 了许多其他的植物。
复数名词”作主语时,谓语动词 The number of people who travel
复合不定代词someone、anyone、everyone、nobody/no one、something、anything、everything、nothing等作主语时,谓语动词用单数
If anyone sees Lisa, ask her to call me.如果有人看 到莉萨,请她给我打个电话。 Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.世上无难 事,只怕有心人。
If he shouldn't come tomorrow, we would put off the meeting.如果他 明天不来,我们就推迟 这个会议。
使用“(should+)动词原形”的虚拟语气 1.用于宾语从句 以下动词后的宾语从句常常使用虚拟语气,即谓语为“(should+)动词原 形”。
原则
意义 一致
课标必备点梳理
常见用法
例句
当“几分之几/百分之几/half/ the rest/most+of+名词”结构作 主语时,一般根据of后的名词的 单复数决定谓语动词的单复数
20% of the people in the city object to the price of running water going up. 这个城市中百分之二十的人反 对自来水价格上调。
高中英语主谓一致讲解(整理版)
高中英语主谓一致讲解(整理版)
一、主谓一致的基本概念
●定义：主谓一致是指句子中的主语和谓语动词在数、时态和形式上保持一致。
●功能：确保句子语法正确，意义清晰。
●主谓关系：主语与谓语之间存在逻辑关系，这种关系决定了谓语的形式。
二、主谓一致的主要规则
1.单数主语与谓语的一致
⏹第三人称单数主语使用单数形式的谓语动词。
⏹不可数名词作为主语时，谓语动词使用单数形式。
⏹特殊情况的处理：如“either...or...”结构中，根据就近原则确定谓语的形式。
1.复数主语与谓语的一致
⏹复数主语使用复数形式的谓语动词。
⏹集合名词作为主语时，需要根据具体情况确定谓语的形式。
⏹特殊情况的处理：如“there be”结构中的主谓一致。
1.并列结构中的主谓一致
⏹并列结构中的主语和谓语动词需要保持形式上的平行。
⏹当并列结构中包含不同性质的成分时，需要根据语境和逻辑关系选择适当的谓语形式。
1.从句、不定式、动名词等作为主语时的主谓一致
⏹从句作为主语时，需要根据从句中的谓语动词选择适当的主语形式。
⏹不定式、动名词等非限定性结构作为主语时，谓语动词的形式选择需考虑语境和逻辑关系。
三、实践与练习
●练习题：提供一些练习题，帮助学生更好地理解和掌握主谓一致的规则。
●答案解析：对练习题进行详细的答案解析，帮助学生理解自己的错误，并给出正确的用法建议。
四、总结
对本次讲解的内容进行总结，强调主谓一致在英语语法中的重要性，并提醒学生注意常见的主谓一致错误。
动词时态语态虚拟语气主谓一致
(5)come,go,leave,start,arrive,fly等动词后， (5)come,go,leave,start,arrive,fly等动词后， come,go,leave,start,arrive,fly等动词后 用现在进行时表示将来。 用现在进行时表示将来。 sure后接 (6)在短语make (6)在短语make sure, see (to) it, be sure后接 在短语 从句，用一般现在时表将来。 从句，用一般现在时表将来。 eg.My mother ___(leave) for Beijing tomorrow. eg.Make sure all the windows ___(close) before you leave. eg.See to it that the door ___(fasten) before you go to bed.
现在/ 3. 现在/过去完成时的用法 (1)在 (1)在“It/This is the best/worst/most interesting+名词 that…”中 名词+ interesting+名词+that…”中，从句用现 在完成时。 在完成时。 (2)在 that…”中 (2)在“It/This is the first/last time that…”中， 从句用现在完成时。 从句用现在完成时。 (3)在 (3)在“It was the first time that sb. had done” 主句一般过去时，that引导的从句 中,主句一般过去时，that引导的从句 用过去完成时。 用过去完成时。 (4)hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean=intend, (4)hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean=intend, suppose等的过去完成时的含义指 等的过去完成时的含义指“ suppose等的过去完成时的含义指“过 去没有实现的愿望、计划” 去没有实现的愿望、计划”。含失望 的感情色彩。 的感情色彩。
虚拟语气和主谓一致
主谓一致⏹“一致”（concord或agreement）指句子成分之间或词语之间在语法形式上的协调关系。
主谓一致指主语和谓语动词之间在“人称”和“数”的方面的一致关系，这又叫做“主-动一致”（Subject-verb Concord ）。
指导原则⏹1.语法一致原则（Grammatical Concord)⏹主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。
⏹The number of errors was surprising.⏹Jane and Mary look alike.⏹2. 意义一致原则（Notional Concord）⏹1）主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词为复数。
⏹The crowd were running for their lives.⏹单数形式代表复数内容的词有：people, police, cattle, militia等。
⏹2) 主语形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。
⏹The news was very exciting.⏹形复意单的单词有news, works （工厂）和一些以ics结尾的学科名称，physics, economics等。
⏹3. 就近原则（Principle of Proximity）⏹谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。
如用连词or,either…or, neither…nor, not only…, but also等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。
⏹Either your students or Mr. Wang knows this.I. 以S结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致⏹1.以S结尾的表示疾病的名词作主语时谓语用单数⏹arthritis:关节炎bronchitis :支气管炎⏹mumps:腮腺炎diabetes:糖尿病⏹phlebitis:静脉炎⏹但是measles(麻疹)，rickets(软骨病) 谓语可用单/复数⏹2.以S结尾的表示游戏名称的名词谓语常用单数⏹darts:投镖游戏dominoes:多米诺骨牌⏹marbles:打弹子游戏billiards:台球⏹但cards(打纸牌)用复数；⏹当它们表示所用工具时谓语用复数⏹Darts is often played in English pubs.⏹Two darts are thrown at every turn.⏹3.以ics结尾的学科名称通常用单数⏹mathematics:数学physics:物理学⏹optics:光学 statistics:统计学⏹politics:政治学acoustics:声学/音响效果⏹economics:经济学athletics:体育学⏹mechanics:机械学semantics:语义学⏹linguistics:语言学tactics:兵法/策略⏹当这类名词表示学科以外的其它意义时用作复数⏹Statistics is not as difficult as some people think.⏹The latest statistics on crime are beyond description.⏹注:下列以ics结尾的名词仅用作单数⏹classics:杰作,著作comics:连环图画⏹ethics: 伦理学cosmetics:化妆品⏹4.以S 结尾的地理名称如山脉，海峡，瀑布，群岛等谓语动词通常用作复数⏹the West Indies西印度群岛⏹the Bahamas巴哈马群岛⏹the Himalayas喜马拉雅山脉⏹the Straits of Gibraltar直布罗陀海峡⏹the Niagara Falls 尼亚加拉瀑布⏹the Rockies 落基山脉⏹但如果是国名，则用作单数，如:the United States, the UnitedNations, the Netherlands（荷兰）。
第十四章主谓一致和虚拟语气
第14章主谓一致和虚拟语气一、主谓一致（一）并列主语时的主谓一致（1）主语中包含有and时①、两个单数名词用and 连接，表示两个不同的概念时，谓语动词用复数。
如：Tom and Jack were close friends.汤姆和杰克是亲密是朋友。
Steam and ice are different forms of water.蒸汽和冰是水的不同形式。
②、两个单数名词用and 连接，表示同一人且两个名词共用一个冠词，同一物或同一概念，或表示不可分的整体时，谓语动词仍用单数。
如：Trial and error is the source of our knowledge.不断尝试是我们获得知识的源泉。
The singer and dancer is to attend our evening party.那位歌舞演员将参加我们的晚会。
用and 连接的两个名词表示组合在一起的一个整体或成套的东西，若需要冠词，则只能在第一个名词前加a/an/the；作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
但若两个名词都有冠词或限定词，则指独立的两样东西；作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
常作为一个整体概念来对待的组合有：bread and butter 黄油面包bread and cheese 涂奶酪的面包a knife and fork 一副刀叉a watch and chain 一只系有表带的手表③、被every, each, many a ,no等限定的单个主语由and 连接时，谓语动词仍用单数。
其中后一个限定词可省略。
如：Each boy and (each) girl has an apple.每个男孩和女孩都有一个苹果。
Many a teacher and (many a) student has seen the film.许多老师和学生看过这部电影。
④、一个单数名词被几个用and连接的并列形容词所修饰时，可以指一件事或几件事，这种名词作主语，要根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的数。
《英语语法》第十四章 一致
第十四章一致一致原则一致有三个原则：语法一致原则；意义一致原则；就近一致原则。
现在我们举例来说明这三个原则。
①Everybody was happy with the decision.（语法一致）大家对这一决定都很满意。
②The audiences were brought to their feet at the sight of Superman in his wheelchair.（意义一致）观众们掂起脚尖看轮椅里的那个超人。
③Either you or I am responsible for the mistake. （就近一致）你或我应对这一错误负责。
语法一致原则要求主语和谓语动词要在人称和数方面取得语法上的一致，规定性语法对主谓一致在语法上作出了一整套的规定。
英语学习者从一开始就学习了这些规则并要求记住，所以对这些语法规则是很熟悉的。
然而，有时也会出现语法一致原则和其他一致原则的冲突。
语义一致原则，顾名思义，就是在语义基础上要求主谓一致，也就是说，动词采用单数还是复数形式，要根据主语在意义上而不是形式上是单数还是复数而定。
这种一致更多地出现在主语是集体名词时的主谓一致中。
用单数还是用复数主要取决于说话者对名词的理解，即说话者是把这个集体看作不可分割的整体还是由个体组成的群体。
①The average family is a great deal smaller than it used to be.（单数）一般家庭比过去小多了。
②His family were at variance with him in their opinions about his plan to join the army.（复数）他的家人在他的参军计划上与他持不同的意见。
例①中的family是单数，因为它被看作社会群体中的一个特定整体，而不是指一个一个的个体成员。
但例②中的family是复数，这从复数动词were和人称代词their可以看出。
虚拟语气,主谓一致,时态语态
虚拟语气的讲解和用法以及练习题The Subjunctive Mood:虚拟语气表示说话人的主观愿望、猜测、建议或与事实不符的假设等，也可以表示可能性较小的情况或不可能发生的情况，而不是客观存在的事实（表示客观事实要用陈述语气）。
虚拟语气是由句中谓语动词的特殊形式表现出来的。
虚拟语气常用于复合句中，也可用于简单句。
一、虚拟语气的用法I.Present Unreal:●If I (you, he / she, we, they) + 动词过去式 (were, did, had, etc.), should / would / could /might + 动词原形e.g. If I had HIV, I would know because I would fell sick.If I were you, I would give an AIDS patient a hug.II.Past Unreal:●If I (you, he / she, we, they) + had + 过去分词, should / would / could / might + have+ 过去分词e.g. If she had told him about the danger, he would not have got hurt.If I had known more about giving first aid, I could have helped them.III.Future impossible:1.If I (you, he / she, we, they) + 动词过去式(were, did, had, etc.), … should / would /could / might + 动词原形e.g. If the teacher asked me to solve the problem next time, I could try my best.2.If I (you, he / she, we, they) should +动词原形, … should / would / could / might + 动词原形e.g. If he should fail in the experiment this time, he would try again.3.If I (you, he / she, we, they) + were to +动词原形, should / would / could / might +动词原形e.g. If we were to panic, we would not be able to help.二、虚拟语气应该注意的问题I.关于假使条件虚拟语气需注意的几点1. 如果从句所假设的谓语动词发生的时间与主句所假设的谓语动词发生的时间不一致, 这种假设条件句叫错综时间条件虚拟语气. 其主句和从句谓语动词的构成要根据所假设的时间而定.1) If I had taken the medicine, I would be better now. 如果我服用了那种药的话, 现在就会好些了.2) If the weather had been finer, the crops would be growing still better. 如果(前些日子)天气更好些, 庄稼一定会长得更好.2. If it were not for / had not been for…也是一种条件虚拟语气从句, 译为“要不是因为……”.1)If it hadn’t been for the doctor, he wouldn’t have recovered so soon.2)If it were not for the lack of space, we would hold the sports meet today.3. 有些条件是由一些短语引出的 (but for, with, without; otherwise, or, but, etc,)1)We couldn’t have achieved so much without your help (= If we had not had your help).2)Without solar radiation, animals and plants would die.3)With better equipment, we could have done it better.4)But for electricity (= If there were no electricity), there would be no modern industry.5)I should have returned the book last week, but I was so busy that I forgot to do so.6)He was having a meeting; otherwise he would have come over to help us.7)He felt very tired yesterday, or he would have attended the party.4. 在某些隐含的虚拟条件简单句中, 虚拟语气可通过上下文表现出来. 谓语动词用虚拟形式.1)Any men in his position would have done like that.2)You should (ought to) have come earlier.II.虚拟语气祈使语气的混合使用在有些情况下, 条件从句中的谓语由”should +原形动词”构成, 这时主句的谓语动词既可以是虚拟语气或陈述语气, 也可以是祈使语气.1. If it should rain, the plan will / would be called off.2. Should anyone phone, please tell them I’m busy.3. Even if (If) it should get stormy, I will go.III.表示要求, 建议, 命令的虚拟语气表示要求, 建议, 命令的从句中, 谓语动词要用should + 原形动词, 其中可以should 省略. 下列例句可以表示这种虚拟语气.a. 主宾语从句表示法: suggest, order, request, advise, require, insist, ask, demand, command, propose等动词后面的宾语从句要用原形动词should + 原形动词, 可以省略.1. The doctor advised that I (should) take a rest.2. The London dockers demanded that their wages (should) be raised.3. He insisted that the meeting (should) not be put off.●当suggest, insist 等动词表示”暗示, 坚持说”时, 其宾语从句中的谓语动词不需要用虚拟语气, 要用陈述语气.1. Are you suggesting that I am not suited for the job?2. He insisted that he was innocent.b. 主语从句表示法: 当以上动词用在下列句型中时, 主语从句也应该用should + 原形动词1. It is suggested that the building (should) be pulled down.2. It is ordered that the work (should) be started at once.●在It is (was) strange (necessary, wonderful, important, etc.) that…句型中, strange,necessary等后面的主语从句中用should + 原形动词, should可以省略.3. It is strange that he (should) refuse to come to the party.4.It is necessary that a doctor (should) be sent for at once.5.It is important that we should learn from toehrs.e. 表语从句表示法.suggestion, proposal, order, advice, demand 等名词作主语时, 其后面的表语从句中也用虚拟语气, 即should + 原形动词, should 也可以省略.1)My advice is that you (should) give up smoking.c. wish 后面所跟宾语从句要求谓语动词用虚拟语气.e.g. I wish that she were here with me and that we weren’t sick.I wish I had sent the old man to hospital in time.d. 在as if引起的从句中,动词一般用虚拟语气, 通常用weree.g. People treat me as if I were a dangerous person.I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.f. 同位语从句表示法.1. That evening came the order that we (should) cross the river at once.IV.虚拟语气中常见的句型有1. It is (high / about) time that…这一从句的谓语动词用过去式或should + 原形动词, 其中should不可以省略. 此句型译为”该是……时候了”.2. would rather sb. did sth. / had done sth.此句型表示”宁愿让某人……”,如果是没有发生的动作, 从句用过去时; 如果是已经发生的事, 从句用过去完成时.1)I’d rather you left tomorrow.2)I’d rather they hadn’t gone to school yesterday.3. if only…此句型表示”要是……就好了”.其后面句子的时态与wish引导的宾语从句相同, 既:如果虚拟现在, 要用一般过去时; 如果是虚拟过去, 要用过去完成时; 如果是虚拟将来, 则应该用 would或 could加原形动词.1)If only I were a bird!2)If only I had worked hard as a student!3)If only I could land on the moon!4. 连接词in case可用来引起的虚拟语气. 形式通常为: in case + 主语 + should +动词原形. in case句中should 的可以省去, 也可以不用虚拟语气, 而用陈述语气.1)He took his rain coat with him in case it should rain.2)He doesn’t dare to leave the house in case he is (should be) recognized.虚拟语气单项选择:1. If I had had enough time, I my work.A. would finishB. must have finishedC. would have finishedD. had finished2. Ten minutes earlier, they the plane.A. will catchB. would catchC. would have caughtD. will have caught3. Mr. Green requires that the students a composition every other week.A. writeB. writtenC. would writeD. will write4. Had he studied hard, he the exam.A. would passB. could passC. had passedD. would have passed5. I wish I what is happening there in his room.A. knowB. knownC. knewD. should know6. It is important that you sports every day.A. haveB. would haveC. must haveD. will have7. If there were no water in the world, everything .A. will dieB. would dieC. would have diedD. would have been dead8. what was going to happen ,I would never have left her alone.A. Had I knownB. If I knowC. If I knewD. If had I known9. He ordered that the work right away.A. should finishB. finishedC. would be finishedD. be finished10. — Shall we go to the movie tonight?— No, I'd rather at home with our baby. You'd better not leave it to the babysitter at night.A. you stayedB. you stayC. stayedD. stay11 . in your position, I would help him.A. Was IB. Were IC. If I amD. If I had been12. I , but I was stopped by the heavy rain.A.mean to comeB. meant to comeC. had meant to comeD. meant coming13. Mrs. Black insists in that old hotel.A. not to stayB. not stayingC. staying notD. that he not stay14. If you had spoken clearly, you would .A.understand itB. have understoodC. be understoodD. have been understood15. If you that late movie last night, you wouldn't be so sleepy.A. haven't watchedB. hadn't watchedC. didn't watchD. wouldn't have watched16.The foreign friend speaks Chinese so well as if he a Chinese.A. isB. beC. should beD. were17. — If he , he that food.— Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.A. was warned; would not takeB. would be warned; had not takenC. had been warned; would not have takenD. would have been warned; had not taken18. Without electronic computers, much of today's advancedtechnology _______ achieved.A. will not beB. would not beC. would not have beenD. cannot have beenkey : 1.C 2.C 3.A 4.D 5.C 6.A 7.B 8.A 9.D 10.A 11.B 12.C 13.D 14.D 15.B 16.D 17.C 18.C虚拟语气实战演练1. Look at the trouble I am in! If only I _____ your advice. (上海2003)A. followedB. would followC. had followedD. should follow2. _____ be sent to work there?(上海 2002)A. Who do you suggestB. Who do you suggest that shouldC. Do you suggest who shouldD. Do you suggest whom should3. How I wish every family _____ a large house with a beautiful garden! (上海 2002)A. hasB. hadC. will haveD. had had4. He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he _____ a goal. (上海2001)A. had scoredB. scoredC. would scoreD. would have scored5. You didn’t let me drive. If we _____ in turn, you _____ so tired.A. drove; didn’t getB. drove; wouldn’t getC. were driving; wouldn’t getD. had driven; wouldn’t have got6. My suggestion is that we _____ a few more assistants to help the engineer working busily on the machine.A. sendsB. sendingC. to sendD. send7. The CEO of the company insisted _____ in the five-star hotel.A. that we not stayB. that we don’t stayC. we wouldn’t stayD. not to stay8. It’s high time we students _____ even harder at our lessons as the national entrance examination is coming nearer.A. workB. will workC. workedD. have to work9. It has been proposed that the school sports meet _____ till next weekend because of the recentstorm.A. should be put offB. should put offC. put offD. would be put off10. How I wish I _____ to Athens, where the 28th Olympic Games are being held!A. will pay a visitB. have paid a visitC. could pay a visitD. had paid a visit11. Though the girl had been suffering from the blood disease, she acted as if nothing _____ to her while facing her friends and relatives.A. happenedB. happensC. had happenedD. happen12. If he _____ his legs in the last training, he _____ the coming World Cup, which he has been longing to compete in.A. hadn’t hurt; would join inB. hadn’t hurt; would have taken part inC. didn’t hurt; would go in forD. didn’t hurt; wou ld have taken part in13. If I _____ to school tomorrow, I _____ my lessons now.A. were to go; would doB. would go; would doC. went; didD. should go; am doing14. It is demanded that everyone _____ in his seat at 7:00 tomorrow morning.A. isB. beC. would beD. will be15. I’d rather you _____ their invitation yesterday.A. not acceptB. wouldn’t acceptC. didn’t acceptD. hadn’t accepted16. If I _____ him yesterday I _____ him about it.A. saw; would askB. had seen; would have askedC. had seen; would askD. saw; would have asked17. What do you think would happen if there _____ no light during the days?A. isB. will beC. wereD. would be18. _____ late tomorrow, who would take her place?A. Should Miss Green comeB. If Miss Green would comeC. Miss Green should comeD. If Miss Green comes19. It seems as if it ____ already summer now.A. wereB. beC. isD. had been20. I wish I _____ him the day before yesterday.A. sawB. could seeC. had seenD. was seeingKey: 1 – 5 CABDD 6 – 10 DACAC 11 – 15 CAABD 16 – 20 BCAAC主谓一致的用法及专项练习题一、主谓一致三原则主谓一致是指谓语动词与主语在人称和数上保持一致，主谓一致必须遵循三原则：语法一致原则，意义一致原则，就近一致原则。
主谓一致和虚拟语气
一、主谓一致知识点总结在英语中，句子中的谓语动词在人称和单、复数形式上必须和主语保持一致，这就是我们通常说的“主谓一致”。
这一点看似简单，但在实际运用中却常常遇到麻烦。
一般情况下，主谓之间的一致关系由以下三个原则的支配：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近原则。
一、语法一致主谓一致的原则是指主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致:主语是单数形式,谓语也采取单数形式;主语是复数形式,谓语亦采取复数形式.例如:He often helps me learn English.(主语是单数形式,谓语也采取单数形式) .My friends often help me learn English.(主语是复数形式,谓语也采取复数形式)但主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致的问题远不只上述的那么简单,有许多方面的情况需要去具体地对待:1、不定式,动名词,以及从句作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.例如: Reading aloud is helpful to learn English.大声朗读对学习英语是有帮助的。
What he said has been recorded .他说的话已被录音了.2、不定代词one, every, each, everybody, everyone, one of, no one, nothing, nobody, someone, somebody, either, neither, many a 等作主语或是修饰主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.但none 作主语时,谓语动词既可用单数也可用复数,这要取决于说话人的看法。
例如:Neither of my sisters likes sports .我的妹妹中没人喜欢运动.Every boy and girl shows great interest in this book .每个男孩和女孩对这本书都表现出很大的兴趣.3、表示国家,机构,事件,作品等名称的专有名词作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.例如: One Thousand And One Nights tells people lots of interesting stories . 《一千零一夜》给人们讲了许多有趣的故事。
专四英语之虚拟语气用法和主谓一致知识讲解
一、虚拟语气用法讲解英语有三种语气，即陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气二、带虚拟条件的虚拟语气1. 真实条件句和非真实条件句条件句有真实条件句和非真实(虚拟)条件句两种。
真实条件句所表示的假设是有可能发生的，而非真实条件句则通常表示一种假想，与事实相反或不大可能会发生：If I have time, I will go with them. 假若我有时间，我就同他们去。
(陈述语气) If I were you, I would go with them. 假若我是你，我就同他们去。
(虚拟语气) 2. 虚拟条件句的三种基本类型(1) 若与现在事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”：If you took a taxi，you’d get there quicker. 如果你坐出租车去，你可以快一点到那里。
(但你没有坐出租车)If I knew her number I could ring her up. 要是我知道她的电话号码，我就可以给她打电话了。
(可惜我不知道)(2) 若与过去事实相反，条件从句的谓语用过去完成时(had+过去分词)，主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+have+过去分词”：If I had left sooner，I would have been on time. 要是我早点动身，我就准时到了。
(但我动身太迟了) 【I had left缩写I’d left；I would have been缩写为I’d have been】If we had found him earlier we could have saved his life. 要是我们当时早点找到他的话，我们就可以救活他。
(可惜我们找到他太晚了)(3) 若与将来事实相反：条件从句a)If+主语+动词过去式;b)If+主语+were to+动词原形;c)If+主语+should+动词原形(注意不能是would)。
高中英语知识点归纳虚拟语气的构成与应用
高中英语知识点归纳虚拟语气的构成与应用虚拟语气是英语语法中的一个重要概念，用来表达与事实相反、虚构或假设的情况。
学好虚拟语气的构成和应用是高中英语学习中的关键之一。
本文将对虚拟语气的构成及其常见应用进行归纳总结，以帮助同学们更好地掌握这一知识点。
一、虚拟语气的构成1. 虚拟语气的基本形式虚拟语气的基本形式是由动词的原形构成。
在if条件从句中、一些特殊的固定结构和特殊的动词后面所引导的宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中常常使用虚拟语气。
例如：If I were you, I would study harder.（如果我是你，我会更加努力学习。
）It's time that we went to bed.（是我们该睡觉的时候了。
）She demanded that he apologize to her.（她要求他向她道歉。
）2. 虚拟语气的时态虚拟语气并没有自己的时态，通常与过去的时态相呼应。
即主句使用过去时态，虚拟语气中的动词使用过去完成时。
例如：If I had known it earlier, I would have told you.（如果我早知道，我会告诉你的。
）3. 虚拟语气的主谓一致在虚拟语气中，主从句的谓语动词要求保持一致。
即主句中虚拟语气的谓语动词为虚拟语气形式，从句中谓语动词按照实际情况使用。
例如：He suggested that I go to the party.（他建议我去参加聚会。
）They insisted that he apologize to them.（他们坚持要求他向他们道歉。
）二、虚拟语气的应用1. 表达与事实相反的虚拟条件虚拟语气常用于表示与事实相反的条件语句。
如果与过去事实相反，从句的谓语动词使用过去完成时。
例如：If I were you, I would buy a new car.（如果我是你，我会买一辆新车。
）2. 表达虚拟愿望与建议虚拟语气还可以用于表达愿望、建议等含义。
主谓一致、强调句和倒装句、情态动词和虚拟语气讲解以及习题详细解析
主谓一致、强调句和倒装句、情态动词和虚拟语气讲解以及习题详细解析主谓一致主谓一致是指一个句子的主语和谓语动词保持人称与数的一致关系。
有些句子不易直接看出主语的单复数，需仔细推敲。
处理主谓一致要注意语法一致，意义上一致和就近一致。
一、语法上的一致一个句子的主语是单数时，谓语动词也应是单数形式，主语是复数，谓语动词也用复数形式。
例如：Learning English is very important.学习英语是很重要的。
The girl together with her two sisters has left for Nanjing.Both Bob and Tom are my friends.但如果并列的主语指的是同一个人，同一类物，谓语动词要用单数形式。
例如：A singer and dancer is going to attend our meeting.由and连接的并列单数主语前，如果分别有each, every等修饰时，谓语要用单数。
例如：Every boy and every girl was given a present.Each word and each phrase in the dictionary is important.二、意义上的一致主语形式是单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词根据意义要用复数；反之主语形式为复数，但意义为单数，谓语动词也用单数。
如表示一笔钱，一段时间，一定重量时，这些单位虽是复数形式，但谓语动词是单数形式。
例如：It seems to me that five years is so short a time.Two hundred dollars was spent on the books.有些集体名词，如family, group, class等作主语时，作为整体看待，谓语动词要用单数，就其中一个个成员而言，谓语要用复数。
例如：My family is a happy one.My family are watching TV.三、就近一致出现几个主语时，谓语动词的人称单复数须和最近的主语保持一致。
虚拟语气在定语从句中的应用
虚拟语气在定语从句中的应用虚拟语气，作为汉语中的一种语气，其在定语从句中的应用是一项必须掌握的语法知识。
正确的应用虚拟语气能够增加语言的表达准确性和丰富性，使句子更加地生动与具体。
本文将从虚拟语气的概念、形式和应用入手，论述虚拟语气在定语从句中的具体运用方法，并探讨其中的一些常见问题。
一、虚拟语气的概念和形式虚拟语气是一种用来表示非事实情况或假设情况的语气，包括虚拟的时态、语气和语气。
虚拟的时态主要包括过去时态和过去完成时态，虚拟的语气主要包括虚拟语气和假设虚拟语气，虚拟的语气主要包括虚拟的条件句、虚拟的结果句和虚拟的目的句等。
虚拟语气的构成包括“要”、“能”、“应该”、“愿意”、“可能”等动词以及“如果”、“要是”、“但愿”等词语。
“要是你能来，我们就一起去看电影。
”虚拟语气在定语从句中的应用主要体现在以下几个方面：1. 表示非实际的情况虚拟语气在定语从句中用来表示非实际的情况，即对现实情况的假设或想象。
例如：“如果我有一百万，我就买一栋豪宅。
”这句话中的“如果我有一百万”就是一个虚拟语气的定语从句，表示的是一种假设的、非真实的情况。
2. 表示假设的情况虚拟语气在定语从句中还可以用来表示假设的情况，即对某种假设进行陈述。
例如：“他要是个医生，我就不怕生病了。
”这句话中的“他要是个医生”就是一个虚拟语气的定语从句，表示的是一个假设的情况。
3. 表示愿望、建议等虚拟语气在定语从句中还可以用来表示愿望或建议等情况。
例如：“我要是有一辆汽车，就方便多了。
”这句话中的“我要是有一辆汽车”就是一个虚拟语气的定语从句，表示的是一种愿望的情况。
二、虚拟语气在定语从句中的具体应用方法1. 虚拟语气的时态变化在虚拟语气的定语从句中，要根据句子的时态和语境对谓语动词进行时态上的虚拟变化。
一般来说，用过去时态来替代实际语气的现在时态，用过去完成时态来替代实际语气的现在完成时态。
例如：“如果我有时间，我就去看看他。
”中的“如果我有时间”可以转变为虚拟语气的定语从句，“如果我有时间，我就去看看他。
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第14章主谓一致和虚拟语气一、主谓一致（一）并列主语时的主谓一致（1）主语中包含有and时①、两个单数名词用and 连接，表示两个不同的概念时，谓语动词用复数。
如：Tom and Jack were close friends.汤姆和杰克是亲密是朋友。
Steam and ice are different forms of water.蒸汽和冰是水的不同形式。
②、两个单数名词用and 连接，表示同一人且两个名词共用一个冠词，同一物或同一概念，或表示不可分的整体时，谓语动词仍用单数。
如：Trial and error is the source of our knowledge.不断尝试是我们获得知识的源泉。
The singer and dancer is to attend our evening party.那位歌舞演员将参加我们的晚会。
用and 连接的两个名词表示组合在一起的一个整体或成套的东西，若需要冠词，则只能在第一个名词前加a/an/the；作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
但若两个名词都有冠词或限定词，则指独立的两样东西；作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
常作为一个整体概念来对待的组合有：bread and butter 黄油面包bread and cheese 涂奶酪的面包a knife and fork 一副刀叉a watch and chain 一只系有表带的手表③、被every, each, many a ,no等限定的单个主语由and 连接时，谓语动词仍用单数。
其中后一个限定词可省略。
如：Each boy and (each) girl has an apple.每个男孩和女孩都有一个苹果。
Many a teacher and (many a) student has seen the film.许多老师和学生看过这部电影。
④、一个单数名词被几个用and连接的并列形容词所修饰时，可以指一件事或几件事，这种名词作主语，要根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的数。
如：Simple and plain living is a fine quality.生活简朴是一种优良品质。
English and American literature are appealing to her.英国文学和美国文学都对她有吸引力。
⑤、由and 连接的两个what 从句作主语时，要根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的数。
如：What he says and does do not agree.他言行不一致。
What he says and does not concern me.他的言行与我无关。
（2）由or, nor, either…Or, neither…nor, not only…but (also) 连接的并列主语，通常根据就近原则，谓语动词的单复数要跟与它邻近的主语的数一致。
如：One or two friends are coming this evening.今天晚上有一两个朋友要来。
A cigar or a cigarette is very enjoyable.来一支雪茄或者香烟挺带劲的。
Neither I nor he is in favour of her marriage.我和他都不赞成她的婚姻。
Either you or I am going to be in charge of this matter.不是你就是我将负责这件事。
（3）单数名词+with, along with, together with, as well as, rather than, as much as, but, except 等所跟的名词作主语时，谓语仍用单数形式。
如：Tom as well as two of his friends was invited to the party.汤姆以及他的两个朋友一起被邀请参加晚会了。
Dr. Smith, together with his wife, is to arrive on the evening flight.斯密斯博士及其夫人将乘晚班飞机抵达。
Nobody but one teacher and three students was in the laboratory.只有一个老师和三个学生在实验室里。
（4）主语有肯定、否定两部分构成时，谓语与肯定的一致。
Not you but I am to answer for it./I, not you, am to answer for it.应该对此负责的是我而不是你。
（5）there be 句型中，遵循毗邻一致原则。
There is my wife and family to consider.我要照顾我的妻子和家庭。
There is an apple, two oranges and some bananas on the plate.盘子里有一个苹果，两个橘子和一些香蕉。
（二）某些名词作主语时的主谓一致（1）有些名词以s 结尾，但有单数的含义，谓语动词用单数。
如：No news is good news.没消息就是好消息。
There is a heating apparatus in the house.房子里有暖气设备。
这类名词有:news, crisis, apparatus, classics等。
（2）以-ics结尾的科学名词，谓语一般要用单数形式。
但如果这些名词表示“学科”以外的其他意义时，谓语动词用复数。
如：Physics is one of the most important courses.物理学史最重要的课程之一。
His physics are weak.他的物理很差。
Economics is boring but useful.经济学很乏味，但很有用。
The economics of that country are becoming worse and worse.那个国家的经济变得越来越糟。
（3）英语中有一些单数同形的名词，如：means, series, species, sheep, works, aircraft等作主语时，谓语动词用单数还是复数要根据他们所隐含的意义来确定。
如：Every means has been tired, but in vain.每种方法都试过，但都失败了。
Such means are unsuitable.这些方法不恰当。
A new steel-works is being planned.一个新钢厂正在计划之中。
Two iron works have been established in that region.在那个地方建立了两个铁厂。
（4）有些形式为单数，意义为复数的名词，如people, police, cattle,clergy 等作主语时，谓语动词总是用复数。
如：There were many people present at the meting.许多人参加了这个会议。
The police are making enquiries about the murder.警察正在调查那起谋杀案。
(5)集体名family,class,crew,group,public,audience,crowd,government,comm- Ittee等作主语时，动词的单复数要根据主语所指的意义而定。
当集体名词作为一个整体看待时，谓语动词用单数，如果指其中各个成员时，谓语动词用复数。
如：The class consists of twenty-five boys and twenty girls.这个班由25个男生和20个女生组成。
The class are doing experiments.全班学生正在做实验。
Our group is assigned to take the second bus.我们这一组被指定乘二号车。
Our group are visiting the Museum next week.我们组里的人下星期要去参观博物馆。
（6）由两部分构成的物体的名词，如trousers, pants, jeans, compasses, glasses, shorts等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
但如果这类名词前用了a pair of 来修饰，谓语动词的单数往往取决于pair的单复数形式。
如：These trousers need cleaning.这些裤子需要清洗。
Your glasses are very nice.你的眼镜很漂亮This pair of trousers is mine.这条裤子是我的。
Here are some new pairs of shoes.这儿有几双新鞋。
（7）特殊名词的主谓一致。
1.“定冠词+形容词或分词”，表示某以类人时，动词用复数；若表示某一类抽象概念时，动词用单数。
The old are taken good care of here.在这儿老年人被照料得很好。
The old gives place to the new.新陈代谢。
The beautiful gives pleasure to all.美丽给所有人带来快乐。
2.单个的动名词、不定式短语或主语从句作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。
若用and 连接两个动名词、不定式短语或主语从句，表示两个不同的概念，则谓语动词就要用复数形式。
Riding on the elephants and rowing the boats were the children’s favourite games.骑大象和划船是孩子们最喜欢的游戏。
Driving cars is easy.开车很容易。
To get up early is hard for me.早起对我来说很难。
That he is ill worries us a lot.他病了，这使我们很担心。
（三）数量词作主语时的主谓一致（1）表示时间、重量、距离、价格、体积等名词的复数作主语时，通常作整体看待，后接单数名词。
如：Twenty years is a long time in one’s life.20年在人的一生中是很长的一段时间。
Forty miles was covered in a single night.一夜走了40英里。
20000 dollars is not a small sum of money.2万美元不是一笔小数目。
（2）分数和百分数修饰可数或不可数名词作主语时，谓语形式是单数还是复数取决于它们表示的意义。
试比较：About one third of the books are worth reading.这些书中大约有三分之一值得一读。