语言学考试范围
语言学概论课程考试大纲
《语言学概论》课程考试大纲第一部课程大体信息1、课程名称：语言学概论2、课程性质：本科专业必修课3、周学时/学分：2/24、讲课对象：汉语言文学专业本科二年级学生五、考核方式：期末考试六、成绩评定方式：期末考试卷面成绩占总成绩的80%，平时作业占20%第二部份考核内容一、绪论（一）大体要求熟悉语言学概论课程的性质和语言学的研究对象、大体任务，初步了解语言学的研究方式、大体分类和主要流派，和语言学的学科地位。
（二）考试内容一、普通语言学的含义和主要研究领域；二、应用语言学的性质和主要研究领域；3、古代哲学家对语言的研究；4、古代的语言本体研究；五、历史比较语言学的产生；六、普通语言学的产生；7、索绪尔的主要贡献；八、社会语言学、功能语言学、认知语言学等语言学新学派的产生；九、语言学和文学的关系；10、语言学在历史学和考古学中的应用；1一、语言学研究在语言计划中的作用；1二、语言学研究与计算机科学。
（三）知识点一、语言学；二、普通语言学；3、理论语言学；4、应用语言学；五、传统语言学；六、结构主义语言学。
二、语言（一）大体要求理解语言的含义；熟悉语言的性质；初步熟悉组合关系和聚合关系；熟悉语言的社会功能，理解语言是人类最重要的交际工具和在社会生活中的重要作用，和语言作为一种特殊社会现象的内涵，了解语言与思维的关系。
（二）考试内容一、语言和言语的区别；二、任何符号，包括语言符号都是形式和意义的统一体；3、语言符号的强制性；4、语言符号的可变性；五、语言是一个系统；六、语言系统的各个子系统的系统性是不平衡的；7、语言是系统具有相对的封锁性和自主性；八、语言系统的层次性；九、组合关系的含义；10、聚合关系的含义；1一、组合关系和聚合关系的关系。
（三）知识点语言、言语、语言符号、组合关系、聚合关系、语言的层级性、二重性、强制性三、语音大体要求通过本章的学习，理解语音的各类性质，了解描述元音和辅音发音特征的方式，理解音位学的大体理论和音位分析的大体原则并能够运用，了解音位组合和韵律特征的大体形式，提高熟悉语音现象的能力。
语言学考试范围(带答案)
判断题（20道题，共计20分）Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false on the Answer Sheet.选择题（20道题，共计20分）Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement.名词解释：(20选6)共计30分Use your own words to explain the following terms on the Answer Sheet.1. Language:Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2. Duality: one design feature of human language, which refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.3. Metalanguage:certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies.4. Articulatory phonetics: It is a branch of phonetics which is the study of the production of speech sounds.5. Allophone: The different realization of the same phoneme in different phonetic environment is called allophone.6. Distinctive features: They are phonological relevant properties which can distinguish one phoneme from another.7. IPA: It is abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet, which is a comprised system employing symbols of all sources, such as Roman small letters, italics uprighted, obsolete letters, Greek letters, diacritics, etc. .8. Morpheme: It is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.9. Compound: It refers to those words that consist of more than one lexical morpheme, or the way to join two separate words to produce a single form.10. Blending: It is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words.11. Back-formation: It is an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already in the language.12. Embedding: It refers to the means by which one clause is included in the sentence (main clause) in syntactic subordination.13. Recursiveness: It mainly means that a phrasal constituent can be embedded within (i.e. be dominated by) another constituent having the same category.14. Cohesion: It is a concept to do with discourse or text rather than with syntax, it refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text, and defines it as a text.15. Reference: It means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it is concerned with the relation between a world and the thing it refers to, or more generally between a linguistic unit and a non-linguistic entity it refers to.16. Sense: It is the semantic relations between one word or another. It is concerned with the intra-linguistic relations.17. Hyponymy(必考): It is a relation between two words, in which the meaning of one word (the superordinate) is included in the meaning of another word (the hyponym).18. Conversational implicature: It refers to the extra meaning not contained in the literal utterances, unders tandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker’s knowledge or knows why and how he violates intentionally one of the four maxims of the cooperative principle.19. Illocutionary act: It is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.20. Deep structure: It is the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction, i.e. the underlying level of structural relations between its different constituents, such as the relation between the underlying subject and its verb, or a verb and its object.讨论题（6选3）共计30分Read the following questions and write down your understanding on the Answer Sheet.1.Cite examples from English and Chinese to discuss the concept of the syllable.English: a unit of speech sounds consisting of a vowel or a vowel with one or more than one consonant.Chinese: word or part of word which contains a vowel sound or consonant acting as a vowel.In English we can divide a syllable into two parts: the phyme and the onset. As the vowel within the thyme is the nucleus, the consonant after it will be termed the coda, for example clasp .All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda. A syllable that has no coda is called an open syllable, for example: bar, tie. While a syllable with coda is known as closed syllable, for example: hard, tied, dead.English syllable can be represented as (((C)C)C)V((((C)C)C)C) , However ,the Chinese syllable allows at most one consonant in the onset position and only nasals in the coda for the Putonghua .Thus the Chinese syllable is represented as (C)V(C) e.g. “split”, “sixths” and “prompts”. “您好，请问河南工业大学在哪里？”2.The sentence “John saw the police with binoculars” has two semantic interpretations. You arerequired to explain why the sentence is two-way ambiguous. Syntactic tree diagrams are necessary for your explanation.3. What are the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle? Please give examples to show how the flouting of these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature (Give at least two examples, each flouting a different maxim).(1) Quantity----Make your contribution as informative as required for the current purpose of the exchange. E.g. War is war.> War is cruel----Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. E.g. A: Where is Tom? B: He has gone to the library. He said so when he left.> I am not sure and I do not believe what he said.(2) Quality----Do not say what you believe to be false. E.g. He is made of iron ----Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. E.g. A:would you like to come to our party tonight? B: I’m afraid I’m not feeling so well tonight.(3) Relation----Be relevant. E.g. A: Prof. Wang is an old bag. B: Nice weather for the time of year. > I don’t want to talk about Prof. Wang.(4) Manner----Avoid obscurity of expression. E.g. A: Let’s get the kids something. B: Ok, butI veto C-H-O-C-O-L-A-T-E.> don’t give them chocolate ----Avoid ambiguity. E.g. A: Name and title, please? B: John Smith, Associate Editor and professor. ----Be brief. E.g. A: Did you get my assignment? B: I received two pages clipped together and covered with rows of black squiggles.>not satisfied. ----Be orderly.4. Use structural approach and traditional approach to analyze the sentence “I bought a book yesterday”5. How do you understand the design features of language?1) Arbitrariness,According to Saussure, it refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. For instance, we cannot explain why a book is calleda /buk/ and a pen a /pen/.2) Duality. It refers to the property of having two levels of structures: units of the primary level being composed of elements of the secondary level and each level having its own principles of organization. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of sounds, which are meaningless, discrete, individual sounds. But the sounds of language can be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher level, can be arranged into sentences. This duality of structure or double articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system has duality or even comes near to possessing it.3）Creativity. By creativity we mean language is resourceful owing to its duality and its recursiveness. Peculiar to human languages，users of language can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before. For example, “A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed”4) Displacement. Language can be used to refer to things, which are not present: real or imagined matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places. Displacement enables people to handle generalizations and abstractions. For example, a dog cannot tell people that its master will be home in a few days. Our language enables us to communicate about things that do not exist or do not yet exist.6. Why Saussure is hailed as the father of modern linguistics?1) the book “Course in General Linguistics”(1916),which is the most improtant source of Saussure’s ideas,marked t he beginning of modern linguistics.2) Seaussure was the first to notice the complexities of language which direct our attention to essential of language and make clear the object of study for linguistics as a science. He belived that language is a system of signs, called conventions. He heled this sign is the union of a form an an idea, which he called the signifier and the signified.3) Seassure’s idea on the arbitraty nature of sign, on the relational nature of linguisticunits, on the distiction of langue and parole and synchronic and diachronic linguistics,ect.pushed linguistics into a brand new stage.。
语言学纲要期末考试重点
一、填空1、语言学的最初的发源地有三个：古代中国的小学传统语文学——文字学、训诂学、音韵学,古印度的语言学——梵语,古希腊-罗马的语言学.2、信息传递的五个阶段：编码、发送、传递、接收、解码.3、语言研究的角度：生理学、物理学、心理学4、从自然属性出发、针对所有人类语言的语音研究,属于语言学的研究；从社会属性出发、针对语音在某一个具体语言的系统中起什么作用的研究,属于音系学的研究.5、严式标音音素标音宽式标音音位标音6、语音四要素：音高、音强、音长、音质7、一般将语法分成词法和句法.词法包括词的构造、变化和分类等.句法包括词组的构成、句子的构成、句子成分和句子类型等.8、语言的形态分类：1孤立语词根语2黏着语3屈折语4多式综合语9、汉藏语系：汉、侗台、苗瑶和藏缅四个语族10、渐变性和不平衡性是语言演变的两大特点.11、词汇包括基本词汇和一般词汇,全民常用,稳固,有构词能力可以说是基本词汇的词的主要特点.12、派生意义产生的途径就是一般所说的引申.引申大体上可以分成隐喻和换喻两种方式.13、反义词分为极性反义词和互补反义词.二、简答1、语言的社会功能语言的社会功能体现在语言是人类最重要的交通工具.1、语言的信息传递功能.语言是一种社会现象,和人类社会有紧密的联系.语言是组成社会的一个不可缺少的因素.语言的社会功能中最基本的是信息传递功能.这一功能体现在语言上就是内容的表达.语言所能传递的信息可以没有穷尽,信息内容可以跨越时空.语言是人类社会信息传递第一性的、最基本的手段.在信息传递过程中,人们还可以借助语言之外的其他形式,如文字、旗语、信号灯等,但他们大多是语言或文字的再编码系统,自身有较大的局限性.2、语言的人际互动功能.语言的社会功能的另一个重要方面是建立或保持某种社会关联,这可称为语言的人际互动功能.互动包括两个方面：一个是说话者在话语中表达自己的情感、态度、意图；另一方面这些又对受话者施加了影响,得到相应的语言或行动上的反馈,从而达到某种实际效果.2、语言和言语的区别和联系一、区别.1、定义：言语是个人说话的行为和结果.语言是从言语中概括出来被社会所公认的一套语音、词汇和语法的规则的总和.2、语言系统是社会共有的交际工具,因而是稳定的,具有相对静止的状态；言语是人们运用这个工具进行交际的过程和结果,是自由结合的,具有运动状态.3语言是社会的,言语是个人的.语言是个系统,是社会共有的交际工具,社会因素是语言的本质因素.言语是人们运用这个工具说和写的过程和结果,因此,除了具有社会因素外,还具有个人因素.二、联系.1言语是第一性的,语言是第二性的,语言存在于言语当中,言语是语言的存在形式.2语言是抽象的规则,言语是语言具体的运用.3语言来源于言语,又反过来作用于言语.3、符号和征候区别1 征候——事物本身的特征,和本体具有因果关系的自然联系.“础润而雨,月晕而风”,桂花飘香——桂花开放,鼻塞、发烧——感冒.2符号是一个社会全体成员共同约定用来表示某种意义的记号、标记.包括形式和意义两个方面的要素,是一定的形式和一定的内容的统一体,二者缺一不可.符号的形式和意义之间没有本质上的、自然属性上的必然联系.4、语言符号的特征（1）、任意性.也叫约定俗成性,是指作为符号系统的成员,单个语言符号的语音形式和意义之间没有自然属性上的必然联系,只有社会约定的关系.语言符号最突出的特点就是它的音义结合的任意性.2、线条性.是指语言符号在使用中是以符号序列的形式出现,符号只能一个跟着一个依次出现,在时间的线条上绵延,不能在空间的面上铺开.3、强制性.符号一旦进入交际,也就是某一语音形式与某一意义结合起来,表示某一特定的现实现象以后,它对使用的人来说就有强制性.如果不经过重新约定而擅自变更,就必然会受到社会的拒绝.4、渐变性：是指语言结构系统只能按照量变到质变的规律逐渐地变化采取渐变的而不是突变的方式.5、参差性,是指语言结构系统的各要素发展的速度是不整齐的.非基本词汇及其语义发展得最快,语音变化较慢,最慢是语法.5、语言符号的层级体系：语言的符号不是互不相干的一盘散沙,而是有组织、有条理的系统.语言是一种分层装置,这种装置靠组合和替换来运转.这个装置的最重要的特点就是分层.语言中的各种单位相互间紧密联系,彼此依存,组成一个系统.语言系统是由音位、语素、词、词组、句子等结构单位组成的一种层级体系.分二层：底层和上层.语言的底层是一套音位,一种语言的音位数目虽然只有几十个,却能构成数目众多的组合.这些组合为语言符号准备了形式的部分.语言的上层是音义结合的符号和符号的序列,这一层又分若干级.第一级是语素,第二级是由语素构成的词,第三级是由词构成的句子.词和句子都是符号的序列.6、语素的分类根据不同的标准,语素可以分为不同的类型.1根据能否单独出现,可以将语素分为自由语素和粘着语素.能单独出现的,也就是在言语活动中能够独立运用的,是自由语素.自由语素又叫成词语素.凡是不能够单独出现的语素叫做粘着语素. 2根据语素在词中的不同作用把它分成词根、词缀、词尾三类.词缀又分为前缀,中缀和后缀.3词根和词缀具有构词功能,是构词语素,二者合称词干.4词尾只能改变一个词的形式,不改变原来的词类、不构成新词的语素,它的作用是表示一种语法关系,因此又叫变词语素、屈折语素.7、判定文字系统产生的条件.第一,具有数量足够多的与某种语言里的语素或词相对应的小图形,这些小图形可以按这种语言的音读出来；第二,这些小图形可以重复使用而所表达的音义不变；第三,这些小图形的排列规则足以反映这种语言说话时语素或词的排列次序,小图形排列的顺序不同,所反映的语言单位的排列次序也就不同,表达的意思也因此不同.三、名词解释1、语音：即语言的声音,它是由人的发音器官发出,负载着一定语言意义的语言的物质外壳,语言依靠语音实现它的社会交际性.世界上任何一种语言都是有声语言.2、音素：是人类语言从音质角度划分出来的最小的线性的语音单位.3、音位：是具体语言或方言中区别意义的最小的语音单位.4、国际音标International Phonetic Alphabet,原义是“国际语音字母”简称IPA,由国际语音协会制定.1888年,由英国的斯维斯特倡议,由法国的帕西和英国的琼斯等人完成,发表在语音教师上.5、属于同一个音位的不同相语音形式,就是这个音位的音位变体.6、自由变体：是指出现在相同语音环境中而不能区别意义的两个或几个音素,也就是处于“互混”关系的音素.例如,在武汉方言中,声母l n不分,“脑”发成nau或lau都可以,当地人清楚而不会引起歧义.由于它们之间的互换是自由的,没有条件,因此成为“自由变体”.7、条件变体：指的是属于同一音位具有互补关系且语音相似的一组音素.一个音位的条件变体分别出现在不同的语音环境中,而且在语音上相似.这些变体虽然同属于一个音位,但由于受语音条件限制,一般不能换用.例如/a/音位中的变体A a,a往往自成一个音节或单独跟声母组合,a出现在u后面或舌根鼻韵母前面.这些音素不出现在相同的语音环境中,而是有条件的出现在不同的环境中,因此称为“条件变体”.8、以音素为材料,从音质的角度出发所划分出来的、以音质为语音形式的音位,是音质音位.9、以音高、音重、音长等非音质单位为语音形式而形成的音位称为非音质音位.包括调位、重位和时位三种.10、区别特征：具体语言中具有区别音位作用的发音特征,叫做该音位的区别特征.11、聚合群：具有同一区别特征的各个音位构成一个聚合群.聚合群之间具有平行、对称的结构特点.12、语流音变：在连续的语流中,某些语音成分受到语音环境的影响而发生的临时性变化,叫做语流音变.常见的语流音变现象主要有同化、异化、弱化、脱落、增音和换位等.13、语素：是语言中音义结合的最小的单位.14、形态：是指词与词组合时词的形式上发生的变化,是表达语法意义的重要手段.又称“形态变化”、“词形变化”.包括附加词尾、内部屈折和异根等方面.15、语法范畴：在词的范围内,相同语法意义的归类叫语法范畴.常见的语法范畴主要有性、数、格、体、时、人称、态、级等.16、语法意义：语法意义与词汇意义相对而言,指词进入语法组合之后由语法结构所赋予的词义之外的意义.也就是从词的变化、组合中体现出来的各种关系意义叫语法意义.17、语法形式：是语法意义的表达形式.18、语法手段：对语法形式加以概括所形成的类型叫语法手段.19、句法同义：几种句子格式表示相同或相近的结构意义,叫做句法同义.20、句法多义：是指同一个句法组合具有两种或两种以上的结构意义.21、表音文字,又叫做“拼音文字”或“字母文字”,它们的最小文字单位―字符只表示语言符号的音,而不表示语言符号的意义.22、音位文字：有的字符表元音,有的字符表辅音,字符可以记录语言中所有的音位.如拉丁字母.英文就是使用拉丁字母作为字符的音位文字.23、音节文字：字符表示语言中的音节.如日本的假名.24、意音文字则是有的字符提示语言符号的音,有的字符只提示语言符号的意义.提示音的字符叫做声符,与音无关只与意义有关的字符叫做义符.汉文是典型的意音文字.25、社会方言：是社会内部不同性别、年龄、职业、阶级、阶层的人们在语言使用上表现出来的一些变异,是言语社团的一种标志.26、地域方言：与社会语言不同,是同一个民族语言的地域分支.27、亲属语言：从同一种语言分化出来的几种独立的语言,彼此有同源关系.28、谱系分类：根据语言是否来自同一语言的分化及分化的辈分等级而对语言做出的分类.29、借词：即外来词,指语音形式和意义都借自外民族语言的词.30、语言替换：语言换用也称“语言替代”或“语言融合”,是不同民族在长期接触或融合过程中产生的一种语言现象.指的是一个民族的全体或部分成员放弃使用本民族语言而转用另一民族语言的现象.31、底层：在语言替换的过程中,换用的强势语言会留下被替换语言的痕迹,这类痕迹通常被称为语言的底层.表现有两点,一个是被替代语言社团的一些特殊发音习惯,另一个是地名.32、语言的混合：指的是来源于不同语言的成分混合在一起,从而产生一种同这些语言都不相同的新的交际工具的现象.它是语言接触的一种非常特殊的语言现象.语言混合现象主要有两种：洋泾浜和克里奥耳语.33、洋泾浜：又称皮钦语,是两种或几种语言在一定社会条件下因互相接触而产生的混杂语言.最早是17世纪以后殖民地、半殖民地的通商口岸常见的一种语言现象,是当地人在同外来殖民者打交道过程中学来的一种变形外语,是彼此在语言上妥协而产生的一种能使双方勉强沟通的临时性交际工具.34、克里奥耳Creole又称混合语,是作为某个社会群体的母语来使用的、由两种或多种语言混合而成的语言.克里奥耳语也是一种洋泾浜语.不同的是：洋泾浜语是一定场合下使用的一种特殊语言,没有人把它当作母语来学习和使用；克里奥耳语是某一社会的主要交际工具,可作为母语或第一语言来学习和使用.35、词义的概括性：词义对现实现象的反映是概括的反映.概括是词义的一个重要特点. 三种重要表现：一般性、模糊性和全民性.36、词的这种有历史可查的最初的意义叫做本义.37、由本义衍生出来的意义叫做派生意义.38、离开上下文,一般人首先想到的的意义叫做中心意义.39、语境：语境的含义有三个方面.首先是指话语的物理语境,又叫做“言谈现场”.物理语境指话语的说话者/受话者、说话当时的时空及其这一时空中的所有存在.话语需要与言谈现场的说话者、受话者以及说话时空及其存在正确地关联,才能准确地传递和被理解.40、言语行为：言语行为可以分为三个环节,分别是言内行为、言外行为和言后行为.所谓言内行为,指说话人运用语言结构规则说出有意义的话语的行为；言外行为是指说话人的话语要达到的目的和意图；言后行为是说话人说出话语后达到的结果.。
2021中国海洋大学语言学及应用语言学考研真题经验参考书
中国海洋大学——语言学及应用语言学本人报考的是中国海洋大学的语言学及应用语言学，废话不说上干货。
一、考试范围：初试主要考的是：①101思想政治理论②201英语一或203日语③663文学综合④964语言学综合复试科目是现代汉语二、考试形式考试为闭卷考试，满分为150分(其中语言学概论、古代汉语、现代汉语各占50分)，考试时间为180分钟。
试卷结构：名词解释30分，简答题60分，分析应用题60分。
三、考试内容语言学概论的主要考试内容包括：对语言本质和语言不同功能的认知;对语言系统各种构成要素(语音和音系、语法、语义和语用)的分析和描写;对语言和文字关系的正确理解;对语言演变与语言分化、语言接触、语言系统的演变的表现和规律的认识;对实际语言现象的理论解释等。
古代汉语的主要考试内容包括：对古代汉语文字、音韵、训诂、语法现象的准确解释;对古代汉语文献的熟练阅读;对文字、音韵、训诂、句读等传统语言学知识的了解等。
重点考查古汉语中文字、音韵、训诂等方面的基础知识。
现代汉语的主要考试内容包括：对现代汉语语音、词汇、语法现象的具体描写分析以及对分析方法的科学运用;对现代汉字的性质、整理与应用情况的了解;对现代汉语修辞学基本知识的一般把握。
重点是对现代汉语实际语言事实和现象的科学分析和理论阐释。
四、复试方式和内容1、复试包括笔试、面试、外国语听力与口语测试、综合素质考核、体检等内容。
其中笔试主要是专业课测试。
实践能力考核主要测试考生的实际能力。
笔试和面试：语言学及应用语言学：笔试侧重考察考生对语言学基础理论知识的掌握情况，对语言事实和现象的感悟能力以及运用语言学理论与方法分析和解决语言问题的能力；面试内容为语言学综合素质与能力。
外国语听力及口试：主要考察学生外语听、说能力，采用问答形式。
综合素质考核：包括思想政治素质和道德品质考核、心理素质测试以及人文素养、社会实践（社团活动、志愿服务等）、团结协作精神等方面的考核。
普通语言学概论考试资料
1语言：是以语音为物质外壳，以词汇为建筑材料，以语法为结构规律而构成的体系。
2语言的任意性：是指语言的声音形式和意义内容之间的联系是任意的，由社会约定俗成的，没有必然的、本质的联系。
3语言的离散性:指每个单位有独立的存在，彼此不想混淆 ,保证单位的自由拆装4符号：就是人们约定的，代表某种事物的标记，包括象征和狭隘的符号5语言符号：是由音、义的结合构成的。
“音”是语言符号的物质表现形式，“义”是语言符号的内容，只有音和义相结合才能指称现实现象，构成语言的符号。
任意性和线条型是其特点聚合关系6音素：是从音质角度切分出来的最小语音单位，可分为元音和辅音两大类。
7元音：元音是在发音过程中由气流通过口腔而不受阻碍发出的音8辅音：气流从肺里出来不一定振动声带，通过口腔时受到一定的阻碍，这种主要依靠阻碍发出的音叫辅音。
9音标：专门用来记录语音的符号就叫做音标10国际音标：一符一音，一音一符，一个音标记录一个音素，一个音素只用一个音标。
11音位：是一个语音系统中能够通过语素区别意义的最小语音单位。
12超音质音位：不是从音质角度划分的音位都是超音质音位。
13音位变体（条件变体自由变体）：属于同一个音位的各个成员是该音位的不同变体；同一音位中的两个或几个变体可以在相同的条件（语境）下出现，但是没有区别意义的作用，这样的变体便是自由变体；同一音位的各个变体如果有互补关系，这些变体便是条件变体。
14语流音变：说话时音位和音位之间能够互相影响而使前音或后音发生某种变化，这种变化发生在语流中，所以叫做“语流音变“，又叫”联音音变“；其中可分为同化：异化：弱化：加音：脱落：换位：15语调：语调是全局的抑扬顿挫的变化，在表现句子类型方面其了很大作用，语调也是句子的必要标志，没有一定的语调就不可能成为句子。
16语素：语素是最小的语言单位，也就是说它是最小的音义结合物。
17语素变体 : 分为语音变体和语义变体，有些语素在不同的语言环境里语音（包括音质，声调，轻重音等）可能不同，由此形成互补关系。
《语言学概论》考试大纲
《语言学概论》课程考试大纲课程英文名称：General Linguistic课程编号：401011010 适用专业：汉语言文学专业学时数：48 学分数：3 执笔者：朱丽一、考试的总体要求：考试的目的是考察学生对语言学基本概念、基本理论的理解识记程度，以及运用基本语言理论分析语言事实的能力。
二、考试内容：导言了解：语言学的对象和任务；语言学的分类、流派、学科地位、发展历程和前景；第一章语言的社会功能了解：语言的社会功能；语言和思维的关系掌握：语言是人类最重要的交际工具。
第二章语言是符号系统识记：语言的性质、语言符号的特点理解：语言符号的系统性；组合关系和聚合关系；语言能力是人类所特有的。
第三章语音识记：语音、语音四要素、音素、音标、元音和辅音、音位、对立和互补、音位变体、音质音位和非音质音位、音位的区别特征、音节、语流音变理解掌握：语音的属性，人类发音的基本原理；元音和辅音的区别及其特点；元音舌位图；基本元音；辅音的发音部位和方法；音位及其组合规则。
运用：能描述基本元音和普通话辅音的特征；能划分音位；能用国际音标标注普通话音节；熟练分析普通话的音节结构；能分析普通话和英语中的基本语流音变。
第四章语法识记：语法意义、语法形式、语法范畴、语法手段、形态、词尾、词缀、词根、复合词、变换、句法同义、句法多义、孤立语、屈折语、粘着语、复综语理解掌握：语法的聚合规则和组合规则；语法单位、词法、句法；掌握词法和句法的组合规则；理解语言的层次性和递归性；掌握词类的划分；掌握基本的语法手段和语法范畴；掌握变换的原则、手段、作用；了解语言的普遍特征；运用：能分析词和词组的构造；能划分词类；能分析语言中的语法手段；能熟练运用层次分析法和变换分析法分析词组和句子以及分化歧义句。
第五章词义识记：词汇、一般词汇、基本词汇、词义的性质、词义理性意义和附加意义、单义词、多义词、引申、隐喻、换喻、同义词、反义词、语境理解掌握：掌握词汇的构成、词义的特点、词义的组合和聚合、多义词产生的原因和途径；多义词和同音词的区别；掌握同义词和反义词的类型；理解词语搭配的条件、理解语境的作用运用：能分析词的理性意义和附加意义；能区别多义词和同音词；能分析词义引申的方式；能辨析同义词和反义词。
外国语言学及应用语言学 英语教育方向 入学考试
对于外国语言学及应用语言学（英语教育方向）的入学考试，一般会考察以下几个方面的内容：
1. 英语语言能力：这是入学考试的重点部分，会考察学生的英语听、说、读、写、译等能力，包括对英语语法、词汇、句型、表达方式的掌握。
2. 语言学基础知识：入学考试会考察学生对语言学基础知识的掌握，如语音学、音系学、句法学、语义学、语用学等方面的知识。
3. 教育学基础知识：由于该专业属于教育学领域，入学考试也会考察学生对教育学基础知识的掌握，如教育心理学、课程与教学论、教育技术等方面的知识。
4. 综合素质：除了以上几个方面，入学考试还会考察学生的综合素质，如逻辑思维能力、分析问题能力、解决问题能力、团队协作能力等。
具体的考试形式和内容可能会因学校和专业的不同而有所差异，建议查看具体招生简章或咨询相关招生部门，获取更详细的信息。
语言学概论（考试重点归纳）
语言学概论（考试重点归纳）语言学概论目录第一章语言和语言学 (3)第二章语言的物质载体——语音 (6)第三章语言的建筑材料——语汇 (10)第四章语言的结构规则——语法 (13)第五章语言的表达内容——语义 (19)第六章语言的运用特点——语用 (22)第七章语言的书写符号——文字 (25)第八章语言的发展和演变 (27)第九章语言的获得和学习 (30)第十章语言与文学写作 (32)第十一章语言与民族文化 (34)第十二章语言与科学技术 (36)第一章语言和语言学第一节认识人类的语言一、语言的性质和类型P491.只有人类才有语言P49（1）内容更多（2）用处更大：①交际功能②标志功能③记录功能④思维功能⑤认知功能（3）能够创造2.语言和民族、国家的关系P51（简答）“语言”最初是与“民族”直接相连的，至今也是最直观和最容易识别的民族标志，同时也是国家的标志，但是只有全面了解从古到今的“语言”、“民族”之间，“民族”和“国家”之间错综复杂的关系，才能对“语言、民族、国家”三者之间做出更加符合客观事实的结论。
3.语言的特点和类型P52（单选）（1）从历时的角度看：语言的谱系分，也叫“语言亲属关系分类。
根据各种语言在语音、语汇、语法等方面是否有共同的来源和相似性大小对语言进行分类，就是语言的谱系分类。
语言的谱系分类是个层级系统，从大到小：“语系、语族、语支、语言、方言、次方言。
”（2）从共时角度看：语言的形态分类也叫语言的结构类型分类。
二、语言的表现形式P541.语言和言语P54言语：说话的动作和说出来或写出来的成品。
语言：说话所使用的工具，是在背后支配着人们怎么说话和听话的规则。
言语属于个人现象语言属于社会现象，是全社会约定俗成的产物。
言语是语言的表现形式，语言是抽象的，言语是具象的。
（单选）2.本体和外围P55本体知识：语言系统内部的各要素；语音、词语、语法、语义、语用。
外围知识：语言与思维、语言与文化、语言与其它技能、语言运用等。
英语语言学期末复习1
期末考试语言学复习范围2：名词解释复习范围language，speech community, bilingualism, semantics, context, locutionary act, language acquisition, phonology, psycholinguistics, langue, phoneme, culture, intercultural communication, linguistics, phonetics, competence，interlanguage, neurolinguistics, sense, morphology3：术语翻译都选自教材最后的glossary；4：简答题复习范围（主要限定在第一章、第五章、第六章、和第十章）1.Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why?2.What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?3.What makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?4.What is sense and what is reference? How are they related?5.What does pragmatics study? How does it differ from traditional semantics?6.According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance? Give an example.7.What are the three variables that determine register? Interpret them with an example.8.In what way is componential analysis similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features?9.What are the major types of synonyms in English?10.What are the five design features of language specified by C. Hockeet to show that human language is essentially differentfrom any animal communication system?11.What are the four major views concerning the study of meaning?12.Why is the notion of context essential in the pragmatic study of linguistic communication?13.What are the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle (CP)? List their names and explain them briefly.14.To what extent is second language learning similar to first language learning? Can you list some proof from your ownlearning experience?15.What is the Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH) concerning language acquisition?16.Explain the definition：“Linguistics is the scientific study of language”.17.What are suprasegmental features? Use examples to illustrate your points.18.What is grammaticality? Is a grammatically meaningful sentence necessarily a semantically meaningful sentence?19.How are “sentence” and “utterance” and “sentence meaning” and “utterance meaning” related and how d o they differ?20.What distinction, if any, can you draw between bilingualism and diglossia?Ⅰ.For each question, there is only ONE correct answer. Choose the one from A, B, C and D.1.Displacement benefits human beings by giving them the power to handle____A. arbitrariness and creativityB. generalizations and abstractionsC. interpersonal relationshipD. performative functions2. Using language for the sheer joy of using it shows that language has a ____ function.A. recreationalB. metalingualC. informativeD. performative3. According to_____, the task of a linguist is to determine from the data of performance the underlying system of rules that has been mastered by the language user.A. Roman JacobsonB. Leonard BloomfieldC. Kenneth PikeD. Noam Chomsky4. Whose Cardinal V owel system is still in use?A. A.J. EllisB. A.M. BellC. Daniel JonesD. A. C. Gimson5. Which of the following words involves“nasalization”?A. rapB. readC. roseD. running6. Which of the following words is likely to have stress in sentences?A. aB. andC. toD. sun7. “_______” is the abstract unit underlying the smallest unit in the lexical system of a language.A. WordB. LexemeC. MorphemeD. Vocabulary8. Word Class is known as in traditional grammar as _______.A. ConstructionB. parts of speechC. inflectionD. categories9. Which of the following are NOT prefixes?A. paraB. disC. irD. ion10._________is NOT included in the studies of traditional grammar.A. Classifying words into parts of speechB. Defining the properties of sentencesC. Identifying the functions of wordsD. Recognizing certain categories, like number and tense11. “Concord” has the same meaning as_____A. perfectiveB. progressiveC. agreementD. government12. Which of the following is NOT related to Noam Chomsky?A. Deep StructureB. Surface StructureC. Transformational ComponentD. Theme and Rheme13. The “semantic triangle” was proposed by______A. Plato and AristotleB. Ogden and RichardsC. Chomsky and HalleD. Leech and Palmer14. Which of the following are NOT converse antonyms?A. clever: stupidB. boy: girlC. give: receiveD. teacher: student15. “ I can refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2000 years ago.” This shows that language has the design feature of ________A. arbitrarinessB. creativityC. DualityD. Displacement16. “Don’t end a sentence with a preposition.” This is an example of _____ rules.A. prescriptiveB. descriptiveC. transformationalD. functional17. According to G.B. Shaw’s ridicule of English orthography, the non-existed word ghoti can be pronounced in the same way as______A. goatB. hotC. fishD. floor18. Which of the following is the correct description of [v]?A. voiceless labiodental fricativeB. voiced labiodental fricativeC. voiceless labiodental stopD. voiced labiodental stop19. “New elements are not to be inserted into a word even though there are several parts in a word.” This is known as ________A. uninterruptibilityB. stabilityC. extremityD. variability20. Which of the following word class is the closed-class?A preposition B. adverb C. adjective D. noun21. Which of the following are NOT suffixesA. inB. iseC. lyD. ful22. Traditional grammar sees a sentence as _________A. a sequence of morphemesB. a sequence of clausesC. a sequence of wordsD. a sequence of phrases23. _________meaning is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to.A. ConnotativeB. DenotativeC. AffectiveD. Reflective24. Which of the following are gradable antonyms?A. good---badB. male----femaleC. alive----deadD. buy-----sell25. The fact that sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages proves the ________of language.A. dualityB. creativityC. arbitrarinessD. displacement26. Which of the following are correct descriptions of Langue and Parole?A. It was Chomsky that distinguished langue from parole.B. It was Martin Joo that distinguished langue from parole.C. Langue constitutes the immediately accessible data.D. The linguist’s proper object is the langue of each community.27. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in ________.A. the manners of articulationB. the places of articulationC. the position of the soft palateD. the obstruction of airstream28. When the different forms, such as tin and din, are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form_______A. allophonesB. a minimal pairC. a maximal pairD. phonemes29. The process of word formation in which a verb, for example, blacken, is formed by adding–en to the adjective black, is called_____A. inflectionB. derivationC. compoundD. backformation30. The sense relation between rose and flower is _________A. synonymB. polysemyC. hyponymyD. homonymy31.Which of the following are NOT instances of blending?A. transistorB. classroomC. boatelD. brunch32. The one that is NOT one of the suprasegmental features is ________A. syllableB. stressC. coarticulationD. intonation33. What the element”-es”indicates is third person singular, present tense, and the element “-ed”past tense, and “-ing”progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unity of language and meaningful, they are also called_______A. phonemesB. phonesC. allophonesD. morphemes34. The term“_______”in linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative35. Since early 1990s, Noam Chomsky and other generative linguists proposed and developed a theory of universal grammar known as the _______theoryA. speech actB. TGC. minimalist programD. principles-and- parametersII Decide whether the following statements are true(T) or false (F) .1.Arbitrariness means you can use languages in any way you like.（F）2.“Radar” is an invented word.(F)3.The consonant [x] existed in Old English.(T)4.Today, we normally say that English has two tenses: present and past.(T)5.Leech’s conceptual meaning has two sides: sense and reference.(T)6.Historical linguistics is a synchronic study of language.(F)7. A good method to determine the phonemes in a language is the Minimal Pairs Test.(T)8.Phonology is concerned with speech production and speech perception.(F)9.Leech uses the term “connotative” in the same sense as that in philosophical discussion.(F)10.Duality is the physical manifestation of the “ infinite use of finite terms”(T)11.The idea of a system of cardinal vowels was first suggested by Danniel Jones.(T)12.Word is the smallest unit of meaning which can constitute, by itself, a complete utterance.(T)Ⅲ. Fill in each blank with ONE word.1. There are two aspects to meaning: denotation and connotation .2. Phonology is the branch of theoretical linguistics concerned with speech sounds at a higher level thanPholotics i.e. their structure and organization in human languages.3. The fact that a word may have more than one meaning is called___ in semantics.4. There are at least 4 design features of language: Arbitrariness, , __________, and ___________5 Relational antonyms are pairs in which one describes a relationship between two objects and the otherdescribes the same relationship when the two objects are reversed, such as parent and child, teacher and student.6 antonyms are pairs that express absolute opposites, like mortal and immortal.7. F.de Saussure , founder of modern linguistics, taught linguistics in Geneva University during 1907-1911.His theory has put great influence on semiotics, humanities study and literary studies.8. Lexical semantics is concerned with the meanings of words and the meaning among words; and phrasal or semantics is concerned with the meaning of syntactic units larger than the word.9. Reference theory in semantics holds the viewpoint that there is a___direct__ relation between forms of language and those the relevant language forms refer to.10.Nominalism refers to the idea that there is no conventional relation or link between the words that people choose and the objects that the words refer to. That is to say, language is .11. Complementery antonyms are pairs that express absolute opposites, like mortal and immortal.12. 荀子（约公元前298～前238）在《正名篇》中说，“名无固宜，约之以命。
语言学-期末考试考点一览
Chapter 1 Linguistics定义Language:Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.▲Language distinguishes human beings from animals because it is far more sophisticated than any animal communication system.Linguistics: the scientific study of human languages.It studies not just one language of any one society, but the language of all humanbeings.★注：语言学研究的是所有人类的语言，并不是局限于如英语等某一门语言。
Language is vocal1) The primary medium for all languages is sound.2) Writing systems came into being much later than the spoken forms.Word is the smallest unit that can be used, by itself, as a complete utterance.词是能够独立构成一个完整语句的最小单位Design features 语言的定义特征Design features: the distinctive features of human language that essentially make human language distinguishable from languages of animals. （定义填空题）▲语言的四个Design features 也是区别人类语言好动物语言的特征A、Arbitrariness 任意性There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.语言形式的符号与所表示的意义无天然的联系。
语言学：语言学概论考试资料
语言学：语言学概论考试资料1、单选下列关于语汇的表述中，正确的一项是（）A．语汇是有意义的能独立使用的语言单位B．语汇是最小的有意义的语言单位C．语汇是固定词组和熟语的总汇D．语汇是一种语言中词和语（江南博哥）的总和正确答案：D2、问答题简答音位和音位变体的关系。
正确答案：音位是从具体音素中抽象概括出来的功能音类，音位变体则是音位在特定语音环境中的具体体现。
音位是用来概括反映一组音素的辨义作用的功能单位，音位变体则是音位在各种语音环境里的实际发音。
3、问答题语言发展有什么特点？为什么会有这些特点？语言发展的不平衡性特点主要体现在哪些方面？正确答案：语言发展具有渐变性和平衡性两大主要特点，其它的特点还有相关性和规律性。
语言是人类最重要的交际工具，这种性质决定它的发展只能是渐变的，而且系统内部的组成部分的发展速度是不平衡的。
交际要求语言保持稳定的状态，不允许它一下子发生大的变化，但是，另一方面，随着社会的发展，日益增长的交际需要又不断的促使语言发生变化。
稳固和变化这两个对立的要求都是语言作为交际工具的性质决定的。
所以语言的演变只能采取渐变的方式没，不允许突变。
语言系统的各个组成部分与社会发展的联系有很大的不同，联系最直接的事词汇，所以词汇对社会发展的反映最灵敏，变化比较快。
相比之下，语音和语法就稳固的多。
它们的变化速度是不平衡的。
语音不会随着词汇的迅速发展而发生系统的变化。
语法是组织语言材料的结构规则，旧词的消失不会对结构规则带来影响。
语法发展速度是很缓慢的，它的稳固性甚至比语音还要强。
语言发展的不平衡性特点体现在两个方面：一是语言系统的各个组成部分发展速度不一样，其中词汇变化最快；二是语言在不同地域的发展速度和发展方向也不一样。
语言系统各个组成部分中，词汇的变化最迅速，这是因为词汇与社会的联系最紧密、最直接，对社会的发展变化反应也最灵敏，社会的变化，现实现象的产生与消失，随时都能在词汇中反映出来。
《中国语言文学综合》考试大纲
《中国语言文学综合》考试大纲一、考试目的《中国语言文学综合》是中国语言文学各专业硕士研究生入学考试的基础科目之一。
其目的是考察考生在汉语言文学方面的基本素养、能力以及对中国古代文学、现当代文学、比较文学与世界文学基本知识的掌握程度，以便选拔有素质、有潜力的优秀人才入学。
二、考试的性质与范围《中国语言文学综合》要反映中国语言文学的特点，科学、公平、准确、规范地测评考生的基本素质和综合能力，以利于选拔具有发展潜力的优秀人才入学，为我国文化建设事业培养具有扎实中国语言文学基础和实际工作能力，能胜任较高水平中文业务或管理工作的应用型高级专业人才。
三、考试基本要求要求考生具有良好的中国语言文学的基本功底和文学修养，掌握较为扎实的中国语言文学基本知识，具备较强的写作能力。
考查对基础知识、基本理论的掌握情况和运用基本理论分析问题的能力。
考生必须概念准确、明晰，举例允当；回答问题简洁、全面；论述问题观点合理、分析深入、条理清楚、逻辑性强、表达清晰，能够运用相关理论深入分析事实、解决问题。
四、考试内容1.中国文学的基本知识（1）中国古代文学、现当代文学和比较文学与世界文学重要作家、流派的称谓（2）中国古代、现当代和外国各类文体的基本特点（3）马列文论、中国古代文论和西方文论的基本概念2.中国文学思潮和文学作品赏析（1）中外文学史上的重大事件，它们的背景、过程和影响（2）中国古代、现当代和外国文学经典作品的赏析（3）恰当地运用某种文学理论解读文学作品。
3.中国古代、现当代和外国文学作家、作品的评论和批评（1）中国古代、现当代和外国文学经典作家的艺术风格分析评论（2）中国古代、现当代和外国文学经典作品的分析和批评4.语言学基础知识、基本理论及其运用（1）古代汉语基础知识、基本理论及其运用（2）现代汉语基础知识、基本理论及其运用五、考试形式和试卷结构考试形式为闭卷笔试，考试时间为180分钟。
试卷满分为150分，主要题型包括名词解释题、简答题、论述题。
自学考试《语言学概论》(00541)考试大纲答案必背重点复习资料全
语言学概论第一章语言和语言学第一节认识人类的语言一、语言的性质和类型1.只有人类才有语言【领会】语言是人类所独有的。
人类的语言跟动物的“语言”相比较，有几个显著和重要的特点：一是“内容更多”。
多种场合、多种方式、多种内容。
二是“用处更大”。
主要：交际功能。
其它：标志、记录、思维、认知，等等。
三是“能够创造”。
具有离散性，能用有限的声音和意义按照一定规则组配成无限的话语。
2.语言和民族、国家的关系【领会】大多数情况：一个民族使用一种语言。
但不能把“相互能够听懂”作为确定语言的标准，并进一步作为确定民族和国家的标准。
这种理解只适合于欧洲的“新兴民族国家”，对一个历史悠久、幅员辽阔的国家是不适应的。
尽管“语言”是最直观、最容易识别的民族标志，但事实上还不是最可靠的标志。
从目前了解到的情况来看，“共同的历史文化传统和由此产生的民族认同感”也许是维系一个民族的最根本的因素，因而也是确定一个民族的最根本的标准。
3.语言的谱系分类和语言的形态分类【领会】语言的谱系分类就是从“历时”演变角度划分不同的语言，是根据各种语言在语音、语汇、语法等方面是否有共同来源和相似性的大小对语言进行的分类。
也叫“语言的亲属关系分类”。
从语言的“共时”角度来划分不同的语言，可以建立“语言的形态分类”，也叫“语言的结构类型分类”。
可分为“形态语”和“孤立语”，或者分成“综合性语言”和“分析性语言”。
4.语系、语族；屈折语、孤立语；综合性语言、分析性语言【识记】谱系分类层级：语系、语族、（语支）、语言、方言、次方言（土语）。
语系是根据语言有无历史同源关系划分出来的语言类别，是语言谱系中最大的类。
语系的下一级叫作“语族”，同一语族的语言不但有相同的来源，相似点也更多。
形态语（综合性语言）指通过词的形态变化来体现各种结构意义的语言。
包括“屈折语、黏着语”等小类。
如俄语、维吾尔语。
孤立语（分析性语言）指没有形态变化的语言。
如汉语。
屈折语主要是句子中某些词本身有丰富的形态变化，是形态语中的一个小类。
812《语言学综合知识》考试大纲
中国传媒大学硕士研究生入学考试《语言学综合知识》考试大纲一、考试的总体要求本考试的目的为考查学生掌握语言学的基本知识，并通过所获得的知识加深对语言的理解及增强对英语及其它语言中一些语言现象的观察和分析的能力。
语言学综合知识的主要内容包括：语言学导论、语音、词汇、语法、语义、语用、语言与心理、语言与社会、语言与计算机、语言学与语言教学、二语习得、现代语言学理论与流派等等。
考试的具体要求为：考生应熟练掌握语言学理论的基本概念、基本原理、主要理论流派及其理论观点；了解语言学核心领域及其边缘领域的发展；初步具备综合运用所学理论知识以分析具体语言现象、解决实际问题的能力。
二、考试的内容第一章语言学导论1.语言的定义2.语言的特征3.语言的功能4.语言学的主要分支学科第二章语音1．发音器官及其功能2. 元音和辅音的特征及分类3. 语音分类及变化4. 音位和音位变体5. 语音的识别特征6. 超音段音位第三章词汇1.词的概念2.词的分类3.词的构成4.词的变化第四章语法1. 语法的性质2.语法研究的内容3.语法形式和语法意义4.语法单位的聚合和组合第五章语义1.“意义”的意义2. 指称论3. 涵义关系4. 成分分析5. 句子的逻辑语义第六章语用1. 语境2. 句子意义和话语意义3. 所指意义4. 指示、回指、预设5. 言语行为理论6. 会话原则及会话含义7. 礼貌原则第七章语言和社会1.语言的起源和发展2.语言变异3.双语现象和多语现象4.语言民俗学5.标准语和方言第八章语言和心理1.语言和思维的关系2. 语言能力和语言获得3. 语言和人的认知活动4. 语言和民族文化意识第九章语言和计算机1. 语言和计算机2. 计算机辅助语言学习3. 机器翻译4. 语料库语言学5. 信息检索6. 网络语言第十章外语教学1. 外语教学法流派2. 外语教学方法和模式3．语言教学和言语教学4. 建构主义外语教学论第十一章现代语言学理论与流派1. 索绪尔与现代语言学的关系2. 欧洲结构主义（布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派）3. 美国结构主义4. 乔姆斯基与转换生成语法5. 伦敦学派6. 韩礼德与系统功能语法三、考试的基本题型主要题型可能有：填空题、术语解释题、判断题、选择题、分析题、简答题、论述题等。
语言学概论期末考试范围
语言学概论期末复习2014.11. diachronic linguisticsLinguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics,e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.2. arbitrarinessLanguage is arbitrary for the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural resemblance to their meaning. The link between the linguistic signs and their meanings is a matter of convention, and conventions differ radically across languages.3. langueAccording to Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic systems shared by all the members of a speech community. It can be thought of as the generalized rules of the language that members of a speech community seem to abide by.4. competenceChomsky defines competenc e as the abstract ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. According to him, anyone who knows a language has internalized a set of rules about the sequences permitted in his language. This internalized set of rules is termed as a person’s compe tence.5. morphemeT he most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme. The “morpheme’ is the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which can not be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning.6. MorphologyMorphology studies morphemes and their different forms and the way they combine in word formation. So it refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed7. Semantic triangleAccordin g to Ogden and Richard’s semantic triangle, there is no direct link between language and the world, or between the symbol ( the linguistic elements, the word, the sentence) and referent ( the object in the world of experience). The link is via thought or reference, the concepts of our minds.8. Lingua francaLingua franca is the general term for a language that serves as a means of communication between different groups of speakers.9. componential analysisComponential analysis is a way to analyze lexical meaning, and it defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components.10. Cooperative PrincipleCooperative Principle (CP) was proposed by Paul Grice, under which there are four maxims: the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner. It means in communication, both parties involved will normally seek to cooperate with each other to establish agreed meaning.11. acquisitionThe term “acquisition” is used to refer to picking up a language through exposure. It refers to the subconscious or conscious processes. It is learned in a natural or a tutored settings.12. interlanguageIt refers to the learner’s independent system of the second language which is neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from native language to the target language.I.Students should be able to answer the following questions:1) Explain the three kinds of intersentential sematic relations: entailment, presupposition and implicature.Entailment is a relation of inclusion , If X entails Y, then the meaning of X is included in Y. e.g. X: I have been to Shanghai. Y: I have been to Chinaif x is true, then y is also true, If Y is false, then X is also false.Then X entails Y.X presupposes Y. ( Y is a pre-requisite of X).X: John’s brother has got married. Y: John has a brother.Implicature: The speaker may use implied meaning but not the literal meaning.2)According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing whilemaking an utterance? Give an example.According to Austin, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking. They are locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act. For example: You have left the door wide open.The locutionary act performed by the speaker is his utterance of all the words. “you” , “have”, “door”, “open”, etc. thus expressing what the words literally mean.The illocutionary act performed by the speaker is that by ,asking such an utterance he has expressed his intention of speaking, that is , asking someone to close the door, or making a complaint, depending on the context.The perlocutionary act refers to the effect of the utterance . If the then hearer gets the speaker’s message and sees that the speaker means to tell him to close the door, then the speaker goes to close the door for the speaker.3) What are the major differences between acquisition and language learning?Rod (1985) and Krashen (1981) regard acquisition as the spontaneous internalization of rules and formulas. The term acquisition is often used to refer to first language acquisition and second language acquisition. First language acquisition is also called mother tongue acquisition.Acquisition takes place in the speech community where one's first language or second language is spoken. It is often natural, without much focus on form. The learning of English by speakers of other languages in the United States is an example of second language acquisition.Foreign language learning usually takes place in the speech community where one's first language is spoken. It is a conscious process through formal school-like settings and requires time for processing, with focus on linguistic form in addition to knowledge of the rules of language use. For example, the learning of English in China.4) What are the similarities and differences between Semantics and Pragmatics? Semantics focuses on the meaning that comes from linguistic knowledge without considering the context. Pragmatics studies the meaning in a certain context taking our knowledge about the physical and social world into account. Semantic analysis look for rules which are black and white, i.e. you are either right or wrong. Pragmatic analysis look for principles. You can obey them to some extent and violate them to some extent.5) Why do we say Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for humancommunication? Explain it in details.a. Language is systematic. Language must be a system since elements in the language are arranged according to certain rules. Each human language is organized into two basic systems: a system of sounds and a system of meanings.b. Language is symbolic. People use signs to communicate, which means that language involves signs.c. Language is arbitrary. Language is arbitrary for the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural resemblance to their meaning.d. Language is primarily vocal. Language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed their writing systems.e. Language is human specific. There are certain characteristics of human language that are not found in the communication systems of any other species.f. Language is used for communication.6) What is the Sapir –Whorf hypothesis?The hypothesis as sumes that people’s habitual thought patterns and ways of perceiving the world are conditioned to a certain extent by the categories and distinctions that are available to them in their native language. Speakers of different languages may therefore have rather different world-views, depending on how different the languages are from one another semantically and grammatically. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis can be broken down into two basic principles: Linguistic Determinism and Linguistic Relativity.II.Students should be able to draw the tree diagrams for common simple sentences and complex sentences.III.Students should be able to analyze the formation of words.IV.Students should be able to identify errors in given sentences and be able to explain the causes for errors.1. He speaked to Tom yesterday.This intralingual error is due to the overgeneralization of the rule about the English v erb’s past tense form.2. There were some people came to watch the football match.The relative pronoun at the beginning of the attributive clause is missing. The learner has made an inter-lingual error because of the influence of his mother tongue, that is the Chinese grammatical pattern.3. They are loving basketball very much.This sentence should be corrected as: They love basketball very much. The learner has made an intra-lingual error caused by the over-generation of the target language grammatical rule. The learner failed to realize that in English some verbs never appear in the continuous tense including the verb: love.。
语言学纲要考试范围
一．名词解释1.语言符号的任意性：作为语言符号系统的成员，单个语言符号的语音形式和意义之间在自然属性上没有必然的联系，只有社会约定的关系。
2.语言符号的线条性：语言符号在使用中以符号序列的形式出现，符号只能一个接着一个依次出现，在时间线上绵延开来，而不是在空间上展开。
3.情态：体现“说话者所言的主观态度”的范畴，主要由情态助动词，情态副词和“我相信，我确信，我认为,我肯定”等小句体现。
4.蕴涵：句子真值的蕴涵关系就是，通过一个句子的句义，一定可以推导出另一个句子的句义，反向推导却不成立.5.预设:如果一个句子的肯定和否定两种形式，是以另一个句子的肯定式为前提，那么另一个句子是该句的预设。
6.意译词：用本族语言的构词材料和规则构成新词，把外语里某个词的意义移植进来.7.语言联盟：又叫“语言的区域分类”，同一区域的不同语言，不仅在词汇上相互有大量的借贷，而且在语义和语法系统的格局，结构和规则上也十分相似，但各语言仍有相当数量的核心词根彼此不同。
8.洋泾浜：出现在世界各地通商口岸的一种常见的语言现象，不是中国特有的.9.音位：具体语言中有区别词的语音形式的作用最小语音单位。
10.混合语：在一定情况下，洋泾浜可能会被社会采用为主要的交际工具,由孩子们作为母语来学习，所以洋泾浜就变成了混合语，又叫克里奥尔语。
11.形态：在有些语言中词与词组合时会发生形式的变化，同一个词和其他词组合时也会有不同的变化，这些不同的变化形成一个聚合，叫做形态.12.语法化：语法演变的一种反复出现的常见途径.13.谱系分类:根据语言是否来自同一语言的分化及分化的辈分等级而对语言做出的分类。
二．简答题1.派生意义产生的途径：派生意义产生的途径一般就是引申,引申又分为隐喻和转喻。
隐喻:建立在两个意义所反映的现实现象的某种相似的基础上。
如:习本义是数飞的意思，就是鸟儿反复地飞，从这个意义派生出“反复练习，温习”的意思,比如“学而时习之”。
语言学概论考试资料
语⾔学概论考试资料导⾔（填空1-2）1、语⾔发源地：中国、印度、希腊—罗马2、索绪尔书地位：《普通语⾔学教程》现代语⾔学的创始⼈这是明确语⾔学研究对象的重要⼀步，极⼤的促进了语⾔研究的深⼊和发展，为形成系统的现代语⾔学理论体系奠定了基础。
语⾔学从此成为⼀门现代科学。
语⾔整体的结构和发展得到了较全⾯的研究。
第⼀章语⾔的功能（填空1-2）第⼆章语⾔是符号系统1、符号（简答/名解）名解：符号就是指代某种事物的标记、记号，它是由⼀个社会的全体成员共同约定⽤来表⽰某种意义的标记和记号。
简答：所谓符号，是指某种事物的标记，记号，它是由⼀个社会的全体成员共同约定⽤来表⽰某种意义的标记和记号。
这种记号代表什么意义是社会全体成员都知道的，都认可的。
现实⽣活中，⽤⼀个事物做另⼀个事物意义的标记的情况⽐⽐皆是，⽐如，街上的汽车，开着开着突然停了，因为遇到了红灯，因为红灯是社会成员约定表⽰停⽌意义的符号；⼀会绿灯亮了，汽车⼜继续往前开，因为绿灯时⼤家共同约定表⽰可以通⾏这⼀意义的标记；古代⼈打仗，击⿎表⽰前进进攻，鸣⾦（敲锣）表⽰退却收兵；敌⼈来了，在烽⽕台上放⽕发出信号；现代军营还⽤号声表⽰起床、休息等意义；交通警察⽤⼿势还可以表⽰各种意义。
2、语⾔符号特点（简答/论述举例）简答：①符号和语⾔，“能指”和“所指”。
能指是能够指称某种意义的成分，所指是给符号所指的意义内容创制了⼀个专门术语。
②语⾔符号的“任意性”。
符号的物质实体和表⽰的意义之间没有必然的理据关系，语⾔符号的物质实体和表⽰的意义之间也没有必然的理据关系，完全是任意的，约定俗成的。
③语⾔符号的强制性和可变性。
在同⼀社会、同⼀时代，对使⽤同⼀语⾔的每⼀个社会成员来说是强制性的，⽽语⾔⼜是发展变化着的。
④语⾔符号的离散特性和线特性。
话只能⼀个字⼀个字，⼀句话⼀句话地说，因此语⾔符号是离散的，⽽且只能在时间这根轴上是成线性排列的。
论述：语⾔符号特点：语⾔符号具有任意性和线条性的特点。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Front vowel [ i: ] [ i ] [ e ] [ ✌ ] [ ]central vowel [ : ] [ ☜ ] [ ✈ ]back vowels [ u: ] [ ☺ ] [ : ] [ ] [α: ]Close vowel [ i: ] [ i ] [ u: ] [ ☺ ]Semi-close vowel [ e ] [: ]Semi-open vowels[ ☜ ] [ : ]Open vowels[ ✌ ] [ ] [ ✈ ] [ ][ : ]Stop （Plosive）塞音（爆破音）[b] [p] [t] [d] [k] [g]Nasal 鼻音[m][n] [ŋ]Fricative 擦音[f] [v] [θ] [s] [z] [∫] [З]Approximant 中通音[ j ] [r] [w]Lateral 边通音[l]Trill 颤音[r]Tap and Flap 触音Affricate 塞擦音[t∫] [dЗ]Closed words : their membership is fixed or limited.E.g. pro. prep. conj. art. etc.Open-class words: whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited. e.g. n. v. adj. adv. E.g. regarding / with regard to ; throughout, in spite of1. The fact that there is no intrinsic connection between the word “pen” and the thing we write with indicates language is ______.A.arbitraryB. rule-governe . combined D. illogical2. We can understand and produce an infinitely large number of sentence including sentences we never heard before, because language is _____.A.creativeB. arbitraryC. understandableD. unique3. ______ means language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.A.DualityB. DisplacementC. CreativityD. Arbitrariness4. By ____ function people establish and maintain their status in society.A.experientialB. referentialC. metalingualD. interpersonal5. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language?A.ArbitrarinessB.ProductivitC.Cultural transmission.D. Finiteness.6. The distinction between parole and langue was made by __________.A.HallidaB. ChomskyC. BloomfieldD. Saussur1./m,n/ are ________.A.fricativesB. dentalsC. approximantD. nasals2. /w,j/ belong to ________.A.fricativesB. dentalsC. approximant中通音D. nasals3. Which of the following vowels is the rounded vowel?A.[i]B. [u]C. [a:]D. [i:]4. Classification of vowels is made up of the following EXCEPT ________.A.the position of the tongueB.theopennessof the mouthC.the shape of the lipD.the width of the vowels5. A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of a word from another in a given language is a ________.A.phonemeB. allophoneC. phoneD. allomorph6. /p,t,k/ are ________.A.fricativesB. affricatesC. approximantD. stop7. /kuku:/ is a bird’s call. The name of such a bird is cuckoo which is an example of ________.nguage universalsB. onomatopoeiaC. teaching grammarsD. morphs8. The vowel [u:] in [fu:d] (food) is a ______vowel.A.backB. frontC. unroundedD. central9. In English, there is only one glottal. It is_____.A.[f]B. [r]C. [h]D. [v]10. Which of the following sounds is a voiced bilabial stop?A.[m]B. [v]C. [p]D. [b]11. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ________ of that phoneme.A.MinimalB. allomorphC. phonesD. allophones12. [i:], [i], [e] are all ________ vowels.A.frontB. centralC. backD. high13. Which of the following is a fricative sound?A.[m]B. [p]C. [w]D. [v]14. There are ________ nasals in English.A.oneB. twoC. threeD. four1. Which of the following does NOT belong to the “open class words”?A. NounsB. AdjectiveC. ConjunctionsD. Adverbs2. What is the minimal unit of meaning?A. PhonemeB. MorphemeC. AllophoneD. Allomorph3. There are ______ morphemes in the word “undesirability”.A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 64. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A. rainbowB. basketballC. icy-coldD. unpleasant5. All the following words contain the inflectional affixes except _______A. caresB. carefulC. fasterD. books6. The word “irresistible” is _________ .A. a compound oneB. a clipped oneC. a blended oneD. a derived one7. Which of the following is not a free morpheme?A. bedB. treeC. danceD. children8. Which of the following affix differs from others?A. –lyB. –nessC. –ingD. –ful9. Of the following word-formation processes, ___is the most productive.A. conversionB. blendingC. compoundD. derivation10. Morpheme that can occur “unattached” are called ____morphemes.A inflectiona B. bound C free D. derivational11. The word “motherboard”is ___________.A. a clipped oneB. a blended oneC. a compounded oneD. an acronym12. The word “kung-fu”is __________ .A. a clipped oneB. a blended onC. a compound oneD. a borrowed one1.Syntax is the study of ___________. (2005)A. language functionsB. sentence structuresC. textual organizationD. word formation2. What type of sentence is “Mark likes fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry.”?(2008)A. A simple sentenceB. A coordinate sentenceC. A complex sentenceD. None of the above3.. Syntactic categories contain the type of _________ .A. meaning that words expressB. affixes that the words takeC. structures in which the words can occurD. All of the above4.The syntactic component provides the ________ for a sentence.A. lexiconB. structureC. meaningD. sound1.The speech act theory was first put forward by _________ .(2005)A.John SearleB.John AustiC.Noam ChomskyD.M.A.K. Halliday2.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion of _________ .(2006)A.referenceB.meaningC.antonymyD.context3.When a speaker expresses his intention of speaking, such as asking someone to open the window, he is performing _______ .(2009)A.an illocutionary actB.a perlocutionary actC.a locutionary actD.none of the above4. A: What do you think of Mr. Zhang? B: A fine day, isn’t it?In the dialogue between A and B, B’s answer flouts which of the four maxims of CP?The maxim of quantity. The maxim of quality. The maxim of manner. The maxim of relation.5.. A: Where is Paul? B: Somewhere in our University.In the dialogue between A and B, B’s answer flouts which of the four maxims of CP?The maxim of quantity. The maxim of quality. The maxim of manner. The maxim of relation.6. What is the most important concept to distinguish pragmatics from semantics?Context. Entailment. Presupposition. Discourse7.A: Shall we get something for the kids? B: Yes. But I veto C-A-N-D-Y.B’s answer violates maxim of __________ .quantity quality manner relation8. _____________ act expresses the intention of the speaker.Locutionary Illocutionary Perlocutionary Speech9. A: Do you know where Mr. Brown is?B: Somewhere in the southern suburbs of the city. Speaker B violates the maxim of _____________ .quality quantity manner relation10. Contextual features exclude _________ when an utterance is made.the time the place the participants the purpose11. In a factory, Li, the guide, is interpreting for a group of foreign guests. When they have finishes visiting one workshop, he would like the group to follow him to the next workshop. He says,”___________. ”This way, please Come here Follow me Move on12. According to Grice’s Cooperative Principle, speakers should try to make their contribution as informative as is required for the current purpose of the exchange as the requirement of __________.The maxim of quality The maxim of relevanceThe maxim of quantity The maxim of manner13. According to Austin’s speech act theory, a speaker might be performing the following acts simultaneously when speaking EXCEPT __locutionary act illocutionary act perlocutionary act relocationary act14.The words “kid, child, offspring” are examples of ________. (2006)dialectal synonyms stylistic synonyms emotive synonyms collocational synonyms15.The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called __________ . (2008)hyponymy synonymy polysemy homonymy16.Which of the following is NOT the concern of “sense”?It is the study of the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.It is the study of what a linguistic form refers to in the real physical world.It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compliers are interested in.It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.17.x: They are going to have another baby.Y: They have a child. The relationship of X and Y is ________.synonymous inconsistent X entailing YX presupposing Y18.According to the componential analysis, the words “girl” and “woman” differ in the feature of __________ .HUMAN ANIMATE MALE ADULT19.The relationship between “violet” and “tulip” is ________.co-hyponyms superordinate hyponyms antonyms20.The relationship between “begin” and “commence” is ______. dialectal synonymsstylistic synonymscollocational synonymssemantically different synonyms21.What is the relationship between the words “color” and “red”?Synonymy Antonymy Polysemy Hyponymy22. “fall” and “autumn” are ___________ synonyms.dialectal stylistic evaluatively different semantically different23.Homophones are often employed to create puns for detailed effects of __________.humor sarcasm ridiculeall of the above24.We call the relation between “animal” and “horse” as _______.synonymy polysemy homonymy hyponymy25.The semantic features of the word “girl” can be expressed as __________.+ animate, - human, + adult, + male.+ animate, + human, - adult, + male.+ animate, + human, + adult, - male.+ animate, + human, - adult, - male.26.What is the sentential relation between “He likes skating.” and “He likes sports.”?Presupposition. Entailment. Contradiction. Hyponymy.1.The pair of words “borrow/lend” is called __________.relational opposites synonyms complementary opposites gradable opposites2.“Yellow” has different meanings to Chinese or to western people, that is its _________.conceptual meaning cognitive meaning associative meaning stylistic meaning3.The ambiguity in “pass the port” is caused by __________.lexical itemsa grammatical structure homonymy polysemy4.The word “luggage” and “baggage” are ___________.synonyms differing in emotive meaningdialectal synonymscollocationally restricted synonymssynonyms differing in stylesponential analysis is a method applied in the field of _________.phonetics syntax semantics pragmatics距离相似性（the iconicity of distance）描述为：The linguistic between expressions corresponds to the conceptual distance between them.（词句中语符之间的距离象似于它们所表示的概念距离。