北化工博士生综合考试真题
北京化工大学 《智能控制》样题 博士研究生考研考博入学考试
一、基础知识题目（单项选择 / 填空，每题 / 每空2分，共20分）1. G .N. Saridis 在1977年提出了智能控制的三元结构组成是（ ）、（ ）、（ ）。
2. 与经典控制技术相比，智能控制的优势在于：A 控制精度高B 不需要对象的数学模型C 能够有效控制非线性对象D 控制算法简单3. 模糊集合A 和B 的并集是A ∪B ，其隶属函数为（ ）4. “if x is A, then y is B ”表示了模糊集合A 与B 的：A 模糊合成B 模糊蕴涵C A 包含于BD B 是A 的支集5. BP 神经网络的（ ）是反向传播的。
6. Hopfield 神经网络：A 是非线性动力学系统B 发散状态会趋于无限C 达到稳定状态时其能量函数取得极值D 收敛时只有一个稳定状态7. 专家控制算法的实质是（ ）+（ ）二、模糊控制题目1.（5分）设论域},,,{4321x x x x X =上的模糊集合A ，B 分别是43212.04.09.01x x x x A +++= 4213.08.05.0x x x B ++=求B A B A B A ,,,⋂⋃。
2. （15分）某工业间歇聚合过程的恒温段温度T 的控制非常关键，因此设计了由冷却剂流量F 控制的离散模糊控制系统，结构如图1所示，请原则性讨论此控制系统的设计内容。
二、（神经网络控制题目）1. （5分）图2为一个离散型Hopfield 网络，请写出其神经元结点的状态方程，并说明什么是此神经网络的异步和同步工作方式。
2. （15分）某工业锅炉的温度对象可以采用二阶非线性动态系统描述，即 )]2(),1(),2(),1(),2(),1([)(2211------=k u k u k u k u k y k y f k y图2 图1其中，21,,u u y 分别为窑炉温度、燃料流速和风量流速，图3是设计的此工业窑炉的神经网络控制系统。
a) 请说明这是个什么类型的神经网络控制系统？NN 的作用是什么？b) 请说明NN 的在控制系统中的作用采用BP 网络，请讨论其主要设计内容和设计原则；c) 如果将NN 改造成具有动态性能的网络，可以采用什么方法？画出一种动态网络的结构。
北京化工考研生化试题及答案
北京化工考研生化试题及答案北京化工考研生化模拟试题一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列关于酶的叙述，哪一项是不正确的？A. 酶是一类生物大分子B. 酶能降低反应的活化能C. 酶的催化效率比无机催化剂低D. 酶的活性受温度和pH值的影响答案：C2. DNA复制过程中，引物的作用是：A. 提供起始点B. 稳定DNA聚合酶C. 作为DNA聚合酶的辅助因子D. 提供RNA片段以供DNA聚合酶延伸答案：A3. 下列关于细胞呼吸的叙述，哪一项是正确的？A. 有氧呼吸和无氧呼吸的第一阶段完全相同B. 有氧呼吸和无氧呼吸都产生ATPC. 有氧呼吸的第二阶段不产生ATPD. 无氧呼吸不需要氧气答案：D4. 下列关于蛋白质合成的叙述，哪一项是不正确的？A. 氨基酸通过肽键连接形成多肽链B. 蛋白质合成在细胞核内进行C. 信使RNA携带编码蛋白质的信息D. 转移RNA携带特定的氨基酸答案：B5. 下列关于细胞信号传导的叙述，哪一项是正确的？A. 细胞信号传导只涉及细胞外的信号分子B. 细胞信号传导过程中，信号分子不会被修饰C. 细胞信号传导的最终目的是引起细胞功能的改变D. 细胞信号传导不涉及细胞内的信号转导分子答案：C6. 下列关于基因表达调控的叙述，哪一项是不正确的？A. 转录因子可以结合到DNA上调控基因的表达B. RNA干扰是一种基因表达的调控机制C. 基因表达的调控只发生在转录水平D. 增强子是一种可以增强基因表达的DNA序列答案：C7. 下列关于细胞周期的叙述，哪一项是正确的？A. 细胞周期包括间期和有丝分裂两个阶段B. 在有丝分裂期间，DNA复制发生C. 细胞周期的G1期主要进行RNA和蛋白质的合成D. 细胞周期的G2期是DNA复制的主要时期答案：C8. 下列关于糖类代谢的叙述，哪一项是不正确的？A. 糖酵解过程产生NADH和FADH2B. 糖酵解过程不消耗ATPC. 磷酸戊糖途径是产生NADPH的主要途径D. 糖异生是糖酵解的逆过程答案：B9. 下列关于脂肪酸代谢的叙述，哪一项是正确的？A. 脂肪酸的β-氧化产生酮体B. 脂肪酸的合成主要在细胞质中进行C. 脂肪酸的β-氧化在线粒体内进行D. 硬脂酸是合成三酰甘油的主要脂肪酸之一答案：D10. 下列关于核酸的叙述，哪一项是不正确的？A. DNA和RNA都由核苷酸组成B. DNA中的碱基是A、T、G、CC. RNA中的碱基是A、U、G、CD. DNA的双螺旋结构由两条互补的链组成答案：C二、填空题（每空2分，共20分）11. 酶的催化机制通常涉及________和________的结合，其中________可以降低反应的活化能。
北京化工大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析
北京化工大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Directions:In the following article,some sentences have been removed.ForQuestions1-5,choose the most suitable one from the list A―G to fitinto each of the numbered blank.There are two extra choices,whichdo not fit in any of the gaps.During the early stages of the Industrial Revolution,1）But whenfactory production got into full swing and new products,e.g.Gengduo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lianxi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi processed foods,came onto the market,national advertising campaigns and brand-namingof products became necessary.Before large-scale factory production,the typical manufacturing unit had been small and adaptable and thetask of distributing and selling goods had largely been undertakenby wholesalers.The small non-specialized factory which did not relyon massive investment in machinery had been flexible enough to adaptits production according to changes in public demands.2）From the beginning of the nineteenth century until the1870s,production had steadily expanded and there had been a correspondinggrowth in retail outlets.But the depression brought on a crisis ofover-production and under-consumption―manufactured goods piled upunsold and prices and profits fell.Towards the end of the centurymany of the small industrial firms realized that they would be in abetter position to weather economic depressions and slumps if theycombined with other small businesses and widened the range of goods they produced so that all their eggs were not in one basket.They also realized that they would have to take steps to ensure that once their goods had been produced there was a market for them.This period ushered in the first phase of what economists now call'monopoly capitalism',which,roughly speaking,refers to the control of the market by a small number of giant，conglomerate enterprises.Whereas previously competitive trading had been conducted by small rival firms,after the depression the larger manufacturing units and combines relied more and more on mass advertising to promote their new range of products．A good example of the changes that occurred in manufacture and distribution at the turn of the century can be found in the soap trade. From about the1850s the market had been flooded with anonymous bars of soap,produced by hundreds of small manufacturers and distributed by wholesalers and door-to-door sellers.3）For instance,the future Lard Leverhulme decided to brand his soap by selling it in distinctive packages in order to facilitate recognition and encourage customer loyalty．Lard Leverhulme was one of the first industrialism to realize that advertisements should contain logical and considered arguments as well as eye-catching and witty slogans.4）For example,one contemporary Pears soap ad went into great detail about how the product could enhance marital bliss by cutting down the time the wifehad to spend with her arms in a bowl of frothy suds.And an ad for Cadbury's cocoa not only proclaimed its purity but also detailed other benefits:'for the infant it is a delight and a support;for the young girl,a source of healthy vigour；for the young miss in her teens a valuable aid to development…'and so on.As the writer E.S.Turner rightly points out,the advertising of this period had reached the 'stage of persuasion as distinct from proclamation or iteration'.5）[A]The leading companies develop more aggressive selling methods such as keeping contact with their customers.[B]Indeed advertise or bust seemed to be the rule of the day as bigger and more expensive campaigns were mounted and smaller firms who did not,or could not,advertise,were squeezed or bought out by the larger companies.[C]But the economic depression which lasted from1873to1894 marked a turning point between the old method of industrial organization and distribution and the new．[D]advertising was a relatively straightforward means of announcement and communication and was used mainly to promote novelties and fringe products．[E]Competition grew steadily throughout the latter half of the century and eventually the leading companies embarked on more aggressive selling methods in order to take customers away from their rivals．[F]Contemporary products also display details of the mainingredients.[G]Many advertisers followed his lead and started to include 'reason why'copy in their ads．答案及详解1.D。
北京化工大学 高等有机化学样题 博士研究生考研考博入学考试
北京化工大学攻读博士学位研究生入学考试高等有机化学样题注意事项：1. 答题一律写在答题纸上，写在试卷上均不给分。
2. 答题时可不抄题，但必须写清题号。
3. 答题必须用蓝、黑水笔或圆珠笔，用红色笔或铅笔均不给分。
一、测定有机反应历程的原则和基本步骤主要有哪些？（15分）二、简述有机金属化合物的结构特征，主要有哪几种键型，并举例说明。
（15分）三、举例说明加成-消除反应历程。
（15分）四、简述碳正离子的结构以及影响碳正离子的主要因素。
（15分）五、具有R 构型的旋光化合物A(C 5H 10O 2)与NH 3作用生成白色固体，加热这个白色固体得到B(C 5H 11NO), B 用Br 2/OH-处理得C 4H 11N, C 与NaNO 2/HCl 作用放出N 2得到醇D(C 4H 10O)。
（1）反应产物B 、C 、D 是否具有旋光性并解释原因？（2）写出A 、B 、C 、D 的构造式。
（10分）六、由甲苯、丙二酸二乙酯及必要试剂合成： （10分）O H 3CCH 2CH 3七、由C 4或C 4以下有机物合成： （10分）2OH 2OH八、某学生由苯为起始原料按下面的路线合成化合物A(C 9H10)：+ClCH 2CH 2CH 3AlCl 32CH 2CH 3Br 2hv 2CH 3Br 3=(A)当他将制得的最终产物进行O 3氧化、还原水解后却得到了四个羰基化合物；经波谱分析得知它们分别是苯甲醛、乙醛、甲醛和苯乙酮。
问：（1）该学生是否得到了A ？（2）该学生所设计的合成路线是否合理？为什么？（3）你认为较好的合成路线是什么？（10分）。
北京化工考研试题及答案
北京化工考研试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列哪个选项是北京化工大学的主要研究领域？A. 航空航天B. 化学工程C. 计算机科学D. 法律学答案：B2. 北京化工大学成立于哪一年？A. 1958年B. 1960年C. 1970年D. 1980年答案：A3. 以下哪个不是北京化工大学提供的研究生课程？A. 高分子材料与工程B. 化学工艺C. 金融学D. 应用化学答案：C4. 北京化工大学位于中国的哪个城市？A. 北京B. 上海C. 广州D. 成都5. 北京化工大学拥有多少个学院？A. 14B. 16C. 18D. 20答案：B6. 北京化工大学的主要教学语言是什么？A. 英语B. 法语C. 德语D. 中文答案：D7. 以下哪个是北京化工大学的特色专业？A. 环境工程B. 机械工程C. 材料科学D. 所有选项答案：C8. 北京化工大学是否提供博士课程？A. 是B. 否答案：A9. 北京化工大学是否拥有自己的图书馆？A. 是B. 否10. 北京化工大学的校训是什么？A. 求实创新B. 厚德博学C. 笃学慎思D. 明德至善答案：A二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）1. 北京化工大学在以下哪些领域有研究优势？A. 化学工程B. 材料科学C. 环境工程D. 信息科学答案：A, B, C2. 北京化工大学提供的研究生课程包括以下哪些专业？A. 化学工程B. 环境科学C. 经济学D. 机械工程答案：A, B, D3. 北京化工大学的学生可以参加哪些课外活动？A. 学术讲座B. 体育竞赛C. 社团活动D. 艺术表演答案：A, B, C, D三、简答题（每题5分，共10分）1. 简述北京化工大学的历史沿革。
答案：北京化工大学成立于1958年，原名北京化工学院，是一所以化工为特色，工学为主体，工、理、管、文、法、经、教育等多学科协调发展的全国重点大学。
2. 请列举北京化工大学在学术研究方面取得的两项重要成就。
北京化工大学 生化反应工程考题类型 博士研究生考研考博入学考试
北京化工大学
生化反应工程考题类型（只两题）
1、填空题
例：
对有抑制均相酶催化反应，当提高底物浓度时：
若该反应的抑制程度减小，则为（）抑制；若该反应的抑制程度增大，则为（）抑制；若该反应的抑制程度不变，则为（）抑制。
2、计算题
例：
在一间歇操作的反应器内进行一均相无抑制的酶催化反应：S P 已测得该酶的催化反应动力学参数为：
r max=9mol/(L.h)，Km＝6mol/L；
已知反应底物初始浓度为12mol/L，要求底物最终转化率为0.9。
试求：
1）达到上述转化率要求时，所需反应时间为多少？
2）若该酶在反应中有失活现象，并已测得该酶失活半衰期为4h，则要达到上述转化率所需的反应时间又为多少？
生物反应工程
参考书
1生物反应动力学与反应器（第三版）
戚以政汪叔雄编著
北京化学工业出版社2007.9
2 生物反应工程
戚以政夏杰编著
北京化学工业出版社2004.7。
北京化工大学博士入学考题样题
北京化工大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题（样题）注意事项1. 答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题册上的均不给分。
2. 多项选择题的答案只能选一个答案，多选作废。
选定答案后，用铅笔在相应的字母的中部划一条横线。
修改时必须先用橡皮擦净后，再填涂其它选项。
正确方法是：A B C D 。
3. 辨错改错、汉译英和作文用钢笔或圆珠笔写在试卷二的答题纸上。
4. 请在150分钟内答完全部试题，不得拖延时间。
试卷一Part I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (20 minutes, 20 points)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Example: You will hear:You will read: A) 2 hours. B) 3 hours. C) 4 hours. D) 5 hours.From the conversation we know that the two are talking about some work they will start at 9 o'clock in the morning and have to finish by 2 in the afternoon. Therefore, D) "5 hours" is the correct answer. You should choose [D] on the Answer Sheet and mark it with a single line through the centre.1. A. She knows where Martha has gone.B. Martha will go to the concert by herself.C. It is quite possible for the man to find Martha.D. The man is going to meet Martha at the concert.2. A. The air pollution is caused by the development of industry.B. The city was poor because there wasn't much industry then.C. The woman's exaggerating the seriousness of the pollution.D. He might move to another city very soon.3. A. The man should work harder to improve his grades.B. The man will benefit from the effort he's put in.C. It serves the man right to get a poor grade.D. It was unfair of the teacher to give the man a C.4. A. She can make a reservation at the restaurant.B. The man should decide where to eat.C. She already has plans for Saturday night.D. The man should ask his brother for suggestions.5. A. The man deserved the award.B. The woman helped the man succeed.C. The man is thankful to the woman for her assistance.D. The woman worked hard and was given an award.6. A. Voluntary work can help the man establish connections with the community.B. The man's voluntary work has left him little room in his schedule.C. V oluntary work with the environment council requires a time commitment.D. A lot of people have signed up for voluntary work with the environment council.7. A. The patient must receive treatment regularly.B. The patient can't leave the hospital until the bleeding stops.C. The patient's husband can attend to the business in her place.D. The patient must take a good rest and forget about her business.8. A. Alice does not know much about electronics.B. Alice is unlikely to find a job anywhere.C. Alice is not interested in anything but electronics.D. Alice is likely to find a job in an electronics company.9. A. Jimmy is going to set out tonight.B. Jimmy has not decided on his journey.C. There is no need to have a farewell dinner.D. They may have a dinner when Jimmy's back.10. A. The woman had been planning for the conference.B. The woman called the man but the line was busy.C. The woman didn't come back until midnight.D. The woman had guests all evening.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D.. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Passage OneQuestions 11 to 13 are based on the passage you have just heard.11. A. They are delighted because they can enjoy the scenery while driving.B. They are frightened because traffic accidents are frequent.C. They are irritated because the bridge is jammed with cars.D. They are pleased because it saves them much time.12. A. They don't have their own cars to drive to work.B. Many of them are romantic by temperament.C. Most of them enjoy the drinks on the boat.D. They tend to be more friendly to each other.13. A. Many welcome the idea of having more bars on board.B. Many prefer the ferry to maintain its present speed.C. Some suggest improving the design of the deck.D. Some object to using larger luxury boats.Passage TwoQuestions 14 to 16 are based on the passage you have just heard.14. A. Coca Cola. B. Sausage. C. Milk. D. Fried chicken.15. A. He has had thirteen decayed teeth.B. He doesn't have a single decayed tooth.C. He has fewer decayed teeth than other people of his age.D. He never had a single tooth pulled out before he was fifty.16. A. Brush your teeth right before you go to bed in the evening.B. Have as few of your teeth pulled out as possible.C. Have your teeth X-rayed at regular intervals.D. Clean your teeth shortly after eating.Passage ThreeQuestions 17 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.17. A. A visit to a prison.B. The influence of his father.C. A talk with some miserable slaves.D. His experience in the war between France and Austria.18. A. He sent surgeons to serve in the army.B. He provided soldiers with medical supplies.C. He recruited volunteers to care for the wounded.D. He helped to flee the prisoners of war.19. A. All men are created equal.B. The wounded and dying should be treated for free.C. A wounded soldier should surrender before he receives any medical treatment.D.A suffering person is entitled to help regardless of race, religion or political beliefs.20. A. To honor Swiss heroes who died in the war.B. To show Switzerland was neutral.C. To pay tribute to Switzerland.D. To show gratitude to the Swiss government for its financial support.Part II Vocabulary (10 minutes, 10 points)Directions: In this section, there are 30 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are fourchoices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence or replaces the underlined part. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.21. After the gunshot at Columbine in Colorado, the ________ suggested that many schools in theUnited States were full of drugs and weapons.A. pressB. mediumC. channelD. media22. Thanks to modern technology, these results could prove ________ in establishing thecriminal’s identity.A. decisiveB. exactC. destructiveD. definite23. We were most flattered to find that we had a wonderfully _________ audience for last night’sperformance.A. responsiveB. responsibleC. reflectedD. reactive24. The recent fraud scandal involved and discredited a number of the country’s most _______politicians.A. imminentB. superiorC. prominentD. inferior25. Some journalist had written a(n) ________ about him in which some of the facts were untrue.A. outlookB. profileC. appearanceD. performance26. According to the recent census, under-18s ________ nearly 95% of the single children inChinese families.A. composeB. instituteC. proposeD. constitute27. The professor found himself constantly _______ the question: “How could anyone do thesethings?”A. presidingB. poringC. ponderingD. presuming28. Weeks _______ before anyone was arrested in connection with the bank robbery.A. terminatedB. elapsedC. overlappedD. expired29. In order to prevent stress from being set up in the metal, expansion joints are fitted which_______ the stress by allowing the pipe to expand or contract freely.A. relieveB. reconcileC. reclaimD. rectify30. How much of your country’s electrical supply is _______ from water power?A. deducedB. detachedC. derivedD. declined31. She had recently left a job and had helped herself to copies of the company’s client data,which she intended to _______ in starting her own business.A. dwell onB. come uponC. base onD. draw upon32. His attempts to _______ the two friends failed because they had complete faith in each other.A. alienateB. abuseC. alleviateD. abandon33. As the old empires were broken up and new states were formed, new official tongues began to_____ at an increasing rate.A. bring upB. build upC. spring upD. strike up34. Many patients insist on having watches with them in hospital, _____ they have no schedules tokeep.A. even thoughB. forC. as ifD. since35. Grand Teton Aational Park embraces the most scenic portion of the glaciated, snow-coveredTeton Range.A. constitutesB. consistsC. preservesD. includes36. Malaria is an infectious parasitic disease that can be either acute or chronic and is frequently recurrent.A. recoveringB. recyclingC. reboundingD. revitalizing37. The only safe way of distinguishing between edible and poisonous mushrooms is to learn to identify the individual species.A. assureB. classifyC. confirmD. recognize38. When an aircraft travels at subsonic speeds the sounds that it generates extend in all directions.A. gives outB. gives awayC. gives offD. gives about39. Lovebirds are noted for their pretty colors and affectionate response to each other.A. fondB. benevolentC. intimateD. attached40. Our new boss is a real joy to work for. She is so appreciative of anything you do for her.A. indebted toB. appealing toC. grateful forD. obliged toPart III Reading Comprehension (45 minutes, 30 points)Directions:There are 6 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You must decide one the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage OneAmeri cans today don’t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education —— not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren’t difficult to find. “Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Ravitch.“Schools could be a counterbalance.” Rav itch’s latest bo ok, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.”“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not knowa thing.”Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized — going to school and learning to read — so he can preserve his innate goodness.Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistruste d. Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”41. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?A. The habit of thinking independently.B. Profound knowledge of the world.C. Practical abilities for future career.D. The confidence in intellectual pursuits.42. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of ________.A. undervaluing intellectB. favoring intellectualismC. supporting school reformD. suppressing native intelligence43. The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are _________.A. identicalB. similarC. complementaryD. opposite44. Emerson, according to the text, is probablyA. a pioneer of education reform.B. an opponent of intellectualism.C. a scholar in favor of intellect.D. an advocate of regular schooling.45. What does the author think of intellect?A. It is second to intelligence.B. It evolves from common sense.C. It is to be pursued.D. It underlies power.Passage TwoSome houses are designed to be smart. Others have smart designs. An example of the second type of house won an Award of Excellence from the American Institute of Architects.Located on the shore of Sullivan's Island off the coast of South Carolina, the award-winning cube-shaped beach house was built to replace one smashed to pieces by Hurricane Hugo 10 years ago. In September 1989, Hugo struck South Carolina, killing 18 people and damaging or destroying 36,000 homes in the state.Before Hugo, many new houses built along South Carolina's shoreline were poorly constructed, and enforcement of building codes wasn't strict, according to architect Ray Huff, who created the cleverly-designed beach house. In Hugo's wake, all new shoreline houses are required to meet stricter, better-enforced codes. The new beach house on Sullivan's Island should be able to withstand a Category 3 hurricane with peak winds of 179 to 209 kilometers per hour.At first sight, the house on Sullivan's Island looks anything but hurricane-proof. Its redwood shell makes it resemble "a large party lantern" at night, according to one observer. But looks can be deceiving. The house's wooden frame is reinforced with long steel rods to give it extra strength.To further protect the house from hurricane damage, Huff raised it 2.7 meters off the ground on timber pilings -- long, slender columns of wood anchored deep in the sand. Pilings mightappear insecure, but they are strong enough to support the weight of the house. They also elevate the house above storm surges. The pilings allow the surges to run under the house instead of running into it. "These swells of water come ashore at tremendous speeds and cause most of the damage done to beach-front buildings," said Huff.Huff designed the timber pilings to be partially concealed by the house's ground-to-roof shell. "The shell masks the pilings so that the house doesn't look like it's standing with its pant legs pulled up," said Huff. In the event of a storm surge, the shell should break apart and let the waves rush under the house, the architect explained.46. After the tragedy caused by Hurricane Hugo, new houses built along South Carolina's shoreline are required________.A. to be easily reinforcedB. to look smarter in designC. to meet stricter building standardsD. to be designed in the shape of cubes47. The award-winning beach house is quite strong because________.A. it is strengthened by steel rodsB. it is made of redwoodC. it is in the shape of a shellD. it is built with timber and concrete48. Huff raised the house 2.7 meters off the ground on timber pilings in order to ________.A. withstand peak winds of about 200 km/hrB. anchor stronger pilings deep in the sandC. break huge sea waves into smaller onesD. prevent water from rushing into the house49. The main function of the shell is __________.A. to strengthen the pilings of the houseB. to give the house a better appearanceC. to protect the wooden frame of the houseD. to slow down the speed of the swelling water50. It can be inferred from the passage that the shell should be_________.A. fancy-lookingB. waterproofC. easily breakableD. extremely strongPassage ThreeEarly in the age of affluence that followed World War II, an American retailing analyst named Victor Lebow proclaimed, “Our enormously productive economy ... demands that we make consumption our way of life, that we convert the buying and use of goods into rituals, that we seek our spiritual satisfaction, our ego satisfaction, in consumption. ... We need things consumed, burned up, worn out, replaced and discarded at an ever increasing rate.”Americ ans have responded to Lebow’s call, and much of the world has followed.Consumption has become a central pillar of life in industrial lands and is even embedded in social values. Opinion surveys in the world’s two largest economies—Japan and the United States -- show consumerist definitions of success becoming ever more prevalent.Overconsumption by the world’s fortunate is an environmental problem unmatched in severity by anything but perhaps population growth. Their surging exploitation of resources threatens to exhaust or unalterably spoil forests, soils, water, air and climate.Ironically, high consumption may be a mixed blessing in human terms, too. The time-honored values of integrity of character, good work, friendship, family and community have often been sacrificed in the rush to riches.Thus many in the industrial lands have a sense that their world of plenty is somehow hollow—that, misled by a consumerist culture, they have been fruitlessly attempting to satisfy what are essentially social, psychological and spiritual needs with material things.Of course, the opposite of overconsumption —poverty—is no solution to either environmental or human problems. It is infinitely worse for people and bad for the natural world too. Dispossessed peasants slash-and-burn their way into the rain forests of Latin America, and hungry nomads turn their herds out onto fragile African grassland, reducing it to desert.If environmental destruction results when people have either too little or too much, we are left to wonder how much is enough. What level of consumption can the earth support? When does having more cease to add noticeably to human satisfaction?51. The emergence of the affluent society after World War II ________.A. gave birth to a new generation of upper class consumersB. gave rise to the dominance of the new egoismC. led to the reform of the retailing systemD. resulted in the worship of consumerism52. Apart from enormous productivity, another important impetus to high consumption is_______.A. the conversion of the sale of goods into ritualsB. the people’s desire for a rise in their living standardsC. the imbalance that has existed between production and consumptionD. the concept that one’s success is measured by how much they consu me53. Why does the author say high consumption is a mixed blessing?A. Because poverty still exists in an affluent society.B. Because moral values are sacrificed in pursuit of material satisfaction.C. Because overconsumption won’t last long due to un restricted population growth.D. Because traditional rituals are often neglected in the process of modernization.54. According to the passage, consumerist culture ________.A. cannot thrive on a fragile economyB. will not aggravate environmental problemsC. cannot satisfy human spiritual needsD. will not alleviate poverty in wealthy countries55. It can be inferred from the passage that _______.A. human spiritual needs should match material affluenceB. there is never an end to satisfying people’s material needsC. whether high consumption should be encouraged is still an issueD. how to keep consumption at a reasonable level remains a problemPassage FourWhen families gather for Christmas dinner, some will stick to formal traditions dating back to Grandma's generation. Their tables will be set with the good dishes and silver, and the dress code will be Sunday-best.But in many other homes, this china-and-silver elegance has given way to a stoneware-and-stainless informality, with dresses assuming an equally casual-Friday look. For hosts and guests, the change means greater simplicity and comfort. For makers of fine china inBritain, it spells economic hard times.Last week Royal Doulton, the largest employer in Stoke-on-Trent, announced that it is eliminating 1,000 jobs -- one-fifth of its total workforce. That brings to more than 4,000 the number of positions lost in 18 months in the pottery region. Wedgwood and other pottery factories made cuts earlier.Although a strong pound and weak markets in Asia play a role in the downsizing, the layoffs in Stoke have their roots in earthshaking social shifts. A spokesman for Royal Doulton admitted that the company "has been somewhat slow in catching up with the trend" toward casual dining. Families eat together less often, he explained, and more people eat alone, either because they are single or they eat in front of television; even dinner parties, if they happen at all, have gone casual. In a time of long work hours and demanding family schedules, busy hosts insist, rightly, that it's better to share a takeout pizza on paper plates in the family room than to wait for the perfect moment or a "real" dinner party. Too often, the perfect moment never comes. Iron a fine-patterned tablecloth? Forget it. Polish the silver? Who has time?Yet the loss of formality has its down side. The fine points of etiquette that children might once have learned at the table by observation or instruction from parents and grandparents ("Chew with your mouth closed." "Keep your elbows off the table.") must be picked up elsewhere. Some companies now offer etiquette seminars for employees who may be competent professionally but clueless socially.56. The trend toward casual dining has resulted in_____.A. bankruptcy of fine china manufacturersB. shrinking of the pottery industryC. restructuring of large enterprisesD. economic recession in Great Britain57. Which of the following may be the best reason for casual dining?A. Family members need more time to relax.B. Busy schedules leave people no time for formality.C. People want to practice economy in times of scarcity.D. Young people won't follow the etiquette of the older generation.58. It can be learned from the passage that Royal Doulton is_____.A. a retailer of stainless steel tablewareB. a dealer in stonewareC. a pottery chain storeD. a producer of fine china59. The main cause of the layoffs in the pottery industry is_____.A. the increased value of the poundB. the economic recession in AsiaC. the change in people's way of lifeD. the fierce competition at home and abroad60. Refined table manners, though less popular than before in current social life_____.A. are still a must on certain occasionsB. are bound to return sooner or laterC. are still being taught by parents at homeD. can help improve personal relationshipsPassage FiveRichard Satava, program manager for advanced medical technologies, has been a driving force in bringing virtual reality to medicine, where computers create a "virtual" or simulated environment for surgeons and other medical practitioners."With virtual reality we'll be able to put a surgeon in every trench," said Satava. He envisaged a time when soldiers who are wounded fighting overseas are put in mobile surgical units equipped with computers.The computers would transmit images of the soldiers to surgeons back in the U.S. The surgeons would look at the soldier through virtual reality helmets that contain a small screen displaying the image of the wound. The doctors would guide robotic instruments in the battlefield mobile surgical unit that operate on the soldier.Although Satava's vision may be years away from standard operating procedure, scientists are progressing toward virtual reality surgery. Engineers at an international organization in California are developing a tele-operating device. As surgeons watch a three-dimensional image of the surgery, they move instruments that are connected to a computer, which passes their movements to robotic instruments that perform the surgery. The computer provides, feedback to the surgeon on force, textures, and sound.These technological wonders may not yet be part of the community hospital setting but increasingly some of the machinery is finding its way into civilian medicine. At Wayne State University Medical School, surgeon Lucia Zamorano takes images of the brain from computerized scans and uses a computer program to produce a 3-D image. She can then maneuver the 3-D image on the computer screen to map the shortest, least invasive surgical path to the rumor. Zamorano is also using technology that attaches a probe to surgical instruments so that she can track their positions. While cutting away a tumor deep in the brain, she watches the movement of her surgical tools in a computer graphics image of the patient's brain taken before surgery.During these procedures -- operations that are done through small cuts in the body in which a miniature camera and surgical tools are maneuvered -- surgeons are wearing 3-D glasses for a better view. And they are commanding robot surgeons to cut away tissue more accurately than human surgeons can. Satava says, "We are in the midst of a fundamental change in the field of medicine."61. According to Richard Satava, the application of virtual reality to medicine _______.A. will enable surgeons to be physically present on every battlefieldB. can raise the spirits of soldiers wounded on the battlefieldC. will greatly improve medical conditions on the battlefieldD. can shorten the time for operations on soldiers wounded on the battlefield62. Richard Satava has visions of_______A. using a remote-control technique to treat wounded soldiers fighting overseasB. wounded soldiers being saved by doctors wearing virtual reality helmets on the battlefieldC. wounded soldiers being operated on by specially trained surgeonsD. setting up mobile surgical units overseas63. How is virtual reality surgery performed?A. It is performed by a computer-designed high precision device.B. Surgeons wear virtual reality helmets to receive feedback provided by a computer.C. Surgeons move robotic instruments by means of a computer linked to them.D. A 3-D image records the movements of the surgeons during the operation.64. During virtual reality operations, the surgeon can have a better view of the cuts in the body because _____.A. he is looking at the cuts on a computer screenB. the cuts can be examined from different anglesC. the cuts have been highly magnifiedD. he is wearing 3-D glasses。
博士研究生入学考试试题提高采收率2
考试科目：提高采收率原理 共 1 页 第 1 页
博士学位研究生入学考试试题（B 卷）
考试科目：提高采收率原理
适用专业：油气田开发工程
一、基本概念 （20分）
(1) 解释残余油与剩余油的概念。
(2) 解释舌进的概念，并简单分析它对驱油效率的影响。
(3) 什么是阻力系数？
(4) 何为聚合物的机械（或剪切）降解？
(5) 非混相驱中的残余油饱和度与束缚水饱和度是如何定义的？
二、某油层的绝对渗透率为0.375（2m μ），原油的相对渗透率为0.12，驱替液的有
效（相）渗透率为0.225（2m μ），原油的粘度为5 mPa.s ，驱替液的粘度为1 mPa.s ，判断其驱替前缘是否稳定。
如果驱替前缘不稳定，在其它参数不变的条件下，应如何调整驱替液的粘度才能抑制粘性指进的发展？ （20分）
三、试证明在毛细管油藏模型中的渗透率k 与孔隙度φ、迂曲度τ、以岩石骨架为基
准的比面V α等参数之间的关系为： （20分）
3
222(1)v
k φτφα=-
四、根据毛管数和流度比的概念，分析提高原油采收率的基本原理，举例说明，并谈
谈你对提高采收率技术研究与应用前景的看法。
（20分）
五、简述碱—表面活性剂—聚合物（ASP ）三元复合驱的机理。
（20分）。
北京化工大学线性系统理论2019--2020年考博初试真题
7. 给定单输入线性定常系统为：
再给定一组期望的闭环特征值为：
， ，
可知该系统为完全可控，能满足闭环极点可任意配置条件。试求要确定的反馈增益矩阵 。(20分)
(1)、写出系统的脉冲传递函数；（5分）
(2)、写出状态方程；（5分）
(3)、确定系统以 为初始状态的状态响应。(20分)
5．已知单输入系统状态方程的一般形式为 ，试用李亚普诺夫第二方法来说明反馈控制 能够保证系统稳定运行的条件。（10 分）
注意事项
4．答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷上均不给分。
5．答题时可不抄题，但必须写清题号。
6．答题必须用蓝、黑水笔或圆珠笔，用红色笔或铅笔均不给分。
1．系统的传递函数关系为
请写出它的一个状态空间描述。(10分)
2．已知线性系统的状态空间描述为
请确定系统的能控性和能观测性。(15分)
3．已知系统差分方程为：
6．线性定常系统为 ，试讨论当状态反馈矩阵K取哪些值时，会改变系统的能观测性。（10分）
7. 给定单输入线性定常系统为：
再给定一组期望的闭环特征值为：
， ，
可知该系统为完全可控，能满足闭环极点可任意配置条件。试求要确定的反馈增益矩阵 。(20分)
北京化工大学
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试
《线性系统理论》样题
北京化工大学
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试
《线性系统理论》样题
注意事项
1．答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷上均不给分。
2．答题时可不抄题，但必须写清题号。
3．答题必须用蓝、黑水笔或圆珠笔，用红色笔或铅笔均不给分。
北京化工大学研究生入学教育考试题库
一、单选题：1. 研究生的课程学习实行（） (2.0000)a.考核制b.考分制c.学分制d.学时制2. 同门课程的每次重修成绩（）计入GPA ( 2.0000)a.以下都对b.均不c.最高成绩d.均3. 博士研究生的学制为（）年，学习年限为（）年（含休学） ( 2.0000)a.3，3~6b.2.5，3~6c.不知道d.以上都不对4. 学位证书、毕业证书、结业证书、肄业证书的保管有限期为一年，超过（）年未领取者，视为自动放弃 ( 2.0000) （暂无答案）a.一年b.两年c.三年d.四年5. 博士研究生的培养实行（）制 ( 2.0000)a.以下都对b.学校负责c.学院负责d.导师负责6. GPA的计算结果保留小数点后（）位 ( 2.0000)a.1b.2c.3d.47. 入学前已经在国外（母语为英语的国家）大学获得硕士学位的博士研究生可申请英语免修，成绩计为（）( 2.0000)a. A-b. Ac. B+d .B8. 考生考试获得C+对应绩点为（） ( 2.0000)a.3.33b.3c.2.66d.2.339. 研究生出国参加国际会议（），须在研究生院培养办进行登记并填写《化工大学研究生参加国际会议审批表》，并附上会议邀请信函和短期境外保险单的复印件，审批通过后方可出国。
( 2.0000)a.前b.后c.无所谓什么时候d.不知道10. 不符合注册条件或未按学校规定交纳培养经费者（） ( 2.0000)a.延期注册b.不予注册c.保留学籍d.勒令退学11. 新生注册信息有误的（） ( 2.0000)a.应在规定的时间在网上修改b.由学院修改c.不知道d.以上都不对12. 休学的研究生应在批准休学后（）个工作日以办理休学手续并离校。
( 2.0000)a.5b.10c.15d.2013. 研究生有下列情形之一者，应予退学 ( 2.0000)a.无论何种原因，在规定的学习年限（含休学）未完成学业的b.休学期满，在学校规定期限未提出复学申请或者申请复学经复查不合格的c.未请假或请假未准，擅自从事与培养计划无关活动连续两周或累计四周以上者d.以上都对14. 非学位课考核方式应写进（） ( 2.0000)a.培养方案b.学生手册c.不知道d.以上都不对15. 研究生因患病或意外事故而不能参加考试的，可申请缓考。
北京化工大学2018 攻读博士学位研究生入学考试《技术创新管理》考试
北京化工大学2018攻读博士学位研究生入学考试
《技术创新管理》考试大纲
一、适用的专业
管理科学工程
二、考试方法和考试时间
考试为闭卷考试，考试时间为3小时。
三、考试的主要内容
1、技术创新基本理论
现代科技发展的基本特点，技术发展的基本规律，R&D活动的特征、分类及其演化，技术创新的概念，技术创新的类型，技术创新的过程模型，技术创新的动态模式。
2、技术创新战略
技术创新战略的类型，技术创新战略的分析框架，技术创新外部环境分析，技术定位与技术选择，技术轨道与技术路径选择，技术能力与核心能力分析，技术创新的组合范式，几种主要技术预测方法（外推法、前兆预测法、因果分析法、前景法），技术战略规划。
3、技术创新组织实施
R&D资源的分配，R&D项目的评价与选择，技术信息的渠道选择，信息沟通与组织，技术创新源分析，技术创新的组织结构形式，技术创新团队管理。
4、技术创新系统分析
技术创新系统分析的意义与目的，企业技术创新的界面系统与管理，企业技术创新的内部支撑系统，国家创新系统的概念，国家创新系统的基本框架，企业创新系统与国家创新系统的关系。
四、试卷结构
试卷满分100分，基础理论题目（简答题）占20%，论述题占50%，案例分析题占30%。
五、主要参考书
许庆瑞主编，《研究、发展与技术创新管理》（第二版），北京：高等教育出版社，2010。
2022年11月北京石油化工学院制药工程系2022年博士招聘笔试参考题库含答案解析
2022年11月北京石油化工学院制药工程系2022年博士招聘笔试参考题库含答案解析(图片可自由调整大小)全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！卷I一.高等教育法规(共15题)1.我国关于高等教育方针的规定中不包括（）A.高等教育的总体方向B.高等教育人才培养的根本途径C.高等教育的任务D.高等教育的根本目标答案：C本题解析：暂无解析2.一名学生进入高等学校以后，在学校规定的修业年限内学完所有的课程，其他课程都合格，但是毕业前出国工作，在规定期限内无法回学校参加答辩。
对于该学生，学校应当（）。
A.不发任何学业证书B.颁发毕业证书C.颁发肄业证书D.颁发结业证书答案：D本题解析：根据《普通高等学校学生管理规定》，学生在学校规定学习年限内，修完教育教学计划规定内容，但未达到学校毕业要求的，学校可以准予结业，发给结业证书。
3.在我国，现行教育法对我国教育方针规定的是（）。
A.教育必须为社会主义现代化建设服务B.教育必须面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来C.必须与生产劳动相结合D.培养德、智、体等方面全面发展的社会主义事业的建设者和接班人答案：B本题解析：暂无解析4.教师应当履行关心、爱护（），尊重学生人格，促进学生在品德、智力、体质等方面全面发展的义务。
A.家庭经济困难的学生B.全体学生C.学习有困难的学生D.残障学生答案：B本题解析：根据我国《宪法》《教育法》等教育法律的精神以及对教师职业道德的要求，教师应公平对待每位学生，无论其外在条件如何，都应予以关心、爱护与尊重。
5.（）统一领导和管理全国高等教育事业。
A.国务院B.教育部C.教育部高教司D.全国人大教科文卫委员会答案：A本题解析：我国《高等教育法》第13条规定：“国务院统一领导和管理全国高等教育事业。
省、自治区、直辖市人民政府统筹协调本行政区域内的高等教育事业，管理主要为地方培养人才和国务院授权管理的高等学校。
”6.下列论述错误的是（）。
2022年06月北京大学化学与分子工程学院新能源与纳米材料小组招聘2名博士后笔试参考题库含答案解析
2022年06月北京大学化学与分子工程学院新能源与纳米材料小组招聘2名博士后笔试参考题库含答案解析(图片可自由调整大小)全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！卷I一.高等教育法规(共15题)1.新征程的开启以决胜（）为发展前提。
A.全面建成小康社会B.全面建成美丽中国C.全面从严治党D.全面深化改革答案：A本题解析：暂无解析2.国家实行行政许可制度，实施教育行政许可，一般应当由（）。
A.政府的名义作出B.政府发改委的名义作出C.政府相关职能部门联合作出D.教育行政部门名义作出答案：D本题解析：暂无解析3.根据我国《民办教育促进法》的规定，民办教育的法律地位是（）。
A.与公办教育相比属于从属地位B.与公办教育具有平等法律地位C.公办教育属于行政部门，民办教育属于企业单位D.目前还不能确定答案：B本题解析：我国《民办教育促进法》第5条规定：“民办学校与公办学校具有同等的法律地位，国家保障民办学校的办学自主权。
”4.下列不属于我国教育行政处罚种类的是（）。
A.警告B.罚款C.拘役D.撤销教师资格答案：C本题解析：暂无解析5.职业学校、职业培训机构实施职业教育应当（），为本地区经济建设服务，与企业密切联系，培养实用人才和熟练劳动者。
A.理论联系实际B.实行产教结合C.加强实践环节D.适应社会需要答案：B本题解析：我国《职业教育法》第23条规定：“职业学校、职业培训机构实施职业教育应当实行产教结合，为本地区经济建设服务。
与企业密切联系，培养实用型人才和熟练劳动者。
”6.金某（15周岁）在课间因小事与同学沈某发生争执，金某一拳击中沈某头部，致使沈某倒地，送医院不治死亡，问金某应当负什么责任（）A.应负相对刑事责任B.不负刑事责任C.应负完全刑事责任D.应负刑事责任答案：A本题解析：《刑法》规定已满14周岁不满16周岁的人，犯故意杀人、故意伤害致人重伤或者死亡、强奸、抢劫、贩卖毒品、放火、爆炸、投毒罪的，应当负刑事责任，即为相对负刑事责任年龄。
北京化工大学试题及答案
北京化工大学试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共10分）1. 北京化工大学位于我国的哪个城市？A. 上海B. 北京C. 广州D. 深圳答案：B2. 北京化工大学成立于哪一年？A. 1958年B. 1960年C. 1970年D. 1980年答案：A3. 下列哪个不是北京化工大学的学院？A. 化学工程学院B. 信息科学与技术学院C. 医学院D. 材料科学与工程学院答案：C4. 北京化工大学的主要教学语言是什么？A. 英语B. 法语C. 汉语D. 德语答案：C5. 北京化工大学是否是“211工程”和“985工程”的成员？A. 是B. 否答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共10分）1. 北京化工大学是中华人民共和国教育部直属的全国重点大学，也是国家“____”和“____”重点建设的大学。
答案：211工程，985工程2. 北京化工大学的主要校区位于北京市的____区。
答案：朝阳区3. 北京化工大学在____年被批准为全国重点大学。
答案：1960年4. 北京化工大学拥有的国家重点学科数量为____个。
答案：85. 北京化工大学图书馆藏书量超过____万册。
答案：200三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 请简述北京化工大学的校训。
答案：团结、勤奋、求实、创新。
2. 北京化工大学在哪些领域有显著的科研成就？答案：北京化工大学在材料科学、化学工程与技术、生物医学工程等领域有显著的科研成就。
3. 北京化工大学有哪些国际合作项目？答案：北京化工大学与多个国家和地区的高校和研究机构建立了合作关系，开展了包括学生交换、联合研究、学术会议等多种国际合作项目。
4. 北京化工大学提供哪些类型的奖学金？答案：北京化工大学提供国家奖学金、校级奖学金、企业奖学金等多种类型的奖学金，以鼓励学生在学术和科研方面取得优异成绩。
四、论述题（每题10分，共20分）1. 论述北京化工大学在培养学生创新能力方面采取了哪些措施。
答案：北京化工大学在培养学生创新能力方面采取了以下措施：设立创新实验室、开展创新课程、举办创新竞赛、鼓励学生参与科研项目等。