Alevel经济学历年试卷June 2016 MS - Paper 1 Edexcel (A) Economics AS-level
2016年6月英语六级考试真题一
2016年6月英语六级考试真题一English:The 2016 June English CET-6 exam's first question focused on the topic of the sharing economy. This phenomenon has garnered significant attention globally due to its disruptive nature in various industries, including transportation, accommodation, and services. The question likely explored both the advantages and challenges associated with this economic model. Advantages could include increased flexibility for workers, cost-effectiveness for consumers, and utilization of underutilized resources. On the other hand, challenges may revolve around issues of regulation, concerns about job security and income stability for workers, as well as potential negative impacts on traditional industries. In essence, the question would have demanded a balanced assessment of the sharing economy's impact on society, economy, and individuals, requiring candidates to critically evaluate its implications from multiple perspectives.中文翻译：2016年6月英语六级考试的第一道题目聚焦于分享经济这一话题。
Chapter 2 essay(题目+答案)A level AP IB 经济学 Economics 历年Essay真题完美打印
Chapter 2 Essay 题型分类1. Explain the way in which economists measure how much the supply of a good changes as its price changes. Explain two factors that influence the result. (m18-22)➢Definition and formula of PES (1 mark)➢elastic supply and inelastic supply (1 mark)➢explanation of two factors that influence the price elasticity of supply. (Up to 3 marks per factor explained)2.(a) Explain the factors that can affect the price elasticity of demand for a product. [8](b) Discuss the extent to which knowledge of a product’s cross-elasticity of demand is likely to be important to a firm supplying that product. s18-21➢Analysis of a positive XED. (Up to 4 marks)➢Analysis of a negative XED. (Up to 4 marks)➢Evaluation (4 marks):➢The extent to which XED is likely to be important to a firm will depend on many factors, such as how close a substitute or a complement is to the firm’s product. XED is likely to be more important when the relationship between two products is a close one.If two goods are unrelated, the XED =0 and it is not important.3.(a) Explain the factors that can affect the value of the price elasticity of supply for a product. [8]➢Definition (2 marks)➢Different values (2 marks)➢At least two factors (4 marks)(b) Discuss whether income elasticity of demand is the most useful measure of elasticity to a firm. w18-21➢Comment on whether it is positive, which will be the case with normal goods, or whether it is negative, which will be the case with inferior goods.YED is important to the decisions of a firm, enabling it to estimate the effect on the demand for its products of a change in incomes. For example, if incomes are rising in an economy, a firm would be expected to increase the production of normal goods and decrease the production of inferior goods.➢Candidates need to consider that the extent to which YED is likely to be important toa firm will depend on a number of factors, such as the proportion of income that isspend on a particular product. The demand for some products will not be very sensitive to a change in income because they are not very expensive, whereas the demand for other more expensive products will be much more sensitive to a change in income.(Up to 4 marks)➢Candidates could then discuss other elasticities of demand, such as PED or XED. One of these done very well could gain all 4 marks, or two done reasonably well. (Up to 4 marks)➢For evaluative comment on whether YED is likely to be the most important measure of elasticity to a firm. (EV: up to 4 marks)4.(a) Explain the significance of cross elasticity of demand values that are negative, positive and zero. [8](b) Discuss the extent to which the concepts of price elasticity of demand, income elasticity of demand and price elasticity of supply would be helpful to an organisation responsible for the growth of tourism to a holiday resort. w18-225.(a) Explain the factors that are likely to make the supply of a product relatively price inelastic. [8](b) Discuss the ways in which businesses might attempt to increase the price elasticity of supply of their products. Assess whether these attempts are likely to be successful. [12] m17-226.(a) Explain the factors that determine whether the price elasticity of supply for a good is likely to be relatively elastic or relatively inelastic. [8](b) Discuss how governments might attempt to increase the elasticity of supply of an agricultural product. Consider whether they are likely to be successful. [12] w17-217.(a) Explain how economists use the concept of income elasticity of demand to distinguish between different types of goods. [8](b) Discuss whether an understanding of price elasticity of demand is of more benefit to a producer of agricultural goods than an understanding of income elasticity of demand. [12] w17-228.(a) Explain the factors that determine whether the price elasticity of demand for a good is likely to be relatively inelastic. [8](b) Discuss if it is more useful for governments to have knowledge of the price elasticity of demand or the income elasticity of demand for certain products. [12] w17-239.(a) Explain two factors that are likely to make the supply of a product relatively price-inelastic. [8](b) Discuss the policies that governments might use to increase the price elasticity of supply of essential goods, and assess the likely effectiveness of such policies.m16-2210.(a) Explain how economists use the concept of elasticity to distinguish between normal and inferior goods and between substitutes and complements. [8](b) Discuss how knowledge of the differences between these types of goods would help government policy makers and entrepreneurs to make decisions. s16-2311.✓the impact of a rise in the price of a substitute using a supply and demand diagram(s).(Up to 4 marks)The diagram should be correctly labelled (1 mark) and show an increase in demand for a good as the price of its substitute rises (1 mark). It should also show a rise in the equilibrium price of the good (1 mark) and a rise in the equilibrium quantity (1 mark).✓the cross elasticity of demand in terms of what it measures (1 mark)✓an accurate formula (1 mark)✓explaining why substitutes have a positive value for cross elasticity. For stating that substitutes have a positive cross elasticity (1 mark) and explaining why this occurs (1 mark)✓explaining how habit-forming demerit goods and goods with lots of substitutes are each likely to respond to price rises (Up to 4 marks)✓explaining how government policy makers could use the information (Up to 4 marks)✓For evaluative comment on the extent to which this information would be useful. A concluding comment is essential for full marks. (Up to 4 marks)Habit-forming demerit goods are likely to be price inelastic and goods with lots of substitutes are likely to be price elastic. Government policy makers will use this information to assess which products to tax and also the extent to which the consumption of demerit goods will fall if the goods are taxed.12.(a) Explain any two factors that cause the supply of a product to be price-inelastic. [8](b) Discuss the policies that a government might adopt to increase the price elasticity of supply of agricultural goods in an economy and consider which policy is likely to be most effective. [12] w16-22✓income elasticity of demand:• What it measures 1 mark• accurate formula 1 mark✓Income elasticity for inferior goods: 2• For recognition that the coefficient is negative 1 mark• For an explanation of why a negative coefficient arises when incomes change✓Income elasticity for necessary goods:• For recognition that the coefficient is positive (accept zero) 1 mark• For an explanation linking the extent of necessity to the size of the coefficient.Analysis:✓Explains any methods that might be used to change the price elasticity of demand fora product with due reference to any difficulties that might arise with each methodexplained.Up to 4 marks for each method explained✓Evaluation:Compares the likely success of the methods explained (3 marks) and reaches a conclusion on which is most likely to be successful (1 mark)14. Explain how economists use the concept of elasticity to distinguish between substitute goods and complementary goods. s17-22(b) Discuss which measure of the different types of elasticity of demand is most useful for a business when setting the price for its product. s17-2215. Use the concept of income elasticity of demand to explain how a rise in incomes would affect the demand for an inferior good and for a necessary good. [8](b) Discuss the range of policies that are available to businesses to increase sales when incomes are falling. Consider which is most likely to be successful. s17-2316. Explain the meaning of ‘price elasticity of demand’ and, using examples, outline the factors that would cause the demand for a good to be relatively price-elastic. [8](b) Discuss why entrepreneurs might want to change the price elasticity of demand for their products, and consider the extent to which this is achievable. s16-22。
A-level经济学历年试卷June 2016 QP - Paper 1 Edexcel (A) Economics AS-level
Turn over*P49594A0124*P49594A©2016 Pearson Education Ltd.1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1Instructions• Use black ink or ball-point pen.•Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,centre number and candidate number.• A nswer all questions in Section A.•In Section B, answer all of questions 6(a) to 6(e) and one question from 6(f) or 6(g).•A nswer the questions in the spaces provided– there may be more space than you need.Information•The total mark for this paper is 80.•T he marks for each question are shown in brackets– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.•C alculators may be used.Advice•Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.•Check your answers if you have time at the end.*P49594A0224*2*P49594A0324*Turn over3*P49594A0424*4*P49594A0524*Turn over5*P49594A0624*6*P49594A0724*Turn over7BLANK PAGEQUESTION 6 BEGINS ON THE NEXT PAGE.*P49594A0824*8*P49594A0924*Turn over9Extract AProblems facing UK first time buyersOver a third of aspiring first time buyers in the UK have given up hope of ever being able to save for a deposit to buy a property, new research has found. A deposit is the minimum amount that must be paid upfront when buying a property, which is a proportion of the price of the property.The UK Government has a Help to Buy scheme designed to help people buy a home. The government subsidises the mortgage (loan) needed to buy a property, so buyers require a smaller amount saved as a deposit. Under this scheme, first time buyers need as little as a 5% deposit to qualify for a mortgage. This is due to end in the first few months of 2017. The research from mortgage insurer Genworth says this will mean a return to 20% deposits, which would see the average time needed to save for a deposit rise from three years to over 10 years.“Trying to buy your first home in the current climate is like chasing a runaway train. Even with good salaries that could comfortably support a mortgage, thousands of aspiring first time buyers can only save modest sums, especially those who are already paying rent. This deposit trap is why many feel they are left with the all or nothing choice of borrowing from family or waving goodbye to ever owning a home,” said Simon Crone, a vice president at Genworth.“Help to Buy has significantly improved access to mortgages with deposits that areactually realistic to save. The numbers using the scheme may be modest, but it has made significant inroads in the short-term to boost access at the lower end of the property market,” he pointed out.(Source: adapted from /news/europe/uk-first-time-buyers-201409309641.html September 2014)Extract BHousing and flood defencesA radical new approach to housing and a £2.3 billion of investment in flood defences were announced as part of the UK Government’s new National Infrastructure Plan 2014.One key proposal is for the government to plan, build and sell homes. An initial programme on a government-owned former airfield near Cambridge will see the development of 10 000 homes. This approach will fast track the development by providing certainty and making new homes available more quickly.The government will make the initial investment but expects that later costs will be met through the sale of land and homes. It will also evaluate the feasibility and economiceffects of rolling out this model on a wider scale, to support and accelerate housing supply.The plan also commits to £2.3 billion of capital investment to over 1400 flood defence projects in a 6-year programme of investment. As a result, over 300 000 homes will be better protected and over £30 billion of economic damages prevented. Majorprojects that will benefit include £42 million for the Oxford Flood Alleviation Scheme, £80 million for the Humber Estuary and over £17 million for Tonbridge, Yalding and the surrounding communities.(Source: adapted from https:///government/news/ambitious-plans-for-housing-flood-defence-and-roads-set-out-in-national-infrastructure-plan-2014)510152051510*P49594A01024*106 (a) With reference to Figure 1, explain one possible reason for the differences in priceelasticity of supply of new housing between countries.(5)(b) With reference to Extract A, assess the likely impact of the Help to Buy scheme onthe market for rented properties in the UK.(10)(c) Explain the likely impact on producer surplus of an increase in the demand forhousing. Use a diagram to illustrate your answer.(6)(d) With reference to Figure 2, calculate the percentage change in house pricesbetween the first quarter of 2009 and the first quarter of 2015. You are advised to show your working.(4)(e) With reference to Figures 1 and 2 and your own knowledge, discuss the functionsof the price mechanism in allocating housing.(15)Answer EITHER(f) Evaluate the likely microeconomic effects of government intervention in the UKhousing market.(20)OR(g) Evaluate the case for government provision of goods and services such as flooddefence schemes or housing.(20)(5) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 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.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(c) Explain the likely impact on producer surplus of an increase in the demand forhousing. 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.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(d) With reference to Figure 2, calculate the percentage change in house pricesbetween the first quarter of 2009 and the first quarter of 2015. 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.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(e) With reference to Figures 1 and 2 and your own knowledge, discuss the functionsof the price mechanism in allocating housing.(15) 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ALEVEL IGCSE 数学试卷-1
Paper 11
Mark Scheme Notes Marks are of the following three types: M Method mark, awarded for a valid method applied to the problem. Method marks are not lost for numerical errors, algebraic slips or errors in units. However, it is not usually sufficient for a candidate just to indicate an intention of using some method or just to quote a formula; the formula or idea must be applied to the specific problem in hand, e.g. by substituting the relevant quantities into the formula. Correct application of a formula without the formula being quoted obviously earns the M mark and in some cases an M mark can be implied from a correct answer. Accuracy mark, awarded for a correct answer or intermediate step correctly obtained. Accuracy marks cannot be given unless the associated method mark is earned (or implied). Mark for a correct result or statement independent of method marks.
Alevel经济试卷
2013-11(1)1 What is a reason why firms making similar products sometimes locate near each other?A competition is decreasedB there are external economies of scaleC there are internal economies of scaleD transport costs may be eliminated2 The diagrams represent total cost curves (TC) of four firms in the short run.Which firm has only fixed costs?3 To achieve horizontal integration a record company producing compact discs (CDs) could merge with another firm. What would this firm most likely be doing?A owning shops selling CDsB producing CDsC producing CD playersD producing machinery used in the making of CDs4 What is a difference between a monopoly and a perfectly competitive firm?A A monopoly always has economies of scale and a perfectly competitive firm has diseconomies of scale.B A monopoly always operates in the public sector and a perfectly competitive firm always operates in the private sector.C A monopoly is a price maker and a perfectly competitive firm is a price taker.D A monopoly seeks to maximise profits and a perfectly competitive firm seeks to maximise output.5 An entrepreneur started a small business making candles. In the first month 1000 candles were made. The costs wereWhat were the average variable costs for the month?A $1.00B $1.80C $1.90D $2.006 Which aim of government policy is most likely to be achieved by an increase in interest rates?A economic growthB greater equality of incomeC full employmentD price stability7 Why might a government encourage a monopoly?A It can have high average costs.B It can compete against foreign firms.C It can prevent innovation.D It can make excessive profits.8 Which combination of government policies is most likely to be successful at reducing unemployment?A budgeting for a surplus and lowering interest ratesB budgeting for a deficit and raising interest ratesC budgeting for a surplus and raising interest ratesD budgeting for a deficit and lowering interest rates9 A government wishes to raise the general standard of living in its country.In the short run, which policy would be the most likely to achieve this aim?A preventing the merger of two companies into a monopolyB raising taxation to repay government debtsC reducing the rate of income tax while maintaining the services it providesD spending more on roads in rural areas rather than in city centres10 Sam wrote a list of how he would prefer to spend his Saturday afternoon.Unfortunately a thunderstorm caused the cricket match and the town parade to be cancelled. Sam went to the cinema. What was the opportunity cost of going to the cinema?A going to the cricket matchB watching the town paradeC visiting his relativesD losing his Saturday free time11 How does a production possibility curve show that scarcity exists?A It shows that a rise in demand for one of the products increases its price.B It shows that as more resources are used to produce a product, its price rises.C It shows that at any point outside the production possibility curve an economy is wasting resources.D It shows that there is a limit to the quantity of products that can be produced with existing resources and technology.12 In which case is it possible to set the level of reward, before production takes place for the first factor of production but not for the second?13 In the 2016 Olympics in Brazil, the opening ceremony will take place in the Maracana Stadium, which can seat 82000 spectators. It is expected that all tickets for the ceremony will be sold quickly, leaving many people dissatisfied. What can be concluded from this?A Price elasticity of demand for tickets will be perfectly elastic.B Some people will be able to resell their tickets at a higher price than they paid for them.C The Olympic authority will make more tickets available for sale.D This will be an example of market failure.14 The diagrams show different conditions of demand and supply for a product.In which diagram would market price remain unchanged if consumers’ incomes fell?15 In 2011, a company selling milk in glass bottles replaced them with new plastic bottles. When they were introduced, the equilibrium quantity on the market fell. What could be a reason for this fall?A Consumers preferred the new bottle because it was lighter to carry.B Milk from the farms used to fill the bottle cost more.C The bottle was cheaper than the existing glass bottle to produce.D The new bottle was introduced with a successful advertising campaign.16 Which change would make the supply of a product more price elastic?A an increase in the number of close substitutes for the productB an increase in the proportion of firms working at full capacityC a reduction in the time taken to make the productD a reduction in the time that the product can be stored17 Developers want to increase the size of a major retail shopping area in a city. It is thought that the proposal would create hundreds of jobs, be profitable for the shops but cause major traffic congestion.What economic concepts are involved in this statement?A external cost and private benefitB income distribution and inelastic demandC private investment and a decrease in supplyD social benefit and perfect competition18 Which will encourage domestic producers to grow more maize?A granting subsidies to maize producersB increasing the sales tax on maizeC removing guaranteed minimum prices for maizeD removing quotas on imported maize19 What will be the most likely effect of a fall in interest rates on saving and borrowing?20 When will a trade union find it easier to achieve higher wages for its members?A when consumers demand more of the product madeB when the company has a decrease in profitsC when the cost of raw materials increasesD when unemployment increases21 What might be a direct benefit to the individual worker of a specialised job?A Specialisation enables a better quality product to be produced.B Specialisation enables the firm to introduce more machinery.C Specialisation enables the worker to become more skilled.D Specialisation makes better use of resources.22 The table shows the change in real incomes for a number of occupations between 1978 and2008.What can be concluded from the table?A All occupations were better off in 2008 than in 1978.B Fork-lift truck drivers earned the lowest wages in 2008.C Doctors have earned more than lawyers since 1978.D Professionals received higher percentage increases in income than manual workers.23 Which function of money enables people to compare the worth of different products?A medium of exchangeB standard for deferred paymentsC store of valueD unit of account24 Which of the following could not be a reason for imposing tariffs on imported goods?A to encourage self sufficiencyB to lower the general price level within the economyC to protect a growing domestic industryD to reduce a balance of trade deficit25 Which of the following is an export of Jamaica?A a loan to Jamaica by the International Monetary FundB Jamaican holidays taken by American touristsC dividends paid by a company in Jamaica to its American shareholdersD sales of Japanese cars in Jamaica26 A developing country’s two major sources of income from international trade are fishing and tourism. If the country’s exchange rate depreciated, what is likely to happen?A Imported goods would become cheaper for local people.B The country would definitely become poorer.C The price of fish sold as exports would become cheaper.D Tourists to the country would be discouraged by higher prices.27 In some developing countries a large percentage of the population is involved in subsistence farming. What can be concluded from this?A Each family will be able to produce enough to live on.B Production is unlikely to be capital intensive.C Production will be efficient.D There will be a high level of trade.28 A country has a falling birth rate and a rising death rate while an increasing numberof its working age adults (16-60 years) are seeking employment abroad.How will this probably affect the numbers in the different age groups in the country?29 Which would best indicate the start of an economic recession?A falling interest ratesB fluctuating levels of employmentC negative growth of GDPD steadily increasing price levels30 The table shows the change in the labour force in Bangladesh between 2006 and 2009.Which statement is most likely to be consistent with these statistics?A Farming is the major employer in the economy.B Male workers are more mobile than female workers.C The absolute increase in the labour force is greater in urban areas than rural areas.D The supply of female workers has fallen.。
2016年6月英语六级考试真题试卷附答案和解析第1套
2016年6月英语六级考试真题试卷附答案和解析第1套2016年6月英语六级考试真题试卷附答案和解析(第1套) Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the use of robots. Try to imagine what will happen when more and more robots take the place of human beings in industry as well as people's daily lives. You are required to write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer. from the four choices marked A), B),C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.1. A) Project organizer.B) Public relations officer.C) Marketing manager.D) Market research consultant.2. A) Quantitative advertising research.B) Questionnaire design.C) Research methodology.D) Interviewer training.3. A) They are intensive studies of people's spending habits.B) They examine relations between producers and customers.C) They look for new and effective ways to promote products.D) They study trends or customer satisfaction over a longperiod.4. A) The lack of promotion opportunity.B) Checking charts and tables.C) Designing questionnaires.D) The persistent intensity.Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.5. A) His view on Canadian universities.B) His understanding of higher education.C) His suggestions for improvements in higher education.D) His complaint about bureaucracy in American universities.6. A) It is well designed.B) It is rather inflexible.C) It varies among universities.D) It has undergone great changes.7. A) The United States and Canada can learn from each other.B) Public universities are often superior to private universities.C) Everyone should be given equal access to higher education.D) Private schools work more efficiently than public institutions.8. A) University systems vary from country to country.B) Efficiency is essential to university management.C) It is hard to say which is better, a public university or a private one.D) Many private university in the U.S. are actually large bureaucracies. Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. Afteryou hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. Passage OneQuestions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard.9. A) Government's role in resolving an economic crisis.B) The worsening real wage situation around the world.C) Indications of economic recovery in the United States.D) The impact of the current economic crisis on peopled life.10. A) They will feel less pressure to raise employees' wages.B) They will feel free to choose the most suitable employees.C) They will feel inclined to expand their business operations.D) They will feel more confident in competing with their rivals.11. A) Employees and companies cooperate to pull through the economic crisis.B) Government and companies join hands to create jobs for the unemployed.C) Employees work shorter hours to avoid layoffs.D) Team work will be encouraged in companies.Passage TwoQuestions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.12. A) Whether memory supplements work.B) Whether herbal medicine works wonders.C) Whether exercise enhances one's memory.D) Whether a magic memory promises success.13. A) They help the elderly more than the young.B) They are beneficial in one way or another.C) They generally do not have side effects.D)They are not based on real science.14. A) They are available at most country fairs.B) They are taken in relatively high dosage.C) They are collected or grown by farmers.D) They are prescribed by trained practitioners.15. A) They have often proved to be as helpful as doing mental exercise.B) Taking them with other medications might entail unnecessary risks.C) Their effect lasts only a short time.D) Many have benefited from them.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear three recordings of lectures or talks followed by three or four questions. The recordings will be played only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Recording OneQuestions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.16. A) How catastrophic natural disasters turn out to be to developing nations.B) How the World Meteorological Organization studies natural disasters.C) How powerless humans appear to be in face of natural disasters.D) How the negative impacts of natural disasters can be reduced.17. A) By training rescue teams for emergencies.B) By taking steps to prepare people for them.C) By changing people's views of nature.D) By relocating people to safer places.18. A) How preventive action can reduce the loss of life.B) How courageous Cubans are in face of disasters.C) How Cubans suffer from tropical storms.D) How destructive tropical storms can be.Recording TwoQuestions 19 to 22 are based on the recording you have just heard.19. A) Pay back their loans to the American government.B) Provide loans to those in severe financial difficulty.C) Contribute more to the goal of a wider recovery.D) Speed up their recovery from the housing bubble.20. A) Some banks may have to merge with others.B) Many smaller regional banks are going to fail.C) It will be hard for banks to provide more loans.D) Many banks will have to lay off some employees.21. A) It will work closely with the government.B) It will endeavor to write off bad loans.C) It will try to lower the interest rate.D) It will try to provide more loans.22. A) It won't help the American economy to turn around.B) It won't do any good to the major commercial banks.C) It will win the approval of the Obama administration.D) It will be necessary if the economy starts to shrink again.Recording ThreeQuestions 23 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.23. A) Being unable to learn new things.B) Being rather slow to make changes.C) Losing temper more and more often.D) Losing the ability to get on with others.24. A) Cognitive stimulation.B) Community activity.C) Balanced diet.D) Fresh air.25. A) Ignoring the signs and symptoms of aging.B) Adopting an optimistic attitude towards life.C) Endeavoring to give up unhealthy lifestyles.D) Seeking advice from doctors from time to time.Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are requir ed to select oneword for each blank from a list of choices given in a word ban k following the passage. Read thepassage through carefully before making yo ur choices. Each choice in the bank is identified bya letter. Please mark the c orresponding letter for each item on ,Answer Street 2 with a singleline throug h the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.Let's say you love roller-skating. Just the thought of __26__ on your roller-sk ates brings asmile to your face. You also know that roller-skating is excellent exercise. You have a __27__attitude toward it.This description of roller-skating __28__ the three components of an attitud e: affect,cognition, and behavior. You love the activity; it's great fun. These f eelings __29__ the affectiveor emotional component; they are an importan t ingredient in attitudes. The knowledge wehave about the objectconstitutes the cognitive component of an attitude. You understand the health __30_ _ that the activity can bring. Finally, attitudes have a behavioral component. Our attitudes __31__ us to go outside to enjoy roller-skating.Now, we don't want to leave you with the __32__ that these three component s always worktogether __33__ . They don't; sometimes they clash. For exam ple, let's say you love pizza(affective component); however, you have high c holesterol and understand (knowledge component) that eating pizza may b e bad for your health. Which behavior will your attituderesult in, eating pizza or __34__ it? The answer depends on which component happens to bestron ger. If you are walking past a pizza restaurant at lunchtime, your emotions an d feelingsprobably will be stronger than your knowledge that pizza may not be the best food for yourhealth. In that instance, you have pizza for lunch. If y ou are at home trying to decide where togo for dinner, however, the knowled ge component may __35__ , and you decide to go whereyou can eat a healt hier meal.A.avoidingB.benefitsC.highlightD.illustratesE.impressionF.improvesG.inquiringH.perfectlyI.positiveJ.prevailK.primarilyL.promptM.specificationsN.strappingO.typicalSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.The Changing Generation[A] It turns out today's teenagers aren't so scary after all. Results of USA WEEKEND'S Teens & Parents survey reveal a generation of young people who get along well with their parents and approve of the way they're being raised. They think of their parents with affection and respect. They speak with Mom or Dad when they have a problem. Most feel that their parents understand them, and they believe their family is the No. 1 priority in their parents, lives. Many even think their parents are cool! Although more than a third have an object in their rooms they would like to keep secret from their parents, rarely is it anything more alarming than a diary or off-color (低俗的) book or CD.[B] Such results may seem surprising against the background of shocking incidents that color the way the mass media portray the young. In October 2000, , the same month the survey wastaken, the Washington-based Center forMedia and Public Affairs wrote in its publication Media Monitor that, in a recent month of TV news coverage of American youth, just 2% of teens were shown at home, and just 1% were portrayed in a work setting. In contrast, the criminal justice system accounted for nearly one out of every five visual backgrounds. No wonder parents worry their own kids might spin out of control once they hit the turbulent waters of adolescence.[C] The overall facts ought to reassure us. The survey shows us that today's teens are affectionate, sensible and far happier than the angry and tortured souls that have been painted for us by stereotypes. From other sources, we also know teenage crime, drug abuse and premarital sex are in general decline. We, of course, need to pay attention to youngsters who are filled with discontent and hostility, but we should not allow these extreme cases to distort our view of most young people.[D] My own research at the Stanford Center on Adolescence uses in-depth interviews with small samples of youngsters rather than large-scale surveys. Still, in my studies and others I have read, I find the same patterns as in USA WEEKEND'S survey. Today's teenagers admire their parents and welcome parental guidance about important matters such as career choice—though certainly not Mom and Dad's advice on matters of personal taste, such as music or fashion. When we ask teens to choose a hero，they usually select an older family member rather than a remote public figure. Most teens say they enjoy the company of both parents and friends.[E] Contrary to some stereotypes, most adolescents believe they must be tolerant of differences among individuals (thoughthey do not always find this easy in the cliquish (拉帮结派的) environment of high school). Many of them volunteer for community service with disadvantaged people. One prevalent quality we have found in teens, statements about themselves, their friends and their families is a strikingly positive emotional tone. By and large, these are very nice kids, and as the band The Who used to sing, "The kids are alright." [F] How much is today's spirit of harmony a change from our more turbulent past? A mere generation ago, parent-child relations were described as "the generation gap". Yet even then reports of widespread youth rebellion were overdone: Most kids in the '60s and 70s shared their parents, basic values. Still, it is true that American families are growing closer at the dawn of this new millennium (千年). Perhaps there is less to fight about, with the country in a period of tranquility and the dangers of drug abuse and other unwholesome behavior well known. Perhaps in the face of impersonal and intimidating globalization, a young person's family feels more like a friendly haven than an oppressive trap. And perhaps parents are acting more like parents than in the recent past. Within just the past five years, I have noticed parents returning to a belief that teenagers need the guidance of elders rather than the liberal, "anything goes" mode of child-rearing that became popular in the second half of the 20th century.[G] But missing from all these data is the sense that today's young care verymuch about their country, about the broader civic and political environment, or about the future of their society. They seem to be turning inward—generally in a pro-social manner, certainly with positive benefits for intimate relationships, but too often at the expense of a connection with the present and futureworld beyond, including the society they will one day inherit.[H] Recently, we examined more than 400 essays on the "laws of life" that teens from two communities had written as part of an educational program initiated by the John T empleton Foundation in Radnor, Pa. In those essays, and in follow-up interviews with a few of the teenagers, we found lots of insight, positive feeling and inspirational thinking. But we also found little interest in civic life beyond the tight circles of their family and immediate friends.[I] For example, only one boy said he would like to be president when he grows up. When I was in high school, dozens in my class alone would have answered differently. In fact, other recent studies have found there has never been a time in American history when so small a proportion of young people have sought or accepted leadership roles in local civic organizations. It is also troubling that voting rates among our youngest eligible voters—18- to 24-year-olds—are way down: Little more than one in four now go to the polls, even in national elections, compared with almost twice that many when 18-year-olds were first given the vote.[J] In our interviews, many students viewed politics with suspicion and distaste. " Most politicians are kind of crooked (不诚实的)" one student declared. Another, discussing national politics, said, “I feel like one person can't do that much, and I get the impression most people don't think a group of people can do that much." Asked what they would like to change in the world, the students mentioned only personal concerns such as slowing down the pace of life, gaining good friends, becoming more spiritual, becoming either more materially successful or less materially oriented (depending on the student's values), andbeing more respectful of the Earth, animals and other people. One boy said, "I'd rather be concentrating on artistic efforts than saving the world or something." [K] It is fine and healthy for teens to cultivate their personal interests, and it is good news when young people enjoy harmonious relations with their family and friends. But there is also a place in a young life for noble purposes that include a dedication to the broader society, a love of country and an aspiration to make their own leadership contributions.[L] In the past, the young have eagerly participated in national service and civic affairs, often with lots of energy and idealism. If this is not happening today, we should ask why. Our society needs the full participation of its younger citizens if it is to continue to thrive. We know the promise is there—this is a well-grounded, talented, warm-hearted group of youngsters. We have everything to gain by encouraging them to explore the world beyond their immediate experience and to prepare themselves for their turn at shaping that world.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
2016年6月英语六级真题第一套
2016年6月英语六级真题第一套Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections:In this section,there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2with a single line through the centre.You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Pursuing a career is an essential part of adolescent development.“The adolescent becomes an adult when he_26_a real job.”To cognitive researchers likePiaget,adulthood meant the beginning of an_27_.Piaget argued that once adolescents enter the world of work,their newly acquired ability to form hypotheses allows them to create representations that are too ideal.The_28_of such ideals,without the tempering of the reality of a job or profession,rapidly leads adolescents to become _29_ of the non-idealistic world and to press for reform in a characteristically adolescent way.Piaget said:“True adaptation to society comes_30_when the adolescent reformer attempts to put his ideas to work.”Of course,youthful idealism is often courageous,and no one likes to give up dreams.Perhaps,taken_31_out of context,Piaget’s statement seems harsh.What he was_32_，however,is the way reality can modify idealistic views.Some people refer to such modification as maturity.Piaget argued that attaining and accepting a vocation is one of the best ways to modify idealized views and to mature.As careers and vocations become less available during times of _33_,adolescents may be especially hard hit.Such difficult economic times may leave many adolescents_34_about their roles in society.For this reason,community interventionsand government job programs that offer summer and vacation work are not only economically_35_but also help to stimulate the adolescent’s sense of worth.A)automaticallyB)beneficialC)capturingD)confusedE)emphasizingF)entranceG)excitedH)existenceI)incidentallyJ)intolerantK)occupationL)promisesM)recessionN)slightlyO)undertakesSection BDirections:In this section,you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs.Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.You may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Can societies be rich and green?[A]“If our economies are to flourish,if global poverty is to be eliminated and if the well-being of the world’s people enhanced—not just in this generation but in succeeding generations—we must make sure we take care of the natural environment and resources on which our economic activity depends.”That statement comes not,as you might imagine,from a stereotypicaltree-hugging,save-the-world greenie(环保主义者),but from Gordon Brown,a politician with a reputation for rigour,thoroughness and above all,caution.[B]A surprising thing for the man who runs one of the world’s most powerful economies to say?Perhaps;though in the run-up to the five-year review of the Millennium(千年的)Goals,he is far from alone.The roots of his speech,given in March at the roundtable meeting of environment and energy ministers from the G20 group of nations,stretch back to 1972,and the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm.[C]“The protection and improvement of the human environment is a major issue which affects the well-being of peoples and economic development throughout the world,”read the final declaration from this gathering,the first of a sequence which would lead to the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit in 1992 and the World Development Summit in Johannesburg three years ago.[D]Hunt through the reports prepared by UN agencies and development groups —many for conferences such as this year’s Millennium Goals review—and you will find that the linkage between environmental protection and economic progress is a common thread.[E]Managing ecosystems sustainably is more profitable than exploitingthem,according to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.But finding hard evidence to support the thesis is not so easy.Thoughts turn first to some sort of global statistic,some indicator which would rate the wealth of nations in both economic and environmental terms and show a relationship between the two.[F]If such an indicator exists,it is well hidden.And on reflection,this is not surprising;the single word“environment”has so many dimensions,and there are so many other factors affecting wealth—such as the oil deposits—that teasing out a simple economy-environment relationship would be almost impossible.[G]The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment,a vast four-year global study which reported its initial conclusions earlier this year,found reasons to believe that managing ecosystems sustainably—working with nature rather than against it—might be less profitable in the short term,but certainly brings long-term rewards.[H]And the World Resources Institute(WRI)in its World Resources 2005report,issued at the end of August,produced several such examples from Africa and Asia;it also demonstrated that environmental degradation affects the poor more than the rich,as poorer people derive a much higher proportion of their income directly from the natural resources around them.[I]But there are also many examples of growing wealth by trashing the environment,in rich and poor parts of the world alike,whether through unregulated mineral extraction,drastic water use for agriculture,slash-and-burn farming,orfossil-fuel-guzzling(大量消耗)transport.Of course,such growth may not persist in the long term—which is what Mr.Brown and the Stockholm declaration were both attempting to point out.Perhaps the best example of boom growth and bust decline is the Grand Banks fishery.For almost five centuries a very large supply of cod(鳕鱼)provided abundant raw material for an industry which at its peak employed about 40,000 people,sustaining entire communities in Newfoundland.Then,abruptly,the cod population collapsed.There were no longer enough fish in the sea for the stock to maintain itself,let alone an industry.More than a decade later,there was no sign of the ecosystem re-building itself.It had,apparently,been fished out of existence;and the once mighty Newfoundland fleet now gropes about frantically for crab on the sea floor.[J]There is a view that modern humans are inevitably sowing the seed of a global Grand Banks-style disaster.The idea is that we are taking more out of what you might call the planet’s environmental bank balance than it can sustain;we are living beyond our ecological means.One recent study attempted to calculate the extent of this“ecological overshoot of the human economy”,and found that we are using 1.2 Earth’s-worth of environmental goods and services—the implication being that at some point the debt will be called in,and all those services—the things which the planet does for us for free—will grind to a halt.[K]Whether this is right,and if so where and when the ecological axe will fall,is hard to determine with any precision—which is why governments and financial institutions are only beginning to bring such risks into their economic calculations.Itis also the reason why development agencies are not united in their view of environmental issues;while some,like the WRI,maintain that environmental progress needs to go hand-in-hand with economic development,others argue that the priority is to build a thriving economy,and then use the wealth created to tackle environmental degradation.[L]This view assumes that rich societies will invest in environmental care.But is this right?Do things get better or worse as we get richer? Here the Stockholm declaration is ambiguous.“In the developing countries,”it says,“most of the environmental problems are caused by under-development.”So it is saying that economic development should make for a cleaner world?Not necessarily;“In the industralised countries,environmental problems are generally related to industrialisation and technological development,”it continues.In other words,poor and rich both over-exploit the natural world,but for different reasons.It’s simply not true that economic growth will surely make our world cleaner.[M]Clearly,richer societies are able to provide environmental improvements which lie well beyond the reach of poorer communities.Citizens of wealthy nations demand national parks,clean rivers,clean air and poison-free food.Theyalso,however,use far more natural resources-fuel,water(all those baths and golf courses)and building materials.[N]A case can be made that rich nations export environmental problems,the most graphic example being climate change.As a country’s wealth grows,so do its greenhouse gas emissions.The figures available will not be completelyaccurate.Measuring emissions is not a precise science, particularly when it comes to issues surrounding land use;not all nations have re-leased up-to-date data,and in any case,emissions from some sectors such as aviation are not included in national statistics.But the data is exact enough for a clear trend to be easily discernible.As countries become richer,they produce more greenhouse gases;and the impact of those gases will fall primarily in poor parts of the world.[O]Wealth is not,of course,the only factor involved.The average Norwegian is better off than the average US citizen,but contributes about half as much to climatechange.But could Norway keep its standard of living and yet cut its emissions to Moroccan or even Ethiopian levels?That question,repeated across a dozen environmental issues and across our diverse planet,is what will ultimately determine whether the human race is living beyond its ecological means as it pursues economic revival.36.Examples show that both rich and poor countries exploited the environment for economic progress.37.Environmental protection and improvement benefit people all over the world.38.It is not necessarily true that economic growth will make our world cleaner.39.The common theme of the UN reports is the relation between environmental protection and economic growth.40.Development agencies disagree regarding how to tackle environment issues while ensuring economic progress.41.It is difficult to find solid evidence to prove environmental friendliness generates more profits than exploiting the natural environment.42.Sustainable management of ecosystems will prove rewarding in the long run.43.A politician noted for being cautious asserts that sustainable human development depends on the natural environment.44.Poor countries will have to bear the cost for rich nations’economic development.45.One recent study warns us of the danger of the exhaustion of natural resources on Earth.Section CDirections:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Interactive television advertising, which allows viewers to use their remote controls to click on advertisements, has been pushed for years. Nearly a decade ago it was predicted that viewers of “Friends”, a popular situation comedy, would soon be able to purchase a sweater like Jennifer Aniston’s with a few taps on their remote control.“It’s been the year of interactive television advertising for the last ten or twelve years,”says Colin Dixon of a digital-media consultancy.So the news that Cablevision, and American cable company, was rolling out interactive advertisements to all its customers on October 6th was greeted with some skepticism. During commercials, an overlay will appear at the bottom of the screen, prompting viewers to press a button to request a free sample or order a catalogue. Cablevision hopes to allow customers to buy things with their remote controls early next year.Television advertising could do with a boost. Spending fell by 10% in the first half of the year. The popularization of digital video recorders has caused advertisers to worry that their commercials will be skipped. Some are turning to the Internet, which is cheaper and offers concrete measurements like click-through rates—especially important at a time when marketing budgets are tight. With the launch of interactive advertising,“many of the dollars that went to the Internet will come back to the TV,”says David Kline of Cablevision. Or so the industry hopes.In theory, interactive advertising can engage viewers in a way that 30-second spots do not. Unilever recently ran an interactive campaign for its Axe deodorant(除臭剂)，which kept viewers engaged for more than three minutes on average.The amount spent on interactive advertising on television is still small. Magna, an advertising agency, reckons it will be worth about $138 million this year. That falls far short of the billions of dollars people once expected it to generate. But DirecTV, Comcast and Time Warner Cable have all invested in it. A new effort led by Canoe Ventures, a coalition of leading cable providers, aims to make interactive advertising available across America later this year. BrightLine iTV, Which designs and sellsinteractive ads, says interest has surged: it expects its revenues almost to triple this year. BSkyB, Britain’s biggest satellite-television service, already provides 9 million customers with interactive ads.Yet there are doubts whether people watching television, a“lean back”medium, crave interaction. Click-through rates have been high so far(around 3-4%, compared with less than 0.3% online), but that may be a result of the novelty. Interactive ads and viewers might not go well together.46.What does Colin Dixon mean by saying“It’s been the year of interactive television advertising for the last ten or twelve years”(Lines 4-5, Para.1)?A)Interactive television advertising will become popular in 10-12 years.B)Interactive television advertising has been under debate for the last decade or so.C)Interactive television advertising is successful when incorporated into situation comedies.D)Interactive television advertising has not achieved the anticipated results.47.What is the public’s response to Cablevision’s planned interactive TV advertising program?A)Pretty positive.B)Totally indifferent.C)Somewhat doubtful.D)Rather critical.48.What is the impact of the wide use of digital video recorders on TV advertising?A)It has made TV advertising easily accessible to viewers.B)It helps advertisers to measure the click-through rates.C)It has placed TV advertising at a great disadvantage.D)It enables viewers to check the sales items with ease.49.What do we learn about Unilever’s interactive campaign?A)It proves the advantage of TV advertising.B)It has done well in engaging the viewers.C)It helps attract investments in the company.D)it has boosted the TV advertising industry.50.How does the author view the hitherto high click-through rates?A)They may be due to the novel way of advertising.B)They signify the popularity of interactive advertising.C)They point to the growing curiosity ofTV viewers.D)They indicate the future direction of media reform.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.What can be done about mass unemployment? All the wise heads agree: there’re no quick or easy answers. There’s work to be done, but workers aren’t ready to do it—they’re in the wrong places, or they have the wrong skills, Our problems are “structural,”and will take many years to solve.But don’t bother asking for evidence that justifies this bleak view. There isn’t any. On the contrary, all the facts suggest that high unemployment in America is the result of inadequate demand. saying that there’re no easy answers sounds wise. But it’s actually foolish: our unemployment crisis could be cured very quickly if we had the intellectual clarity and political will to act. In other words, structural unemployment is a fake problem, which mainly serves as an excuse for not pursing real solutions.The fact is job openings have plunged in every major sector, while the number of workers forced into part-time employment in almost all industries has soared. Unemployment has surged in every major occupational category. Only three states. With a combined population not much larger than that of Brooklyn, have unemployment rates below 5%. So the evidence contradicts the claim that we’re mainly suffering from structural unemployment. Why, then, has this claim become so popular?Part of the answer is that this is what always happens during periods of highunemployment—in part because experts and analysts believe that declaring the problem deeply rooted, with no easy answers, makes them sound serious.I’ve been looking at what self-proclaimed experts were saying about unemployment during the Great Depression; it was almost identical to what Very Serious People are saying now. Unemployment cannot be brought down rapidly, declared one 1935 analysis, because the workforce is“unadaptable and untrained. It cannot respond to the opportunities which industry may offer.”A few years later, a large defense buildup finally provided a fiscal stimulus adequate to the economy’s needs—and suddenly industry was eager to employ those“unadaptable and untrained”workers.But now, as then, powerful forces are ideologically opposed to the whole idea of government action on a sufficient scale to jump-start the economy. And that, fundamentally, is why claims that we face huge structural problems have been multiplying: they offer a reason to do nothing about the mass unemployment that is crippling out economy and our society.So what you need to know is that there’s no evidence whatsoever to back these claims. We aren’t suffering from a shortage of needed skills, We’re suffering from a lack of policy resolve. As I said, structural unemployment isn’t a real problem, it’s an excuse—a reason not to act on America’s problems at a time when action is desperately needed.51.What does the author think is the root cause of mass unemployment in America?A)Corporate mismanagement.B)Insufficient demand.C)Technological advances.D)Workers’slow adaptation.52.What does the author think of the experts’claim concerning unemployment?A)Self-evident.B)Thought-provoking.C)Irrational.D)Groundless.53.What does the author say helped bring down unemployment during the Great Depression?A)The booming defense industry.B)The wise heads’benefit package.C)Nationwide training of workers.D)Thorough restructuring of industries.54.What has caused claims of huge structural problems to multiply?A)Powerful opposition to government’s stimulus efforts.B)Very Serious People’s attempt to cripple the economy.C)Evidence gathered from many sectors of the industries.D)Economists’failure to detect the problems in time.55.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?A)To testify to the experts’analysis of America’s problems.B)To offer a feasible solution to the structural unemployment.C)To show the urgent need for the government to take action.D)To alert American workers to the urgency for adaptation.Part IV Translation (30minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.中国的创新正以前所未有的速度蓬勃发展。
Alevel经济学冬考1
CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of EducationAdvanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced LevelECONOMICS9708/2PAPER 2 Data Response and Essay (Core)OCTOBER/NOVEMBER SESSION 20021hour 30minutesAdditional materials:Answer paperTIME 1 hour 30 minutesINSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATESWrite your name, Centre number and candidate number in the spaces provided on the answer paper/answer booklet.Answer two questions.Write your answers on the separate answer paper provided.If you use more than one sheet of paper, fasten the sheets together.Section AAnswer this question.Section BAnswer any one question.INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATESThe questions in this paper carry equal marks. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each part question.Y ou may answer with reference to your own economy or other economies that you have studied where relevant to the question.w w w .X t r e m e P a p e r s .c o mAnswer this question.1Cigarette ConsumptionFor many years health campaigners have urged governments to act against smoking. In economic terms, one of their concerns is that the smoking of cigarettes generates negative ernments have responded in a number of ways: there are restrictions on who can buy cigarettes, where they can be consumed and how they can be advertised. Packs of cigarettes have health warnings printed on them and heavy indirect taxes have been imposed. (In the UK, 80per cent of the price of a pack may go to the government.) It has been estimated that a 10 per cent increase in the price leads to a 4 per cent fall in consumption, and the weighting of tobacco in the UK Retail Price Index has been reduced from 60 in 1971 to 34 in 1998. Although smoking rates have fallen in the UK, health campaigners remain dissatisfied and call for still stronger action.Fig. 1(a)(i)Sketch a normal demand curve for a good or service.[2](ii)Explain whether Fig. 1 confirms that cigarettes would have a normal demand curve.[3](b)(i)Using the data in the text, calculate the price elasticity of demand for cigarettes.[2](ii)How might this value be explained?[3](c)Explain, with examples, what is meant by the statement that the consumption of cigarettesgenerates negative externalities.[4](d)Discuss whether high indirect taxes are the best way to discourage smoking.[6]19891990199119921993199419951020304050607080901234567Price per pack (US$)Annual consumption per capita (packs)Price and consumption of cigarettes in Canada 1989-1995Real priceConsumptionAnswer one question.2(a)Explain the link between the basic economic problem of scarcity and opportunity cost.[8](b)Discuss whether planning has any role to play in the allocation of resources in a modern,mixed economic system.[12] 3(a)Explain how the international value of a currency is determined in a floating exchange rate system.[8](b)Discuss whether an appreciation in the exchange rate is to the advantage of an economy.[12] 4(a)Explain, with examples, the meaning of the terms public good and merit good.[8](b)Discuss how a government might increase the provision of public and merit goods.[12]Copyright Acknowledgements:Question 1Graph: Price and Consumption of cigarettes in Canada.The Guardian, 7 November, 2000.。
大学英语六级卷一真题2016年6月
大学英语六级卷一真题2016年6月(总分：639.00，做题时间：120分钟)一、Part I Writing (30 minutes)(总题数：1，分数：106.50)1.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on living in the virtual world. Try to imagine what will happen when people spend more and more time in the virtual world instead of interacting in the real world. You are required to write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.（分数：106.50）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(参考范文Since people begin their ingenuity, we have devised increasinglyintelligent robots to help us coping with dangerous and burdensome work. We continuously confer various human capabilities on machines, and now try to think what will happen if robotics become even more advanced? As far as I’m concerned, in the near future the modern wo rld will be populated by intelligent devices which can remove much human labor. Our work in factory will down by robot assembly arms. Our cooking, washing and other housework will complete by robot server. Our public security willmanaged by tireless robot-polices. In addition, due to the micro-mechanics, there will be more robot systems which can performhighly difficult surgery with sub-millimeter accuracy to help patients alleviate their pain and suffering. But, as I think, if robots are to reach the next stage, there are still much real challenge. We all know that human brainis far more complicated, and the most intelligent robot system will nevercatch up with human mind’s ability. So I have to say, there is still a long way for the robot technology to go.)解析：二、Section A (总题数：2，分数：56.80)Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：28.40）A.Project organizerB.Public relations officer.C.Marketing manager.D.Market research consultant. √解析：[听力原文] M: So, how long have you been a Market Research Consultant? W: Well, I started straight after finishing university. M: Did you study market research? W: Yeah, and it really helped me to get into the industry, but I have to say that it"s more important to get experience in different types of market research to find out exactly what you"re interested in. M: So what are you interested in? W: Well, at the moment, I specialize in quantitative advertising research , which means that I do two types of projects. Trackers, which are ongoing projects that look at trends or customer satisfaction over a long period of time . The only problem with trackers is that it takes up a lot of your time. But you do build up a good relationship with the client.I also do a couple of ad-hoc jobs which are much shorter projects. M: What exactly do you mean by ad-hoc jobs? W: It"s basically when companies need quick answers to their questions about their consumers" habits. They just ask for one questionnaire to be sent out, for example, so the time you spend on an ad-hoc project tends to be fairly short. M: Which do you prefer, trackers or ad-hoc? W: I like doing both and in fact I need to do both at the same time to keep me from going crazy.I need the variety. M: Can you just explain what process you go through with a new client? W: Well, together we decide on the methodology and the objectives of the research. I then design a questionnaire. Once the interviewers have been briefed, I send the client a schedule and then they get back to me with deadlines. Once the final charts and tables are ready, I have to checkthem and organize a presentation. M: Hmm. One last question, what do you like and dislike about your job? W: As I said, variety is important and as for what I don"t like, it has to be the checking of charts and tables. What position does the woman hold in the company? [解析] 四项均为名词短语，均与工作职位相关，且两项提及市场方面的工作(marketing manager, market research consultant)。
CIIA历年真题2016年03paper1
试卷I经济学公司财务财务会计与财务报表分析股票估值与分析试题最终考试2016年3月问题1：经济学（38分）表1的前两行记录了希腊净出口和国外投资净收入（NIRA）及转移从2011至2013年的演进，所有数字都是相对于各年国内生产总值（GDP）的百分比。
第三行给出的是同期希腊的实际有效汇率（表示为1单位外币对应本币的双边实际汇率的加权平均）。
表1：希腊净出口、国外投资净收入及经常转移（均为GDP的百分比）与实际有效汇率201120122013希腊：货物与服务净出口（GDP的百分比）-5.98-2.41-0.18希腊：国外投资净收入及经常转移（GDP-3.88-0.070.91的百分比）希腊：实际有效汇率（基期：2010年）99.33102.51103.42来源：IMF（国际金融统计）。
a)计算2011、2012和2013年希腊的经常账户差额（表示为GDP的百分比）。
（4分）b)解释一个国家的经常账户差额如何同本国储蓄和投资相关联。
（4分）c)解释为何一系列的经常账户逆差可能最终导致金融危机。
（4分）d)解释在希腊财政危机背景下，为何其经常账户逆差在2011至2013年必须缩减（假定贸易差额不变）。
（4分）e)定义实际汇率，并解释名义汇率和本国价格水平的变动可能会如何导致实际汇率贬值。
（4分）f)定义并讨论2011至2013年间希腊净出口的变化如何同实际有效汇率的变化相关联。
假定净出口几乎为零，解释为何实际汇率贬值通常同净出口的扩张相关。
（8分）g)一些观察家主张，要启动希腊经济，希腊政府应当放弃财政紧缩政策并增加公共支出。
假定封闭经济及短期价格不变，描述增加政府支出对于产出和利率的影响。
请使用IS/LM模型和适当的图示来阐明你的答案。
（6分）h)这样的扩张性财政政策对希腊有益吗？考虑财政刺激对于政府债务和产出的影响来支持你的答案。
（4分）问题2：财务会计与财务报表分析（49分）洛伦佐·法拉利负责分析汽车行业公司的财务报表。
CIE Alevel Economics A2 sample paper
This document consists of 3 printed pages, 1 blank page and 1 insert.© UCLES 2014[Turn over*0123456789*Cambridge International ExaminationsCambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced LevelECONOMICS9708/04Paper 4 Data Response and Essay For Examination from 2016SPECIMEN PAPER2 hours 15 minutesNo Additional Materials are required.READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRSTAn answer bo o klet is pro vided inside this questio n paper. Yo u sho uld fo llo w the instructio ns o n the fro nt co ver o f the answer bo o klet. If yo u need additio nal answer paper ask the invigilato r fo r a co ntinuatio n booklet.Section AAnswer this question.Section BAnswer any two questions.Yo u may answer with reference to yo ur o wn eco no my o r o ther eco no mies that yo u have studied where relevant to the question.The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.Answer this question.1 Collusion: Exploitation or benefit?In 2011, two soap and detergent firms, Unilever and Procter & Gamble, were fined a total of €315m (US$ 220m) for fixing the price of washing powder in eight European countries. Procter & Gamble is the world’s largest consumer products company. The two firms had colluded over prices for more than three years. The collusion began when they agreed to implement an industry-wide programme to improve their environmental impact by obtaining their raw materials from sustainable sources. They also agreed to reduce the amount of packaging they used but to keep the prices unchanged. Then, later, they collectively agreed to raise prices in Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain and the Netherlands. This collusion was against the European Union competition laws and was regarded as ‘unfair competition’.Some information from the 2010 financial report of Procter & Gamble (P&G) is shown in Table 1.Table 1: Annual Report of Procter & Gamble2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Total Revenue US$ million 64416 72441 79257 76694 78938Profits US$ million 8684 10340 12075 13436 12736Distributed Profit per Share1.1 1.28 1.45 1.64 1.80US$ per shareThe report states that ‘No company in the world has invested more in market research than P&G.We conduct over 20,000 research studies every year. Over the past 15 years, P&G had 125 notable innovations – more than our six largest competitors combined. P&G is the brand-building leader of our industry with 50 brands that are among some of the world’s best-known household names – and which together make up 90% of P&G’s sales and more than 90% of profits.P&G is creating the advantage of large scale by integrating across our different businesses and markets, allocating resources more efficiently than any small business can do on its own.’(Source: Adapted from P&G Annual Report 2010) (a)Explain what is meant by ‘collusion’ and when it is most likely to occur in an industry. [4]Analyse, using Table 1, whether price fixing benefited Procter & Gamble. [4](b)(c) Suggest why creating the advantage of large scale by ‘integrating across its differentbusinesses’ might benefit a firm. [6](d)Is the evidence in the article sufficient to conclude that Procter & Gamble is working againstthe public interest? [6]Answer two questions.2 (a) Explain how a consumer should allocate expenditure in order to achieve maximumsatisfaction and analyse how a rise in income might affect that allocation. [12]Discuss how a government might achieve a more equal distribution of income. [13] (b)3 In 2011, as a result of a recession, the governments of some countries reduced the wages thatthey paid to public sector workers. Trade unions organised mass demonstrations in protest.Discuss how the economic theory of wage determination in perfect competition can be adapted to explain such a situation. [25]4 The combination of rapid economic growth and inflation is no coincidence.(Source: The Times)(a)Explain why rapid growth and high inflation might often occur at the same time. [12](b)Assess what policies might be used by a government to control inflation without harmingeconomic growth. [13]5 (a)Explain what changes might occur to the age distribution and occupational structure of apopulation as an economy changes from developing to developed. [12](b)Assume that you have been given some statistics which indicate that a country has a high rate of unemployment and a dependency on international trade. Consider whether these statistics are sufficient to indicate whether that country may be classed as developing or developed. [13]6In 2011, one of the UK’s largest multinational banks announced it would reduce the number of people it employed by 43000 – the equivalent size of a small town.(Source: Adapted from The Times) Analyse what might cause an increase in unemployment. [12] (a)Evaluate the impact of an increase in unemployment on an economy. [13] (b)7‘The market system is not able to allocate resources efficiently. Governments are always able to achieve a better resource allocation than the market.’To what extent do you agree with this opinion? [25]Copyright AcknowledgementsQuestion 1 Table 1 Question 1 Question 6 © Procter & Gamble Annual Report; 2010.© adapted: Graeme Wearden; Unilever and P&G fined for price fixing?; Guardian News & Media Ltd; 14 April 2011. © adapted: Jonathan Russell; Lloyds review act to push job losses to 43,000; The Daily Telegraph.Permission to reproduce items where third-pa rty owned ma teria l protected by copyright is included ha s been sought a nd clea red where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.BLANK PAGE。
alevel物理真题2016
Multiple Choice Answer Sheet Soft clean eraser Soft pencil (type B or HB is recommended)
9702/11 October/November 2016
1 hour 15 minutes
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
length of 10.0 cm.
What is the period of the signal? A 7.1 × 10–6 s B 1.4 × 10–5 s
10.0 cm C 7.1 × 10–3 s
D 1.4 × 10–2 s
© UCLES 2016
9702/11/O/N/16
[Turn over
road and then brakes to a halt. The graph shows the variation with t of the velocity of the car.
velocity / m s–1 20
0 0 0.8
5.0 t / s
How far does the car travel in the 5.0 s after the driver sees the obstacle?
6
6 A cyclist pedals along a raised horizontal track. At the end of the track, he travels horizontally into the air and onto a track that is vertically 2.0 m lower.
initial velocity
8.00 m s–1
alevel物理真题2016
Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level
PHYSICS Paper 1 Multiple Choice
Additional Materials:
IB16 11_9702_11/4RP © UCLES 2016
This document consists of 20 printed pages.
[Turn over
Data speed of light in free space permeability of free space permittivity of free space
Multiple Choice Answer Sheet Soft clean eraser Soft pencil (type B or HB is recommended)
9702/11 October/November 2016
1 hour 15 minutes
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
6
6 A cyclist pedals along a raised horizontal track. At the end of the track, he travels horizontally into the air and onto a track that is vertically 2.0 m lower.
C = C1 + C2 + . . .
W=
1 QV
2
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R = R1 + R2 + . . .
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Summer 2016
Pearson Edexcel GCE AS Level
in Economics A (8EC0)
Paper 01 Introduction to markets and market failure
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