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伯杰细菌鉴定手册

伯杰细菌鉴定手册科学出版社，1984年《伯杰氏系统细菌学手册》(Bergey’s Manual of Systemaic Bacteriology)一本有代表性的、参考价值极高、比较全面系统的细菌分类手册。

由美国布瑞德(Breed)等人主编。

1923年第1版，后于1925、1930、 1934、1939、1948、1957、1974年相继出版了第2至第8版，每个版本都反映了当时细菌学发展的新成就。

其中第8版有美、英、德、法等 14个国家的细菌学家参加了编写工作，对系统内的每一属和种都做了较详细的属性描述。

近年来，由于细胞学、遗传学和分子生物学的渗透，大大促进了细菌分类学的发展，使分类系统与真正反映亲缘关系的自然体系日趋接近。

第9版(1984，1986)中实质性的变化，象征着细菌分类学的发展进入新的阶段。

第一，手册更名，原书名为《伯杰氏鉴定细菌学手册》(Bergey’s Manual of Determinatie Bacteriology)，第9版由于内容增加，范围扩大，提高了手册的实用性，同时指出各类细菌间的关系，所以改名为《伯杰氏系统细菌学手册》;第二，由1卷分成4卷，这是考虑到能及时反映新进展和使用者的方便;第三，细菌在生物界的地位，8、9版间无变动，但它们的高级分类单位有很大变化(见下表)，尤其嗜盐细菌和产甲烷细菌，根据胞壁分析和DNA序列分折，另列疵壁菌门，古细菌纲;第四，趋近自然体系，在各级分类单位中全面应用核酸研究;在表型特征的基础上，以DNA资料给予决定性的判断。

使人为的分类体系过渡到自然体系的理想进一步付诸实现。

伯杰细菌鉴定手册(伯杰氏手册)第八版中译本科学出版社，1984年一本有代表性的、参考价值极高、比较全面系统的细菌分类手册。

由美国布瑞德(Breed)等人主编。

1923年第1版，后于1925、1930、 1934、1939、1948、1957、1974年相继出版了第2至第8版，每个版本都反映了当时细菌学发展的新成就。

伯杰氏细菌系统分类学手册

伯杰氏细菌系统分类学手册伯杰氏细菌系统分类学手册《伯杰氏细菌系统分类学手册》（“Bergry’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology”），第二版，2001 年春，Springer-Verlag 公司，Gerge M. Garrity, Mattew Winters和Nenise B. Searles第二版五卷本与第一版相比又有较大改动，与第八、第九版伯杰氏细菌鉴定学手册也有明显区别。

它不是根据表型，而是以系统发生（进化）的框架为基础。

参照了16S rDNA的序列。

编辑们预计在手册第一卷到最后一卷出版的5、6年间，可能会再发现100多个新属。

他们会不断修订错误，在后继出版的各卷中，出一个新的分类大纲。

伯杰氏手册公司的网站（/bergeys）也会定期更新。

第二版的第一卷在2001年5月出版；第二卷在2004年2月出版。

古生菌域（Dom ain “Archaea”）1. 第AI门泉古生菌门(Crenarchaeota phy. nov.)第I纲热变形菌纲(Thermoprotei class. nov.)第I目热变形菌目(Thermoproteales)第I科热变形菌科(Thermoproteaceae)第I属热变形菌属(Thermoproteus)第II属热杆菌属(Caldivirga)第III属热棒菌属(Pyrobaculum)第IV属热枝菌属(Thermocladium)第II科热丝菌科(Thermofilaceae)第I属热丝菌属(Thermofilum)第II目硫还原古球菌目(Desulfurococcales ord. nov.)第I科硫还原古球菌科(Desulfurococcaceae)第I属硫还原古球菌属(Desulfurococcus)第II属(Acidolobus)第III属气热菌属(Aeropyrum)第IV属浆果状火球菌属(Ignicoccus)第V属葡萄嗜热菌属(Staphylothermus)第VI属斯梯特氏菌属(Stetteria)第VII属恐硫球菌属(Sulfophobococcus)第VIII属热盘菌属(Thermodiscus gen. nov.)第IX属耐热球菌属(Thermosphaera)第II科热网菌科(Pyrodictiaceae)第I属热网菌属(Pyrodictium)第II属栖高温菌属(Hyperthermus)第III属热叶菌属(Pyrolobus)第III目硫化叶菌目(Sulfolobales)第I科硫化叶菌科(Sulfolobaceae)第I属硫化叶菌属(Sulfolobus)第II属酸菌属(Acidianus)第III属生金球菌属(Metallosphaera)第IV属栖冥河菌属(Stygiolobus)第V属硫代谢球菌属(Sulfurisphaera)第VI属硫化球菌属(Sulfurococcus)2.第AII门广古生菌门(Euryarchaeota phy. nov.) 第I纲甲烷杆菌纲(Methanobacteria class. nov.)第I目甲烷杆菌目(Methanobacteriales)第I科甲烷杆菌科(Methanobacteriaceae)第I属甲烷杆菌属(Methanobacterium)第II属甲烷短杆菌属(Methanobrevibacter)第III属甲烷球形菌属(Methanosphaera)第IV属甲烷嗜热杆菌属(Methanothermobacter)第II科甲烷嗜热菌科(Methanothermaceae)第I属甲烷嗜热菌属(Methanothermus)第II纲甲烷球菌纲(Methanococci class. nov.)第I目甲烷球菌目(Methanococcales)第I科甲烷球菌科(Methanococcaceae)第I属甲烷球菌属(Methanococcus)第II属甲烷嗜热球菌属(Methanothermococcus gen. nov.)第II科甲烷热球菌科(Methanocaldococcaceae fam. nov.)第I属甲烷热球菌属(Methanocaldococcus gen. nov.)第II属甲烷干热菌属(Methanotorris gen. nov.)第II目甲烷微菌目(Methanomicrobiales)第I科甲烷微菌科(Methanomicrobiaceae)第I属甲烷微菌属(Methanomicrobium)第II属甲烷袋状菌属(Methanoculleus)第III属产甲烷袋菌属(Methanofollis)第IV属产甲烷菌属(Methanogenium)第V属叶形甲烷菌属(Methanolacinia)第VI属甲烷盘菌属(Methanoplanus)第II科甲烷粒菌科(Methanocorpusculaceae)第I属甲烷粒菌属(Methanocorpusculum)第III科甲烷螺菌科(Methanospirillaceae fam. nov.)第I属甲烷螺菌属(Methanospirillum)未定属第I属产甲烷石状菌属(Methanocalculus)第III目甲烷八叠球菌目(Methanosarcinales)第I科甲烷八叠球菌科(Methanosarcinaceae)第I属甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)第II属甲烷拟球菌属(Methanococcoides)第III属甲烷喜盐菌属(Methanohalobium)第IV属甲烷嗜盐菌属(Methanohalophilus)第V属甲烷叶菌属(Methanolobus)第VI属甲烷微球菌属(Methanomicrococcus)第VII属甲烷盐菌属(Methanosalsum gen.nov.)第II科鬃毛甲烷菌科(Methanosaetaceae fam.nov.) 第I属鬃毛甲烷菌科属(Methanosaeta)第III纲盐杆菌纲(Halobacteria class. nov.)第I目盐杆菌目(Halobacteriales)第I科盐杆菌科(Halobacteriaceae)第I属盐杆菌属(Halobacterium)第II属盐盒菌属(Haloarcula)第III属盐棒杆菌属(Halobaculum)第IV属盐球菌属(Halococcus)第V属富盐菌属(Haloferax)第VI属盐几何形菌属(Halogeometricum)第VII属盐杆状菌属(Halorhabdus)第VIII属盐红菌属(Halorubrum)第IX属盐栖菌属(Haloterrigena)第X属无色嗜盐菌属(Natrialba)第XI属钠线菌属(Natrinema)第XII属嗜盐碱杆菌属（Natronobacterium）第XIII属嗜盐碱球菌属(Natronococcus)第XIV属嗜盐碱单胞菌属(Natronomonas)第XV属碱红菌属(Natronorubrum)第IV纲热原体纲(Thermoplasmata class. nov.)第I目热原体目(Thermoplasmatales ord. nov.)第I科热原体科(Thermoplasmataceae fam. nov.) 第I属热原体属(Thermoplasma)第II科嗜酸古菌科(Picrophilaceae)第I属嗜酸古菌属(Picrophilus)第III科铁原体科(Ferroplasmataceae)第I属铁原体属(Ferroplasma)第V纲热球菌纲(Thermococci class. nov.)第I目热球菌目(Thermococcales)第I科热球菌科(Thermococcaceae)第I属嗜热球菌属(Thermococcus)第II属古老球菌属(Palaeococcus)第III属热球菌属(Pyrococcus)第VI纲古生球菌纲(Archaeoglobi class. nov.)第I目古生球菌目(Archaeoglobales ord. nov.)第I科古生球菌科(Archaeoglobaceae fam. nov.) 第I属古生球菌属(Archaeoglobus)第II属铁球菌属(Ferroglobus)第VII纲甲烷嗜高热菌纲(Methanopyri class. nov.)第I目甲烷嗜高热菌目(Methanopyrales ord. nov.)第I科甲烷嗜高热菌科(Methanopyraceae fam. nov.)第I属甲烷嗜高热菌属(Methanopyrus)3.细菌域“Bacteria”第BI门产液菌门(Aquificae phy. nov.) 第I纲产液菌纲(Aquificae class. nov.)第I目产液菌目(Aquificales ord. nov.)第I科产液菌科(Aquificaceae fam. nov.)第I属产液菌属(Aquifex)第II属热杆菌属(Calderobacterium)第III属氢杆菌属(Hydrogenobacter)第IV属热发状菌属(Thermocrinis)未定属第I属脱硫杆状菌属(Desulfurobacterium)4.第BII门栖热袍菌门(Thermotogae phy. nov.)第I纲栖热袍菌纲(Thermotogae class. nov.)第I目栖热袍菌目(Thermotogales ord. nov.)第I科栖热袍菌科(Thermotogaceae fam. nov.)第I属栖热袍菌属(Thermotoga)第II属闪烁杆菌属(Fervidobacterium)第III属地袍菌属(Geotoga)第IV属石袍菌属(Petrotoga)第V属栖热腔菌属(Thermosipho)5.第BIII门热脱硫杆菌门(Thermodesulfobacteria phy. nov.) 第I纲热脱硫杆菌纲(Thermodesulfobacteria class. nov.)第I目热脱硫杆菌目(Thermodesulfobacteriales ord. nov.)第I科热脱硫杆菌科(Thermodesulfobacteriaceae fam. nov.)第I属热脱硫杆菌属(Thermodesulfobacterium)6.第BIV门异常球菌——栖热菌门(Deinococcus-Thermus) 第I纲异常球菌纲(Deinococci class. nov.)第I目异常球菌目(Deinococcales)第I科异常球菌科(Deinococcaceae)第I属异常球菌属(Deinococcus)第II目栖热菌目(Thermales ord. nov.)第I科栖热菌科(Thermaceae fam. nov.)第I属栖热菌属(Thermus)第II属稍热菌属(Meiothermus)7.第BV门金矿菌门(Chrysiogenetes phy. nov.)第I纲金矿菌纲(Chrysiogenetes class. nov.)第I目金矿菌目(Chrysiogenales ord. nov.)第I科金矿菌科(Chrysiogenaceae fam. nov.)第I属金矿菌属(Chrysiogenes)8.第BVI门绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexi phy. nov.)第I纲绿屈挠菌纲(Chloroflexi)第I目绿屈挠菌目(Chloroflexales)第I科绿屈挠菌科(Chloroflexaceae)第I属绿屈挠菌属（Chloroflexus）第II属绿丝菌属(Chloronema)第III属螺丝菌属(Heliothrix)第II科颤绿细菌科(Oscillochloridaceae)第I属绿颤细菌属(Oscillochloris)第II目滑柱菌目(Herpetosiphonales)第I科滑柱菌科(Herpetosiphonaceae)第I属滑柱菌属(Herpetosiphon)第BVII门热微菌门(Thermomicrobia phy. nov.) 第I纲热微菌纲(Thermomicrobia class. nov.)第I目热微菌目(Thermomicrobiales ord. nov.)第I科热微菌科(Thermomicrobiaceae fam. nov.)第I属热微菌属(Thermomicrobium)第BVIII门硝化螺菌门(Nitrospira phy. nov.)第I纲硝化螺菌纲(Nitrospira)第I目硝化螺菌目(Nitrospirales)第I科硝化螺菌科(Nitrospiraceae)第I属硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira)第II属钩端螺菌属(Leptospirillum)第III属磁细菌属(Magnetobacterium)第IV属热脱硫弧菌属(Thermodesulfovibrio)第BIX门铁还原杆菌门(Deferribacteres phy. nov.)第I纲铁还原杆菌纲(Deferribacteres class. nov.)第I目铁还原杆菌目(Deferribacterales ord. nov.)第I科铁还原杆菌科(Deferribacteraceae fam. nov.)第I属铁还原杆菌属(Deferribacter)第II属氮还原弧菌属(Denitrovibrio)第III属弯枝菌属(“Flexistipes”)第IV属地弧菌属(Geovibrio)未定属第I属互养菌属(Synergistes)第BX门蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria) 第I纲蓝细菌(Cyanobacteria)第I亚组第I科第I形态属管孢蓝细菌属(Chamaesiphon)第II形态属色球蓝细菌属(Chroococcus)第III形态属蓝细菌属(Cyanobacterium)第IV形态属蓝菌属(Cyanobium)第V形态属蓝丝菌属(Cyanothece)第VI属蓝菌属(Dactylococcopsis)第VII形态属粘杆菌属(Gloeobacter)第VIII形态属粘球蓝细菌属(Gloeocapsa)第IX形态属粘杆蓝细菌属(Gloeothece)第X形态属微囊蓝胞菌属(Microcystis)第XI形态属原绿球菌属(Prochlorococcus)第XII形态属原绿蓝细菌属(Prochloron)第XIII形态属聚球蓝细菌属(Synechococcus)第XIV形态属集胞蓝细菌属(Synechocystis)第II亚组第I科第I形态属蓝囊胞菌属(Cyanocystis)第II形态属小皮果蓝细菌属(Dermocarpella)第III形态属斯塔尼尔氏菌属(Stanieria)第IV形态属异球蓝细菌属(Xenococcus)第II科第I形态属拟色球蓝细菌属(Chroococcidiopsis)第II形态属粘八叠球菌属(Myxosarcina)第III形态属宽球蓝细菌属(Pleurocapsa)第III亚组第一科第I形态属节螺蓝细菌属(Arthrospira)第II形态属博氏蓝细菌属(Borzia)第III形态属发毛针蓝细菌属(Crinalium)第IV形态属吉特勒氏线状蓝细菌属(Geitlerinema)第V属盐螺旋藻属(Halospirulina)第VI形态属纤发鞘丝蓝细菌属(Leptolyngbya)第VII形态属湖丝蓝细菌属(Limnothrix)第VIII形态属鞘丝蓝细菌属(Lyngbya)第IX形态属微鞘蓝细菌属(Microcoleus)第X形态属颤蓝细菌属(Oscillatoria)第XI形态属浮霉丝状蓝细菌属(Planktothrix)第XII形态属原绿丝蓝细菌属(Prochlorothrix)第XIII形态属假鱼腥蓝细菌属(Pseudanabaena)第XIV形态属螺旋蓝细菌属(Spirulina)第XV形态属斯塔尔氏蓝细菌属(Starria)第XVI形态属束蓝细菌属(Symploca)第XVII形态属束毛蓝细菌属(Trichodesmium)第XVIII形态属灰线蓝细菌属(Tychonema)第IV亚组第I科第I形态属鱼腥蓝细菌属(Anabaena)第II形态属项圈蓝细菌属(Anabaenopsis)第III形态属蓝束丝蓝细菌属(Aphanizomenon)第IV形态属蓝螺菌属(Cyanospira)第V形态属拟筒孢蓝细菌属(Cylindrospermopsis)第VI形态属筒孢蓝细菌属(Cylindrospermum)第VII形态属节球蓝细菌属(Nodularia)第VIII形态属念珠蓝细菌属(Nostoc)第IX形态属伪枝蓝细菌属(Scytonema)第II科第I形态属眉蓝细菌属(Calothrix)第II形态属胶须蓝细菌属(Rivularia)第III形态属单歧蓝细菌属(Tolypothrix)第V亚组第I科第I形态属拟绿胶蓝细菌属(Chlorogloeopsis)第II形态属飞氏蓝细菌属(Fischerella)第III形态属吉特勒氏蓝细菌属(Geitleria)第IV形态属(Iyengariella)第V形态属拟念珠蓝细菌属(Nostochopsis)第VI形态属真枝蓝细菌属(Stigonema)第BXI门绿菌门(Chlorobi phy. nov.) 第I纲“绿菌纲”(“Chlorobia”)第I目绿菌目(Chlorobiales)第I科绿菌科(Chlorobiaceae)第I属绿菌属(Chlorobium)第II属绿臂菌属(Ancalochloris)第III属绿滑菌属(Chloroherpeton)第IV属暗网菌属(Pelodictyon)第V属突柄绿菌属(Prosthecochloris)第BXII门变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria phy. nov.) 第I纲“阿耳法变形杆菌纲”(“Alphaproteobacteria”)第I目红螺菌目(Rhodospirillales)第I科红螺菌科(Rhodospirillaceae)第I属红螺菌属(Rhodospirillum)第II属固氮螺菌属(Azospirillum)第III属磁螺菌属(Magnetospirillum)第IV属棕色螺菌属(Phaeospirillum)第V属红篓菌属(Rhodocista)第VII属红螺旋菌属(Rhodospira)第VII属海玫瑰菌属(Rhodothalassium)第VIII属玫瑰弧菌属(Rhodovibrio)第IX属蔷薇螺菌属(Roseospira)第X属斯科曼氏球菌属(Skermanella)第II科醋杆菌科(Acetobacteraceae)第I属醋杆菌属(Acetobacter)第II属嗜酸菌属(Acidiphilium)第III属酸球形菌属(Acidisphaera)第IV属酸胞菌属(Acidocella)第V属酸单胞菌属(Acidomonas)第VI属(Asaia)第VII属脆弱球菌属(Craurococcus)第VIII属葡糖酸醋杆菌属(Gluconacetobacter)第IX属葡糖杆菌属(Gluconobacter)第X属副脆弱球菌属(Paracraurococcus)第XI属红球形菌属(Rhodopila)第XII属玫瑰球菌属(Roseococcus)第XIII属星状菌属(Stella)第XIV属扎瓦尔金氏菌属(Zavarzinia)第II目立克次氏体目(Rickettsiales)第I科立克次氏体科(Rickettsiaceae)第I属立克次氏体属(Rickettsia)第II属东方体属(Orientia)第III属沃尔巴克氏体属(Wolbachia)第II科埃里希氏体科(Ehrlichiaceae)第I属埃里希氏体属(Ehrlichia)第II属埃及小体属(Aegyptianella)第III属无形小体属(Anaplasma)第IV属考德里氏体属(Cowdria)第V属新立克次氏体属(Neorickettsia)第VI属(Xenohaliotis)第III科“全孢螺菌科”(“Holosporaceae”)第I属全孢螺菌属(Holospora)第II属杀手杆菌屑(Caedibacter)第III属溶菌属(Lyticum)第IV属多核杆菌属(Polynucleobacter)第V属类杀手杆菌属(Pseudocaedibacter)第VI属共生小体属(Symbiotes)第VII属罩杆菌属(Tectibacter)第VIII属(Odyssella)第III目红杆菌目(Rhodobacterales)第I科红杆菌科(Rhodobacteraceae)第I属红杆菌属(Rhodobacter)第II属阿赫兰氏菌属(Ahrensia)第III属下水道球菌属(Amaricoccus)第IV属南极杆菌属(Antarctobacter)第V属芽殖杆菌属(Gemmobacte r)第VI属海氏菌属(Hirschia)第VII属生丝单胞菌属(Hyphomonas)第VIII属海洋杆状菌属(Maricaulis)第IX属甲基盒菌属(Methylarcula)第X属十八杆菌属(Octadecabacter)第XI属副球菌属(Paracoccus)第XII属小红卵菌属(Rhodovulum)第XIII属玫瑰菌属(Roseibium)第XIV属(Roseinatronobacter)第XV属粉红活动菌属(Roseivivax)第XVI属玫瑰杆菌属(Roseobacter)第XVII属玫瑰变色菌属(Roseovarius)第XVIII属红色单胞菌属(Rubrimonas)第XIX属鲁杰氏菌属(Ruegeria)第XX属箭头菌属(Sagittula)第XXI属斯塔雷氏菌属(Staleya)第XXII属斯塔普氏菌属(Stappia)第XXIII属亚硫酸盐杆菌属（Sulfitobacter）第IV目鞘氨醇单胞菌目(“Sphingomonadales”)第I科鞘氨醇单胞菌科(“Sphingomonadaceae”)第I属鞘氨醇单胞菌属（Sphingomonas）第II属芽单泡菌属(Blastomonas)第III属赤细菌属(Erythrobacter)第IV属赤微菌属(Erythromicrobium)第V属红单胞菌属(Erythromonas)第VI属产卟啉杆菌属(Porphyrobacter)第VII嘱根单胞菌属(Rhizomonas)第VIII属橙色杆菌属（Sandaracinobacter）第IX属发酵单咆菌属(Zymomonas)第V目柄杆菌目(Caulobacterales)第I科柄杆菌科(Caulobacteraceae)第I属柄杆菌属(Caulobacter)第II属不粘柄菌属(Asticcacaulis)第III属短波单胞菌属(Brevundimonas)第IV属苯基杆菌属(Phenylobacterium)第VI目“根瘤菌目”(“Rhizobiales”)第I科根瘤菌科(Rhizobiaceae)第I属根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)第II属土壤杆菌属(Agrobacterium)第III属嗜碳菌属(Carbophilus)第IV属螯合杆菌属(Chelatobacter)第V属剑菌属(Ensifer)第VI属中华根瘤菌属(Sinorhizobium)第II科巴尔通氏体科(Bartonellaceae)第I属巴尔通氏体属(Bartonella)第III科市鲁氏菌科(Brucellaceae)第I属布鲁氏菌属(Brucella)第II属枝面菌属(Mycoplana)第III属苍白杆菌属(Ochrobactrum)第IV科“叶瘤杆菌科”(“Phyllobacteriaceae”)第I属叶瘤杆菌属(Phyllobacterium)第II属异根瘤菌属(Allorhizobium)第III属氨基杆菌属(Aminobacter)第IV属污水菌属(Aquamicrobium)第V属废水杆菌属(Defluvibacter)第VI属中间根瘤菌属(Mesorhizobium)第VII属假氨基酸杆菌属(Pseudaminobacter) 第V科“甲基孢囊菌科”(“Methylocystaceae”)第I属甲基孢囊菌属(Methylocystis)第II属甲基球形菌属(Methylopila)第III属甲基弯曲菌属(Methylosinus)第VI科“拜叶林克氏菌科”(“Beijerinckiaceae”)第I属拜叶林克氏菌属(Beijerinckia)第II属螯台球菌属(Chelatococcus)第III属德克斯氏菌属(Derxia)第IV属（Methylocella）第VII科“慢生根瘤菌科”(“Bradyrhizobiaceae”)第I属慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)第II属阿菲波菌属(Afipia)第III属土壤单胞菌属(Agromonas)第IV属芽生杆菌属(Blastobacter)第V属包西氏菌属(Bosea)第VI属硝化杆菌属(Nitrobacter)第VII属寡养菌属(Oligotropha)第VIII属红假单胞菌属(Rhodopseudomonas)第VIII科生丝微菌科(Hyphomicrobiaceae)第I属生丝微菌属(Hyphomicrobium)第II属臂微菌属(Ancalomicrobium)第III属屈曲杆菌属(Ancylobacter)第IV属角微菌属(Angulomicrobium)第V属水杆菌属(Aquabacter)第VI属固氮根瘤菌属(Azorhizobium)第VII属绿芽菌属(Blastochloris)第VIII属戴沃斯菌属(Devosia)第IX属双歧微菌属(Dichotomicrobium)第X属线状微球菌属(Filomicrobium)第XI属芽殖菌属(Gemmiger)第XII属双头菌属(Labrys)第XIII属耗甲基杆菌属(Methylorhabdus)第XIV属土微菌属(Pedomicrobium)第XV属突柄微菌属(Prosthecomicrobium)碧XVI属红微菌属(Rhodomicrobium)第XVII属红游动菌属(Rhodoplanes)第XVIII属塞里伯氏菌属(Seliberia)第XIX属(Starkeya)第XX属黄色杆菌属(Xanthobacter)第IX科“甲基杆菌科”(“Methylobacteriaceae”)第I属甲基杆菌属(Methylobacterium)第II属甲基杆菌属(Protomonas)第III属玫瑰单胞菌属(Roseomonas)第X科“红菌科”(“Rhodobiaceae”)第I属红菌属(Rhodobium)第II纲“贝塔变形杆菌纲”(“Betaproteobacteria”)第I目“伯克霍尔德氏菌目”(“Burkholderiales”)第I科“伯克霍尔德氏菌科”(“Burkholderiaceae”)第I属伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia)第II属贪铜菌属(Cupriavidus)第III属劳特罗普氏菌属(Lautropia)第IV属(Pandoraea)第V属热丝菌属(Thermothrix)第II科“罗尔斯通氏菌科”(“Ralstoniaceae”)第I属罗尔斯通氏菌属(Ralstonia)第III科“草酸杆菌科”(“Oxalobacteraceae”)第I属草酸杆菌属(Oxalobacter)第II属杜擀氏菌属(Duganella)第III属草螺菌属(Herbaspirillum)第IV属紫色杆菌属(Janthinobacterium)第V属(Massilia)第VI属地神菌属(Telluria)第IV科产碱杆菌科(Alcaligenaceae)第I属产碱杆菌属(Alcaligenes)第II属无色杆菌属(Achromobacter)第III属鲍特氏菌属(Bordetella)第IV属居鸽菌属(Pelistega)第V属萨特氏菌属(Sutterella)第VI属泰勒氏菌属(Taylorella)第V科丛毛单胞菌科(Comamonadaceae) 第I属丛毛单胞菌属(Comamonas)第II属食酸菌属(Acidovorax)第III属水杆菌属(Aquabacterium)第IV属短单胞菌属(Brachymonas)第V属戴尔福特菌属(Delftia)第VI属氢噬胞菌属(Hydrogenophaga)第VII属艾德昂菌属(Ideonella)第VIII属纤发菌属(Leptothrix)第IX属极胞菌属(Polaromonas)第X属红育菌属(Rhodoferax)第XI属玫瑰色半光合菌属(Roseateles)第XII属红长命菌属(Rubrivivax)第XIII属球衣菌属(Sphaerotilus)第XIV属(Tepidimonas)第XV属硫单胞菌属(Thiomonas)第XVI属贪噬菌属(Variovorax)第II目“嗜氢菌目”(“Hydrogenophilales”)第I科“嗜氢菌科”(“Hydrogenophilaceae”)第I属嗜氢菌属(Hydrogenophilus)第II属硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)第III目“嗜甲基菌目”(“Methylophilales”)第I科“嗜甲基菌科”(“Methylophilaceae”)第I属嗜甲基菌属(Methylophilus)第II属甲基小杆菌属(Methylobacillus)第III属食甲基菌属(Methylovorus)第IV目奈瑟氏球菌目(“Neisseriales”)第I科奈瑟氏球菌科(Neisseriaceae)第I属奈瑟氏球菌属(Neisseria)第II属小链菌属(Alysiella)第III属水螺菌属(Aquaspirillum)第IV属链状球菌属(Catenococcus)第V属色杆菌属(Chromobacterium)第VI属艾肯氏菌属(Eikenella)第VII属甲酸弧菌属(Formivibrio)第VIII属紫色小杆菌属(Iodobacter)第IX属金氏菌属(Kingella)第X属微枝杆菌属(Microvirgula)第XI属嗜脯氨酸菌属(Prolinoborus)第XII属西蒙斯氏菌属(Simonsiella)第XIlI属透明颤菌属(Vitreoscilla)第XIV属福格斯氏菌属(Vogesella)第V目“亚硝化单胞菌目”(“Nitrosomonadales”)第I科“亚硝化单胞菌科”(“Nitrosomonadaceae”)第I属亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas)第II属亚硝化螺菌属(Nitrosospira)第II科螺菌科(Spirillaceae)第I属螺菌属(Spirillum)第III科嘉利翁氏菌科(Gallionellaceae)第I属嘉利翁氏菌属(Gallionella)第VI目“红环菌目”(“Rhodocyclales”)第I科红环菌科(Rhodocyclaceae)第I属红环菌属(Rhodocyclus)第II属固氮弧菌属(Azoarcus)第III属(Azonexus)第IV属固氮螺菌属(Azospira)第V属固氮弧菌属(Azovibrio)第VI属铁杆菌属(Ferribacterium)第VII属丙酸杆状菌属(Propionibacter)第VIII属丙酸弧菌属(Propionivibrio)第IX属索氏菌属(Thauera)第X属动胶菌属(Zoogloea)第III纲“伽马变形菌纲”(“Gammaproteobacteria”)第I目“着色菌目“(“Chromatiales”)第I科着色菌科(Chromatiaceae)第I属着色菌属(Chromatium)第II属异着色菌属（Allochromatium）第III属可变杆菌属(Amoebobacter)第IV属盐着色菌属(Halochromatium)第V属盐硫杆菌属(Halothiobacillus)第VI属等着色菌属(Isochromatium)第VII属闪杆菌属(Lamprobacter)第VIII属闪囊菌属(Lamprocystis)第IX属海洋着色菌属(Marichromatium)第X属亚硝化球菌属(Nitrosococcus)第XI属斐佛氏菌属(Pfennigia)第XII属杆状色菌属(Rhabdochromatium)第XIII属热着色菌属(Thermochromatium)第XIV属硫碱球菌属(Thioalkalicoccus)第XV属荚硫菌属(Thiocapsa)第XVI属硫球菌属(Thiococcus)第XVII属囊硫菌属(Thiocystis)第XVIII属网硫菌属(Thiodictyon)第XIX属第XX属盐荚硫菌属(Thiohalocapsa)第XXI属硫明卵菌属(Thiolamprovum)第XXII属板硫菌属(Thiopedia)第XXIII属热红球菌属(Thiorhodococcus)第XXIV属硫红弧菌属(Thiorhodovibrio)第XXV属硫螺旋菌届(Thiospirillum)第II科外硫红螺菌科（Ectothiorhodospiraceae）第I属外硫红螺菌属(Ectothiorhodospira)第II属非红单胞菌属(Arhodomonas)第III属需盐红螺菌属(Halorhodospira)第IV属硝化球菌属(Nitrococcus)第V属硫红螺菌属(Thiorhodospira)第II目酸硫杆菌目(Acidithiobacillales)第I科酸硫杆状菌科(Acidithiobacillaceae)第I属酸硫杆状菌属(Acidithiobacillus) 第II科热硫杆状菌科(Thermithiobacillaceae) 第I属热硫杆状菌属(Thermithiobacillus) 第III目“黄单胞菌目”(“Xanthomonadales”)第I科“黄单胞菌科”(“Xanthomonadaceae”)第I属黄单胞菌属(Xanthomonas)第II属弗拉特氏菌属(Frateuria)第III属藤黄单孢菌属(Luteimonas)第IV属溶杆菌属(Lysobacter)第V属涅瓦河菌属(Nevskia)第VI属假黄单胞菌属(Pseudoxanthomonas)第VII属罗思河小杆菌属(Rhodanobacter)第VIII属寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)第IX属木杆菌属(Xylella)第IV目“心杆菌目”(“Cardiobacteriales”)第I科心杆菌科(Cardiobacteriaceae)第I属心杆菌属(Cardiobacterium)第II属腐蹄杆菌属(Dichelobacter)第III属萨顿氏菌属(Suttonella)第V目“硫发菌目”(“Thiotrichales”)第I科“硫发菌科”(“Thiotrichaceae”)第I属硫发菌属(Thiothrix)第II属无色菌属(Achromatium)第III属贝日阿托氏菌属(Beggiatoa)第IV属亮发菌属(Leucothrix)第V属大单胞菌属(Macromonas)第VI属硫小杆菌属(Thiobacterium)第VII属硫珍珠状菌属(Thiomargarita)第VIII属辫硫菌属(Thioploca)第IX属硫螺菌属(Thiospira)第II科“鱼立克次氏体科”(“Piscirickettsiaceae”)第I属鱼立克次氏体属(Piscirickettsia)第II属解环菌属(Cycloclasticus)第III属氢弧菌属(Hydrogenovibrio)第IV属噬甲基菌属(Methylophaga)第V属硫微螺菌属(Thiomicrospira)第III科“弗朗西斯氏菌科”(“Francisellaceae”)第I属弗朗西斯氏菌属(Francisella)第VI目“军团菌目”(“Legionellales”)第I科军团菌科(Legionellaceae)第I属军团菌属(Legionella)第II科“考克斯氏体科”(“Coxiellaceae”)第I属考克斯氏体属(Coxiella)第II属立克次氏小体属(Rickettsiella)第VII目甲基球菌目(Methylococcales)第I科甲基球菌科(Methylococcaceae)第I属甲基球菌属(Methylococcus)第II属甲基杆菌属(Methylobacter)第III属喜热噬甲基菌属(Methylocaldum)第IV属甲基微菌属(Methylomicrobium)第V属甲基单胞菌属(Methylomonas)第VI属甲基球状菌属(Methylosphaera)第VIII目“海洋螺菌目”(“Oceanospirillales”)第I科“海洋螺菌科”(“Oceanospirillaceae”)第I属海洋螺菌属(Oceanospirillum)第II属浴者菌属(Balneatrix)第III属海床杆菌属(Fundibacter)第IV属海单胞菌属(Marinomonos)第V属海螺菌属(Marinospirillum)第VI属海神单胞菌属(Neptunomonas)第II科盐单胞菌科(Halomonadaceae)第I属盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)第II属食烷菌属(Alcanivorax)第III属肉胞菌属(Carnimonas)第IV属色盐杆菌属(Chromohalobacter)第V属德莱氏菌属(Deleya)第VI属发酵细菌属(Zymobacter)第IX目假单胞菌目(Pseudomonadales)第I科假单胞菌科(Pseudomonadaceae)第I属假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)第II属氮单胞菌属(Azomonas)第III属固氮菌属(Azotobacter)第IV属纤维弧菌属(Cellvibrio)第V属金色单胞菌属(Chryseomonas)第VI属黄色单胞菌属(Flaviomonas)第VII属俊片菌属(Lampropedia)第VIII属中嗜杆菌属(Mesophilobacter)第IX属桑葚状球菌属(Morococcus)第X属寡源杆菌属(Oligella)第XI属根杆菌属(Rhizobacter)第XII属皱纹单胞菌属(Rugamonas)第XIII属蛇形菌属(Serpens)第XIV属栖热嗜油菌属(Thermoleophilum) 第XV属嗜木杆菌属(Xylophilus)第II科莫拉氏菌科(Moraxellaceae)第I属莫拉氏菌属(Moraxella)第II属不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)第III属嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter)第X目“交替单胞菌目”(“Alteromonadales”)第I科“交替单胞菌科”(“Alteromonadaceae”)第I属交替单胞菌属(Alteromonas)第II属(Allishewanella)第III属科尔维尔氏菌属(Colwellia)第IV属铁还原单胞菌属(Ferrimomas)第V属冰居菌属(Glaciecola)第VI属(Idiomarina)第VII属海杆状菌属(Marinobacter)第VIII属海杆菌属(Marinobacterium)第IX属微泡菌属(Microbulbifer)第X属莫里特拉氏菌属(Moritella)第XI属假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas) 第XII属希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella)第XI目“弧菌目”(“Vibrionales”)第I科弧菌科(Vibrionaceae)第I属弧菌属(Vibrio)第II属异单胞菌属(Allomonas)第III属水栖菌属(Enhydrobacter)第V属发光杆菌属(Photobacterium)第VI属盐弧菌属(Salinivibrio)第XII目“气单胞菌目”(“Aeromonadales”)第I科气单胞菌科(Aeromonadaceae)第I属气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)第II属海洋单胞菌属(Oceanomonas)第III属甲苯单胞菌属(Tolumonas)第II科琥珀酸弧菌科(Succinivibrionaceae) 第I属琥珀酸弧菌属(Succinivibrio)第II属厌氧螺菌属(Anaerobiospirillum)第III属瘤胃杆菌属(Ruminobacter)第IV属琥珀酸单胞菌属(Succinimonas)第XIII目肠杆菌目(Enterobacteriales)第I科肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)第I属肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)第II属交替球菌属(Alterococcus)第III属杀雄菌属(Arsenophonus)第IV属布伦勒氏菌属(Brenneria)第V属巴克纳氏菌属(Buchnera)第VI属布戴约维采菌属(Budvicia)第VII属布丘氏菌属(Buttiauxella)第VIII属鞘杆菌属(Calymmatobacterium) 第IX属西地西菌属(Cedecea)第X属柠檬酸杆菌属(Citrobacter)第XI属爱德华氏菌属(Edwardsiella)第XII属欧文氏菌属(Erwinia)第XIII属埃希氏菌属(Escherichia)第XIV属爱文氏菌属(Ewingella)第XV属哈夫尼菌属(Hafnia)第XVI属克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)第XVII属克吕沃尔氏菌属(Kluyvera)第XVIII属勒克氏菌属(Leclercia)第XIX属勒米诺氏菌属(Leminorella)第XX属米勒氏菌属(Moellerella)第XXI属摩根氏菌属(Morganella)第XXII属肥杆菌属(Obesumbacterium)第XXIII属泛菌属(Pantoea)第XXIV属坚固杆菌属(Pectobacterium) 第XXV属光杆状菌属(Photorhabdus)第XXVI属邻单胞菌属(Plesiomonas)第XXVII属布拉格菌属(Pragia)第XXVIII属变形菌属(Proteus)第XXIX属普罗威登斯菌属(Providencia)第XXXI属糖杆菌属(Saccharobacter)第XXXII属沙门氏菌属(Salmonella) 第XXXIII属沙雷氏菌属(Serratia)第XXXIV属志贺氏菌属(Shigella)第XXXV属伴蝇菌属(Sodalis)第XXXVI属塔特姆氏菌属(Tatumella)第XXXVII属特拉布斯氏菌属(Trabulsiella)第XXXVIII属威格尔斯沃思氏菌属(Wigglesworthia)第XXXIX属致病杆菌属(Xenorhabdus)第XL属耶尔森氏菌属(Yersinia)第XLI属预研菌属(Yokenella)第XIV目巴斯德氏菌目(Pasteurellales)第I科巴斯德氏菌科(Pasteurellaceae)第I属巴斯德氏菌属(Pasteurella)第II属放线杆菌属(Actinobacillus)第III属嗜血菌属(Haemophilus)第IV属隆派恩菌属(Lonepinella)第V属曼海姆氏菌属(Mannheimia)第VI属海豚杆菌属(Phocoenobacter)第IV纲“德耳塔变形杆菌纲”(“Deltaproteobacteria”)第I目“脱硫菌目”(“Desulfurellales”)第I科“脱硫菌科”（“Desulfurellaceae”）第I属脱硫菌属(Desulfurella)第II属希普氏菌属(Hippea)第II目“脱硫弧菌目”(“Desulfovibrionales”)第I科“脱硫弧菌科”(“Desulfovibrionaceae”)第I属脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)第II属嗜胆菌属(Bilophila)第III属劳森氏菌属(Lawsonia)第II科“脱硫微杆菌科”(“Desulfomicrobiaceae”)第I属脱硫微杆菌属(Desulfomicrobium)第III科“脱硫盐菌科”(“Desulfohalobiaceae”)第I属脱硫盐菌属(Desulfohalobium)第II属脱硫单胞菌属(desulfomonas)第III属脱硫酸弯曲杆菌属(Desulfonatronovibrio)第IV科脱硫弯曲杆菌科(“Desulfonatronumaceae”)第I属脱硫弯曲杆菌属(Desulfonatronum)第III目脱硫杆菌目(“Desulfobacterales”)第I科脱硫杆菌科(“Desulfobacteraceae”)第I属脱硫杆菌属(Desulfobacter)第II属脱硫杆状菌属(Desulfobacterium)第III属脱硫橄榄样菌属(Desulfobacula)第IV属脱硫胞状菌属（Desulfocella）第V属脱硫球菌属（Desulfococcus）第VI属脱硫豆状菌属（Desulfofaba）第VII属脱硫冷栖菌属（Desulfofrigus）第VIII属脱硫线菌属（Desulfonema）第IX属脱硫八叠球菌属（Desulfosarcina）第X属脱硫螺菌属（Desulfospira）第XI属脱硫小杆菌属(Desulfotalea)第XII属(“Desulfotignum”)第II科脱硫叶菌科(”Desulfobulbaceae”)第I属脱硫叶菌属(Desulfobulbus)第II属脱硫盒菌属(Desulfocapsa)第III属脱硫棒菌属(Desulfofustis)第IV属脱硫管状菌属(Desulforhopalus)第III科硝化刺菌科(Nitrospinaceae)第I属硝化刺菌属(Nitrospina)第II属脱硫橄榄状菌属(Desulfobacca)第III属脱硫念珠菌属(Desulfomonile)第IV目脱硫单胞菌目(“Desulfuromonadales”)第I科脱硫单胞菌科(“Desulfuromonadaceae”)第I属脱硫单胞菌属(Desulfuromonas)第II属硫还原弯形菌属（Desulfuromusa)第II科“土杆菌科”(“Geobacteraceae”)第I属土杆菌属(Geobacter)第III科“粘土杆菌科”(“Pelobacteraceae”)第I属粘土杆菌属(Pelobacter)第II属丙二酸单胞菌属(Malonomonas)第III属(Trichlorobacter)第V目“互营杆菌目”(“Syntrophobacterales”)第I科“互营杆菌科”（“Syntrophobacteraceae”）第I属互营杆菌属(Syntrophobacter)第II属脱硫葡萄状菌属(Desulfacinum)第III属杆状脱硫菌属(Desulforhabdus)第IV属(Desulfovirga)第V属热硫还原杆菌属(Thermodesulforhabdus) 第II科“互养菌科”(“Syntrophaceae”)第I属互养菌属(Syntrophus)第II属史密斯氏菌属(Smithella)第VI目“蛭弧菌目”(“Bdellovibrionales”)第I科“蛭弧菌科”(“Bdellovibrionaceae”)第I属蛭弧菌属(Bdellovibrio)第II属(Bacteriovorax)第III属云母弧菌属(Micavibrio)第IV属吸血弧菌属(Vampirovibrio)第VII目枯球菌目(Myxococcales)第I科帖球菌科(Myxococcaceae)第I属粘球菌属(Myxococcus)第II属囊球菌属(Angiococcus)第II科原囊菌科(Archangiaceae)第I属原囊菌属(Archangium)第III科孢囊杆菌科(Cystobacteraceae)第I属孢囊杆菌属(Cystobacter)第II属蜂窝囊菌属(Melittangium)第III属标桩菌属(Stigmatella)第IV科多囊菌科(Polyangiaceae)第I属多囊菌属(Polyangium)第II属软骨霉状菌属(Chondromyces)第III属侏儒囊菌属(Nannocystis)第V纲“艾普西隆变形杆菌纲”(“Epsilonproteobacteria”)第I目“弯曲杆菌目”(“Campylobacterales”)第I科弯曲杆菌科(Campylobacteraceae)第I属弯曲杆菌属(Campylobacter)第II属弓形菌属(Arcobacter)第III属硫化螺旋菌属(Sulfurospirillum)第IV属卵硫菌属(Thiovulum)第II科“螺杆菌科”(“Helicobacteraceae”)第I属螺杆菌属(Helicobacter)第II属沃林氏菌属(Wolinella)第BXIII门厚壁菌门(Firmicutes) 第I纲梭菌纲(“Clostridia”)第I目梭菌目(Clostridiales)第I科梭菌科(Clostridaceae)第I属梭菌属(Clostridium)第II属醋弧菌属(Acetivibrio)第III属氨基酸杆菌属(Acidaminobacter)第IV属厌氧杆菌属(Anaerobacter)第V属喜热菌属(Caloramator)第VI属(Coprobacillus)第VII属(Natronincola)第VIII属产醋杆菌属(Oxobacter)第IX属八叠球菌属(Sarcina)第X属孢杆菌属(Sporobacter)第XI属热分枝菌属(Thermobrachium)第XII属(Thermohalobacter)第XIII属丁达尔氏菌属(Tindallia)第II科“毛螺菌科”(“Lachnospiraceae”)第I属毛螺菌属(Lachnospira)第II属醋香肠菌属(Acetitomaculum)第III属厌氧细杆菌属(Anaerofilum)第IV属丁酸弧菌属(Butyrivibrio)第V属(Catenibacterium)第VI属卡托氏菌属(Catonella)第VII属粪球菌属(Coprococcus)第VIII属约翰森氏菌属(Johnsonella)第IX属假丁酸弧菌属(Pseudobutyrivibrio)第X属罗斯伯里氏菌属(Roseburia)第XI属瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)第XII属生孢杆菌属(Sporobacterium)第III科“消化链球菌科”(“Peptostreptococcaceae”)第I属消化链球菌属(Peptostreptococcus)第II属产线菌属(Filifactor)第III属(Finegoldia)第IV属小纺锤状菌属(Fusibacter)第V属创伤球菌属(Helcococcus)第VI属(Micromonas)第VII属蒂西耶氏菌属(Tissierella)第IV科“真杆菌科”(“Eubacteriaceae”)第I属真杆菌属(Eubacterium)第II属醋酸杆菌属(Acetobacterium)第III属(Anaerovorax)第IV属(Mogibacterium)第V属假支杆菌属(Pseudoramibacter)第V科消化球菌科(Peptococcaceae)第I属消化球菌属(Peptococcus)第II属厌氧弓形菌属(Anaeroarcus)第III属厌氧弯曲菌属(Anaerosinus)第IV属厌氧弧菌属(Anaerovibrio)第V属一氧化碳嗜热菌属(Carboxydothermus)第VI属蜈蚣状菌属(Centipeda)第VII属脱卤素杆菌属(Dehalobacter)第VIII属树源生孢杆菌属(Dendrosporobacter)第IX属脱亚硫酸菌属(Desulfitobacterium)第X属脱磺酸盐生孢杆菌属(Desulfonispora)第XI属脱硫芽孢弯曲菌属(Desulfosporosinus)第XII属脱硫肠状菌属(Desulfotomaculum)第XIII属光岗菌属(Mitsuokella)第XIV属丙酸螺菌属(Propionispira)第XV属琥珀酸螺菌属(Succinispira)。

经典：伯杰氏细菌手册

《伯吉氏系统细菌学手册》
1
《伯吉氏系统细菌学手册》
• 目前（2010年）公认的细菌分类体系是《伯吉氏系统细菌学手册》（Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology ），由美国细菌学家Holt主编，共4卷。
• 第1卷于1984年出版，记录了医学及工业有重要性的革兰氏阴性细菌。
• 伯吉氏手册虽然采取了种系发生的分子生物学内容，但主要仍是依据经典的分类手段，未能充分体现分子序列研究对于细菌分类的影响。Balows等编写的“原核生物”（ TheProkaryotes）第二版（1992年），可填补伯吉手册的不足，该书有4卷4100页，得到微生物学界的高度重视。妹篇
• 《伯吉氏细菌鉴定手册》，简重地描写了各个属的性状及属内各种的简明比较。
• 自1923年出版熬头版以来，不停充实修改再版， 1994年面世第九版。
4
《伯吉氏系统细菌学手册》 - 影响
• 《伯吉氏系统细菌学手册》及《伯吉氏细菌鉴定手册》建立了细菌分类的公认体系。根据表型特征建立了一套动物致病菌检测程序，商品化的快速鉴定系统已应用于常规细菌学鉴定。
界原核生物界（Procaryotae）门I 光养原核生物（"光细菌"）纲I 蓝绿光细菌纲II 红光细菌纲III 绿光细菌门II 与光无关的原核生物（“暗细菌”）纲I 细菌纲II 在真核细胞内的专性胞内暗细菌——立克次氏体纲III 无细胞壁的暗细菌——软壁体纲
6
7
• 第2卷于1986年出版，记录了医学与工业有重要性的革兰氏阳性细菌。
• 第3、4卷于1989年出版，前者收载了古细菌和蓝细菌，后者描写了放线菌
2
• 原书名为《伯杰氏鉴定细菌学手册》（

伯杰氏细菌鉴定手册最新版弧菌科部分

GENUS XIII.SHEWANELLA491M NaCl.Growth occurs at4–30ЊC.Optimum growth tem-perature is25ЊC.Grows between pH6–8.Optimum pH for growth is7.0.Chemoheterotrophic facultative anaerobe.Can grow an-aerobically using nitrate,fumarate,iron,manganese, TMAO,thiosulfate,and elemental sulfur as alternative elec-tron acceptors with lactate acting as the carbon source.Cat-alase,oxidase,and lipase positive.Amylase and gelatinase negative.Glucose,galactose,lactate,acetate,pyruvate,cit-rate,succinate,glutamate,Casamino acids,yeast extract, and peptone are used aerobically as energy sources.Fruc-tose,glycerol,sorbitol,arabinose,formate,and ethanol are not utilized.Isolated from the accessory nidamental glands of female adults of the squid species Loligo pealei.The mol%GםC of the DNA is:45.0(HPLC).Type strain:ANG-SQ1,ATCC700345.GenBank accession number(16S rRNA):AF011335.12.Shewanella violacea Nogi,Kato and Horikoshi1999,341VP(Effective publication:Nogi,Kato and Horikoshi1998b, 337.)Јce.a.L.gen.n.violacea of violet.Cells are straight or slightly curved rods,0.8–1.0ן2–4l m.Colonies on marine agar are circular,smooth,convex with entire edges,and butyrous in consistency.After2–3d, colonies are nonpigmented;after more than7d,colonies appear violet.NaCl is required for growth;optimal levels for growth are2–3%.No growth with6%NaCl.Psychrophilic.Grows optimally between4–10ЊC.Baro-philic.Optimal pressure for growth is30MPa.Other characteristics are as given in the genus descrip-tion and in Table BXII.c.148.Acid is produced from cel-lobiose and d-galactose,but not from dl-arabinose,d-fruc-tose,glycerol,inositol,lactose,maltose,d-mannitol,d-man-nose,d-rafﬁnose,l-rhamnose,d-sorbitol,sucrose,d-treha-lose,or d-xylose.Isolated from the Ryukyu Trench,northwest Paciﬁc Ocean,at a depth of5110m.The mol%GםC of the DNA is:47(T m).Type strain:DSS12,JCM10179.GenBank accession number(16S rRNA):D21225.13.Shewanella woodyi Makemson,Fulayﬁl,Landry,Van Ert,Wimpee,Widder and Case1997,1039VPwoodЈy.i.M.L.gen.n.woodyi of Woody,in honor of the American biologist J.Woodland Hastings.Cells are rod-shaped,0.4–1.0ן1.4–2.0l m.Colonies on marine agar are pink-orange due to the accumulation of cytochromes.NaCl is required for growth.Growth factors are not required.Psychrophilic.Growth occurs between4and25ЊC;op-timum temperature,20–25ЊC;no growth at30ЊC.Other characteristics are as given in the genus descrip-tion and in Tables BXII.c.148and BXII.c.151.Isolated from squid ink,seawater and marine snow(col-lected from the Alboran Sea).The mol%GםC of the DNA is:39(by measurement of the relative binding of DNA-binding-ﬂuorescent dyes bis-benzimide and chromomycin A3).Type strain:MS32,ATCC51908,DSM12036.GenBank accession number(16S rRNA):AF003549.Order XI.“Vibrionales”Vib.ri.o.naЈles.M.L.masc.n.Vibrio type genus of the order;-ales ending to denote order;M.L.fem.pl.n.Vibrionales the order of bacteria whose circumscription is based on thegenus Vibrio.Description is the same as for the family Vibrionaceae.Type genus:Vibrio Pacini1854,411.Family I.Vibrionaceae Ve´ron1965,5245ALJ.J.F ARMER III AND J.M ICHAEL J ANDAVib.ri.o.naЈce.ae.M.L.masc.n.Vibrio type genus of the family;-aceae ending to denote family;M.L.fem.pl.n.Vibrionaceae the family of bacteria whose circumscription is based on the genusVibrio.Gram-negative straight or curved rods.Motile by means of polar ﬂagella.Additional lateralﬂagella may be produced when grown on solid media;these differ in wavelength and antigenicity from the polarﬂagellum and may number from a few to over100ﬂagella/cell.Do not form endospores or microcysts.Chemoor-ganotrophs.Facultative anaerobes,having both a respiratory and a fermentative metabolism.Oxygen is a universal electron ac-ceptor.Do not denitrify.Most strains:are oxidase positive,reduce nitrate to nitrite,ferment d-glucose and utilize it as a sole or principal source of carbon and energy,grow in minimal media with d-glucose or other compounds as the sole source of carbon and energy and use NH4םas the sole nitrogen source.A few species require vitamins and amino acids.Ferment and utilize a wide variety of simple and complex carbohydrates and utilize a wide variety of other carbon sources.Most species require Naםor a seawater base for growth and require0.5–3%NaCl for op-timum growth.Several species are bioluminescent;other species include a few bioluminescent strains.Primarily aquatic.Found in fresh,brackish,and sea water,often in association with aquatic animals and plants.Several species are pathogenic for humans.FAMILY I.VIBRIONACEAE 492Other species are pathogenic forﬁsh,eels,and other aquatic animals.The mol%GםC of the DNA is38–51%.The family is classiﬁed in the phylum Proteobacteria in the class Gammapro-teobacteria.Type genus:Vibrio Pacini1854,411.Historical overview A history of the family Vibrionaceae as it has appeared in Bergey’s Manual is given in Table BXII.c.152. Related families include Enterobacteriaceae,Aeromonadaceae,and Pasteurellaceae.The family Vibrionaceae has undergone intense study since theﬁrst edition of Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bac-teriology(Krieg and Holt,1984)was published in1984.In their chapter on the family Vibrionaceae in that edition,Baumann and Schubert(1984)included the genera Vibrio,Photobacterium,Ae-romonas,and Plesiomonas.These are the same four genera in-cluded in the original classiﬁcation of the family proposed by Ve´ron almost twenty years earlier(Ve´ron,1965).In this Manual Aeromonas and Plesiomonas are classiﬁed in other families(Table BXII.c.152).For practical identiﬁcation schemes,it is still useful to consider Aeromonas and Plesiomonas together with other oxidase positive genera of fermentative bacteria such as Vibrio and Pho-tobacterium(Table BXII.c.153).A detailed history of changes in the classiﬁcation of Vibrio and related genera that occurred as new methods were introduced has been given by Farmer(1992). These methods include examinations of the structure,function, and regulation of proteins;comparison of mol%GםC content; DNA–DNA hybridization;rRNA–DNA hybridization;5S rRNA cataloging and sequence comparisons;and16S rRNA gene se-quence comparisons(Fig.BXII.c.157).The family Vibrionaceae presently includes three genera:Genus1.Vibrio(the type genus)Genus II.PhotobacteriumGenus III.SalinivibrioThe type strain of the type and only species of the genus Allomonas,Allomonas enterica,is very closely related to Vibrioﬂu-vialis by DNA–DNA hybridization studies and phenotypic analysis (Kalina et al.,1984).Allomonas and Allomonas enterica are not described separately in this edition of the Manual;the reader is referred to the description of V.ﬂuvialis.The two species of the genus Listonella,Listonella anguillarum(the type species)and Lis-tonella pelagia,are included in the genus Vibrio in this edition of the Manual as Vibrio anguillarum and Vibrio pelagius.*F URTHER DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATIONHabitats The ecological niches of members of the family Vibrionaceae have been described by Campbell(1957);Baumann and Baumann(1981a);Sakazaki and Balows(1981);and Simidu and Tsukamoto(1985)).In humans,some vibrios cause diarrhea, wound infections,and occasionally other extraintestinal infec-tions.In aquatic animals,vibrios cause wound and generalized infections.Many vibrios and related organisms are also widely distributed in aquatic environments.Many factors govern the distribution of these organisms,but the most important probably include:particular human,animal or plant hosts;inorganic nu-trients and carbon sources available;temperature;salinity;dis-solved oxygen;and depth below the surface for the species that are found in the ocean(Simidu and Tsukamoto,1985).A few species are adapted to particular hosts.For example,Vibrio chol-erae serogroup O1is adapted to humans and is the cause of cholera,a life-threatening diarrheal disease.Recent studies have shown that the ecology of this organism is more complex than originally thought.Photobacterium leiognathi is usually isolated fromﬁsh in shallow tropical water,and P.phosphoreum is usually found in the luminous organs ofﬁsh that live at depths of200–1200meters(Hastings and Nealson,1981).Isolation Most members of the Vibrionaceae grow well on ordinary complex media.Samples are spread onto solid medium or diluted in an enrichment broth.NaCl concentrations of0.5–0.85%satisfy the requirements of most species,although a few require greater concentrations of NaCl.Incubation temperatures are also important.A few species grow only at temperatures Ͻ25ЊC;others grow at25ЊC but not at35–37ЊC.General and selective media for Vibrionaceae are described in the chapter on the genus Vibrio.Identiﬁcation Methods for the isolation and identiﬁcation of Vibrio spp.from clinical specimens and non-clinical samples are discussed in detail in the chapter describing the genus Vibrio. Assignment of non-clinical isolates to a species can be problem-atic because over50species of Vibrio and Photobacterium must be considered and because comparative data for these organisms are sparse relative to data available for clinically important spe-cies.The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention maintain computer programs and databases for the identiﬁcation of iso-lates subjected to a battery of45–60phenotypic tests;for details contact the Vibrio Laboratory at the CDC.These alternatives to phenotypic methods are now being used routinely and have proven extremely useful in a research setting. It will be important to evaluate the sensitivity and speciﬁcity,and to understand the advantages and disadvantages of these meth-ods.In the United States,the reporting of cultures from human specimens is subject to speciﬁc government regulations(the Clin-ical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of1988),which has limited the application of these approaches in clinical and public health laboratories.A CKNOWLEDGMENTSWe dedicate this chapter to M.Ve´ron for giving us the name Vibrionaceae and for all his contributions to our understanding of the family,its or-ganisms,and their close and distant relatives.F URTHER R EADINGBaumann,P.and L.Baumann.1977.Biology of the marine enterobac-teria:genera Beneckea and Photobacterium.Ann.Rev.Microbiol.31:39–61.Baumann,P.and L.Baumann.1981.The marine Gram-negative eubac-teria.In Starr,Stolp,Tru¨per,Balows and Schlegel(Editors),The Pro-karyotes,a Handbook on Habitats,Isolation and Identiﬁcation of Bacteria,1st Ed.,Springer-Verlag,New York.pp.1352–1394. Baumann,P.,L.Baumann,S.S.Bang and M.J.Woolkalis.1980.Reeval-uation of the taxonomy of Vibrio,Beneckea,and Photobacterium:aboli-tion of the genus Beneckea.Curr.Microbiol.4:127–132. Baumann,P.,L.Baumann and M.Mandel.1971.Taxonomy of marine bacteria:the genus Beneckea.J.Bacteriol.107:268–294. Baumann,P.,A.L.Furniss and J.V.Lee.1984.Genus I.Vibrio.In Krieg and Holt(Editors),Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology,1st Ed.,Vol.1,The Williams&Wilkins Co.,Baltimore.pp.518–538. Baumann,P.and R.H.W.Schubert.1984.Family II.Vibrionaceae.In Krieg and Holt(Editors),Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology,1st Ed.,Vol.1,The Williams&Wilkins Co.,Baltimore.pp.516–517. Brenner,D.J.,G.R.Fanning,F.W.Hickmann-Brenner,J.V.Lee,A.G.Stei-FAMILY VIBRIONACEAE493gerwalt,B.R.Davis and J.J.Farmer.1983a.DNA relatedness among Vibrionaceae,with emphasis on the Vibrio species associated with human infection.INSERM Colloq.114:175–184.Chakraborty,S.,G.B.Nair and S.Shinoda.1997.Pathogenic vibrios in the natural aquatic environment.Rev.Environ.Health.12:63–80. Farmer,J.J.1992.The family Vibrionaceae.In Balows,Tru¨per,Dworkin,Harder and Schleifer(Editors),The Prokaryotes.A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria:Ecophysiology,Isolation,Identiﬁcation,Ap-plications,2nd Ed.,Vol.3,Springer-Verlag,New York.pp.2938–2951. Farmer,J.J.,M.J.Arduino and F.W.Hickman-Brenner.1992.Aeromonas and Plesiomonas.In Balows,Tru¨per,Dworkin,Harder and Schleifer (Editors),The Prokaryotes.A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria:FAMILY I.VIBRIONACEAE 494GENUS I.VIBRIO495FIGURE BXII.c.157.Relationship of most of the species of Vibrio and relatives based on16S rRNA gene sequences.* Only the type strain of each species was included.The distances in the tree were calculated using1101positions (the least-squares method,Jukes-Cantor model).(Courtesy T.Lilburn of the Ribosomal Database Project.)*Editorial Note:Photobacterium damselae subsp.damselae is a junior objective synonym of Vibrio damsela.Vibrio pelagius and Vibrio anguillarum are synonyms of Listonella pelagia and Listonella anguillarum,respectively.and volume(15–67%)and a conversion of rods into coccal forms called spherical ultramicrocells(Holmquist and Kjelleberg,1993; Kondo et al.,1994;Nelson et al.,1997).As the length of nutrient starvation increases,cytoplasmic inclusions and granules disap-pear,cell cultivability decreases,and the nuclear region becomes compressed(Hood et al.,1986).There are also noticeable dif-ferences in the integrity of the outer membrane and cell wall. Some changes may be linked to speciﬁc nutrient starvation(for example,nitrogen starvation produces longﬁlaments and phos-phorus starvation produces swollen large rods),whereas others occur regardless of the type of nutritional stress(Holmquist and Kjelleberg,1993).“Non-culturable”V.cholerae O1strains pro-duced in response to nutrient deprivation display a number of ultrastructural changes,which include an undulating outer mem-brane,a surface layer ofﬁneﬁbers,and a thicker peptidoglycan layer(Kondo et al.,1994).FAMILY I.VIBRIONACEAE 496Poly-b-hydroxybutyrate granules(PHB)can be found in a number of Vibrio species,including V.cholerae O1and O139and V.harveyi(Hood et al.,1986;Sun et al.,1994;Finkelstein et al., 1997).In V.cholerae,accumulation of PHB appears to be related to colonial opacity and growth on glycerol-containing media(Fin-kelstein et al.,1997).In V.harveyi,PHB accumulation is de-pendent on cell density and is controlled by the autoinducer,N-(3-hydroxybutanoyl)homoserine lactone(Sun et al.,1994). Other kinds of granules can be found in vibrios,including elec-tron dense lipoid particles and electron translucent inclusions of unknown composition(Sun et al.,1994;Finkelstein et al., 1997).Cell wall composition Vibrios contain the same three lipo-polysaccharide(LPS)elements found in other Gram-negative bacteria:lipid A,core polysaccharide,and an O polysaccharide side chain that determines serological speciﬁcity.The most ex-tensive work on biochemical characterization of Vibrio LPS has been done on V.cholerae.The lipid A portion consists of a b(1Ј-6)-linked glucosamine disaccharide backbone with two phos-phoryl groups(Janda,1998).Pyrophosphorylethanolamine is linked to one of these phosphoryl groups at the C-1position of the reducing sugar,and a phosphate group ester is bound to the nonreducing glucosamine residue(Manning et al.,1994).Three fatty acids are ester linked at hydroxyl positions to this disaccha-ride backbone:tetradecanoic acid(C14:0),hexadecanoic acid (C16:0),and3-hydroxydodecanoic acid(C12:03OH).A fourth,3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid(C14:03OH),is connected to the back-bone by an amide bond.The core oligosaccharide region of V.cholerae contains KDO (keto-3-deoxy-d-mannose-octulosonic acid),d-glucose,heptose (l-glycero-d-manno-heptose),d-fructose,and ethanolamine phosphate(Manning et al.,1994).KDO,a normal constituent of the core oligosaccharide of enteric LPS,was originally thought to be absent in Vibrio species.However,when conventional per-iodate-thiobarbituric acid tests were replaced by strong acid hy-drolysates,KDO was detected in Vibrio(Janda,1998).The KDO molecule of V.cholerae differs in several aspects from those of enteric bacteria such as Escherichia coli and the genus Salmonella: only a single KDO molecule has been detected in the core oli-gosaccharide of V.cholerae,and the KDO moiety is phosphory-lated at the C4position(Kondo et al.,1990;Manning et al., 1994).The C5position binds to a distal portion of the core region (heptose)similar to the KDO-C5binding of l-glycero-d-manno-heptose(Janda,1998).The other sugars form the remaining portion of the core oligosaccharide region and often contain additional sugar substitutions at various positions.The O-polysaccharide side chain of V.cholerae O1is a homo-polymer of d-perosamine(4,6-dideoxy-d-mannose)approxi-mately17–18units in length(Manning et al.,1994;Knirel et al., 1997).The amino groups of perosamine units are commonly acetylated with3-deoxy-l-glycero-tetronic acid.Another com-pound,quinovosamine,is thought to be a“capping sugar”on either the distal or the proximal end of the O antigen(Manning et al.,1994).An unusual sugar,4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-2-O-methyl-mannose is present only in the LPS of serogroup Ogawa and may have a role in serological speciﬁcity(Itoh et al.,1994).The LPS composition of V.cholerae O139—a second serotype capable of causing pandemic cholera—is remarkably similar to that of O1(Hisatsune et al.,1993;Isshiki et al.,1996).The lipid A moieties of O1and O139,including fatty acid substitutions, appear to be identical(Hisatsune et al.,1993).The core oligo-saccharide region contains two subtle differences:the presence of2-aminoethyl phosphate,which is the O-acetyl group,and the presence of a second fructose molecule(Knirel et al.,1997).The most profound differences between O-groups1and139occur in the O-polysaccharide side chain.Unlike serogroup O1,which has long O-polysaccharide side chains,V.cholerae O139has a short chain LPS similar to“SR strains”(Knirel et al.,1997).These truncated side chains migrate with the core oligosaccharide-lipid A fraction in LPS SDS-PAGE gels(Waldor et al.,1994).Classic “ladder-like”proﬁles of silver stained LPS side chains in SDS-PAGE gels are absent in O139strains(Hisatsune et al.,1993; Nandy et al.,1995).Perosamine,the main component of the O1 side chain,is also absent in O139strains(Hisatsune et al.,1993); instead,the unique sugar colitose(3,6-dideoxy-l-galactose)—which is not found in any other Vibrio species—is the main side chain subunit in O139strains(Hisatsune et al.,1993).The ab-breviated O-polysaccharide side chain of V.cholerae O139appears to be a hexasaccharide containing colitose residues and a cyclic phosphate group(Knirel et al.,1997).The LPS of other Vibrio species is similar in many aspects to that of O139.KDO-phosphate has been detected in V.parahaemolyticus by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis(Janda,1998).The O-polysaccharide side chains of Vibrio species produce only a single fast-migrating band on silver-stained SDS-PAGE gels(Amaro et al.,1992;Iguchi et al.,1995).This result suggests that the side chains are short;a chain length ofՅ10monosaccharides has been proposed for V.parahaemolyticus(Iguchi et al.,1995).Some species however (e.g.,V.vulniﬁcus)may exhibit ladder-like patterns by immu-noblotting with whole cell antisera;this result suggests that the LPS O-polysaccharide side chains are mbert et al.(1983) studied the cellular fatty acids of most of the Vibrionaceae and postulated that differences among the Vibrio species might prove useful for identiﬁcation.Flagella Two types ofﬂagella are synthesized by vibrios in different environments.In liquid culture,swimmer cells predom-inate due to production of a single sheathed polarﬂagellum in most species(Figs.BXII.c.158and BXII.c.159).The sheath is an extension of the outer membrane(Fig.BXII.c.160).The polar ﬂagella are24–30nm in diameter with a central core14–16nm in thickness with a wavelength of1.4–1.8l m(Baumann et al., 1984b;Janda,1998).Some Vibrio species(e.g.,V.harveyi,V.ﬁscheri, V.logei,and V.salmonicida)produce tufts(3–12)of polarﬂagella (Fig.BXII.c.161)with a wavelength of approximately3.6l m (Baumann et al.,1984b;Ishimaru et al.,1996).Polarﬂagella provide chemotactic motility in liquid media and derive their energy from the sodium membrane potential(McCarter,1995). In some marine vibrios(e.g.,V.anguillarum),the polarﬂagellum appears critical for disease production in estuarineﬁsh(Milton et al.,1996;O’Toole et al.,1996).When vibrios come into contact with solid surfaces,a series of morphogenetic changes are ini-tiated that result in the conversion of swimmer cells into swarmer cells in some marine species such as V.parahaemolyticus,V.algi-nolyticus,V.diabolicus,and V.pectenicida(Rague´ne`s et al.,1997a; Lambert et al.,1998).During this process,cell septation ceases, the cells elongate from1to30l m,and numerous lateralﬂagella are formed(Fig.BXII.c.162)(McCarter and Silverman,1990). These lateralﬂagella,14–15nm in diameter with a wavelength of0.9l m,are distinct from polarﬂagella.They are unsheathed, have a different protein subunit composition,and are internally driven by the protonmotive force(Baumann et al.,1984b; McCarter,1995).Formation of lateralﬂagella permits swarmerGENUS I.VIBRIO497FIGURE BXII.c.158.Leifsonﬂagella stain of Vibrio cholerae.(Source:CDC archive,courtesy of EdEwing.)FIGURE BXII.c.159.Electron micrograph of Vibrio alginolyticus grown in liquid medium.Note the sheathed polarﬂagellum and absence of pe-ritrichousﬂagella.Shadowed preparation.ן13,000.(Reproduced with permission from C.Golten and W.A.Scheffers,Netherlands Journal of Sea Research9:351–364,1975,᭧Netherlands Institute for SeaResearch.)FIGURE BXII.c.160.Electron micrograph of a polarﬂagellum of Vibrio alginolyticus.Note that the sheath has partially disintegrated exposing the inner core.Negatively stained preparation.ן30,000.(Courtesy of R.D. Allen.)migration across solid surfaces and results in progressive spread-ing of the bacterial colony(McCarter and Silverman,1990),a phenomenon called swarming.Swarming in many vibrio species is dependent upon a number of factors including agar concen-tration,media composition,iron availability,temperature,and relative viscosity(Baumann et al.,1984b;McCarter and Silver-man,1990).The microscopic morphology of vibrio cells removed from different concentric zones of swarming has been studied in some Vibrio strains(Sar and Rosenberg,1989).Innermost zones consist of irregular cells including bent rods that pro-gressively evolve into short rods and then into large rods with bundles of detachedﬂagella(Fig.BXII.c.163),whereas cells inFAMILY I.VIBRIONACEAE498FIGURE BXII.c.161.Electron micrograph of Vibrioﬁscheri.Note the tufts of sheathed polarﬂagella.Negatively stained preparation.ן23,000. (Reproduced with permission from:J.L.Reichelt and P.Baumann,Ar-chives of Mikrobiology94:283–330,1973,᭧Springer-Verlag,Berlin.)FIGURE BXII.c.162.Electron micrograph of Vibrio alginolyticus grown on solid medium.Note the thick,sheathedﬂagellum and numerous un-sheathed lateralﬂagella.Shadowed preparation.ן18,000.(Reproduced with permission from W.E.de Boer et al.,Netherlands Journal of Sea Research9:197–213,1975,᭧Netherlands Institute for Sea Research.)the outermost circles of swarming colonies consist of longﬁla-mentous forms.Fimbriae Fimbriae are produced by a number of pathogenic vibrios such as V.cholerae O1and non-O1,V.parahaemolyticus, and V.vulniﬁcus(Hall et al.,1988;Honda et al.,1988;Gander and LaRocco,1989;Nakasone and Iwanaga,1990).Several dif-ferent morphologic types ofﬁmbriae have been described in V. cholerae O1.These include both wavy pili3nm in diameter and rigidﬁlaments5–6nm wide and180–800nm in length(Hall et al.,1988).The most important of these pili is composed of the protein TcpA;these pili are5–6nm wide and form bundles of parallel undulatingﬁlaments up to15l m long(Hall et al.,1988). TcpA formation is coregulated with cholera toxin expression and is a key determinant of in vivo colonization.The gene encoding TcpA appears to reside on a pathogenicity island.Capsules Capsules have been detected surrounding cells of strains of V.cholerae O139and V.vulniﬁcus strains with a variety of staining techniques such as uranyl acetate,polycationic fer-ritin,and ruthenium red(Janda,1998).The V.vulniﬁcus poly-saccharide capsule is60nm thick and has a low electron density (Amako et al.,1984;Hayat et al.,1993).The carbohydrate com-position of the capsule of V.vulniﬁcus varies from strain to strain. Sugars detected in different isolates include␣-N-acetyl quino-vosamine,␣-N-acetyl galactosamine uronic acid,rhamnosamine, and fucosamine(Hayat et al.,1993).Colonial morphology Most vibrios grow well on a variety of media,including protein-based agars and marine and seawater media,if sufﬁcient Naםis present(Baumann et al.,1984b; Farmer and Hickman-Brenner,1992).On most selective media, vibrios appear as smooth,buff-to-cream-colored colonies2–5mm in diameter,with an entire margin after overnight incubation (Baumann et al.,1984b;Janda,1998).Some species tend to pro-duce grayish colonies,particularly on blood agar.Considerable variation in colonial morphology has been reported for some species,and this is best demonstrated by observing colonies with a dissecting microscope at10–25magniﬁcation with oblique lighting.V.cholerae strains can have several different colonial mor-phologies(smooth,rough,and rugose forms)in response to different growth conditions.Rugose colonies are often chlorine-resistant.They are usually found in older cultures and are com-posed of an amorphous intercellular matrix of aggregated bac-teria and exopolysaccharide material(Morris et al.,1996).For-mation of rugose colonies can be enhanced by growth in en-richment broths such as alkaline peptone water(APW)or by picking the growth that has migrated up the sides of a culture tube.They can largely be avoided by picking a smooth colony and freezing it.In addition to these colony types,several path-GENUS I.VIBRIO499FIGURE rge bundle ofﬂagella in a culture of Vibrio harveyi. These bundles are frequently observed in cultures grown on solid me-dium.Negatively stained preparation.ן13,000.(Courtesy of R.D.Allen.) ogenic vibrios,including V.cholerae and V.vulniﬁcus,produce opaque and translucent varieties of smooth colonies on common media such as heart infusion and meat extract agars(Simpson et al.,1987;Finkelstein et al.,1992,1997).Cells from colonies of these different morphologies differ from each other in a num-ber of characteristics,including encapsulation,cell surface com-position,cellular metabolism,and ability to survive under adverse conditions.Pigmentation Several Vibrio species produce pigmented col-onies.V.nigripulchritudo produces an insoluble blue-black pig-ment that accumulates in a crystalline form within the colonies (Baumann et al.,1984b).Other Vibrio species also produce blue-black crystals under various growth conditions,but typically do not produce the characteristic blue-black colonies of V.nigripul-chritudo.Similar blue-black colonies are produced by a few strains of Kluyvera(Farmer et al.,1981a).Other pigmented species in-clude V.gazogenes(red)and V.ﬁscheri and V.logei(yellow-orange).A few strains of V.cholerae produce a brown diffusible melanin-like pigment(Ivins and Holmes,1980).Life cycles The marine environment is the natural habitat of vibrios,and the life cycle of these organisms is probably quite complex.A model for the life of V.cholerae in Gulf Coast estuaries has been proposed(Hood et al.,1984).Depending on nutrient scarcity and the density/availability of particulate matter,V.chol-erae can exist in several states.An epibiotic form attached to plankton predominates during periods of relatively high nu-trient/particulate matter concentrations;this form changes to a microvibrio form(small rounded cells)during times of nutrient and particulate deprivation(Hood et al.,1984;Janda,1998).This latter form may be analogous to the“viable but nonculturable state”(Colwell,1984)that has been described for many Vibrio species including V.cholerae,V.parahaemolyticus,V.vulniﬁcus,V. anguillarum,V.campbellii,V.harveyi,and V.ﬁscheri during colder seasons of the year(Oliver,1995).The microvibrio and“non-culturable”stages may be dormant phases for vibrios in winter from which subsequent blooms are triggered in response to in-creasing temperatures in spring and summer.However,it is still unclear whether any dormant state actually exists and whether blooms are due to the growth of a small number of cultivable cells(present at all times)or the actual resuscitation of dormant cells(Ravel et al.,1995;Bogosian et al.,1998).Nutrition and growth conditions Vibrio species vary in their nutrition and growth requirements.The most important feature is that Naםis required for or stimulates growth.Minimum con-centrations of Naםrequired for optimal growth(Fig.BXII.c.164) range from5–15mM(0.029–0.087%)for V.cholerae and V.metsch-nikovii to600–700mM(3.5–4.1%)for Salinivibrio costicola(Bau-mann et al.,1984b).Most species grow well in solid or liquid media containing0.5–2%NaCl.Some species(Photobacterium ili-opiscarium)form bacterial aggregates in broth culture containing 2%NaCl(Onarheim et al.,1994).The“salt requirement”of a strain will often depend on the test conditions.The main variables are temperature,the growth medium used prior to testing,the suspending medium,and the testing medium.All Vibrio species except V.cholerae and V.mimicus have an absolute requirement for Naם(Fig.BXII.c.164).In some instances,this requirement may be partially offset by concentra-tions of Mg2םor Ca2םsimilar to those normally present in sea-water(Baumann et al.,1984b).However,most species exhibit a speciﬁc requirement for Naם(Pujalte and Garay,1986;Borrego et al.,1996).The range and optimum concentrations of NaCl supporting growth of some of the more recently described Vibrio species are listed in Table BXII.c.154.No single medium or NaCl concentration is optimal for the recovery or growth of all Vibrio species.Many vibrios will grow in mildly alkaline conditions.Al-though most species prefer a pH range of7–8(Rague´ne`s et al., 1997a),some species,including V.cholerae and V.metschnikovii, will even grow at a pH of10(Baumann et al.,1984b).Vibrios also vary in their temperature requirements for growth.Almost all Vibrio species grow well at18–22ЊC.Some will grow at0–4ЊC,whereas others can grow at temperatures up to 45ЊC.The temperature at which vibrios can grow is also de-pendent upon other factors including the composition of the medium and the NaCl concentration(Onarheim et al.,1994).Most Vibrio species do not require speciﬁc organic growth factors such as vitamins or amino acids,although amino acid supplementation may be required to revive some strains stored for prolonged periods(Baumann et al.,1984b).Complex nu-trients are required to induce growth of some species(Baumann et al.,1984b;Rague´ne`s et al.,1997a).Such required supplements include yeast extract(for V.anguillarum,Moritella marina,and V. logei)and a seawater base(for V.diabolicus).Vibrios use a variety of compounds as carbon and energy。

伯杰氏系统分类手册

附录2 伯杰氏细菌系统分类学手册《伯杰氏细菌系统分类学手册》（“Bergry’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology”），第二版，2001 年春，Springer-Verlag 公司，Gerge M. Garrity, Mattew Winters和Nenise B. Searles第二版五卷本与第一版相比又有较大改动，与第八、第九版伯杰氏细菌鉴定学手册也有明显区别。

它不是根据表型，而是以系统发生（进化）的框架为基础。

参照了16S rDNA的序列。

编辑们预计在手册第一卷到最后一卷出版的5、6年间，可能会再发现100多个新属。

他们会不断修订错误，在后继出版的各卷中，出一个新的分类大纲。

伯杰氏手册公司的网站（/bergeys）也会定期更新。

第二版的第一卷在2001年5月出版；第二卷在2004年2月出版。

古生菌域（Domain “Archaea”）第AI门泉古生菌门(Crenarchaeota phy. nov.)第I纲热变形菌纲(Thermoprotei class. nov.)第I目热变形菌目(Thermoproteales)第I科热变形菌科(Thermoproteaceae)第I属热变形菌属(Thermoproteus)第II属热杆菌属(Caldivirga)第III属热棒菌属(Pyrobaculum)第IV属热枝菌属(Thermocladium)第II科热丝菌科(Thermofilaceae)第I属热丝菌属(Thermofilum)第II目硫还原古球菌目(Desulfurococcales ord. nov.)第I科硫还原古球菌科(Desulfurococcaceae)第I属硫还原古球菌属(Desulfurococcus)第II属(Acidolobus)第III属气热菌属(Aeropyrum)第IV属浆果状火球菌属(Ignicoccus)第V属葡萄嗜热菌属(Staphylothermus)第VI属斯梯特氏菌属(Stetteria)第VII属恐硫球菌属(Sulfophobococcus)第VIII属热盘菌属(Thermodiscus gen. nov.)第IX属耐热球菌属(Thermosphaera)第II科热网菌科(Pyrodictiaceae)第I属热网菌属(Pyrodictium)第II属栖高温菌属(Hyperthermus)第III属热叶菌属(Pyrolobus)第III目硫化叶菌目(Sulfolobales)第I科硫化叶菌科(Sulfolobaceae)第I属硫化叶菌属(Sulfolobus)第II属酸菌属(Acidianus)第III属生金球菌属(Metallosphaera)第IV属栖冥河菌属(Stygiolobus)第V属硫代谢球菌属(Sulfurisphaera)第VI属硫化球菌属(Sulfurococcus)第AII门广古生菌门(Euryarchaeota phy. nov.)第I纲甲烷杆菌纲(Methanobacteria class. nov.)第I目甲烷杆菌目(Methanobacteriales)第I科甲烷杆菌科(Methanobacteriaceae)第I属甲烷杆菌属(Methanobacterium)第II属甲烷短杆菌属(Methanobrevibacter)第III属甲烷球形菌属(Methanosphaera)第IV属甲烷嗜热杆菌属(Methanothermobacter) 第II科甲烷嗜热菌科(Methanothermaceae)第I属甲烷嗜热菌属(Methanothermus)第II纲甲烷球菌纲(Methanococci class. nov.)第I目甲烷球菌目(Methanococcales)第I科甲烷球菌科(Methanococcaceae)第I属甲烷球菌属(Methanococcus)第II属甲烷嗜热球菌属(Methanothermococcus gen. nov.) 第II科甲烷热球菌科(Methanocaldococcaceae fam. nov.) 第I属甲烷热球菌属(Methanocaldococcus gen. nov.)第II属甲烷干热菌属(Methanotorris gen. nov.)第II目甲烷微菌目(Methanomicrobiales)第I科甲烷微菌科(Methanomicrobiaceae)第I属甲烷微菌属(Methanomicrobium)第II属甲烷袋状菌属(Methanoculleus)第III属产甲烷袋菌属(Methanofollis)第IV属产甲烷菌属(Methanogenium)第V属叶形甲烷菌属(Methanolacinia)第VI属甲烷盘菌属(Methanoplanus)第II科甲烷粒菌科(Methanocorpusculaceae)第I属甲烷粒菌属(Methanocorpusculum) 第III科甲烷螺菌科(Methanospirillaceae fam. nov.) 第I属甲烷螺菌属(Methanospirillum)未定属第I属产甲烷石状菌属(Methanocalculus)第III目甲烷八叠球菌目(Methanosarcinales)第I科甲烷八叠球菌科(Methanosarcinaceae)第I属甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)第II属甲烷拟球菌属(Methanococcoides)第III属甲烷喜盐菌属(Methanohalobium)第IV属甲烷嗜盐菌属(Methanohalophilus)第V属甲烷叶菌属(Methanolobus)第VI属甲烷微球菌属(Methanomicrococcus)第VII属甲烷盐菌属(Methanosalsum gen.nov.) 第II科鬃毛甲烷菌科(Methanosaetaceae fam.nov.) 第I属鬃毛甲烷菌科属(Methanosaeta)第III纲盐杆菌纲(Halobacteria class. nov.)第I目盐杆菌目(Halobacteriales)第I科盐杆菌科(Halobacteriaceae)第I属盐杆菌属(Halobacterium)第II属盐盒菌属(Haloarcula)第III属盐棒杆菌属(Halobaculum)第IV属盐球菌属(Halococcus)第V属富盐菌属(Haloferax)第VI属盐几何形菌属(Halogeometricum)第VII属盐杆状菌属(Halorhabdus)第VIII属盐红菌属(Halorubrum)第IX属盐栖菌属(Haloterrigena)第X属无色嗜盐菌属(Natrialba)第XI属钠线菌属(Natrinema)第XII属嗜盐碱杆菌属（Natronobacterium）第XIII属嗜盐碱球菌属(Natronococcus)第XIV属嗜盐碱单胞菌属(Natronomonas)第XV属碱红菌属(Natronorubrum)第IV纲热原体纲(Thermoplasmata class. nov.)第I目热原体目(Thermoplasmatales ord. nov.)第I科热原体科(Thermoplasmataceae fam. nov.)第I属热原体属(Thermoplasma)第II科嗜酸古菌科(Picrophilaceae)第I属嗜酸古菌属(Picrophilus)第III科铁原体科(Ferroplasmataceae)第I属铁原体属(Ferroplasma)第V纲热球菌纲(Thermococci class. nov.)第I目热球菌目(Thermococcales)第I科热球菌科(Thermococcaceae)第I属嗜热球菌属(Thermococcus)第II属古老球菌属(Palaeococcus)第III属热球菌属(Pyrococcus)第VI纲古生球菌纲(Archaeoglobi class. nov.)第I目古生球菌目(Archaeoglobales ord. nov.)第I科古生球菌科(Archaeoglobaceae fam. nov.)第I属古生球菌属(Archaeoglobus)第II属铁球菌属(Ferroglobus)第VII纲甲烷嗜高热菌纲(Methanopyri class. nov.)第I目甲烷嗜高热菌目(Methanopyrales ord. nov.)第I科甲烷嗜高热菌科(Methanopyraceae fam. nov.) 第I属甲烷嗜高热菌属(Methanopyrus)细菌域“Bacteria”第BI门产液菌门(Aquificae phy. nov.) 第I纲产液菌纲(Aquificae class. nov.)第I目产液菌目(Aquificales ord. nov.)第I科产液菌科(Aquificaceae fam. nov.)第I属产液菌属(Aquifex)第II属热杆菌属(Calderobacterium)第III属氢杆菌属(Hydrogenobacter)第IV属热发状菌属(Thermocrinis)未定属第I属脱硫杆状菌属(Desulfurobacterium)第BII门栖热袍菌门(Thermotogae phy. nov.)第I纲栖热袍菌纲(Thermotogae class. nov.)第I目栖热袍菌目(Thermotogales ord. nov.)第I科栖热袍菌科(Thermotogaceae fam. nov.)第I属栖热袍菌属(Thermotoga)第II属闪烁杆菌属(Fervidobacterium)第III属地袍菌属(Geotoga)第IV属石袍菌属(Petrotoga)第V属栖热腔菌属(Thermosipho)第BIII门热脱硫杆菌门(Thermodesulfobacteria phy. nov.)第I纲热脱硫杆菌纲(Thermodesulfobacteria class. nov.)第I目热脱硫杆菌目(Thermodesulfobacteriales ord. nov.) 第I科热脱硫杆菌科(Thermodesulfobacteriaceae fam. nov.) 第I属热脱硫杆菌属(Thermodesulfobacterium)第BIV门异常球菌——栖热菌门(Deinococcus-Thermus)第I纲异常球菌纲(Deinococci class. nov.)第I目异常球菌目(Deinococcales)第I科异常球菌科(Deinococcaceae)第I属异常球菌属(Deinococcus)第II目栖热菌目(Thermales ord. nov.)第I科栖热菌科(Thermaceae fam. nov.)第I属栖热菌属(Thermus)第II属稍热菌属(Meiothermus)第BV门金矿菌门(Chrysiogenetes phy. nov.)第I纲金矿菌纲(Chrysiogenetes class. nov.)第I目金矿菌目(Chrysiogenales ord. nov.)第I科金矿菌科(Chrysiogenaceae fam. nov.)第I属金矿菌属(Chrysiogenes)第BVI门绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexi phy. nov.)第I纲绿屈挠菌纲(Chloroflexi)第I目绿屈挠菌目(Chloroflexales)第I科绿屈挠菌科(Chloroflexaceae)第I属绿屈挠菌属（Chloroflexus）第II属绿丝菌属(Chloronema)第III属螺丝菌属(Heliothrix)第II科颤绿细菌科(Oscillochloridaceae)第I属绿颤细菌属(Oscillochloris)第II目滑柱菌目(Herpetosiphonales)第I科滑柱菌科(Herpetosiphonaceae)第I属滑柱菌属(Herpetosiphon)第BVII门热微菌门(Thermomicrobia phy. nov.)第I纲热微菌纲(Thermomicrobia class. nov.)第I目热微菌目(Thermomicrobiales ord. nov.)第I科热微菌科(Thermomicrobiaceae fam. nov.)第I属热微菌属(Thermomicrobium)第BVIII门硝化螺菌门(Nitrospira phy. nov.)第I纲硝化螺菌纲(Nitrospira)第I目硝化螺菌目(Nitrospirales)第I科硝化螺菌科(Nitrospiraceae)第I属硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira)第II属钩端螺菌属(Leptospirillum)第III属磁细菌属(Magnetobacterium)第IV属热脱硫弧菌属(Thermodesulfovibrio)第BIX门铁还原杆菌门(Deferribacteres phy. nov.)第I纲铁还原杆菌纲(Deferribacteres class. nov.)第I目铁还原杆菌目(Deferribacterales ord. nov.)第I科铁还原杆菌科(Deferribacteraceae fam. nov.) 第I属铁还原杆菌属(Deferribacter)第II属氮还原弧菌属(Denitrovibrio)第III属弯枝菌属(“Flexistipes”)第IV属地弧菌属(Geovibrio)未定属第I属互养菌属(Synergistes)第BX门蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)第I纲蓝细菌(Cyanobacteria)第I亚组第I科第I形态属管孢蓝细菌属(Chamaesiphon)第II形态属色球蓝细菌属(Chroococcus)第III形态属蓝细菌属(Cyanobacterium)第IV形态属蓝菌属(Cyanobium)第V形态属蓝丝菌属(Cyanothece)第VI属蓝菌属(Dactylococcopsis)第VII形态属粘杆菌属(Gloeobacter)第VIII形态属粘球蓝细菌属(Gloeocapsa)第IX形态属粘杆蓝细菌属(Gloeothece)第X形态属微囊蓝胞菌属(Microcystis)第XI形态属原绿球菌属(Prochlorococcus)第XII形态属原绿蓝细菌属(Prochloron)第XIII形态属聚球蓝细菌属(Synechococcus)第XIV形态属集胞蓝细菌属(Synechocystis)第II亚组第I科第I形态属蓝囊胞菌属(Cyanocystis)第II形态属小皮果蓝细菌属(Dermocarpella)第III形态属斯塔尼尔氏菌属(Stanieria)第IV形态属异球蓝细菌属(Xenococcus) 第II科第I形态属拟色球蓝细菌属(Chroococcidiopsis)第II形态属粘八叠球菌属(Myxosarcina)第III形态属宽球蓝细菌属(Pleurocapsa)第III亚组第一科第I形态属节螺蓝细菌属(Arthrospira)第II形态属博氏蓝细菌属(Borzia)第III形态属发毛针蓝细菌属(Crinalium)第IV形态属吉特勒氏线状蓝细菌属(Geitlerinema)第V属盐螺旋藻属(Halospirulina)第VI形态属纤发鞘丝蓝细菌属(Leptolyngbya)第VII形态属湖丝蓝细菌属(Limnothrix)第VIII形态属鞘丝蓝细菌属(Lyngbya)第IX形态属微鞘蓝细菌属(Microcoleus)第X形态属颤蓝细菌属(Oscillatoria)第XI形态属浮霉丝状蓝细菌属(Planktothrix)第XII形态属原绿丝蓝细菌属(Prochlorothrix)第XIII形态属假鱼腥蓝细菌属(Pseudanabaena)第XIV形态属螺旋蓝细菌属(Spirulina)第XV形态属斯塔尔氏蓝细菌属(Starria)第XVI形态属束蓝细菌属(Symploca)第XVII形态属束毛蓝细菌属(Trichodesmium)第XVIII形态属灰线蓝细菌属(Tychonema)第IV亚组第I科第I形态属鱼腥蓝细菌属(Anabaena)第II形态属项圈蓝细菌属(Anabaenopsis)第III形态属蓝束丝蓝细菌属(Aphanizomenon)第IV形态属蓝螺菌属(Cyanospira)第V形态属拟筒孢蓝细菌属(Cylindrospermopsis)第VI形态属筒孢蓝细菌属(Cylindrospermum)第VII形态属节球蓝细菌属(Nodularia)第VIII形态属念珠蓝细菌属(Nostoc)第IX形态属伪枝蓝细菌属(Scytonema)第II科第I形态属眉蓝细菌属(Calothrix)第II形态属胶须蓝细菌属(Rivularia)第III形态属单歧蓝细菌属(Tolypothrix)第V亚组第I科第I形态属拟绿胶蓝细菌属(Chlorogloeopsis)第II形态属飞氏蓝细菌属(Fischerella)第III形态属吉特勒氏蓝细菌属(Geitleria)第IV形态属(Iyengariella)第V形态属拟念珠蓝细菌属(Nostochopsis)第VI形态属真枝蓝细菌属(Stigonema)第BXI门绿菌门(Chlorobi phy. nov.)第I纲“绿菌纲”(“Chlorobia”)第I目绿菌目(Chlorobiales)第I科绿菌科(Chlorobiaceae)第I属绿菌属(Chlorobium)第II属绿臂菌属(Ancalochloris)第III属绿滑菌属(Chloroherpeton)第IV属暗网菌属(Pelodictyon)第V属突柄绿菌属(Prosthecochloris)第BXII门变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria phy. nov.)第I纲“阿耳法变形杆菌纲”(“Alphaproteobacteria”) 第I目红螺菌目(Rhodospirillales)第I科红螺菌科(Rhodospirillaceae)第I属红螺菌属(Rhodospirillum)第II属固氮螺菌属(Azospirillum)第III属磁螺菌属(Magnetospirillum)第IV属棕色螺菌属(Phaeospirillum)第V属红篓菌属(Rhodocista)第VII属红螺旋菌属(Rhodospira)第VII属海玫瑰菌属(Rhodothalassium)第VIII属玫瑰弧菌属(Rhodovibrio)第IX属蔷薇螺菌属(Roseospira)第X属斯科曼氏球菌属(Skermanella)第II科醋杆菌科(Acetobacteraceae)第I属醋杆菌属(Acetobacter)第II属嗜酸菌属(Acidiphilium)第III属酸球形菌属(Acidisphaera)第IV属酸胞菌属(Acidocella)第V属酸单胞菌属(Acidomonas)第VI属(Asaia)第VII属脆弱球菌属(Craurococcus)第VIII属葡糖酸醋杆菌属(Gluconacetobacter)第IX属葡糖杆菌属(Gluconobacter)第X属副脆弱球菌属(Paracraurococcus)第XI属红球形菌属(Rhodopila)第XII属玫瑰球菌属(Roseococcus)第XIII属星状菌属(Stella)第XIV属扎瓦尔金氏菌属(Zavarzinia)第II目立克次氏体目(Rickettsiales)第I科立克次氏体科(Rickettsiaceae)第I属立克次氏体属(Rickettsia)第II属东方体属(Orientia)第III属沃尔巴克氏体属(Wolbachia)第II科埃里希氏体科(Ehrlichiaceae)第I属埃里希氏体属(Ehrlichia)第II属埃及小体属(Aegyptianella)第III属无形小体属(Anaplasma)第IV属考德里氏体属(Cowdria)第V属新立克次氏体属(Neorickettsia)第VI属(Xenohaliotis)第III科“全孢螺菌科”(“Holosporaceae”)第I属全孢螺菌属(Holospora)第II属杀手杆菌屑(Caedibacter)第III属溶菌属(Lyticum)第IV属多核杆菌属(Polynucleobacter)第V属类杀手杆菌属(Pseudocaedibacter)第VI属共生小体属(Symbiotes)第VII属罩杆菌属(Tectibacter)第VIII属(Odyssella)第III目红杆菌目(Rhodobacterales)第I科红杆菌科(Rhodobacteraceae)第I属红杆菌属(Rhodobacter)第II属阿赫兰氏菌属(Ahrensia)第III属下水道球菌属(Amaricoccus)第IV属南极杆菌属(Antarctobacter)第V属芽殖杆菌属(Gemmobacte r)第VI属海氏菌属(Hirschia)第VII属生丝单胞菌属(Hyphomonas)第VIII属海洋杆状菌属(Maricaulis)第IX属甲基盒菌属(Methylarcula)第X属十八杆菌属(Octadecabacter)第XI属副球菌属(Paracoccus)第XII属小红卵菌属(Rhodovulum)第XIII属玫瑰菌属(Roseibium)第XIV属(Roseinatronobacter)第XV属粉红活动菌属(Roseivivax)第XVI属玫瑰杆菌属(Roseobacter)第XVII属玫瑰变色菌属(Roseovarius)第XVIII属红色单胞菌属(Rubrimonas)第XIX属鲁杰氏菌属(Ruegeria)第XX属箭头菌属(Sagittula)第XXI属斯塔雷氏菌属(Staleya)第XXII属斯塔普氏菌属(Stappia)第XXIII属亚硫酸盐杆菌属（Sulfitobacter）第IV目鞘氨醇单胞菌目(“Sphingomonadales”) 第I科鞘氨醇单胞菌科(“Sphingomonadaceae”)第I属鞘氨醇单胞菌属（Sphingomonas）第II属芽单泡菌属(Blastomonas)第III属赤细菌属(Erythrobacter)第IV属赤微菌属(Erythromicrobium)第V属红单胞菌属(Erythromonas)第VI属产卟啉杆菌属(Porphyrobacter)第VII嘱根单胞菌属(Rhizomonas)第VIII属橙色杆菌属（Sandaracinobacter）第IX属发酵单咆菌属(Zymomonas)第V目柄杆菌目(Caulobacterales)第I科柄杆菌科(Caulobacteraceae)第I属柄杆菌属(Caulobacter)第II属不粘柄菌属(Asticcacaulis)第III属短波单胞菌属(Brevundimonas)第IV属苯基杆菌属(Phenylobacterium)第VI目“根瘤菌目”(“Rhizobiales”)第I科根瘤菌科(Rhizobiaceae)第I属根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)第II属土壤杆菌属(Agrobacterium)第III属嗜碳菌属(Carbophilus)第IV属螯合杆菌属(Chelatobacter)第V属剑菌属(Ensifer)第VI属中华根瘤菌属(Sinorhizobium)第II科巴尔通氏体科(Bartonellaceae)第I属巴尔通氏体属(Bartonella)第III科市鲁氏菌科(Brucellaceae)第I属布鲁氏菌属(Brucella)第II属枝面菌属(Mycoplana)第III属苍白杆菌属(Ochrobactrum)第IV科“叶瘤杆菌科”(“Phyllobacteriaceae”) 第I属叶瘤杆菌属(Phyllobacterium)第II属异根瘤菌属(Allorhizobium)第III属氨基杆菌属(Aminobacter)第IV属污水菌属(Aquamicrobium)第V属废水杆菌属(Defluvibacter)第VI属中间根瘤菌属(Mesorhizobium)第VII属假氨基酸杆菌属(Pseudaminobacter) 第V科“甲基孢囊菌科”(“Methylocystaceae”) 第I属甲基孢囊菌属(Methylocystis)第II属甲基球形菌属(Methylopila)第III属甲基弯曲菌属(Methylosinus)第VI科“拜叶林克氏菌科”(“Beijerinckiaceae”) 第I属拜叶林克氏菌属(Beijerinckia)第II属螯台球菌属(Chelatococcus)第III属德克斯氏菌属(Derxia)第IV属（Methylocella）第VII科“慢生根瘤菌科”(“Bradyrhizobiaceae”) 第I属慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)第II属阿菲波菌属(Afipia)第III属土壤单胞菌属(Agromonas)第IV属芽生杆菌属(Blastobacter)第V属包西氏菌属(Bosea)第VI属硝化杆菌属(Nitrobacter)第VII属寡养菌属(Oligotropha)第VIII属红假单胞菌属(Rhodopseudomonas) 第VIII科生丝微菌科(Hyphomicrobiaceae)第I属生丝微菌属(Hyphomicrobium)第II属臂微菌属(Ancalomicrobium)第III属屈曲杆菌属(Ancylobacter)第IV属角微菌属(Angulomicrobium)第V属水杆菌属(Aquabacter)第VI属固氮根瘤菌属(Azorhizobium)第VII属绿芽菌属(Blastochloris)第VIII属戴沃斯菌属(Devosia)第IX属双歧微菌属(Dichotomicrobium)第X属线状微球菌属(Filomicrobium)第XI属芽殖菌属(Gemmiger)第XII属双头菌属(Labrys)第XIII属耗甲基杆菌属(Methylorhabdus)第XIV属土微菌属(Pedomicrobium)第XV属突柄微菌属(Prosthecomicrobium)碧XVI属红微菌属(Rhodomicrobium)第XVII属红游动菌属(Rhodoplanes)第XVIII属塞里伯氏菌属(Seliberia)第XIX属(Starkeya)第XX属黄色杆菌属(Xanthobacter)第IX科“甲基杆菌科”(“Methylobacteriaceae”) 第I属甲基杆菌属(Methylobacterium)第II属甲基杆菌属(Protomonas)第III属玫瑰单胞菌属(Roseomonas)第X科“红菌科”(“Rhodobiaceae”)第I属红菌属(Rhodobium)第II纲“贝塔变形杆菌纲”(“Betaproteobacteria”)第I目“伯克霍尔德氏菌目”(“Burkholderiales”)第I科“伯克霍尔德氏菌科”(“Burkholderiaceae”) 第I属伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia)第II属贪铜菌属(Cupriavidus)第III属劳特罗普氏菌属(Lautropia)第IV属(Pandoraea)第V属热丝菌属(Thermothrix)第II科“罗尔斯通氏菌科”(“Ralstoniaceae”) 第I属罗尔斯通氏菌属(Ralstonia)第III科“草酸杆菌科”(“Oxalobacteraceae”) 第I属草酸杆菌属(Oxalobacter)第II属杜擀氏菌属(Duganella)第III属草螺菌属(Herbaspirillum)第IV属紫色杆菌属(Janthinobacterium)第V属(Massilia)第VI属地神菌属(Telluria)第IV科产碱杆菌科(Alcaligenaceae)第I属产碱杆菌属(Alcaligenes)第II属无色杆菌属(Achromobacter)第III属鲍特氏菌属(Bordetella)第IV属居鸽菌属(Pelistega)第V属萨特氏菌属(Sutterella)第VI属泰勒氏菌属(Taylorella)第V科丛毛单胞菌科(Comamonadaceae)第I属丛毛单胞菌属(Comamonas)第II属食酸菌属(Acidovorax)第III属水杆菌属(Aquabacterium)第IV属短单胞菌属(Brachymonas)第V属戴尔福特菌属(Delftia)第VI属氢噬胞菌属(Hydrogenophaga)第VII属艾德昂菌属(Ideonella)第VIII属纤发菌属(Leptothrix)第IX属极胞菌属(Polaromonas)第X属红育菌属(Rhodoferax)第XI属玫瑰色半光合菌属(Roseateles)第XII属红长命菌属(Rubrivivax)第XIII属球衣菌属(Sphaerotilus)第XIV属(Tepidimonas)第XV属硫单胞菌属(Thiomonas)第XVI属贪噬菌属(Variovorax)第II目“嗜氢菌目”(“Hydrogenophilales”)第I科“嗜氢菌科”(“Hydrogenophilaceae”)第I属嗜氢菌属(Hydrogenophilus)第II属硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)第III目“嗜甲基菌目”(“Methylophilales”)第I科“嗜甲基菌科”(“Methylophilaceae”) 第I属嗜甲基菌属(Methylophilus)第II属甲基小杆菌属(Methylobacillus)第III属食甲基菌属(Methylovorus)第IV目奈瑟氏球菌目(“Neisseriales”)第I科奈瑟氏球菌科(Neisseriaceae)第I属奈瑟氏球菌属(Neisseria)第II属小链菌属(Alysiella)第III属水螺菌属(Aquaspirillum)第IV属链状球菌属(Catenococcus)第V属色杆菌属(Chromobacterium)第VI属艾肯氏菌属(Eikenella)第VII属甲酸弧菌属(Formivibrio)第VIII属紫色小杆菌属(Iodobacter)第IX属金氏菌属(Kingella)第X属微枝杆菌属(Microvirgula)第XI属嗜脯氨酸菌属(Prolinoborus)第XII属西蒙斯氏菌属(Simonsiella)第XIlI属透明颤菌属(Vitreoscilla)第XIV属福格斯氏菌属(V ogesella)第V目“亚硝化单胞菌目”(“Nitrosomonadales”) 第I科“亚硝化单胞菌科”(“Nitrosomonadaceae”) 第I属亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas)第II属亚硝化螺菌属(Nitrosospira)第II科螺菌科(Spirillaceae)第I属螺菌属(Spirillum)第III科嘉利翁氏菌科(Gallionellaceae)第I属嘉利翁氏菌属(Gallionella)第VI目“红环菌目”(“Rhodocyclales”)第I科红环菌科(Rhodocyclaceae)第I属红环菌属(Rhodocyclus)第II属固氮弧菌属(Azoarcus)第III属(Azonexus)第IV属固氮螺菌属(Azospira)第V属固氮弧菌属(Azovibrio)第VI属铁杆菌属(Ferribacterium)第VII属丙酸杆状菌属(Propionibacter)第VIII属丙酸弧菌属(Propionivibrio)第IX属索氏菌属(Thauera)第X属动胶菌属(Zoogloea)第III纲“伽马变形菌纲”(“Gammaproteobacteria”)第I目“着色菌目“(“Chromatiales”)第I科着色菌科(Chromatiaceae)第I属着色菌属(Chromatium)第II属异着色菌属（Allochromatium）第III属可变杆菌属(Amoebobacter)第IV属盐着色菌属(Halochromatium)第V属盐硫杆菌属(Halothiobacillus)第VI属等着色菌属(Isochromatium)第VII属闪杆菌属(Lamprobacter)第VIII属闪囊菌属(Lamprocystis)第IX属海洋着色菌属(Marichromatium)第X属亚硝化球菌属(Nitrosococcus)第XI属斐佛氏菌属(Pfennigia)第XII属杆状色菌属(Rhabdochromatium)第XIII属热着色菌属(Thermochromatium)第XIV属硫碱球菌属(Thioalkalicoccus)第XV属荚硫菌属(Thiocapsa)第XVI属硫球菌属(Thiococcus)第XVII属囊硫菌属(Thiocystis)第XVIII属网硫菌属(Thiodictyon)第XIX属第XX属盐荚硫菌属(Thiohalocapsa)第XXI属硫明卵菌属(Thiolamprovum)第XXII属板硫菌属(Thiopedia)第XXIII属热红球菌属(Thiorhodococcus)第XXIV属硫红弧菌属(Thiorhodovibrio)第XXV属硫螺旋菌届(Thiospirillum) 第II科外硫红螺菌科（Ectothiorhodospiraceae）第I属外硫红螺菌属(Ectothiorhodospira)第II属非红单胞菌属(Arhodomonas)第III属需盐红螺菌属(Halorhodospira)第IV属硝化球菌属(Nitrococcus)第V属硫红螺菌属(Thiorhodospira)第II目酸硫杆菌目(Acidithiobacillales)第I科酸硫杆状菌科(Acidithiobacillaceae)第I属酸硫杆状菌属(Acidithiobacillus) 第II科热硫杆状菌科(Thermithiobacillaceae)第I属热硫杆状菌属(Thermithiobacillus)第III目“黄单胞菌目”(“Xanthomonadales”)第I科“黄单胞菌科”(“Xanthomonadaceae”) 第I属黄单胞菌属(Xanthomonas)第II属弗拉特氏菌属(Frateuria)第III属藤黄单孢菌属(Luteimonas)第IV属溶杆菌属(Lysobacter)第V属涅瓦河菌属(Nevskia)第VI属假黄单胞菌属(Pseudoxanthomonas)第VII属罗思河小杆菌属(Rhodanobacter)第VIII属寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)第IX属木杆菌属(Xylella)第IV目“心杆菌目”(“Cardiobacteriales”)第I科心杆菌科(Cardiobacteriaceae)第I属心杆菌属(Cardiobacterium)第II属腐蹄杆菌属(Dichelobacter)第III属萨顿氏菌属(Suttonella)第V目“硫发菌目”(“Thiotrichales”)第I科“硫发菌科”(“Thiotrichaceae”)第I属硫发菌属(Thiothrix)第II属无色菌属(Achromatium)第III属贝日阿托氏菌属(Beggiatoa)第IV属亮发菌属(Leucothrix)第V属大单胞菌属(Macromonas)第VI属硫小杆菌属(Thiobacterium)第VII属硫珍珠状菌属(Thiomargarita)第VIII属辫硫菌属(Thioploca)第IX属硫螺菌属(Thiospira)第II科“鱼立克次氏体科”(“Piscirickettsiaceae”) 第I属鱼立克次氏体属(Piscirickettsia)第II属解环菌属(Cycloclasticus)第III属氢弧菌属(Hydrogenovibrio)第IV属噬甲基菌属(Methylophaga)第V属硫微螺菌属(Thiomicrospira)第III科“弗朗西斯氏菌科”(“Francisellaceae”) 第I属弗朗西斯氏菌属(Francisella)第VI目“军团菌目”(“Legionellales”)第I科军团菌科(Legionellaceae)第I属军团菌属(Legionella)第II科“考克斯氏体科”(“Coxiellaceae”)第I属考克斯氏体属(Coxiella)第II属立克次氏小体属(Rickettsiella)第VII目甲基球菌目(Methylococcales)第I科甲基球菌科(Methylococcaceae)第I属甲基球菌属(Methylococcus)第II属甲基杆菌属(Methylobacter)第III属喜热噬甲基菌属(Methylocaldum)第IV属甲基微菌属(Methylomicrobium)第V属甲基单胞菌属(Methylomonas)第VI属甲基球状菌属(Methylosphaera)第VIII目“海洋螺菌目”(“Oceanospirillales”)第I科“海洋螺菌科”(“Oceanospirillaceae”)第I属海洋螺菌属(Oceanospirillum)第II属浴者菌属(Balneatrix)第III属海床杆菌属(Fundibacter)第IV属海单胞菌属(Marinomonos)第V属海螺菌属(Marinospirillum)第VI属海神单胞菌属(Neptunomonas) 第II科盐单胞菌科(Halomonadaceae)第I属盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)第II属食烷菌属(Alcanivorax)第III属肉胞菌属(Carnimonas)第IV属色盐杆菌属(Chromohalobacter)第V属德莱氏菌属(Deleya)第VI属发酵细菌属(Zymobacter)第IX目假单胞菌目(Pseudomonadales)第I科假单胞菌科(Pseudomonadaceae)第I属假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)第II属氮单胞菌属(Azomonas)第III属固氮菌属(Azotobacter)第IV属纤维弧菌属(Cellvibrio)第V属金色单胞菌属(Chryseomonas)第VI属黄色单胞菌属(Flaviomonas)第VII属俊片菌属(Lampropedia)第VIII属中嗜杆菌属(Mesophilobacter)第IX属桑葚状球菌属(Morococcus)第X属寡源杆菌属(Oligella)第XI属根杆菌属(Rhizobacter)第XII属皱纹单胞菌属(Rugamonas)第XIII属蛇形菌属(Serpens)第XIV属栖热嗜油菌属(Thermoleophilum)第XV属嗜木杆菌属(Xylophilus)第II科莫拉氏菌科(Moraxellaceae)第I属莫拉氏菌属(Moraxella)第II属不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)第III属嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter)第X目“交替单胞菌目”(“Alteromonadales”)第I科“交替单胞菌科”(“Alteromonadaceae”) 第I属交替单胞菌属(Alteromonas)第II属(Allishewanella)第III属科尔维尔氏菌属(Colwellia)第IV属铁还原单胞菌属(Ferrimomas)第V属冰居菌属(Glaciecola)第VI属(Idiomarina)第VII属海杆状菌属(Marinobacter)第VIII属海杆菌属(Marinobacterium)第IX属微泡菌属(Microbulbifer)第X属莫里特拉氏菌属(Moritella)第XI属假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas)第XII属希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella)第XI目“弧菌目”(“Vibrionales”)第I科弧菌科(Vibrionaceae)第I属弧菌属(Vibrio)第II属异单胞菌属(Allomonas)第III属水栖菌属(Enhydrobacter)第IV属利斯顿氏菌属(Listonella)第V属发光杆菌属(Photobacterium)第VI属盐弧菌属(Salinivibrio)第XII目“气单胞菌目”(“Aeromonadales”) 第I科气单胞菌科(Aeromonadaceae)第I属气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)第II属海洋单胞菌属(Oceanomonas)第III属甲苯单胞菌属(Tolumonas)第II科琥珀酸弧菌科(Succinivibrionaceae)第I属琥珀酸弧菌属(Succinivibrio)第II属厌氧螺菌属(Anaerobiospirillum)第III属瘤胃杆菌属(Ruminobacter)第IV属琥珀酸单胞菌属(Succinimonas) 第XIII目肠杆菌目(Enterobacteriales)第I科肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)第I属肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)第II属交替球菌属(Alterococcus)第III属杀雄菌属(Arsenophonus)第IV属布伦勒氏菌属(Brenneria)第V属巴克纳氏菌属(Buchnera)第VI属布戴约维采菌属(Budvicia)第VII属布丘氏菌属(Buttiauxella)第VIII属鞘杆菌属(Calymmatobacterium)第IX属西地西菌属(Cedecea)第X属柠檬酸杆菌属(Citrobacter)第XI属爱德华氏菌属(Edwardsiella)第XII属欧文氏菌属(Erwinia)第XIII属埃希氏菌属(Escherichia)第XIV属爱文氏菌属(Ewingella)第XV属哈夫尼菌属(Hafnia)第XVI属克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)第XVII属克吕沃尔氏菌属(Kluyvera)第XVIII属勒克氏菌属(Leclercia)第XIX属勒米诺氏菌属(Leminorella)第XX属米勒氏菌属(Moellerella)第XXI属摩根氏菌属(Morganella)第XXII属肥杆菌属(Obesumbacterium)第XXIII属泛菌属(Pantoea)第XXIV属坚固杆菌属(Pectobacterium)第XXV属光杆状菌属(Photorhabdus)第XXVI属邻单胞菌属(Plesiomonas)第XXVII属布拉格菌属(Pragia)第XXVIII属变形菌属(Proteus)第XXIX属普罗威登斯菌属(Providencia)第XXX属拉恩氏菌属(Rdhnella)第XXXI属糖杆菌属(Saccharobacter)第XXXII属沙门氏菌属(Salmonella)第XXXIII属沙雷氏菌属(Serratia)第XXXIV属志贺氏菌属(Shigella)第XXXV属伴蝇菌属(Sodalis)第XXXVI属塔特姆氏菌属(Tatumella)第XXXVII属特拉布斯氏菌属(Trabulsiella)第XXXVIII属威格尔斯沃思氏菌属(Wigglesworthia)第XXXIX属致病杆菌属(Xenorhabdus)第XL属耶尔森氏菌属(Yersinia)第XLI属预研菌属(Yokenella)第XIV目巴斯德氏菌目(Pasteurellales)第I科巴斯德氏菌科(Pasteurellaceae)第I属巴斯德氏菌属(Pasteurella)第II属放线杆菌属(Actinobacillus)第III属嗜血菌属(Haemophilus)第IV属隆派恩菌属(Lonepinella)第V属曼海姆氏菌属(Mannheimia)第VI属海豚杆菌属(Phocoenobacter)第IV纲“德耳塔变形杆菌纲”(“Deltaproteobacteria”)第I目“脱硫菌目”(“Desulfurellales”)第I科“脱硫菌科”（“Desulfurellaceae”）第I属脱硫菌属(Desulfurella)第II属希普氏菌属(Hippea)第II目“脱硫弧菌目”(“Desulfovibrionales”)第I科“脱硫弧菌科”(“Desulfovibrionaceae”)第I属脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)第II属嗜胆菌属(Bilophila)第III属劳森氏菌属(Lawsonia)第II科“脱硫微杆菌科”(“Desulfomicrobiaceae”) 第I属脱硫微杆菌属(Desulfomicrobium)第III科“脱硫盐菌科”(“Desulfohalobiaceae”)第I属脱硫盐菌属(Desulfohalobium)第II属脱硫单胞菌属(desulfomonas)第III属脱硫酸弯曲杆菌属(Desulfonatronovibrio) 第IV科脱硫弯曲杆菌科(“Desulfonatronumaceae”)第I属脱硫弯曲杆菌属(Desulfonatronum)第III目脱硫杆菌目(“Desulfobacterales”)第I科脱硫杆菌科(“Desulfobacteraceae”)第I属脱硫杆菌属(Desulfobacter)第II属脱硫杆状菌属(Desulfobacterium)第III属脱硫橄榄样菌属(Desulfobacula)第IV属脱硫胞状菌属（Desulfocella）第V属脱硫球菌属（Desulfococcus）第VI属脱硫豆状菌属（Desulfofaba）第VII属脱硫冷栖菌属（Desulfofrigus）第VIII属脱硫线菌属（Desulfonema）第IX属脱硫八叠球菌属（Desulfosarcina）第X属脱硫螺菌属（Desulfospira）第XI属脱硫小杆菌属(Desulfotalea)第XII属(“Desulfotignum”)第II科脱硫叶菌科(”Desulfobulbaceae”)第I属脱硫叶菌属(Desulfobulbus)第II属脱硫盒菌属(Desulfocapsa)第III属脱硫棒菌属(Desulfofustis)第IV属脱硫管状菌属(Desulforhopalus) 第III科硝化刺菌科(Nitrospinaceae)第I属硝化刺菌属(Nitrospina)第II属脱硫橄榄状菌属(Desulfobacca)第III属脱硫念珠菌属(Desulfomonile)第IV目脱硫单胞菌目(“Desulfuromonadales”)第I科脱硫单胞菌科(“Desulfuromonadaceae”)第I属脱硫单胞菌属(Desulfuromonas)第II属硫还原弯形菌属（Desulfuromusa) 第II科“土杆菌科”(“Geobacteraceae”)第I属土杆菌属(Geobacter)第III科“粘土杆菌科”(“Pelobacteraceae”)第I属粘土杆菌属(Pelobacter)第II属丙二酸单胞菌属(Malonomonas)第III属(Trichlorobacter)第V目“互营杆菌目”(“Syntrophobacterales”)第I科“互营杆菌科”（“Syntrophobacteraceae”）第I属互营杆菌属(Syntrophobacter)第II属脱硫葡萄状菌属(Desulfacinum)第III属杆状脱硫菌属(Desulforhabdus)第IV属(Desulfovirga)第V属热硫还原杆菌属(Thermodesulforhabdus) 第II科“互养菌科”(“Syntrophaceae”)第I属互养菌属(Syntrophus)第II属史密斯氏菌属(Smithella)第VI目“蛭弧菌目”(“Bdellovibrionales”)第I科“蛭弧菌科”(“Bdellovibrionaceae”)第I属蛭弧菌属(Bdellovibrio)第II属(Bacteriovorax)第III属云母弧菌属(Micavibrio)第IV属吸血弧菌属(Vampirovibrio)第VII目枯球菌目(Myxococcales)第I科帖球菌科(Myxococcaceae)第I属粘球菌属(Myxococcus)第II属囊球菌属(Angiococcus)第II科原囊菌科(Archangiaceae)第I属原囊菌属(Archangium)第III科孢囊杆菌科(Cystobacteraceae)第I属孢囊杆菌属(Cystobacter)第II属蜂窝囊菌属(Melittangium)第III属标桩菌属(Stigmatella)第IV科多囊菌科(Polyangiaceae)第I属多囊菌属(Polyangium)第II属软骨霉状菌属(Chondromyces)第III属侏儒囊菌属(Nannocystis)第V纲“艾普西隆变形杆菌纲”(“Epsilonproteobacteria”) 第I目“弯曲杆菌目”(“Campylobacterales”)第I科弯曲杆菌科(Campylobacteraceae)第I属弯曲杆菌属(Campylobacter)第II属弓形菌属(Arcobacter)第III属硫化螺旋菌属(Sulfurospirillum)第IV属卵硫菌属(Thiovulum)第II科“螺杆菌科”(“Helicobacteraceae”)第I属螺杆菌属(Helicobacter)第II属沃林氏菌属(Wolinella)第BXIII门厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)第I纲梭菌纲(“Clostridia”)第I目梭菌目(Clostridiales)第I科梭菌科(Clostridaceae)第I属梭菌属(Clostridium)第II属醋弧菌属(Acetivibrio)第III属氨基酸杆菌属(Acidaminobacter)第IV属厌氧杆菌属(Anaerobacter)第V属喜热菌属(Caloramator)第VI属(Coprobacillus)第VII属(Natronincola)第VIII属产醋杆菌属(Oxobacter)第IX属八叠球菌属(Sarcina)第X属孢杆菌属(Sporobacter)第XI属热分枝菌属(Thermobrachium)第XII属(Thermohalobacter)第XIII属丁达尔氏菌属(Tindallia)第II科“毛螺菌科”(“Lachnospiraceae”)第I属毛螺菌属(Lachnospira)第II属醋香肠菌属(Acetitomaculum)第III属厌氧细杆菌属(Anaerofilum)第IV属丁酸弧菌属(Butyrivibrio)第V属(Catenibacterium)第VI属卡托氏菌属(Catonella)第VII属粪球菌属(Coprococcus)第VIII属约翰森氏菌属(Johnsonella)第IX属假丁酸弧菌属(Pseudobutyrivibrio)第X属罗斯伯里氏菌属(Roseburia)第XI属瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)第XII属生孢杆菌属(Sporobacterium)第III科“消化链球菌科”(“Peptostreptococcaceae”) 第I属消化链球菌属(Peptostreptococcus)第II属产线菌属(Filifactor)第III属(Finegoldia)第IV属小纺锤状菌属(Fusibacter)第V属创伤球菌属(Helcococcus)第VI属(Micromonas)第VII属蒂西耶氏菌属(Tissierella)第IV科“真杆菌科”(“Eubacteriaceae”)第I属真杆菌属(Eubacterium)第II属醋酸杆菌属(Acetobacterium)第III属(Anaerovorax)第IV属(Mogibacterium)第V属假支杆菌属(Pseudoramibacter)第V科消化球菌科(Peptococcaceae)第I属消化球菌属(Peptococcus)第II属厌氧弓形菌属(Anaeroarcus)第III属厌氧弯曲菌属(Anaerosinus)第IV属厌氧弧菌属(Anaerovibrio)第V属一氧化碳嗜热菌属(Carboxydothermus)第VI属蜈蚣状菌属(Centipeda)第VII属脱卤素杆菌属(Dehalobacter)第VIII属树源生孢杆菌属(Dendrosporobacter)第IX属脱亚硫酸菌属(Desulfitobacterium)第X属脱磺酸盐生孢杆菌属(Desulfonispora)第XI属脱硫芽孢弯曲菌属(Desulfosporosinus)第XII属脱硫肠状菌属(Desulfotomaculum)。

伯杰氏细菌手册

《伯吉氏系统细菌学手册》 - 姐妹篇
• 《伯吉氏细菌鉴定手册》，简重地描写了各个属的性状及属内各种的简明比较。 • 自1923年出版熬头版以来，不停充实修改再版， 1994年面世第九版。
《伯吉氏系统细菌学手册》 - 影响
• 《伯吉氏系统细菌学手册》及《伯吉氏细菌鉴定手册》建立了细菌分类的公认体系。根据表型特征建立了一套动物致病菌检测程序，商品化的快速鉴定系统已应用于常规细菌学鉴定。 • 伯吉氏手册虽然采取了种系发生的分子生物学内容，但主要仍是依据经典的分类手段，未能充分体现分子序列研究对于细菌分类的影响。Balows等编写的“原核生物” （TheProkaryotes）第二版（1992年），可填补伯吉手册的不足，该书有4卷4100页，得到微生物学界的高度重视。
分类单位
界原核生物界（Procaryotae）门I 光养原核生物（"光细菌"）纲I 蓝绿光细菌纲II 红光细菌纲III 绿光细菌门II 与光无关的原核生物（“暗细菌”）纲I 细菌纲II 在真核细胞内的专性胞内暗细菌——立克次氏体纲III 无细胞壁的暗细菌——软壁体纲
• 原书名为《伯杰氏鉴定细菌学手册》（Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology），第8版由于内容增加，范围扩大，提高了手册的实用性，同时指出各类细菌间的关系，所以改名为《伯杰氏系统细菌学手册》；第二，由1卷分成4卷，这是考虑到能及时反映新进展和使用者的方便；第三，细菌在生物界的地位，8、9版间无变动，但它们的高级分类单位有很大变化（见下表），尤其嗜盐细菌和产甲烷细菌，根据胞壁分析和DNA序列分折，另列疵壁菌门，古细菌纲；第四，趋近自然体系，在各级分类单位中全面应用核酸研究；在表型特征的基础上，以DNA资料给予决定性的判断。使人为的分类体系过渡到自然体系的理想进一步付诸实现。

伯杰氏细菌系统分类学手册

它不是根据表型，而是以系统发生（进化）的框架为基础。

参照了16S rDNA的序列。

编辑们预计在手册第一卷到最后一卷出版的5、6年间，可能会再发现100多个新属。

他们会不断修订错误，在后继出版的各卷中，出一个新的分类大纲。

伯杰氏手册公司的网站（/bergeys）也会定期更新。

第二版的第一卷在2001年5月出版；第二卷在2004年2月出版。

古生菌域（Doma in “Archaea”）1. 第AI门泉古生菌门(Crenarchaeota phy. nov.)第I纲热变形菌纲(Thermoprotei class. nov.)第I目热变形菌目(Thermoproteales)第I科热变形菌科(Thermoproteaceae)第I属热变形菌属(Thermoproteus)第II属热杆菌属(Caldivirga)第III属热棒菌属(Pyrobaculum)第IV属热枝菌属(Thermocladium)第II科热丝菌科(Thermofilaceae)第I属热丝菌属(Thermofilum)第II目硫还原古球菌目(Desulfurococcales ord. nov.)第I科硫还原古球菌科(Desulfurococcaceae)第I属硫还原古球菌属(Desulfurococcus)第II属(Acidolobus)第III属气热菌属(Aeropyrum)第IV属浆果状火球菌属(Ignicoccus)第V属葡萄嗜热菌属(Staphylothermus)第VI属斯梯特氏菌属(Stetteria)第VII属恐硫球菌属(Sulfophobococcus)第VIII属热盘菌属(Thermodiscus gen. nov.)第IX属耐热球菌属(Thermosphaera)第II科热网菌科(Pyrodictiaceae)第I属热网菌属(Pyrodictium)第II属栖高温菌属(Hyperthermus)第III属热叶菌属(Pyrolobus)第III目硫化叶菌目(Sulfolobales)第I科硫化叶菌科(Sulfolobaceae)第I属硫化叶菌属(Sulfolobus)第II属酸菌属(Acidianus)第III属生金球菌属(Metallosphaera)第IV属栖冥河菌属(Stygiolobus)第V属硫代谢球菌属(Sulfurisphaera)第VI属硫化球菌属(Sulfurococcus)2.第AII门广古生菌门(Euryarchaeota phy. nov.) 第I纲甲烷杆菌纲(Methanobacteria class. nov.)第I目甲烷杆菌目(Methanobacteriales)第I科甲烷杆菌科(Methanobacteriaceae)第I属甲烷杆菌属(Methanobacterium)第II属甲烷短杆菌属(Methanobrevibacter)第III属甲烷球形菌属(Methanosphaera)第IV属甲烷嗜热杆菌属(Methanothermobacter)第II科甲烷嗜热菌科(Methanothermaceae)第I属甲烷嗜热菌属(Methanothermus)第II纲甲烷球菌纲(Methanococci class. nov.)第I目甲烷球菌目(Methanococcales)第I科甲烷球菌科(Methanococcaceae)第I属甲烷球菌属(Methanococcus)第II属甲烷嗜热球菌属(Methanothermococcus gen. nov.)第II科甲烷热球菌科(Methanocaldococcaceae fam. nov.)第I属甲烷热球菌属(Methanocaldococcus gen. nov.)第II属甲烷干热菌属(Methanotorris gen. nov.)第II目甲烷微菌目(Methanomicrobiales)第I科甲烷微菌科(Methanomicrobiaceae)第I属甲烷微菌属(Methanomicrobium)第II属甲烷袋状菌属(Methanoculleus)第III属产甲烷袋菌属(Methanofollis)第IV属产甲烷菌属(Methanogenium)第V属叶形甲烷菌属(Methanolacinia)第VI属甲烷盘菌属(Methanoplanus)第II科甲烷粒菌科(Methanocorpusculaceae)第I属甲烷粒菌属(Methanocorpusculum)第III科甲烷螺菌科(Methanospirillaceae fam. nov.)第I属甲烷螺菌属(Methanospirillum)未定属第I属产甲烷石状菌属(Methanocalculus)第III目甲烷八叠球菌目(Methanosarcinales)第I科甲烷八叠球菌科(Methanosarcinaceae)第I属甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)第II属甲烷拟球菌属(Methanococcoides)第III属甲烷喜盐菌属(Methanohalobium)第IV属甲烷嗜盐菌属(Methanohalophilus)第V属甲烷叶菌属(Methanolobus)第VI属甲烷微球菌属(Methanomicrococcus)第VII属甲烷盐菌属(Methanosalsum gen.nov.)第II科鬃毛甲烷菌科(Methanosaetaceae fam.nov.) 第I属鬃毛甲烷菌科属(Methanosaeta)第III纲盐杆菌纲(Halobacteria class. nov.)第I目盐杆菌目(Halobacteriales)第I科盐杆菌科(Halobacteriaceae)第I属盐杆菌属(Halobacterium)第II属盐盒菌属(Haloarcula)第III属盐棒杆菌属(Halobaculum)第IV属盐球菌属(Halococcus)第V属富盐菌属(Haloferax)第VI属盐几何形菌属(Halogeometricum)第VII属盐杆状菌属(Halorhabdus)第VIII属盐红菌属(Halorubrum)第IX属盐栖菌属(Haloterrigena)第X属无色嗜盐菌属(Natrialba)第XI属钠线菌属(Natrinema)第XII属嗜盐碱杆菌属（Natronobacterium）第XIII属嗜盐碱球菌属(Natronococcus)第XIV属嗜盐碱单胞菌属(Natronomonas)第XV属碱红菌属(Natronorubrum)第IV纲热原体纲(Thermoplasmata class. nov.)第I目热原体目(Thermoplasmatales ord. nov.)第I科热原体科(Thermoplasmataceae fam. nov.) 第I属热原体属(Thermoplasma)第II科嗜酸古菌科(Picrophilaceae)第I属嗜酸古菌属(Picrophilus)第III科铁原体科(Ferroplasmataceae)第I属铁原体属(Ferroplasma)第V纲热球菌纲(Thermococci class. nov.)第I目热球菌目(Thermococcales)第I科热球菌科(Thermococcaceae)第I属嗜热球菌属(Thermococcus)第II属古老球菌属(Palaeococcus)第III属热球菌属(Pyrococcus)第VI纲古生球菌纲(Archaeoglobi class. nov.)第I目古生球菌目(Archaeoglobales ord. nov.)第I科古生球菌科(Archaeoglobaceae fam. nov.) 第I属古生球菌属(Archaeoglobus)第II属铁球菌属(Ferroglobus)第VII纲甲烷嗜高热菌纲(Methanopyri class. nov.)第I目甲烷嗜高热菌目(Methanopyrales ord. nov.)第I科甲烷嗜高热菌科(Methanopyraceae fam. nov.)第I属甲烷嗜高热菌属(Methanopyrus)3.细菌域“Bacteria”第BI门产液菌门(Aquificae phy. nov.) 第I纲产液菌纲(Aquificae class. nov.)第I目产液菌目(Aquificales ord. nov.)第I科产液菌科(Aquificaceae fam. nov.)第I属产液菌属(Aquifex)第II属热杆菌属(Calderobacterium)第III属氢杆菌属(Hydrogenobacter)第IV属热发状菌属(Thermocrinis)未定属第I属脱硫杆状菌属(Desulfurobacterium)4.第BII门栖热袍菌门(Thermotogae phy. nov.)第I纲栖热袍菌纲(Thermotogae class. nov.)第I目栖热袍菌目(Thermotogales ord. nov.)第I科栖热袍菌科(Thermotogaceae fam. nov.)第I属栖热袍菌属(Thermotoga)第II属闪烁杆菌属(Fervidobacterium)第III属地袍菌属(Geotoga)第IV属石袍菌属(Petrotoga)第V属栖热腔菌属(Thermosipho)5.第BIII门热脱硫杆菌门(Thermodesulfobacteria phy. nov.) 第I纲热脱硫杆菌纲(Thermodesulfobacteria class. nov.)第I目热脱硫杆菌目(Thermodesulfobacteriales ord. nov.)第I科热脱硫杆菌科(Thermodesulfobacteriaceae fam. nov.)第I属热脱硫杆菌属(Thermodesulfobacterium)6.第BIV门异常球菌——栖热菌门(Deinococcus-Thermus) 第I纲异常球菌纲(Deinococci class. nov.)第I目异常球菌目(Deinococcales)第I科异常球菌科(Deinococcaceae)第I属异常球菌属(Deinococcus)第II目栖热菌目(Thermales ord. nov.)第I科栖热菌科(Thermaceae fam. nov.)第I属栖热菌属(Thermus)第II属稍热菌属(Meiothermus)7.第BV门金矿菌门(Chrysiogenetes phy. nov.)第I纲金矿菌纲(Chrysiogenetes class. nov.)第I目金矿菌目(Chrysiogenales ord. nov.)第I科金矿菌科(Chrysiogenaceae fam. nov.)第I属金矿菌属(Chrysiogenes)8.第BVI门绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexi phy. nov.)第I纲绿屈挠菌纲(Chloroflexi)第I目绿屈挠菌目(Chloroflexales)第I科绿屈挠菌科(Chloroflexaceae)第I属绿屈挠菌属（Chloroflexus）第II属绿丝菌属(Chloronema)第III属螺丝菌属(Heliothrix)第II科颤绿细菌科(Oscillochloridaceae)第I属绿颤细菌属(Oscillochloris)第II目滑柱菌目(Herpetosiphonales)第I科滑柱菌科(Herpetosiphonaceae)第I属滑柱菌属(Herpetosiphon)第BVII门热微菌门(Thermomicrobia phy. nov.) 第I纲热微菌纲(Thermomicrobia class. nov.)第I目热微菌目(Thermomicrobiales ord. nov.)第I科热微菌科(Thermomicrobiaceae fam. nov.)第I属热微菌属(Thermomicrobium)第BVIII门硝化螺菌门(Nitrospira phy. nov.)第I纲硝化螺菌纲(Nitrospira)第I目硝化螺菌目(Nitrospirales)第I科硝化螺菌科(Nitrospiraceae)第I属硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira)第II属钩端螺菌属(Leptospirillum)第III属磁细菌属(Magnetobacterium)第IV属热脱硫弧菌属(Thermodesulfovibrio)第BIX门铁还原杆菌门(Deferribacteres phy. nov.)第I纲铁还原杆菌纲(Deferribacteres class. nov.)第I目铁还原杆菌目(Deferribacterales ord. nov.)第I科铁还原杆菌科(Deferribacteraceae fam. nov.)第I属铁还原杆菌属(Deferribacter)第II属氮还原弧菌属(Denitrovibrio)第III属弯枝菌属(“Flexistipes”)第IV属地弧菌属(Geovibrio)未定属第I属互养菌属(Synergistes)第BX门蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria) 第I纲蓝细菌(Cyanobacteria)第I亚组第I科第I形态属管孢蓝细菌属(Chamaesiphon)第II形态属色球蓝细菌属(Chroococcus)第III形态属蓝细菌属(Cyanobacterium)第IV形态属蓝菌属(Cyanobium)第V形态属蓝丝菌属(Cyanothece)第VI属蓝菌属(Dactylococcopsis)第VII形态属粘杆菌属(Gloeobacter)第VIII形态属粘球蓝细菌属(Gloeocapsa)第IX形态属粘杆蓝细菌属(Gloeothece)第X形态属微囊蓝胞菌属(Microcystis)第XI形态属原绿球菌属(Prochlorococcus)第XII形态属原绿蓝细菌属(Prochloron)第XIII形态属聚球蓝细菌属(Synechococcus)第XIV形态属集胞蓝细菌属(Synechocystis)第II亚组第I科第I形态属蓝囊胞菌属(Cyanocystis)第II形态属小皮果蓝细菌属(Dermocarpella)第III形态属斯塔尼尔氏菌属(Stanieria)第IV形态属异球蓝细菌属(Xenococcus)第II科第I形态属拟色球蓝细菌属(Chroococcidiopsis)第II形态属粘八叠球菌属(Myxosarcina)第III形态属宽球蓝细菌属(Pleurocapsa)第III亚组第一科第I形态属节螺蓝细菌属(Arthrospira)第II形态属博氏蓝细菌属(Borzia)第III形态属发毛针蓝细菌属(Crinalium)第IV形态属吉特勒氏线状蓝细菌属(Geitlerinema)第V属盐螺旋藻属(Halospirulina)第VI形态属纤发鞘丝蓝细菌属(Leptolyngbya)第VII形态属湖丝蓝细菌属(Limnothrix)第VIII形态属鞘丝蓝细菌属(Lyngbya)第IX形态属微鞘蓝细菌属(Microcoleus)第X形态属颤蓝细菌属(Oscillatoria)第XI形态属浮霉丝状蓝细菌属(Planktothrix)第XII形态属原绿丝蓝细菌属(Prochlorothrix)第XIII形态属假鱼腥蓝细菌属(Pseudanabaena)第XIV形态属螺旋蓝细菌属(Spirulina)第XV形态属斯塔尔氏蓝细菌属(Starria)第XVI形态属束蓝细菌属(Symploca)第XVII形态属束毛蓝细菌属(Trichodesmium)第XVIII形态属灰线蓝细菌属(Tychonema)第IV亚组第I科第I形态属鱼腥蓝细菌属(Anabaena)第II形态属项圈蓝细菌属(Anabaenopsis)第III形态属蓝束丝蓝细菌属(Aphanizomenon)第IV形态属蓝螺菌属(Cyanospira)第V形态属拟筒孢蓝细菌属(Cylindrospermopsis)第VI形态属筒孢蓝细菌属(Cylindrospermum)第VII形态属节球蓝细菌属(Nodularia)第VIII形态属念珠蓝细菌属(Nostoc)第IX形态属伪枝蓝细菌属(Scytonema)第II科第I形态属眉蓝细菌属(Calothrix)第II形态属胶须蓝细菌属(Rivularia)第III形态属单歧蓝细菌属(Tolypothrix)第V亚组第I科第I形态属拟绿胶蓝细菌属(Chlorogloeopsis)第II形态属飞氏蓝细菌属(Fischerella)第III形态属吉特勒氏蓝细菌属(Geitleria)第IV形态属(Iyengariella)第V形态属拟念珠蓝细菌属(Nostochopsis)第VI形态属真枝蓝细菌属(Stigonema)第BXI门绿菌门(Chlorobi phy. nov.) 第I纲“绿菌纲”(“Chlorobia”)第I目绿菌目(Chlorobiales)第I科绿菌科(Chlorobiaceae)第I属绿菌属(Chlorobium)第II属绿臂菌属(Ancalochloris)第III属绿滑菌属(Chloroherpeton)第IV属暗网菌属(Pelodictyon)第V属突柄绿菌属(Prosthecochloris)第BXII门变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria phy. nov.) 第I纲“阿耳法变形杆菌纲”(“Alphaproteobacteria”)第I目红螺菌目(Rhodospirillales)第I科红螺菌科(Rhodospirillaceae)第I属红螺菌属(Rhodospirillum)第II属固氮螺菌属(Azospirillum)第III属磁螺菌属(Magnetospirillum)第IV属棕色螺菌属(Phaeospirillum)第V属红篓菌属(Rhodocista)第VII属红螺旋菌属(Rhodospira)第VII属海玫瑰菌属(Rhodothalassium)第VIII属玫瑰弧菌属(Rhodovibrio)第IX属蔷薇螺菌属(Roseospira)第X属斯科曼氏球菌属(Skermanella)第II科醋杆菌科(Acetobacteraceae)第I属醋杆菌属(Acetobacter)第II属嗜酸菌属(Acidiphilium)第III属酸球形菌属(Acidisphaera)第IV属酸胞菌属(Acidocella)第V属酸单胞菌属(Acidomonas)第VI属(Asaia)第VII属脆弱球菌属(Craurococcus)第VIII属葡糖酸醋杆菌属(Gluconacetobacter)第IX属葡糖杆菌属(Gluconobacter)第X属副脆弱球菌属(Paracraurococcus)第XI属红球形菌属(Rhodopila)第XII属玫瑰球菌属(Roseococcus)第XIII属星状菌属(Stella)第XIV属扎瓦尔金氏菌属(Zavarzinia)第II目立克次氏体目(Rickettsiales)第I科立克次氏体科(Rickettsiaceae)第I属立克次氏体属(Rickettsia)第II属东方体属(Orientia)第III属沃尔巴克氏体属(Wolbachia)第II科埃里希氏体科(Ehrlichiaceae)第I属埃里希氏体属(Ehrlichia)第II属埃及小体属(Aegyptianella)第III属无形小体属(Anaplasma)第IV属考德里氏体属(Cowdria)第V属新立克次氏体属(Neorickettsia)第VI属(Xenohaliotis)第III科“全孢螺菌科”(“Holosporaceae”)第I属全孢螺菌属(Holospora)第II属杀手杆菌屑(Caedibacter)第III属溶菌属(Lyticum)第IV属多核杆菌属(Polynucleobacter)第V属类杀手杆菌属(Pseudocaedibacter)第VI属共生小体属(Symbiotes)第VII属罩杆菌属(Tectibacter)第VIII属(Odyssella)第III目红杆菌目(Rhodobacterales)第I科红杆菌科(Rhodobacteraceae)第I属红杆菌属(Rhodobacter)第II属阿赫兰氏菌属(Ahrensia)第III属下水道球菌属(Amaricoccus)第IV属南极杆菌属(Antarctobacter)第V属芽殖杆菌属(Gemmobacte r)第VI属海氏菌属(Hirschia)第VII属生丝单胞菌属(Hyphomonas)第VIII属海洋杆状菌属(Maricaulis)第IX属甲基盒菌属(Methylarcula)第X属十八杆菌属(Octadecabacter)第XI属副球菌属(Paracoccus)第XII属小红卵菌属(Rhodovulum)第XIII属玫瑰菌属(Roseibium)第XIV属(Roseinatronobacter)第XV属粉红活动菌属(Roseivivax)第XVI属玫瑰杆菌属(Roseobacter)第XVII属玫瑰变色菌属(Roseovarius)第XVIII属红色单胞菌属(Rubrimonas)第XIX属鲁杰氏菌属(Ruegeria)第XX属箭头菌属(Sagittula)第XXI属斯塔雷氏菌属(Staleya)第XXII属斯塔普氏菌属(Stappia)第XXIII属亚硫酸盐杆菌属（Sulfitobacter）第IV目鞘氨醇单胞菌目(“Sphingomonadales”)第I科鞘氨醇单胞菌科(“Sphingomonadaceae”)第I属鞘氨醇单胞菌属（Sphingomonas）第II属芽单泡菌属(Blastomonas)第III属赤细菌属(Erythrobacter)第IV属赤微菌属(Erythromicrobium)第V属红单胞菌属(Erythromonas)第VI属产卟啉杆菌属(Porphyrobacter)第VII嘱根单胞菌属(Rhizomonas)第VIII属橙色杆菌属（Sandaracinobacter）第IX属发酵单咆菌属(Zymomonas)第V目柄杆菌目(Caulobacterales)第I科柄杆菌科(Caulobacteraceae)第I属柄杆菌属(Caulobacter)第II属不粘柄菌属(Asticcacaulis)第III属短波单胞菌属(Brevundimonas)第IV属苯基杆菌属(Phenylobacterium)第VI目“根瘤菌目”(“Rhizobiales”)第I科根瘤菌科(Rhizobiaceae)第I属根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)第II属土壤杆菌属(Agrobacterium)第III属嗜碳菌属(Carbophilus)第IV属螯合杆菌属(Chelatobacter)第V属剑菌属(Ensifer)第VI属中华根瘤菌属(Sinorhizobium)第II科巴尔通氏体科(Bartonellaceae)第I属巴尔通氏体属(Bartonella)第III科市鲁氏菌科(Brucellaceae)第I属布鲁氏菌属(Brucella)第II属枝面菌属(Mycoplana)第III属苍白杆菌属(Ochrobactrum)第IV科“叶瘤杆菌科”(“Phyllobacteriaceae”)第I属叶瘤杆菌属(Phyllobacterium)第II属异根瘤菌属(Allorhizobium)第III属氨基杆菌属(Aminobacter)第IV属污水菌属(Aquamicrobium)第V属废水杆菌属(Defluvibacter)第VI属中间根瘤菌属(Mesorhizobium)第VII属假氨基酸杆菌属(Pseudaminobacter) 第V科“甲基孢囊菌科”(“Methylocystaceae”)第I属甲基孢囊菌属(Methylocystis)第II属甲基球形菌属(Methylopila)第III属甲基弯曲菌属(Methylosinus)第VI科“拜叶林克氏菌科”(“Beijerinckiaceae”)第I属拜叶林克氏菌属(Beijerinckia)第II属螯台球菌属(Chelatococcus)第III属德克斯氏菌属(Derxia)第IV属（Methylocella）第VII科“慢生根瘤菌科”(“Bradyrhizobiaceae”)第I属慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)第II属阿菲波菌属(Afipia)第III属土壤单胞菌属(Agromonas)第IV属芽生杆菌属(Blastobacter)第V属包西氏菌属(Bosea)第VI属硝化杆菌属(Nitrobacter)第VII属寡养菌属(Oligotropha)第VIII属红假单胞菌属(Rhodopseudomonas)第VIII科生丝微菌科(Hyphomicrobiaceae)第I属生丝微菌属(Hyphomicrobium)第II属臂微菌属(Ancalomicrobium)第III属屈曲杆菌属(Ancylobacter)第IV属角微菌属(Angulomicrobium)第V属水杆菌属(Aquabacter)第VI属固氮根瘤菌属(Azorhizobium)第VII属绿芽菌属(Blastochloris)第VIII属戴沃斯菌属(Devosia)第IX属双歧微菌属(Dichotomicrobium)第X属线状微球菌属(Filomicrobium)第XI属芽殖菌属(Gemmiger)第XII属双头菌属(Labrys)第XIII属耗甲基杆菌属(Methylorhabdus)第XIV属土微菌属(Pedomicrobium)第XV属突柄微菌属(Prosthecomicrobium)碧XVI属红微菌属(Rhodomicrobium)第XVII属红游动菌属(Rhodoplanes)第XVIII属塞里伯氏菌属(Seliberia)第XIX属(Starkeya)第XX属黄色杆菌属(Xanthobacter)第IX科“甲基杆菌科”(“Methylobacteriaceae”)第I属甲基杆菌属(Methylobacterium)第II属甲基杆菌属(Protomonas)第III属玫瑰单胞菌属(Roseomonas)第X科“红菌科”(“Rhodobiaceae”)第I属红菌属(Rhodobium)第II纲“贝塔变形杆菌纲”(“Betaproteobacteria”)第I目“伯克霍尔德氏菌目”(“Burkholderiales”)第I科“伯克霍尔德氏菌科”(“Burkholderiaceae”)第I属伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia)第II属贪铜菌属(Cupriavidus)第III属劳特罗普氏菌属(Lautropia)第IV属(Pandoraea)第V属热丝菌属(Thermothrix)第II科“罗尔斯通氏菌科”(“Ralstoniaceae”)第I属罗尔斯通氏菌属(Ralstonia)第III科“草酸杆菌科”(“Oxalobacteraceae”)第I属草酸杆菌属(Oxalobacter)第II属杜擀氏菌属(Duganella)第III属草螺菌属(Herbaspirillum)第IV属紫色杆菌属(Janthinobacterium)第V属(Massilia)第VI属地神菌属(Telluria)第IV科产碱杆菌科(Alcaligenaceae)第I属产碱杆菌属(Alcaligenes)第II属无色杆菌属(Achromobacter)第III属鲍特氏菌属(Bordetella)第IV属居鸽菌属(Pelistega)第V属萨特氏菌属(Sutterella)第VI属泰勒氏菌属(Taylorella)第V科丛毛单胞菌科(Comamonadaceae) 第I属丛毛单胞菌属(Comamonas)第II属食酸菌属(Acidovorax)第III属水杆菌属(Aquabacterium)第IV属短单胞菌属(Brachymonas)第V属戴尔福特菌属(Delftia)第VI属氢噬胞菌属(Hydrogenophaga)第VII属艾德昂菌属(Ideonella)第VIII属纤发菌属(Leptothrix)第IX属极胞菌属(Polaromonas)第X属红育菌属(Rhodoferax)第XI属玫瑰色半光合菌属(Roseateles)第XII属红长命菌属(Rubrivivax)第XIII属球衣菌属(Sphaerotilus)第XIV属(Tepidimonas)第XV属硫单胞菌属(Thiomonas)第XVI属贪噬菌属(Variovorax)第II目“嗜氢菌目”(“Hydrogenophilales”)第I科“嗜氢菌科”(“Hydrogenophilaceae”)第I属嗜氢菌属(Hydrogenophilus)第II属硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)第III目“嗜甲基菌目”(“Methylophilales”)第I科“嗜甲基菌科”(“Methylophilaceae”)第I属嗜甲基菌属(Methylophilus)第II属甲基小杆菌属(Methylobacillus)第III属食甲基菌属(Methylovorus)第IV目奈瑟氏球菌目(“Neisseriales”)第I科奈瑟氏球菌科(Neisseriaceae)第I属奈瑟氏球菌属(Neisseria)第II属小链菌属(Alysiella)第III属水螺菌属(Aquaspirillum)第IV属链状球菌属(Catenococcus)第V属色杆菌属(Chromobacterium)第VI属艾肯氏菌属(Eikenella)第VII属甲酸弧菌属(Formivibrio)第VIII属紫色小杆菌属(Iodobacter)第IX属金氏菌属(Kingella)第X属微枝杆菌属(Microvirgula)第XI属嗜脯氨酸菌属(Prolinoborus)第XII属西蒙斯氏菌属(Simonsiella)第XIlI属透明颤菌属(Vitreoscilla)第XIV属福格斯氏菌属(Vogesella)第V目“亚硝化单胞菌目”(“Nitrosomonadales”)第I科“亚硝化单胞菌科”(“Nitrosomonadaceae”)第I属亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas)第II属亚硝化螺菌属(Nitrosospira)第II科螺菌科(Spirillaceae)第I属螺菌属(Spirillum)第III科嘉利翁氏菌科(Gallionellaceae)第I属嘉利翁氏菌属(Gallionella)第VI目“红环菌目”(“Rhodocyclales”)第I科红环菌科(Rhodocyclaceae)第I属红环菌属(Rhodocyclus)第II属固氮弧菌属(Azoarcus)第III属(Azonexus)第IV属固氮螺菌属(Azospira)第V属固氮弧菌属(Azovibrio)第VI属铁杆菌属(Ferribacterium)第VII属丙酸杆状菌属(Propionibacter)第VIII属丙酸弧菌属(Propionivibrio)第IX属索氏菌属(Thauera)第X属动胶菌属(Zoogloea)第III纲“伽马变形菌纲”(“Gammaproteobacteria”)第I目“着色菌目“(“Chromatiales”)第I科着色菌科(Chromatiaceae)第I属着色菌属(Chromatium)第II属异着色菌属（Allochromatium）第III属可变杆菌属(Amoebobacter)第IV属盐着色菌属(Halochromatium)第V属盐硫杆菌属(Halothiobacillus)第VI属等着色菌属(Isochromatium)第VII属闪杆菌属(Lamprobacter)第VIII属闪囊菌属(Lamprocystis)第IX属海洋着色菌属(Marichromatium)第X属亚硝化球菌属(Nitrosococcus)第XI属斐佛氏菌属(Pfennigia)第XII属杆状色菌属(Rhabdochromatium)第XIII属热着色菌属(Thermochromatium)第XIV属硫碱球菌属(Thioalkalicoccus)第XV属荚硫菌属(Thiocapsa)第XVI属硫球菌属(Thiococcus)第XVII属囊硫菌属(Thiocystis)第XVIII属网硫菌属(Thiodictyon)第XIX属第XX属盐荚硫菌属(Thiohalocapsa)第XXI属硫明卵菌属(Thiolamprovum)第XXII属板硫菌属(Thiopedia)第XXIII属热红球菌属(Thiorhodococcus)第XXIV属硫红弧菌属(Thiorhodovibrio)第XXV属硫螺旋菌届(Thiospirillum)第II科外硫红螺菌科（Ectothiorhodospiraceae）第I属外硫红螺菌属(Ectothiorhodospira)第II属非红单胞菌属(Arhodomonas)第III属需盐红螺菌属(Halorhodospira)第IV属硝化球菌属(Nitrococcus)第V属硫红螺菌属(Thiorhodospira)第II目酸硫杆菌目(Acidithiobacillales)第I科酸硫杆状菌科(Acidithiobacillaceae)第I属酸硫杆状菌属(Acidithiobacillus) 第II科热硫杆状菌科(Thermithiobacillaceae) 第I属热硫杆状菌属(Thermithiobacillus) 第III目“黄单胞菌目”(“Xanthomonadales”)第I科“黄单胞菌科”(“Xanthomonadaceae”)第I属黄单胞菌属(Xanthomonas)第II属弗拉特氏菌属(Frateuria)第III属藤黄单孢菌属(Luteimonas)第IV属溶杆菌属(Lysobacter)第V属涅瓦河菌属(Nevskia)第VI属假黄单胞菌属(Pseudoxanthomonas)第VII属罗思河小杆菌属(Rhodanobacter)第VIII属寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)第IX属木杆菌属(Xylella)第IV目“心杆菌目”(“Cardiobacteriales”)第I科心杆菌科(Cardiobacteriaceae)第I属心杆菌属(Cardiobacterium)第II属腐蹄杆菌属(Dichelobacter)第III属萨顿氏菌属(Suttonella)第V目“硫发菌目”(“Thiotrichales”)第I科“硫发菌科”(“Thiotrichaceae”)第I属硫发菌属(Thiothrix)第II属无色菌属(Achromatium)第III属贝日阿托氏菌属(Beggiatoa)第IV属亮发菌属(Leucothrix)第V属大单胞菌属(Macromonas)第VI属硫小杆菌属(Thiobacterium)第VII属硫珍珠状菌属(Thiomargarita)第VIII属辫硫菌属(Thioploca)第IX属硫螺菌属(Thiospira)第II科“鱼立克次氏体科”(“Piscirickettsiaceae”)第I属鱼立克次氏体属(Piscirickettsia)第II属解环菌属(Cycloclasticus)第III属氢弧菌属(Hydrogenovibrio)第IV属噬甲基菌属(Methylophaga)第V属硫微螺菌属(Thiomicrospira)第III科“弗朗西斯氏菌科”(“Francisellaceae”)第I属弗朗西斯氏菌属(Francisella)第VI目“军团菌目”(“Legionellales”)第I科军团菌科(Legionellaceae)第I属军团菌属(Legionella)第II科“考克斯氏体科”(“Coxiellaceae”)第I属考克斯氏体属(Coxiella)第II属立克次氏小体属(Rickettsiella)第VII目甲基球菌目(Methylococcales)第I科甲基球菌科(Methylococcaceae)第I属甲基球菌属(Methylococcus)第II属甲基杆菌属(Methylobacter)第III属喜热噬甲基菌属(Methylocaldum)第IV属甲基微菌属(Methylomicrobium)第V属甲基单胞菌属(Methylomonas)第VI属甲基球状菌属(Methylosphaera)第VIII目“海洋螺菌目”(“Oceanospirillales”)第I科“海洋螺菌科”(“Oceanospirillaceae”)第I属海洋螺菌属(Oceanospirillum)第II属浴者菌属(Balneatrix)第III属海床杆菌属(Fundibacter)第IV属海单胞菌属(Marinomonos)第V属海螺菌属(Marinospirillum)第VI属海神单胞菌属(Neptunomonas)第II科盐单胞菌科(Halomonadaceae)第I属盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)第II属食烷菌属(Alcanivorax)第III属肉胞菌属(Carnimonas)第IV属色盐杆菌属(Chromohalobacter)第V属德莱氏菌属(Deleya)第VI属发酵细菌属(Zymobacter)第IX目假单胞菌目(Pseudomonadales)第I科假单胞菌科(Pseudomonadaceae)第I属假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)第II属氮单胞菌属(Azomonas)第III属固氮菌属(Azotobacter)第IV属纤维弧菌属(Cellvibrio)第V属金色单胞菌属(Chryseomonas)第VI属黄色单胞菌属(Flaviomonas)第VII属俊片菌属(Lampropedia)第VIII属中嗜杆菌属(Mesophilobacter)第IX属桑葚状球菌属(Morococcus)第X属寡源杆菌属(Oligella)第XI属根杆菌属(Rhizobacter)第XII属皱纹单胞菌属(Rugamonas)第XIII属蛇形菌属(Serpens)第XIV属栖热嗜油菌属(Thermoleophilum) 第XV属嗜木杆菌属(Xylophilus)第II科莫拉氏菌科(Moraxellaceae)第I属莫拉氏菌属(Moraxella)第II属不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)第III属嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter)第X目“交替单胞菌目”(“Alteromonadales”)第I科“交替单胞菌科”(“Alteromonadaceae”)第I属交替单胞菌属(Alteromonas)第II属(Allishewanella)第III属科尔维尔氏菌属(Colwellia)第IV属铁还原单胞菌属(Ferrimomas)第V属冰居菌属(Glaciecola)第VI属(Idiomarina)第VII属海杆状菌属(Marinobacter)第VIII属海杆菌属(Marinobacterium)第IX属微泡菌属(Microbulbifer)第X属莫里特拉氏菌属(Moritella)第XI属假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas) 第XII属希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella)第XI目“弧菌目”(“Vibrionales”)第I科弧菌科(Vibrionaceae)第I属弧菌属(Vibrio)第II属异单胞菌属(Allomonas)第III属水栖菌属(Enhydrobacter)第V属发光杆菌属(Photobacterium)第VI属盐弧菌属(Salinivibrio)第XII目“气单胞菌目”(“Aeromonadales”)第I科气单胞菌科(Aeromonadaceae)第I属气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)第II属海洋单胞菌属(Oceanomonas)第III属甲苯单胞菌属(Tolumonas)第II科琥珀酸弧菌科(Succinivibrionaceae) 第I属琥珀酸弧菌属(Succinivibrio)第II属厌氧螺菌属(Anaerobiospirillum)第III属瘤胃杆菌属(Ruminobacter)第IV属琥珀酸单胞菌属(Succinimonas)第XIII目肠杆菌目(Enterobacteriales)第I科肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)第I属肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)第II属交替球菌属(Alterococcus)第III属杀雄菌属(Arsenophonus)第IV属布伦勒氏菌属(Brenneria)第V属巴克纳氏菌属(Buchnera)第VI属布戴约维采菌属(Budvicia)第VII属布丘氏菌属(Buttiauxella)第VIII属鞘杆菌属(Calymmatobacterium) 第IX属西地西菌属(Cedecea)第X属柠檬酸杆菌属(Citrobacter)第XI属爱德华氏菌属(Edwardsiella)第XII属欧文氏菌属(Erwinia)第XIII属埃希氏菌属(Escherichia)第XIV属爱文氏菌属(Ewingella)第XV属哈夫尼菌属(Hafnia)第XVI属克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)第XVII属克吕沃尔氏菌属(Kluyvera)第XVIII属勒克氏菌属(Leclercia)第XIX属勒米诺氏菌属(Leminorella)第XX属米勒氏菌属(Moellerella)第XXI属摩根氏菌属(Morganella)第XXII属肥杆菌属(Obesumbacterium)第XXIII属泛菌属(Pantoea)第XXIV属坚固杆菌属(Pectobacterium) 第XXV属光杆状菌属(Photorhabdus)第XXVI属邻单胞菌属(Plesiomonas)第XXVII属布拉格菌属(Pragia)第XXVIII属变形菌属(Proteus)第XXIX属普罗威登斯菌属(Providencia)第XXXI属糖杆菌属(Saccharobacter)第XXXII属沙门氏菌属(Salmonella) 第XXXIII属沙雷氏菌属(Serratia)第XXXIV属志贺氏菌属(Shigella)第XXXV属伴蝇菌属(Sodalis)第XXXVI属塔特姆氏菌属(Tatumella)第XXXVII属特拉布斯氏菌属(Trabulsiella)第XXXVIII属威格尔斯沃思氏菌属(Wigglesworthia)第XXXIX属致病杆菌属(Xenorhabdus)第XL属耶尔森氏菌属(Yersinia)第XLI属预研菌属(Yokenella)第XIV目巴斯德氏菌目(Pasteurellales)第I科巴斯德氏菌科(Pasteurellaceae)第I属巴斯德氏菌属(Pasteurella)第II属放线杆菌属(Actinobacillus)第III属嗜血菌属(Haemophilus)第IV属隆派恩菌属(Lonepinella)第V属曼海姆氏菌属(Mannheimia)第VI属海豚杆菌属(Phocoenobacter)第IV纲“德耳塔变形杆菌纲”(“Deltaproteobacteria”)第I目“脱硫菌目”(“Desulfurellales”)第I科“脱硫菌科”（“Desulfurellaceae”）第I属脱硫菌属(Desulfurella)第II属希普氏菌属(Hippea)第II目“脱硫弧菌目”(“Desulfovibrionales”)第I科“脱硫弧菌科”(“Desulfovibrionaceae”)第I属脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)第II属嗜胆菌属(Bilophila)第III属劳森氏菌属(Lawsonia)第II科“脱硫微杆菌科”(“Desulfomicrobiaceae”)第I属脱硫微杆菌属(Desulfomicrobium)第III科“脱硫盐菌科”(“Desulfohalobiaceae”)第I属脱硫盐菌属(Desulfohalobium)第II属脱硫单胞菌属(desulfomonas)第III属脱硫酸弯曲杆菌属(Desulfonatronovibrio)第IV科脱硫弯曲杆菌科(“Desulfonatronumaceae”)第I属脱硫弯曲杆菌属(Desulfonatronum)第III目脱硫杆菌目(“Desulfobacterales”)第I科脱硫杆菌科(“Desulfobacteraceae”)第I属脱硫杆菌属(Desulfobacter)第II属脱硫杆状菌属(Desulfobacterium)第III属脱硫橄榄样菌属(Desulfobacula)第IV属脱硫胞状菌属（Desulfocella）第V属脱硫球菌属（Desulfococcus）第VI属脱硫豆状菌属（Desulfofaba）第VII属脱硫冷栖菌属（Desulfofrigus）第VIII属脱硫线菌属（Desulfonema）第IX属脱硫八叠球菌属（Desulfosarcina）第X属脱硫螺菌属（Desulfospira）第XI属脱硫小杆菌属(Desulfotalea)第XII属(“Desulfotignum”)第II科脱硫叶菌科(”Desulfobulbaceae”)第I属脱硫叶菌属(Desulfobulbus)第II属脱硫盒菌属(Desulfocapsa)第III属脱硫棒菌属(Desulfofustis)第IV属脱硫管状菌属(Desulforhopalus)第III科硝化刺菌科(Nitrospinaceae)第I属硝化刺菌属(Nitrospina)第II属脱硫橄榄状菌属(Desulfobacca)第III属脱硫念珠菌属(Desulfomonile)第IV目脱硫单胞菌目(“Desulfuromonadales”)第I科脱硫单胞菌科(“Desulfuromonadaceae”)第I属脱硫单胞菌属(Desulfuromonas)第II属硫还原弯形菌属（Desulfuromusa)第II科“土杆菌科”(“Geobacteraceae”)第I属土杆菌属(Geobacter)第III科“粘土杆菌科”(“Pelobacteraceae”)第I属粘土杆菌属(Pelobacter)第II属丙二酸单胞菌属(Malonomonas)第III属(Trichlorobacter)第V目“互营杆菌目”(“Syntrophobacterales”)第I科“互营杆菌科”（“Syntrophobacteraceae”）第I属互营杆菌属(Syntrophobacter)第II属脱硫葡萄状菌属(Desulfacinum)第III属杆状脱硫菌属(Desulforhabdus)第IV属(Desulfovirga)第V属热硫还原杆菌属(Thermodesulforhabdus) 第II科“互养菌科”(“Syntrophaceae”)第I属互养菌属(Syntrophus)第II属史密斯氏菌属(Smithella)第VI目“蛭弧菌目”(“Bdellovibrionales”)第I科“蛭弧菌科”(“Bdellovibrionaceae”)第I属蛭弧菌属(Bdellovibrio)第II属(Bacteriovorax)第III属云母弧菌属(Micavibrio)第IV属吸血弧菌属(Vampirovibrio)第VII目枯球菌目(Myxococcales)第I科帖球菌科(Myxococcaceae)第I属粘球菌属(Myxococcus)第II属囊球菌属(Angiococcus)第II科原囊菌科(Archangiaceae)第I属原囊菌属(Archangium)第III科孢囊杆菌科(Cystobacteraceae)第I属孢囊杆菌属(Cystobacter)第II属蜂窝囊菌属(Melittangium)第III属标桩菌属(Stigmatella)第IV科多囊菌科(Polyangiaceae)第I属多囊菌属(Polyangium)第II属软骨霉状菌属(Chondromyces)第III属侏儒囊菌属(Nannocystis)第V纲“艾普西隆变形杆菌纲”(“Epsilonproteobacteria”)第I目“弯曲杆菌目”(“Campylobacterales”)第I科弯曲杆菌科(Campylobacteraceae)第I属弯曲杆菌属(Campylobacter)第II属弓形菌属(Arcobacter)第III属硫化螺旋菌属(Sulfurospirillum)第IV属卵硫菌属(Thiovulum)第II科“螺杆菌科”(“Helicobacteraceae”)第I属螺杆菌属(Helicobacter)第II属沃林氏菌属(Wolinella)第BXIII门厚壁菌门(Firmicutes) 第I纲梭菌纲(“Clostridia”)第I目梭菌目(Clostridiales)第I科梭菌科(Clostridaceae)第I属梭菌属(Clostridium)第II属醋弧菌属(Acetivibrio)第III属氨基酸杆菌属(Acidaminobacter)第IV属厌氧杆菌属(Anaerobacter)第V属喜热菌属(Caloramator)第VI属(Coprobacillus)第VII属(Natronincola)第VIII属产醋杆菌属(Oxobacter)第IX属八叠球菌属(Sarcina)第X属孢杆菌属(Sporobacter)第XI属热分枝菌属(Thermobrachium)第XII属(Thermohalobacter)第XIII属丁达尔氏菌属(Tindallia)第II科“毛螺菌科”(“Lachnospiraceae”)第I属毛螺菌属(Lachnospira)第II属醋香肠菌属(Acetitomaculum)第III属厌氧细杆菌属(Anaerofilum)第IV属丁酸弧菌属(Butyrivibrio)第V属(Catenibacterium)第VI属卡托氏菌属(Catonella)第VII属粪球菌属(Coprococcus)第VIII属约翰森氏菌属(Johnsonella)第IX属假丁酸弧菌属(Pseudobutyrivibrio)第X属罗斯伯里氏菌属(Roseburia)第XI属瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)第XII属生孢杆菌属(Sporobacterium)第III科“消化链球菌科”(“Peptostreptococcaceae”)第I属消化链球菌属(Peptostreptococcus)第II属产线菌属(Filifactor)第III属(Finegoldia)第IV属小纺锤状菌属(Fusibacter)第V属创伤球菌属(Helcococcus)第VI属(Micromonas)第VII属蒂西耶氏菌属(Tissierella)第IV科“真杆菌科”(“Eubacteriaceae”)第I属真杆菌属(Eubacterium)第II属醋酸杆菌属(Acetobacterium)第III属(Anaerovorax)第IV属(Mogibacterium)第V属假支杆菌属(Pseudoramibacter)第V科消化球菌科(Peptococcaceae)第I属消化球菌属(Peptococcus)第II属厌氧弓形菌属(Anaeroarcus)第III属厌氧弯曲菌属(Anaerosinus)第IV属厌氧弧菌属(Anaerovibrio)第V属一氧化碳嗜热菌属(Carboxydothermus)第VI属蜈蚣状菌属(Centipeda)第VII属脱卤素杆菌属(Dehalobacter)第VIII属树源生孢杆菌属(Dendrosporobacter)第IX属脱亚硫酸菌属(Desulfitobacterium)第X属脱磺酸盐生孢杆菌属(Desulfonispora)第XI属脱硫芽孢弯曲菌属(Desulfosporosinus)第XII属脱硫肠状菌属(Desulfotomaculum)第XIII属光岗菌属(Mitsuokella)第XIV属丙酸螺菌属(Propionispira)第XV属琥珀酸螺菌属(Succinispira)。

伯杰氏鉴定细菌学手册

球，杆或不规则杆球状，，杆丝或状不规则杆状丝状
，球或球椭或圆椭形圆形
——— ——
对四环素
———
环素营养型——— 光或化能—————— 化能敏感
———
对敏营感养要求苛刻，有的在培养基上形成煎蛋状菌落
—— 化能
第一章细菌（bacterium)的形态与结构
细菌的大小(Size of Bacteria)
3、软壁菌门(Tenericutes)又称柔壁菌
门，是无细胞壁的原核生物。
4、疵壁菌门（Mendosicutes）是一类古
细菌，主要在极端环境条件下生活的细胞生物。
原核生物约4935种：古菌约208种，2门，5组，8纲， 63属。真细菌约4727种，16门，814属。真菌约9万多种。藻类约10万种。病毒约4000种。
壁
肽聚薄糖壁8－菌1门0% 7－8nm
细胞壁
肽聚糖8－10% 7－8nm
G－
G
G－
肽厚聚壁糖菌5门0－80% 10－50nm
肽聚糖50－80% 10－50nm
G＋ G＋
软壁菌门无壁
无壁 ———
———
疵壁菌门细菌）壁中
肽聚
壁中无胞和肽聚糖
—— ———
形态
球，卵圆，短杆、球，丝卵状圆螺，旋短形杆、丝状螺旋形
梭状芽孢杆菌
蜡状芽孢杆菌（食物中毒）
沙门氏杆菌
球状杆菌
棒状杆菌
球状杆菌（炭疽）
乳酸杆菌
炭疽芽孢杆菌
螺形菌（spiral bacterium）
•弧菌 •螺菌 •螺杆菌
弧状菌
幽门螺杆菌
螺旋菌
特殊形态的细菌
放线菌

《伯杰氏细菌鉴定手册》

伯杰氏细菌鉴定手册引言伯杰氏细菌鉴定手册是一本专门针对细菌鉴定的指南。

本手册旨在帮助实验室技术人员和研究人员正确、迅速地识别和分类细菌。

通过本手册提供的详细步骤和实用技巧，用户可以更好地了解各种细菌的特征和性质，从而做出准确的鉴定结果。

目录•细菌鉴定原理•常用的细菌鉴定方法–形态学鉴定–生理生化鉴定–分子生物学鉴定•案例分析•结论细菌鉴定原理细菌鉴定是通过观察和分析细菌的形态、结构和生理特征等来确定其分类和鉴别的一种方法。

细菌鉴定的基本原理是通过对细菌样本进行一系列实验和测试，从中获取有关细菌特征的信息，并将这些信息与已知的细菌特征进行比对和对照，最终确定细菌的类别和身份。

常用的细菌鉴定方法细菌鉴定方法多种多样，下面介绍一些常用的方法：形态学鉴定形态学鉴定是通过观察细菌的形状、大小、颜色和结构等特征来对细菌进行初步鉴定。

常用的形态学鉴定方法包括显微镜观察、染色技术和胶体金技术等。

通过这些方法，可以获得细菌的形态学特征，如菌体形状、菌体长短、菌体的颜色等，从而初步确定细菌的分类。

生理生化鉴定生理生化鉴定是通过检测细菌在特定环境下的生理和生化特征来进行鉴定的方法。

常用的生理生化鉴定方法包括生长特性观察、代谢能力测试和酶活性检测等。

通过这些方法，可以获得细菌在不同环境条件下的生长特性和代谢能力，从而进一步明确细菌的分类。

分子生物学鉴定分子生物学鉴定是通过检测细菌的基因序列来确定其分类的一种方法。

常用的分子生物学鉴定方法包括PCR技术、DNA测序和引物设计等。

通过这些方法，可以获得细菌的基因序列信息，并与数据库中的已知细菌基因序列进行比对和对照，从而准确地确定细菌的身份。

案例分析以下是一个细菌鉴定的案例分析：案例：不明细菌的鉴定样本名称：不明细菌X实验步骤：1.形态学鉴定：使用显微镜观察，发现不明细菌X为短杆状，无荚膜。

2.生理生化鉴定：将不明细菌X接种在不同培养基中，观察其生长情况。

结果表明不明细菌X能够在大约37°C下生长，对氧气需求较高，利用葡萄糖进行发酵。

第9版伯杰鉴定细菌学手册中与医学有关重要细菌菌属

第9版伯杰鉴定细菌学手册中与医学有关重要细菌菌属.doc第9 版伯杰鉴定细菌学手册中与医学有关重要细菌菌属1.有细胞壁革兰阴性细菌含第116 群，同义名薄壁菌门。

群1 包柔体属（Borrelia，同义名疏螺旋体属）；短螺旋体属（Brachyspira, Havind-Havind-Hougen 1982 年）；钩端螺旋体属（Leptospira）；滚线体属（Treponema ，同义名；密螺旋体属）。

群2需氧/微需氧、有动力、螺形/ 类弧形的革兰阴性细菌。

弯曲杆菌属（Campylobacter）；螺杆菌属（Helicobacter，同义名螺旋菌属）；螺菌属（Spirillum）；沃廉菌属（Wolinella ），齿龈病原菌。

群4革兰阴性需氧/微嗜氧的杆菌和球菌。

无动杆菌属（Acinetobacter ，不动杆菌属）；阿菲菌属（Afipia，Brener et al，1991）；土壤杆菌属（Agrobacterium ）产碱杆菌属（Alcaligenes）；异单胞菌属（Alteromonas ）；鲍特菌属（Bordetella）；布氏菌属（Brucella）；黄杆菌属（Flavobacterium）；弗兰西斯菌属（Francisella ）；金氏菌属（Kingella）；军团菌属（Legionella）；莫拉菌属（Moraxella）；摩洛球菌属（Morococcus ，Long et al，1981）；奈瑟菌属（Neisseria）；赭石菌属（Ochrobactrum ，Holmes et al，1988）；奥利菌属（Oligella，Rossau et al，1987）；假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas ）；湿杆菌属（Psychrobacter ，Juni and Heym ，1986 年）；鞘氨醇杆菌属（Sphingobacterium）；黄单胞菌属（Xanthomonas）。

群5兼性厌氧革兰阴性杆菌，有4 个亚群。

第9版伯杰鉴定细菌学手册中与医学有关重要细菌菌属

群2需氧/微需氧、有动力、螺形/ 类弧形的革兰阴性细菌。

弯曲杆菌属（Campylobacter）；螺杆菌属（Helicobacter，同义名螺旋菌属）；螺菌属（Spirillum）；沃廉菌属（Wolinella ），齿龈病原菌。

群4革兰阴性需氧/微嗜氧的杆菌和球菌。

群5兼性厌氧革兰阴性杆菌，有4 个亚群。

伯杰鉴定细菌学手册

伯杰鉴定细菌学手册【摘要】：正自从伯杰氏系统细菌学手册(Bergey’sManual of Systematic Bacteriology)第一卷由美国Williams and Wilkins公司于1984年出版后,国内有些人、出版物称它为《伯杰手册【关键词】：鉴定细菌学系统细菌学手册分类资料细菌鉴定出版物美国放线菌国内古细菌【正文快照】：自从伯杰氏系统细菌学手册(Bergey’sManual of systematic Bacteriology)第一卷由美国Williams and Wilkin:公司于1984年出版后,国内有些人、出版物称它为《伯杰手册第九版》、《伯杰氏细菌鉴定手册第九版》等等。

其实,现在出版的伯杰氏系统细菌学手册(以下简称“分类手册,,简介一本有代表性的、参考价值极高、比较全面系统的细菌分类手册。

由美国布瑞德(Breed)等人主编。

1923年第1版，后于1925、1930、1934、1939、1948、1957、1974年相继出版了第2至第8版，每个版本都反映了当时细菌学发展的新成就。

其中第8版有美、英、德、法等14个国家的细菌学家参加了编写工作，对系统内的每一属和种都做了较详细的属性描述。

近年来，由于细胞学、遗传学和分子生物学的渗透，大大促进了细菌分类学的发展，使分类系统与真正反映亲缘关系的自然体系日趋接近。

第9版(1984，1986)中实质性的变化，象征着细菌分类学的发展进入新的阶段。

第一，手册更名，原书名为《伯杰氏鉴定细菌学手册》(Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology)，第9版由于内容增加，范围扩大，提高了手册的实用性，同时指出各类细菌间的关系，所以改名为《伯杰氏系统细菌学手册》;第二，由1卷分成4卷，这是考虑到能及时反映新进展和使用者的方便;第三，细菌在生物界的地位，8、9版间无变动，但它们的高级分类单位有很大变化(见下表)，尤其嗜盐细菌和产甲烷细菌，根据胞壁分析和DNA序列分折，另列疵壁菌门，古细菌纲;第四，趋近自然体系，在各级分类单位中全面应用核酸研究;在表型特征的基础上，以DNA资料给予决定性的判断。

伯杰细菌鉴定手册

Factors involved in tht- regulation of niesangial cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. One of Ihe central features of many human glnmerular diseases is ihe proliferation of Ihe smooth muscle cell-like mesangial ceils. While a multitude of mitogens for mesangial cells has been proposed on the basis of in vitro experimenls, Ihe factors involved in the regulation of mesangiai cell proiifenilion in vivo remain largely undefined. To investigate the regulation of mesimgia! cell proliferation in vivo we have sludied the mesangioproliferalive glomeniloncphritis that is induced by injection of antibody directed against the Thy I.I antigen on the mesangial cell surface in rats. In this review, we discuss the role of three cytokines in the mesangioproliferative response, namely platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). and transforming growth factor-)3 (TGF-)3). All three cytokines are present in various inflammatory cells as well as in mesangial cells themselves, thereby allowing these factors to exert both paracrine and autocrine regulatory functions on mesangial cells. In vivo studies show that PDGF. bFGF and TGF-fi participate in either the mesangial cell proliferation or the mesangial muirix expansion that follows mesangial cell injury with anti-Thy 1.1 antibody. Based on currently available data we propose that bFGF may partici^-ate in Ihe initiation, PDGF in the maintenance, and TGF-/3 in the resolution of mesangial cell proliferation in vivn. Further analysis of the mitogens operative in vivo may ultimately result in the design of new therapeutic strategies to treat progressive glomerular mesangioproliferative diseases.

《伯杰氏鉴定细菌学手册》与《伯杰氏分类细菌学手册》

《伯杰氏鉴定细菌学手册》与《伯杰氏分类细菌学手册》一、本文概述《伯杰氏鉴定细菌学手册》与《伯杰氏分类细菌学手册》是细菌学领域的两部经典之作，对全球微生物学和生物科学的发展产生了深远影响。

这两部手册以其严谨的科学态度、详尽的细菌分类和鉴定方法，为研究者提供了全面而可靠的参考资源。

本文将对这两部手册进行概述，探讨它们的历史背景、内容特点以及在细菌学领域的重要性和应用价值。

我们将回顾《伯杰氏鉴定细菌学手册》的发展历程和主要内容。

该手册自首次出版以来，已成为细菌鉴定的权威指南，为研究者提供了丰富的细菌鉴定方法和技巧。

我们将介绍手册中的鉴定流程、形态特征、生理生化特性等方面的内容，并探讨其在细菌鉴定中的应用价值。

我们将对《伯杰氏分类细菌学手册》进行概述。

该手册以细菌分类为核心，详细介绍了各类细菌的分类地位、形态特征、生态学特征以及遗传信息等。

我们将分析手册中的分类体系、分类方法和分类标准，并探讨其在细菌分类研究中的重要性和意义。

我们将对两部手册进行比较分析，探讨它们的异同点以及各自的优势。

我们还将讨论这两部手册在细菌学领域的应用前景和潜在挑战，为未来的细菌学研究和应用提供参考和借鉴。

二、《伯杰氏鉴定细菌学手册》概述《伯杰氏鉴定细菌学手册》（Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology）是细菌学领域的一部经典著作，自其首次出版以来，就一直是细菌分类和鉴定工作的重要参考工具。

该书由一系列权威的细菌学家共同撰写和编辑，涵盖了细菌学的各个方面，包括细菌的分类、形态、生理、生态、遗传、进化以及鉴定方法等。

《伯杰氏鉴定细菌学手册》的特点在于其系统性、全面性和权威性。

它不仅对已知的细菌种类进行了详细的描述和分类，还提供了大量的实验技术和方法，用于细菌的鉴定和分类。

该书还不断更新和完善，以适应细菌学领域的快速发展和变化。

在细菌鉴定方面，该手册提供了详细的鉴定流程和方法，包括形态学观察、生理生化特性分析、分子生物学方法等。

伯杰氏细菌系统分类学手册

它不是根据表型，而是以系统发生（进化）的框架为基础。

参照了16S rDNA的序列。

编辑们预计在手册第一卷到最后一卷出版的5、6年间，可能会再发现100多个新属。

他们会不断修订错误，在后继出版的各卷中，出一个新的分类大纲。

伯杰氏手册公司的网站（/bergeys）也会定期更新。

第二版的第一卷在2001年5月出版；第二卷在2004年2月出版。

古生菌域（Doma in “Archaea”）1. 第AI门泉古生菌门(Crenarchaeota phy. nov.)第I纲热变形菌纲(Thermoprotei class. nov.)第I目热变形菌目(Thermoproteales)第I科热变形菌科(Thermoproteaceae)第I属热变形菌属(Thermoproteus)第II属热杆菌属(Caldivirga)第III属热棒菌属(Pyrobaculum)第IV属热枝菌属(Thermocladium)第II科热丝菌科(Thermofilaceae)第I属热丝菌属(Thermofilum)第II目硫还原古球菌目(Desulfurococcales ord. nov.)第I科硫还原古球菌科(Desulfurococcaceae)第I属硫还原古球菌属(Desulfurococcus)第II属(Acidolobus)第III属气热菌属(Aeropyrum)第IV属浆果状火球菌属(Ignicoccus)第V属葡萄嗜热菌属(Staphylothermus)第VI属斯梯特氏菌属(Stetteria)第VII属恐硫球菌属(Sulfophobococcus)第VIII属热盘菌属(Thermodiscus gen. nov.)第IX属耐热球菌属(Thermosphaera)第II科热网菌科(Pyrodictiaceae)第I属热网菌属(Pyrodictium)第II属栖高温菌属(Hyperthermus)第III属热叶菌属(Pyrolobus)第III目硫化叶菌目(Sulfolobales)第I科硫化叶菌科(Sulfolobaceae)第I属硫化叶菌属(Sulfolobus)第II属酸菌属(Acidianus)第III属生金球菌属(Metallosphaera)第IV属栖冥河菌属(Stygiolobus)第V属硫代谢球菌属(Sulfurisphaera)第VI属硫化球菌属(Sulfurococcus)2.第AII门广古生菌门(Euryarchaeota phy. nov.) 第I纲甲烷杆菌纲(Methanobacteria class. nov.)第I目甲烷杆菌目(Methanobacteriales)第I科甲烷杆菌科(Methanobacteriaceae)第I属甲烷杆菌属(Methanobacterium)第II属甲烷短杆菌属(Methanobrevibacter)第III属甲烷球形菌属(Methanosphaera)第IV属甲烷嗜热杆菌属(Methanothermobacter)第II科甲烷嗜热菌科(Methanothermaceae)第I属甲烷嗜热菌属(Methanothermus)第II纲甲烷球菌纲(Methanococci class. nov.)第I目甲烷球菌目(Methanococcales)第I科甲烷球菌科(Methanococcaceae)第I属甲烷球菌属(Methanococcus)第II属甲烷嗜热球菌属(Methanothermococcus gen. nov.)第II科甲烷热球菌科(Methanocaldococcaceae fam. nov.)第I属甲烷热球菌属(Methanocaldococcus gen. nov.)第II属甲烷干热菌属(Methanotorris gen. nov.)第II目甲烷微菌目(Methanomicrobiales)第I科甲烷微菌科(Methanomicrobiaceae)第I属甲烷微菌属(Methanomicrobium)第II属甲烷袋状菌属(Methanoculleus)第III属产甲烷袋菌属(Methanofollis)第IV属产甲烷菌属(Methanogenium)第V属叶形甲烷菌属(Methanolacinia)第VI属甲烷盘菌属(Methanoplanus)第II科甲烷粒菌科(Methanocorpusculaceae)第I属甲烷粒菌属(Methanocorpusculum)第III科甲烷螺菌科(Methanospirillaceae fam. nov.)第I属甲烷螺菌属(Methanospirillum)未定属第I属产甲烷石状菌属(Methanocalculus)第III目甲烷八叠球菌目(Methanosarcinales)第I科甲烷八叠球菌科(Methanosarcinaceae)第I属甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)第II属甲烷拟球菌属(Methanococcoides)第III属甲烷喜盐菌属(Methanohalobium)第IV属甲烷嗜盐菌属(Methanohalophilus)第V属甲烷叶菌属(Methanolobus)第VI属甲烷微球菌属(Methanomicrococcus)第VII属甲烷盐菌属(Methanosalsum gen.nov.)第II科鬃毛甲烷菌科(Methanosaetaceae fam.nov.) 第I属鬃毛甲烷菌科属(Methanosaeta)第III纲盐杆菌纲(Halobacteria class. nov.)第I目盐杆菌目(Halobacteriales)第I科盐杆菌科(Halobacteriaceae)第I属盐杆菌属(Halobacterium)第II属盐盒菌属(Haloarcula)第III属盐棒杆菌属(Halobaculum)第IV属盐球菌属(Halococcus)第V属富盐菌属(Haloferax)第VI属盐几何形菌属(Halogeometricum)第VII属盐杆状菌属(Halorhabdus)第VIII属盐红菌属(Halorubrum)第IX属盐栖菌属(Haloterrigena)第X属无色嗜盐菌属(Natrialba)第XI属钠线菌属(Natrinema)第XII属嗜盐碱杆菌属（Natronobacterium）第XIII属嗜盐碱球菌属(Natronococcus)第XIV属嗜盐碱单胞菌属(Natronomonas)第XV属碱红菌属(Natronorubrum)第IV纲热原体纲(Thermoplasmata class. nov.)第I目热原体目(Thermoplasmatales ord. nov.)第I科热原体科(Thermoplasmataceae fam. nov.) 第I属热原体属(Thermoplasma)第II科嗜酸古菌科(Picrophilaceae)第I属嗜酸古菌属(Picrophilus)第III科铁原体科(Ferroplasmataceae)第I属铁原体属(Ferroplasma)第V纲热球菌纲(Thermococci class. nov.)第I目热球菌目(Thermococcales)第I科热球菌科(Thermococcaceae)第I属嗜热球菌属(Thermococcus)第II属古老球菌属(Palaeococcus)第III属热球菌属(Pyrococcus)第VI纲古生球菌纲(Archaeoglobi class. nov.)第I目古生球菌目(Archaeoglobales ord. nov.)第I科古生球菌科(Archaeoglobaceae fam. nov.) 第I属古生球菌属(Archaeoglobus)第II属铁球菌属(Ferroglobus)第VII纲甲烷嗜高热菌纲(Methanopyri class. nov.)第I目甲烷嗜高热菌目(Methanopyrales ord. nov.)第I科甲烷嗜高热菌科(Methanopyraceae fam. nov.)第I属甲烷嗜高热菌属(Methanopyrus)3.细菌域“Bacteria”第BI门产液菌门(Aquificae phy. nov.) 第I纲产液菌纲(Aquificae class. nov.)第I目产液菌目(Aquificales ord. nov.)第I科产液菌科(Aquificaceae fam. nov.)第I属产液菌属(Aquifex)第II属热杆菌属(Calderobacterium)第III属氢杆菌属(Hydrogenobacter)第IV属热发状菌属(Thermocrinis)未定属第I属脱硫杆状菌属(Desulfurobacterium)4.第BII门栖热袍菌门(Thermotogae phy. nov.)第I纲栖热袍菌纲(Thermotogae class. nov.)第I目栖热袍菌目(Thermotogales ord. nov.)第I科栖热袍菌科(Thermotogaceae fam. nov.)第I属栖热袍菌属(Thermotoga)第II属闪烁杆菌属(Fervidobacterium)第III属地袍菌属(Geotoga)第IV属石袍菌属(Petrotoga)第V属栖热腔菌属(Thermosipho)5.第BIII门热脱硫杆菌门(Thermodesulfobacteria phy. nov.) 第I纲热脱硫杆菌纲(Thermodesulfobacteria class. nov.)第I目热脱硫杆菌目(Thermodesulfobacteriales ord. nov.)第I科热脱硫杆菌科(Thermodesulfobacteriaceae fam. nov.)第I属热脱硫杆菌属(Thermodesulfobacterium)6.第BIV门异常球菌——栖热菌门(Deinococcus-Thermus) 第I纲异常球菌纲(Deinococci class. nov.)第I目异常球菌目(Deinococcales)第I科异常球菌科(Deinococcaceae)第I属异常球菌属(Deinococcus)第II目栖热菌目(Thermales ord. nov.)第I科栖热菌科(Thermaceae fam. nov.)第I属栖热菌属(Thermus)第II属稍热菌属(Meiothermus)7.第BV门金矿菌门(Chrysiogenetes phy. nov.)第I纲金矿菌纲(Chrysiogenetes class. nov.)第I目金矿菌目(Chrysiogenales ord. nov.)第I科金矿菌科(Chrysiogenaceae fam. nov.)第I属金矿菌属(Chrysiogenes)8.第BVI门绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexi phy. nov.)第I纲绿屈挠菌纲(Chloroflexi)第I目绿屈挠菌目(Chloroflexales)第I科绿屈挠菌科(Chloroflexaceae)第I属绿屈挠菌属（Chloroflexus）第II属绿丝菌属(Chloronema)第III属螺丝菌属(Heliothrix)第II科颤绿细菌科(Oscillochloridaceae)第I属绿颤细菌属(Oscillochloris)第II目滑柱菌目(Herpetosiphonales)第I科滑柱菌科(Herpetosiphonaceae)第I属滑柱菌属(Herpetosiphon)第BVII门热微菌门(Thermomicrobia phy. nov.) 第I纲热微菌纲(Thermomicrobia class. nov.)第I目热微菌目(Thermomicrobiales ord. nov.)第I科热微菌科(Thermomicrobiaceae fam. nov.)第I属热微菌属(Thermomicrobium)第BVIII门硝化螺菌门(Nitrospira phy. nov.)第I纲硝化螺菌纲(Nitrospira)第I目硝化螺菌目(Nitrospirales)第I科硝化螺菌科(Nitrospiraceae)第I属硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira)第II属钩端螺菌属(Leptospirillum)第III属磁细菌属(Magnetobacterium)第IV属热脱硫弧菌属(Thermodesulfovibrio)第BIX门铁还原杆菌门(Deferribacteres phy. nov.)第I纲铁还原杆菌纲(Deferribacteres class. nov.)第I目铁还原杆菌目(Deferribacterales ord. nov.)第I科铁还原杆菌科(Deferribacteraceae fam. nov.)第I属铁还原杆菌属(Deferribacter)第II属氮还原弧菌属(Denitrovibrio)第III属弯枝菌属(“Flexistipes”)第IV属地弧菌属(Geovibrio)未定属第I属互养菌属(Synergistes)第BX门蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria) 第I纲蓝细菌(Cyanobacteria)第I亚组第I科第I形态属管孢蓝细菌属(Chamaesiphon)第II形态属色球蓝细菌属(Chroococcus)第III形态属蓝细菌属(Cyanobacterium)第IV形态属蓝菌属(Cyanobium)第V形态属蓝丝菌属(Cyanothece)第VI属蓝菌属(Dactylococcopsis)第VII形态属粘杆菌属(Gloeobacter)第VIII形态属粘球蓝细菌属(Gloeocapsa)第IX形态属粘杆蓝细菌属(Gloeothece)第X形态属微囊蓝胞菌属(Microcystis)第XI形态属原绿球菌属(Prochlorococcus)第XII形态属原绿蓝细菌属(Prochloron)第XIII形态属聚球蓝细菌属(Synechococcus)第XIV形态属集胞蓝细菌属(Synechocystis)第II亚组第I科第I形态属蓝囊胞菌属(Cyanocystis)第II形态属小皮果蓝细菌属(Dermocarpella)第III形态属斯塔尼尔氏菌属(Stanieria)第IV形态属异球蓝细菌属(Xenococcus)第II科第I形态属拟色球蓝细菌属(Chroococcidiopsis)第II形态属粘八叠球菌属(Myxosarcina)第III形态属宽球蓝细菌属(Pleurocapsa)第III亚组第一科第I形态属节螺蓝细菌属(Arthrospira)第II形态属博氏蓝细菌属(Borzia)第III形态属发毛针蓝细菌属(Crinalium)第IV形态属吉特勒氏线状蓝细菌属(Geitlerinema)第V属盐螺旋藻属(Halospirulina)第VI形态属纤发鞘丝蓝细菌属(Leptolyngbya)第VII形态属湖丝蓝细菌属(Limnothrix)第VIII形态属鞘丝蓝细菌属(Lyngbya)第IX形态属微鞘蓝细菌属(Microcoleus)第X形态属颤蓝细菌属(Oscillatoria)第XI形态属浮霉丝状蓝细菌属(Planktothrix)第XII形态属原绿丝蓝细菌属(Prochlorothrix)第XIII形态属假鱼腥蓝细菌属(Pseudanabaena)第XIV形态属螺旋蓝细菌属(Spirulina)第XV形态属斯塔尔氏蓝细菌属(Starria)第XVI形态属束蓝细菌属(Symploca)第XVII形态属束毛蓝细菌属(Trichodesmium)第XVIII形态属灰线蓝细菌属(Tychonema)第IV亚组第I科第I形态属鱼腥蓝细菌属(Anabaena)第II形态属项圈蓝细菌属(Anabaenopsis)第III形态属蓝束丝蓝细菌属(Aphanizomenon)第IV形态属蓝螺菌属(Cyanospira)第V形态属拟筒孢蓝细菌属(Cylindrospermopsis)第VI形态属筒孢蓝细菌属(Cylindrospermum)第VII形态属节球蓝细菌属(Nodularia)第VIII形态属念珠蓝细菌属(Nostoc)第IX形态属伪枝蓝细菌属(Scytonema)第II科第I形态属眉蓝细菌属(Calothrix)第II形态属胶须蓝细菌属(Rivularia)第III形态属单歧蓝细菌属(Tolypothrix)第V亚组第I科第I形态属拟绿胶蓝细菌属(Chlorogloeopsis)第II形态属飞氏蓝细菌属(Fischerella)第III形态属吉特勒氏蓝细菌属(Geitleria)第IV形态属(Iyengariella)第V形态属拟念珠蓝细菌属(Nostochopsis)第VI形态属真枝蓝细菌属(Stigonema)第BXI门绿菌门(Chlorobi phy. nov.) 第I纲“绿菌纲”(“Chlorobia”)第I目绿菌目(Chlorobiales)第I科绿菌科(Chlorobiaceae)第I属绿菌属(Chlorobium)第II属绿臂菌属(Ancalochloris)第III属绿滑菌属(Chloroherpeton)第IV属暗网菌属(Pelodictyon)第V属突柄绿菌属(Prosthecochloris)第BXII门变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria phy. nov.) 第I纲“阿耳法变形杆菌纲”(“Alphaproteobacteria”)第I目红螺菌目(Rhodospirillales)第I科红螺菌科(Rhodospirillaceae)第I属红螺菌属(Rhodospirillum)第II属固氮螺菌属(Azospirillum)第III属磁螺菌属(Magnetospirillum)第IV属棕色螺菌属(Phaeospirillum)第V属红篓菌属(Rhodocista)第VII属红螺旋菌属(Rhodospira)第VII属海玫瑰菌属(Rhodothalassium)第VIII属玫瑰弧菌属(Rhodovibrio)第IX属蔷薇螺菌属(Roseospira)第X属斯科曼氏球菌属(Skermanella)第II科醋杆菌科(Acetobacteraceae)第I属醋杆菌属(Acetobacter)第II属嗜酸菌属(Acidiphilium)第III属酸球形菌属(Acidisphaera)第IV属酸胞菌属(Acidocella)第V属酸单胞菌属(Acidomonas)第VI属(Asaia)第VII属脆弱球菌属(Craurococcus)第VIII属葡糖酸醋杆菌属(Gluconacetobacter)第IX属葡糖杆菌属(Gluconobacter)第X属副脆弱球菌属(Paracraurococcus)第XI属红球形菌属(Rhodopila)第XII属玫瑰球菌属(Roseococcus)第XIII属星状菌属(Stella)第XIV属扎瓦尔金氏菌属(Zavarzinia)第II目立克次氏体目(Rickettsiales)第I科立克次氏体科(Rickettsiaceae)第I属立克次氏体属(Rickettsia)第II属东方体属(Orientia)第III属沃尔巴克氏体属(Wolbachia)第II科埃里希氏体科(Ehrlichiaceae)第I属埃里希氏体属(Ehrlichia)第II属埃及小体属(Aegyptianella)第III属无形小体属(Anaplasma)第IV属考德里氏体属(Cowdria)第V属新立克次氏体属(Neorickettsia)第VI属(Xenohaliotis)第III科“全孢螺菌科”(“Holosporaceae”)第I属全孢螺菌属(Holospora)第II属杀手杆菌屑(Caedibacter)第III属溶菌属(Lyticum)第IV属多核杆菌属(Polynucleobacter)第V属类杀手杆菌属(Pseudocaedibacter)第VI属共生小体属(Symbiotes)第VII属罩杆菌属(Tectibacter)第VIII属(Odyssella)第III目红杆菌目(Rhodobacterales)第I科红杆菌科(Rhodobacteraceae)第I属红杆菌属(Rhodobacter)第II属阿赫兰氏菌属(Ahrensia)第III属下水道球菌属(Amaricoccus)第IV属南极杆菌属(Antarctobacter)第V属芽殖杆菌属(Gemmobacte r)第VI属海氏菌属(Hirschia)第VII属生丝单胞菌属(Hyphomonas)第VIII属海洋杆状菌属(Maricaulis)第IX属甲基盒菌属(Methylarcula)第X属十八杆菌属(Octadecabacter)第XI属副球菌属(Paracoccus)第XII属小红卵菌属(Rhodovulum)第XIII属玫瑰菌属(Roseibium)第XIV属(Roseinatronobacter)第XV属粉红活动菌属(Roseivivax)第XVI属玫瑰杆菌属(Roseobacter)第XVII属玫瑰变色菌属(Roseovarius)第XVIII属红色单胞菌属(Rubrimonas)第XIX属鲁杰氏菌属(Ruegeria)第XX属箭头菌属(Sagittula)第XXI属斯塔雷氏菌属(Staleya)第XXII属斯塔普氏菌属(Stappia)第XXIII属亚硫酸盐杆菌属（Sulfitobacter）第IV目鞘氨醇单胞菌目(“Sphingomonadales”)第I科鞘氨醇单胞菌科(“Sphingomonadaceae”)第I属鞘氨醇单胞菌属（Sphingomonas）第II属芽单泡菌属(Blastomonas)第III属赤细菌属(Erythrobacter)第IV属赤微菌属(Erythromicrobium)第V属红单胞菌属(Erythromonas)第VI属产卟啉杆菌属(Porphyrobacter)第VII嘱根单胞菌属(Rhizomonas)第VIII属橙色杆菌属（Sandaracinobacter）第IX属发酵单咆菌属(Zymomonas)第V目柄杆菌目(Caulobacterales)第I科柄杆菌科(Caulobacteraceae)第I属柄杆菌属(Caulobacter)第II属不粘柄菌属(Asticcacaulis)第III属短波单胞菌属(Brevundimonas)第IV属苯基杆菌属(Phenylobacterium)第VI目“根瘤菌目”(“Rhizobiales”)第I科根瘤菌科(Rhizobiaceae)第I属根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)第II属土壤杆菌属(Agrobacterium)第III属嗜碳菌属(Carbophilus)第IV属螯合杆菌属(Chelatobacter)第V属剑菌属(Ensifer)第VI属中华根瘤菌属(Sinorhizobium)第II科巴尔通氏体科(Bartonellaceae)第I属巴尔通氏体属(Bartonella)第III科市鲁氏菌科(Brucellaceae)第I属布鲁氏菌属(Brucella)第II属枝面菌属(Mycoplana)第III属苍白杆菌属(Ochrobactrum)第IV科“叶瘤杆菌科”(“Phyllobacteriaceae”)第I属叶瘤杆菌属(Phyllobacterium)第II属异根瘤菌属(Allorhizobium)第III属氨基杆菌属(Aminobacter)第IV属污水菌属(Aquamicrobium)第V属废水杆菌属(Defluvibacter)第VI属中间根瘤菌属(Mesorhizobium)第VII属假氨基酸杆菌属(Pseudaminobacter) 第V科“甲基孢囊菌科”(“Methylocystaceae”)第I属甲基孢囊菌属(Methylocystis)第II属甲基球形菌属(Methylopila)第III属甲基弯曲菌属(Methylosinus)第VI科“拜叶林克氏菌科”(“Beijerinckiaceae”)第I属拜叶林克氏菌属(Beijerinckia)第II属螯台球菌属(Chelatococcus)第III属德克斯氏菌属(Derxia)第IV属（Methylocella）第VII科“慢生根瘤菌科”(“Bradyrhizobiaceae”)第I属慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)第II属阿菲波菌属(Afipia)第III属土壤单胞菌属(Agromonas)第IV属芽生杆菌属(Blastobacter)第V属包西氏菌属(Bosea)第VI属硝化杆菌属(Nitrobacter)第VII属寡养菌属(Oligotropha)第VIII属红假单胞菌属(Rhodopseudomonas)第VIII科生丝微菌科(Hyphomicrobiaceae)第I属生丝微菌属(Hyphomicrobium)第II属臂微菌属(Ancalomicrobium)第III属屈曲杆菌属(Ancylobacter)第IV属角微菌属(Angulomicrobium)第V属水杆菌属(Aquabacter)第VI属固氮根瘤菌属(Azorhizobium)第VII属绿芽菌属(Blastochloris)第VIII属戴沃斯菌属(Devosia)第IX属双歧微菌属(Dichotomicrobium)第X属线状微球菌属(Filomicrobium)第XI属芽殖菌属(Gemmiger)第XII属双头菌属(Labrys)第XIII属耗甲基杆菌属(Methylorhabdus)第XIV属土微菌属(Pedomicrobium)第XV属突柄微菌属(Prosthecomicrobium)碧XVI属红微菌属(Rhodomicrobium)第XVII属红游动菌属(Rhodoplanes)第XVIII属塞里伯氏菌属(Seliberia)第XIX属(Starkeya)第XX属黄色杆菌属(Xanthobacter)第IX科“甲基杆菌科”(“Methylobacteriaceae”)第I属甲基杆菌属(Methylobacterium)第II属甲基杆菌属(Protomonas)第III属玫瑰单胞菌属(Roseomonas)第X科“红菌科”(“Rhodobiaceae”)第I属红菌属(Rhodobium)第II纲“贝塔变形杆菌纲”(“Betaproteobacteria”)第I目“伯克霍尔德氏菌目”(“Burkholderiales”)第I科“伯克霍尔德氏菌科”(“Burkholderiaceae”)第I属伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia)第II属贪铜菌属(Cupriavidus)第III属劳特罗普氏菌属(Lautropia)第IV属(Pandoraea)第V属热丝菌属(Thermothrix)第II科“罗尔斯通氏菌科”(“Ralstoniaceae”)第I属罗尔斯通氏菌属(Ralstonia)第III科“草酸杆菌科”(“Oxalobacteraceae”)第I属草酸杆菌属(Oxalobacter)第II属杜擀氏菌属(Duganella)第III属草螺菌属(Herbaspirillum)第IV属紫色杆菌属(Janthinobacterium)第V属(Massilia)第VI属地神菌属(Telluria)第IV科产碱杆菌科(Alcaligenaceae)第I属产碱杆菌属(Alcaligenes)第II属无色杆菌属(Achromobacter)第III属鲍特氏菌属(Bordetella)第IV属居鸽菌属(Pelistega)第V属萨特氏菌属(Sutterella)第VI属泰勒氏菌属(Taylorella)第V科丛毛单胞菌科(Comamonadaceae) 第I属丛毛单胞菌属(Comamonas)第II属食酸菌属(Acidovorax)第III属水杆菌属(Aquabacterium)第IV属短单胞菌属(Brachymonas)第V属戴尔福特菌属(Delftia)第VI属氢噬胞菌属(Hydrogenophaga)第VII属艾德昂菌属(Ideonella)第VIII属纤发菌属(Leptothrix)第IX属极胞菌属(Polaromonas)第X属红育菌属(Rhodoferax)第XI属玫瑰色半光合菌属(Roseateles)第XII属红长命菌属(Rubrivivax)第XIII属球衣菌属(Sphaerotilus)第XIV属(Tepidimonas)第XV属硫单胞菌属(Thiomonas)第XVI属贪噬菌属(Variovorax)第II目“嗜氢菌目”(“Hydrogenophilales”)第I科“嗜氢菌科”(“Hydrogenophilaceae”)第I属嗜氢菌属(Hydrogenophilus)第II属硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)第III目“嗜甲基菌目”(“Methylophilales”)第I科“嗜甲基菌科”(“Methylophilaceae”)第I属嗜甲基菌属(Methylophilus)第II属甲基小杆菌属(Methylobacillus)第III属食甲基菌属(Methylovorus)第IV目奈瑟氏球菌目(“Neisseriales”)第I科奈瑟氏球菌科(Neisseriaceae)第I属奈瑟氏球菌属(Neisseria)第II属小链菌属(Alysiella)第III属水螺菌属(Aquaspirillum)第IV属链状球菌属(Catenococcus)第V属色杆菌属(Chromobacterium)第VI属艾肯氏菌属(Eikenella)第VII属甲酸弧菌属(Formivibrio)第VIII属紫色小杆菌属(Iodobacter)第IX属金氏菌属(Kingella)第X属微枝杆菌属(Microvirgula)第XI属嗜脯氨酸菌属(Prolinoborus)第XII属西蒙斯氏菌属(Simonsiella)第XIlI属透明颤菌属(Vitreoscilla)第XIV属福格斯氏菌属(Vogesella)第V目“亚硝化单胞菌目”(“Nitrosomonadales”)第I科“亚硝化单胞菌科”(“Nitrosomonadaceae”)第I属亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas)第II属亚硝化螺菌属(Nitrosospira)第II科螺菌科(Spirillaceae)第I属螺菌属(Spirillum)第III科嘉利翁氏菌科(Gallionellaceae)第I属嘉利翁氏菌属(Gallionella)第VI目“红环菌目”(“Rhodocyclales”)第I科红环菌科(Rhodocyclaceae)第I属红环菌属(Rhodocyclus)第II属固氮弧菌属(Azoarcus)第III属(Azonexus)第IV属固氮螺菌属(Azospira)第V属固氮弧菌属(Azovibrio)第VI属铁杆菌属(Ferribacterium)第VII属丙酸杆状菌属(Propionibacter)第VIII属丙酸弧菌属(Propionivibrio)第IX属索氏菌属(Thauera)第X属动胶菌属(Zoogloea)第III纲“伽马变形菌纲”(“Gammaproteobacteria”)第I目“着色菌目“(“Chromatiales”)第I科着色菌科(Chromatiaceae)第I属着色菌属(Chromatium)第II属异着色菌属（Allochromatium）第III属可变杆菌属(Amoebobacter)第IV属盐着色菌属(Halochromatium)第V属盐硫杆菌属(Halothiobacillus)第VI属等着色菌属(Isochromatium)第VII属闪杆菌属(Lamprobacter)第VIII属闪囊菌属(Lamprocystis)第IX属海洋着色菌属(Marichromatium)第X属亚硝化球菌属(Nitrosococcus)第XI属斐佛氏菌属(Pfennigia)第XII属杆状色菌属(Rhabdochromatium)第XIII属热着色菌属(Thermochromatium)第XIV属硫碱球菌属(Thioalkalicoccus)第XV属荚硫菌属(Thiocapsa)第XVI属硫球菌属(Thiococcus)第XVII属囊硫菌属(Thiocystis)第XVIII属网硫菌属(Thiodictyon)第XIX属第XX属盐荚硫菌属(Thiohalocapsa)第XXI属硫明卵菌属(Thiolamprovum)第XXII属板硫菌属(Thiopedia)第XXIII属热红球菌属(Thiorhodococcus)第XXIV属硫红弧菌属(Thiorhodovibrio)第XXV属硫螺旋菌届(Thiospirillum)第II科外硫红螺菌科（Ectothiorhodospiraceae）第I属外硫红螺菌属(Ectothiorhodospira)第II属非红单胞菌属(Arhodomonas)第III属需盐红螺菌属(Halorhodospira)第IV属硝化球菌属(Nitrococcus)第V属硫红螺菌属(Thiorhodospira)第II目酸硫杆菌目(Acidithiobacillales)第I科酸硫杆状菌科(Acidithiobacillaceae)第I属酸硫杆状菌属(Acidithiobacillus) 第II科热硫杆状菌科(Thermithiobacillaceae) 第I属热硫杆状菌属(Thermithiobacillus) 第III目“黄单胞菌目”(“Xanthomonadales”)第I科“黄单胞菌科”(“Xanthomonadaceae”)第I属黄单胞菌属(Xanthomonas)第II属弗拉特氏菌属(Frateuria)第III属藤黄单孢菌属(Luteimonas)第IV属溶杆菌属(Lysobacter)第V属涅瓦河菌属(Nevskia)第VI属假黄单胞菌属(Pseudoxanthomonas)第VII属罗思河小杆菌属(Rhodanobacter)第VIII属寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)第IX属木杆菌属(Xylella)第IV目“心杆菌目”(“Cardiobacteriales”)第I科心杆菌科(Cardiobacteriaceae)第I属心杆菌属(Cardiobacterium)第II属腐蹄杆菌属(Dichelobacter)第III属萨顿氏菌属(Suttonella)第V目“硫发菌目”(“Thiotrichales”)第I科“硫发菌科”(“Thiotrichaceae”)第I属硫发菌属(Thiothrix)第II属无色菌属(Achromatium)第III属贝日阿托氏菌属(Beggiatoa)第IV属亮发菌属(Leucothrix)第V属大单胞菌属(Macromonas)第VI属硫小杆菌属(Thiobacterium)第VII属硫珍珠状菌属(Thiomargarita)第VIII属辫硫菌属(Thioploca)第IX属硫螺菌属(Thiospira)第II科“鱼立克次氏体科”(“Piscirickettsiaceae”)第I属鱼立克次氏体属(Piscirickettsia)第II属解环菌属(Cycloclasticus)第III属氢弧菌属(Hydrogenovibrio)第IV属噬甲基菌属(Methylophaga)第V属硫微螺菌属(Thiomicrospira)第III科“弗朗西斯氏菌科”(“Francisellaceae”)第I属弗朗西斯氏菌属(Francisella)第VI目“军团菌目”(“Legionellales”)第I科军团菌科(Legionellaceae)第I属军团菌属(Legionella)第II科“考克斯氏体科”(“Coxiellaceae”)第I属考克斯氏体属(Coxiella)第II属立克次氏小体属(Rickettsiella)第VII目甲基球菌目(Methylococcales)第I科甲基球菌科(Methylococcaceae)第I属甲基球菌属(Methylococcus)第II属甲基杆菌属(Methylobacter)第III属喜热噬甲基菌属(Methylocaldum)第IV属甲基微菌属(Methylomicrobium)第V属甲基单胞菌属(Methylomonas)第VI属甲基球状菌属(Methylosphaera)第VIII目“海洋螺菌目”(“Oceanospirillales”)第I科“海洋螺菌科”(“Oceanospirillaceae”)第I属海洋螺菌属(Oceanospirillum)第II属浴者菌属(Balneatrix)第III属海床杆菌属(Fundibacter)第IV属海单胞菌属(Marinomonos)第V属海螺菌属(Marinospirillum)第VI属海神单胞菌属(Neptunomonas)第II科盐单胞菌科(Halomonadaceae)第I属盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)第II属食烷菌属(Alcanivorax)第III属肉胞菌属(Carnimonas)第IV属色盐杆菌属(Chromohalobacter)第V属德莱氏菌属(Deleya)第VI属发酵细菌属(Zymobacter)第IX目假单胞菌目(Pseudomonadales)第I科假单胞菌科(Pseudomonadaceae)第I属假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)第II属氮单胞菌属(Azomonas)第III属固氮菌属(Azotobacter)第IV属纤维弧菌属(Cellvibrio)第V属金色单胞菌属(Chryseomonas)第VI属黄色单胞菌属(Flaviomonas)第VII属俊片菌属(Lampropedia)第VIII属中嗜杆菌属(Mesophilobacter)第IX属桑葚状球菌属(Morococcus)第X属寡源杆菌属(Oligella)第XI属根杆菌属(Rhizobacter)第XII属皱纹单胞菌属(Rugamonas)第XIII属蛇形菌属(Serpens)第XIV属栖热嗜油菌属(Thermoleophilum) 第XV属嗜木杆菌属(Xylophilus)第II科莫拉氏菌科(Moraxellaceae)第I属莫拉氏菌属(Moraxella)第II属不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)第III属嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter)第X目“交替单胞菌目”(“Alteromonadales”)第I科“交替单胞菌科”(“Alteromonadaceae”)第I属交替单胞菌属(Alteromonas)第II属(Allishewanella)第III属科尔维尔氏菌属(Colwellia)第IV属铁还原单胞菌属(Ferrimomas)第V属冰居菌属(Glaciecola)第VI属(Idiomarina)第VII属海杆状菌属(Marinobacter)第VIII属海杆菌属(Marinobacterium)第IX属微泡菌属(Microbulbifer)第X属莫里特拉氏菌属(Moritella)第XI属假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas) 第XII属希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella)第XI目“弧菌目”(“Vibrionales”)第I科弧菌科(Vibrionaceae)第I属弧菌属(Vibrio)第II属异单胞菌属(Allomonas)第III属水栖菌属(Enhydrobacter)第V属发光杆菌属(Photobacterium)第VI属盐弧菌属(Salinivibrio)第XII目“气单胞菌目”(“Aeromonadales”)第I科气单胞菌科(Aeromonadaceae)第I属气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)第II属海洋单胞菌属(Oceanomonas)第III属甲苯单胞菌属(Tolumonas)第II科琥珀酸弧菌科(Succinivibrionaceae) 第I属琥珀酸弧菌属(Succinivibrio)第II属厌氧螺菌属(Anaerobiospirillum)第III属瘤胃杆菌属(Ruminobacter)第IV属琥珀酸单胞菌属(Succinimonas)第XIII目肠杆菌目(Enterobacteriales)第I科肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)第I属肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)第II属交替球菌属(Alterococcus)第III属杀雄菌属(Arsenophonus)第IV属布伦勒氏菌属(Brenneria)第V属巴克纳氏菌属(Buchnera)第VI属布戴约维采菌属(Budvicia)第VII属布丘氏菌属(Buttiauxella)第VIII属鞘杆菌属(Calymmatobacterium) 第IX属西地西菌属(Cedecea)第X属柠檬酸杆菌属(Citrobacter)第XI属爱德华氏菌属(Edwardsiella)第XII属欧文氏菌属(Erwinia)第XIII属埃希氏菌属(Escherichia)第XIV属爱文氏菌属(Ewingella)第XV属哈夫尼菌属(Hafnia)第XVI属克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)第XVII属克吕沃尔氏菌属(Kluyvera)第XVIII属勒克氏菌属(Leclercia)第XIX属勒米诺氏菌属(Leminorella)第XX属米勒氏菌属(Moellerella)第XXI属摩根氏菌属(Morganella)第XXII属肥杆菌属(Obesumbacterium)第XXIII属泛菌属(Pantoea)第XXIV属坚固杆菌属(Pectobacterium) 第XXV属光杆状菌属(Photorhabdus)第XXVI属邻单胞菌属(Plesiomonas)第XXVII属布拉格菌属(Pragia)第XXVIII属变形菌属(Proteus)第XXIX属普罗威登斯菌属(Providencia)第XXXI属糖杆菌属(Saccharobacter)第XXXII属沙门氏菌属(Salmonella) 第XXXIII属沙雷氏菌属(Serratia)第XXXIV属志贺氏菌属(Shigella)第XXXV属伴蝇菌属(Sodalis)第XXXVI属塔特姆氏菌属(Tatumella)第XXXVII属特拉布斯氏菌属(Trabulsiella)第XXXVIII属威格尔斯沃思氏菌属(Wigglesworthia)第XXXIX属致病杆菌属(Xenorhabdus)第XL属耶尔森氏菌属(Yersinia)第XLI属预研菌属(Yokenella)第XIV目巴斯德氏菌目(Pasteurellales)第I科巴斯德氏菌科(Pasteurellaceae)第I属巴斯德氏菌属(Pasteurella)第II属放线杆菌属(Actinobacillus)第III属嗜血菌属(Haemophilus)第IV属隆派恩菌属(Lonepinella)第V属曼海姆氏菌属(Mannheimia)第VI属海豚杆菌属(Phocoenobacter)第IV纲“德耳塔变形杆菌纲”(“Deltaproteobacteria”)第I目“脱硫菌目”(“Desulfurellales”)第I科“脱硫菌科”（“Desulfurellaceae”）第I属脱硫菌属(Desulfurella)第II属希普氏菌属(Hippea)第II目“脱硫弧菌目”(“Desulfovibrionales”)第I科“脱硫弧菌科”(“Desulfovibrionaceae”)第I属脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)第II属嗜胆菌属(Bilophila)第III属劳森氏菌属(Lawsonia)第II科“脱硫微杆菌科”(“Desulfomicrobiaceae”)第I属脱硫微杆菌属(Desulfomicrobium)第III科“脱硫盐菌科”(“Desulfohalobiaceae”)第I属脱硫盐菌属(Desulfohalobium)第II属脱硫单胞菌属(desulfomonas)第III属脱硫酸弯曲杆菌属(Desulfonatronovibrio)第IV科脱硫弯曲杆菌科(“Desulfonatronumaceae”)第I属脱硫弯曲杆菌属(Desulfonatronum)第III目脱硫杆菌目(“Desulfobacterales”)第I科脱硫杆菌科(“Desulfobacteraceae”)第I属脱硫杆菌属(Desulfobacter)第II属脱硫杆状菌属(Desulfobacterium)第III属脱硫橄榄样菌属(Desulfobacula)第IV属脱硫胞状菌属（Desulfocella）第V属脱硫球菌属（Desulfococcus）第VI属脱硫豆状菌属（Desulfofaba）第VII属脱硫冷栖菌属（Desulfofrigus）第VIII属脱硫线菌属（Desulfonema）第IX属脱硫八叠球菌属（Desulfosarcina）第X属脱硫螺菌属（Desulfospira）第XI属脱硫小杆菌属(Desulfotalea)第XII属(“Desulfotignum”)第II科脱硫叶菌科(”Desulfobulbaceae”)第I属脱硫叶菌属(Desulfobulbus)第II属脱硫盒菌属(Desulfocapsa)第III属脱硫棒菌属(Desulfofustis)第IV属脱硫管状菌属(Desulforhopalus)第III科硝化刺菌科(Nitrospinaceae)第I属硝化刺菌属(Nitrospina)第II属脱硫橄榄状菌属(Desulfobacca)第III属脱硫念珠菌属(Desulfomonile)第IV目脱硫单胞菌目(“Desulfuromonadales”)第I科脱硫单胞菌科(“Desulfuromonadaceae”)第I属脱硫单胞菌属(Desulfuromonas)第II属硫还原弯形菌属（Desulfuromusa)第II科“土杆菌科”(“Geobacteraceae”)第I属土杆菌属(Geobacter)第III科“粘土杆菌科”(“Pelobacteraceae”)第I属粘土杆菌属(Pelobacter)第II属丙二酸单胞菌属(Malonomonas)第III属(Trichlorobacter)第V目“互营杆菌目”(“Syntrophobacterales”)第I科“互营杆菌科”（“Syntrophobacteraceae”）第I属互营杆菌属(Syntrophobacter)第II属脱硫葡萄状菌属(Desulfacinum)第III属杆状脱硫菌属(Desulforhabdus)第IV属(Desulfovirga)第V属热硫还原杆菌属(Thermodesulforhabdus) 第II科“互养菌科”(“Syntrophaceae”)第I属互养菌属(Syntrophus)第II属史密斯氏菌属(Smithella)第VI目“蛭弧菌目”(“Bdellovibrionales”)第I科“蛭弧菌科”(“Bdellovibrionaceae”)第I属蛭弧菌属(Bdellovibrio)第II属(Bacteriovorax)第III属云母弧菌属(Micavibrio)第IV属吸血弧菌属(Vampirovibrio)第VII目枯球菌目(Myxococcales)第I科帖球菌科(Myxococcaceae)第I属粘球菌属(Myxococcus)第II属囊球菌属(Angiococcus)第II科原囊菌科(Archangiaceae)第I属原囊菌属(Archangium)第III科孢囊杆菌科(Cystobacteraceae)第I属孢囊杆菌属(Cystobacter)第II属蜂窝囊菌属(Melittangium)第III属标桩菌属(Stigmatella)第IV科多囊菌科(Polyangiaceae)第I属多囊菌属(Polyangium)第II属软骨霉状菌属(Chondromyces)第III属侏儒囊菌属(Nannocystis)第V纲“艾普西隆变形杆菌纲”(“Epsilonproteobacteria”)第I目“弯曲杆菌目”(“Campylobacterales”)第I科弯曲杆菌科(Campylobacteraceae)第I属弯曲杆菌属(Campylobacter)第II属弓形菌属(Arcobacter)第III属硫化螺旋菌属(Sulfurospirillum)第IV属卵硫菌属(Thiovulum)第II科“螺杆菌科”(“Helicobacteraceae”)第I属螺杆菌属(Helicobacter)第II属沃林氏菌属(Wolinella)第BXIII门厚壁菌门(Firmicutes) 第I纲梭菌纲(“Clostridia”)第I目梭菌目(Clostridiales)第I科梭菌科(Clostridaceae)第I属梭菌属(Clostridium)第II属醋弧菌属(Acetivibrio)第III属氨基酸杆菌属(Acidaminobacter)第IV属厌氧杆菌属(Anaerobacter)第V属喜热菌属(Caloramator)第VI属(Coprobacillus)第VII属(Natronincola)第VIII属产醋杆菌属(Oxobacter)第IX属八叠球菌属(Sarcina)第X属孢杆菌属(Sporobacter)第XI属热分枝菌属(Thermobrachium)第XII属(Thermohalobacter)第XIII属丁达尔氏菌属(Tindallia)第II科“毛螺菌科”(“Lachnospiraceae”)第I属毛螺菌属(Lachnospira)第II属醋香肠菌属(Acetitomaculum)第III属厌氧细杆菌属(Anaerofilum)第IV属丁酸弧菌属(Butyrivibrio)第V属(Catenibacterium)第VI属卡托氏菌属(Catonella)第VII属粪球菌属(Coprococcus)第VIII属约翰森氏菌属(Johnsonella)第IX属假丁酸弧菌属(Pseudobutyrivibrio)第X属罗斯伯里氏菌属(Roseburia)第XI属瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)第XII属生孢杆菌属(Sporobacterium)第III科“消化链球菌科”(“Peptostreptococcaceae”)第I属消化链球菌属(Peptostreptococcus)第II属产线菌属(Filifactor)第III属(Finegoldia)第IV属小纺锤状菌属(Fusibacter)第V属创伤球菌属(Helcococcus)第VI属(Micromonas)第VII属蒂西耶氏菌属(Tissierella)第IV科“真杆菌科”(“Eubacteriaceae”)第I属真杆菌属(Eubacterium)第II属醋酸杆菌属(Acetobacterium)第III属(Anaerovorax)第IV属(Mogibacterium)第V属假支杆菌属(Pseudoramibacter)第V科消化球菌科(Peptococcaceae)第I属消化球菌属(Peptococcus)第II属厌氧弓形菌属(Anaeroarcus)第III属厌氧弯曲菌属(Anaerosinus)第IV属厌氧弧菌属(Anaerovibrio)第V属一氧化碳嗜热菌属(Carboxydothermus)第VI属蜈蚣状菌属(Centipeda)第VII属脱卤素杆菌属(Dehalobacter)第VIII属树源生孢杆菌属(Dendrosporobacter)第IX属脱亚硫酸菌属(Desulfitobacterium)第X属脱磺酸盐生孢杆菌属(Desulfonispora)第XI属脱硫芽孢弯曲菌属(Desulfosporosinus)第XII属脱硫肠状菌属(Desulfotomaculum)第XIII属光岗菌属(Mitsuokella)第XIV属丙酸螺菌属(Propionispira)第XV属琥珀酸螺菌属(Succinispira)。

伯杰氏鉴定手册

伯杰氏鉴定手册一本有代表性的、参考价值极高、比较全面系统的细菌分类手册。

由美国布瑞德(Breed)等人主编。

1923年第1版，后于1925、1930、1934、1939、1948、1957、1974年相继出版了第2至第8版，每个版本都反映了当时细菌学发展的新成就。

其中第8版有美、英、德、法等14个国家的细菌学家参加了编写工作，对系统内的每一属和种都做了较详细的属性描述。

近年来，由于细胞学、遗传学和分子生物学的渗透，大大促进了细菌分类学的发展，使分类系统与真正反映亲缘关系的自然体系日趋接近。

第9版(1984，1986)中实质性的变化，象征着细菌分类学的发展进入新的阶段。

使人为的分类体系过渡到自然体系的理想进一步付诸实现。

细菌高级分类单位原核生物界(Procaryotae)薄壁菌门(Gracilicutes)暗细菌纲(Scotobacteria)无氧光细菌纲(Anoxyphotobacteria)产氧光细菌纲(Oxyphotobacteria)厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)厚壁菌纲(Firmicuteria)放线菌纲(Thallobacteria)软壁菌门(Tendericutes)柔膜菌纲(Mollicuteria)疵壁菌门(Mendosicutes)古细菌纲(Archacobacter伯杰氏系统细菌学手册(2004版)Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology (second edition,2004)伯杰氏系统细菌学手册伯杰氏系统细菌学手册”第二版的分类伯杰氏系统细菌学手册(2004版)Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology (second edition,2004)伯杰氏系统细菌学手册第二版的系统细菌学手册(Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology)，包括五册，共30sections，主要根据细菌的rRNA、DNA及蛋白质序列进行分类。

伯杰氏细菌系统分类学实用手册

伯杰氏细菌系统分类学实用手册伯杰氏细菌系统分类学手册伯杰氏细菌系统分类学手册《伯杰氏细菌系统分类学手册》（“Bergry’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology”），第二版，2001 年春，Springer-Verlag 公司，Gerge M. Garrity, Mattew Winters和Nenise B. Searles第二版五卷本与第一版相比又有较大改动，与第八、第九版伯杰氏细菌鉴定学手册也有明显区别。

它不是根据表型，而是以系统发生（进化）的框架为基础。

参照了16S rDNA的序列。

编辑们预计在手册第一卷到最后一卷出版的5、6年间，可能会再发现100多个新属。

他们会不断修订错误，在后继出版的各卷中，出一个新的分类大纲。

伯杰氏手册公司的网站（）也会定期更新。

第二版的第一卷在2001年5月出版；第二卷在2004年2月出版。

古生菌域（Domain “Archaea”）1. 第AI门泉古生菌门(Crenarchaeota phy. nov.)第I纲热变形菌纲(Thermoprotei class. nov.)第I目热变形菌目(Thermoproteales)第I科热变形菌科(Thermoproteaceae)第I属热变形菌属(Thermoproteus)第II属热杆菌属(Caldivirga)第III属热棒菌属(Pyrobaculum)第IV属热枝菌属(Thermocladium)第II科热丝菌科(Thermofilaceae)第I属热丝菌属(Thermofilum)第II目硫还原古球菌目(Desulfurococcales ord. nov.)第I科硫还原古球菌科(Desulfurococcaceae)第I属硫还原古球菌属(Desulfurococcus)第II属(Acidolobus)第III属气热菌属(Aeropyrum)第IV属浆果状火球菌属(Ignicoccus)第V属葡萄嗜热菌属(Staphylothermus)第VI属斯梯特氏菌属(Stetteria)第VII属恐硫球菌属(Sulfophobococcus)第VIII属热盘菌属(Thermodiscus gen. nov.)第IX属耐热球菌属(Thermosphaera)第II科热网菌科(Pyrodictiaceae)第I属热网菌属(Pyrodictium)第II属栖高温菌属(Hyperthermus)第III属热叶菌属(Pyrolobus)第III目硫化叶菌目(Sulfolobales)第I科硫化叶菌科(Sulfolobaceae)第I属硫化叶菌属(Sulfolobus)第II属酸菌属(Acidianus)第III属生金球菌属(Metallosphaera)第IV属栖冥河菌属(Stygiolobus)第V属硫代谢球菌属(Sulfurisphaera)第VI属硫化球菌属(Sulfurococcus)2.第AII门广古生菌门(Euryarchaeota phy. nov.) 第I纲甲烷杆菌纲(Methanobacteria class. nov.)第I目甲烷杆菌目(Methanobacteriales)第I科甲烷杆菌科(Methanobacteriaceae)第I属甲烷杆菌属(Methanobacterium)第II属甲烷短杆菌属(Methanobrevibacter)第III属甲烷球形菌属(Methanosphaera)第IV属甲烷嗜热杆菌属(Methanothermobacter)第II科甲烷嗜热菌科(Methanothermaceae)第I属甲烷嗜热菌属(Methanothermus)第II纲甲烷球菌纲(Methanococci class. nov.)第I目甲烷球菌目(Methanococcales)第I科甲烷球菌科(Methanococcaceae)第I属甲烷球菌属(Methanococcus)第II属甲烷嗜热球菌属(Methanothermococcus gen. nov.) 第II科甲烷热球菌科(Methanocaldococcaceae fam. nov.) 第I属甲烷热球菌属(Methanocaldococcus gen. nov.)第II属甲烷干热菌属(Methanotorris gen. nov.)第II目甲烷微菌目(Methanomicrobiales)第I科甲烷微菌科(Methanomicrobiaceae)第I属甲烷微菌属(Methanomicrobium)第II属甲烷袋状菌属(Methanoculleus)第III属产甲烷袋菌属(Methanofollis)第IV属产甲烷菌属(Methanogenium)第V属叶形甲烷菌属(Methanolacinia)第VI属甲烷盘菌属(Methanoplanus)第II科甲烷粒菌科(Methanocorpusculaceae)第I属甲烷粒菌属(Methanocorpusculum)第III科甲烷螺菌科(Methanospirillaceae fam. nov.)第I属甲烷螺菌属(Methanospirillum)未定属第I属产甲烷石状菌属(Methanocalculus)第III目甲烷八叠球菌目(Methanosarcinales)第I科甲烷八叠球菌科(Methanosarcinaceae)第I属甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)第II属甲烷拟球菌属(Methanococcoides)第III属甲烷喜盐菌属(Methanohalobium)第IV属甲烷嗜盐菌属(Methanohalophilus)第V属甲烷叶菌属(Methanolobus)第VI属甲烷微球菌属(Methanomicrococcus)第VII属甲烷盐菌属(Methanosalsum gen.nov.)第II科鬃毛甲烷菌科(Methanosaetaceae fam.nov.) 第I属鬃毛甲烷菌科属(Methanosaeta)第III纲盐杆菌纲(Halobacteria class. nov.)第I目盐杆菌目(Halobacteriales)第I科盐杆菌科(Halobacteriaceae)第I属盐杆菌属(Halobacterium)第II属盐盒菌属(Haloarcula)第III属盐棒杆菌属(Halobaculum)第IV属盐球菌属(Halococcus)第V属富盐菌属(Haloferax)第VI属盐几何形菌属(Halogeometricum)第VII属盐杆状菌属(Halorhabdus)第VIII属盐红菌属(Halorubrum)第IX属盐栖菌属(Haloterrigena)第X属无色嗜盐菌属(Natrialba)第XI属钠线菌属(Natrinema)第XII属嗜盐碱杆菌属（Natronobacterium）第XIII属嗜盐碱球菌属(Natronococcus)第XIV属嗜盐碱单胞菌属(Natronomonas)第XV属碱红菌属(Natronorubrum)第IV纲热原体纲(Thermoplasmata class. nov.)第I目热原体目(Thermoplasmatales ord. nov.)第I科热原体科(Thermoplasmataceae fam. nov.) 第I属热原体属(Thermoplasma)第II科嗜酸古菌科(Picrophilaceae)第I属嗜酸古菌属(Picrophilus)第III科铁原体科(Ferroplasmataceae)第I属铁原体属(Ferroplasma)第V纲热球菌纲(Thermococci class. nov.)第I目热球菌目(Thermococcales)第I科热球菌科(Thermococcaceae)第I属嗜热球菌属(Thermococcus)第II属古老球菌属(Palaeococcus)第III属热球菌属(Pyrococcus)第VI纲古生球菌纲(Archaeoglobi class. nov.)第I目古生球菌目(Archaeoglobales ord. nov.)第I科古生球菌科(Archaeoglobaceae fam. nov.) 第I属古生球菌属(Archaeoglobus)第II属铁球菌属(Ferroglobus)第VII纲甲烷嗜高热菌纲(Methanopyri class. nov.)第I目甲烷嗜高热菌目(Methanopyrales ord. nov.)第I科甲烷嗜高热菌科(Methanopyraceae fam. nov.)第I属甲烷嗜高热菌属(Methanopyrus)3.细菌域“Bacteria”第BI门产液菌门(Aquificae phy. nov.) 第I 纲产液菌纲(Aquificae class. nov.)第I目产液菌目(Aquificales ord. nov.)第I科产液菌科(Aquificaceae fam. nov.)第I属产液菌属(Aquifex)第II属热杆菌属(Calderobacterium)第III属氢杆菌属(Hydrogenobacter)第IV属热发状菌属(Thermocrinis)未定属第I属脱硫杆状菌属(Desulfurobacterium)4.第BII门栖热袍菌门(Thermotogae phy. nov.)第I纲栖热袍菌纲(Thermotogae class. nov.)第I目栖热袍菌目(Thermotogales ord. nov.)第I科栖热袍菌科(Thermotogaceae fam. nov.)第I属栖热袍菌属(Thermotoga)第II属闪烁杆菌属(Fervidobacterium)第III属地袍菌属(Geotoga)第IV属石袍菌属(Petrotoga)第V属栖热腔菌属(Thermosipho)5.第BIII门热脱硫杆菌门(Thermodesulfobacteria phy. nov.) 第I 纲热脱硫杆菌纲(Thermodesulfobacteria class. nov.)第I目热脱硫杆菌目(Thermodesulfobacteriales ord. nov.)第I科热脱硫杆菌科(Thermodesulfobacteriaceae fam. nov.)第I属热脱硫杆菌属(Thermodesulfobacterium)6.第BIV门异常球菌——栖热菌门(Deinococcus-Thermus) 第I 纲异常球菌纲(Deinococci class. nov.)第I目异常球菌目(Deinococcales)第I科异常球菌科(Deinococcaceae)第I属异常球菌属(Deinococcus)第II目栖热菌目(Thermales ord. nov.)第I科栖热菌科(Thermaceae fam. nov.)第I属栖热菌属(Thermus)第II属稍热菌属(Meiothermus)7.第BV门金矿菌门(Chrysiogenetes phy. nov.)第I纲金矿菌纲(Chrysiogenetes class. nov.)第I目金矿菌目(Chrysiogenales ord. nov.)第I科金矿菌科(Chrysiogenaceae fam. nov.)第I属金矿菌属(Chrysiogenes)8.第BVI门绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexi phy. nov.)第I纲绿屈挠菌纲(Chloroflexi)第I目绿屈挠菌目(Chloroflexales)第I科绿屈挠菌科(Chloroflexaceae)第I属绿屈挠菌属（Chloroflexus）第II属绿丝菌属(Chloronema)第III属螺丝菌属(Heliothrix)第II科颤绿细菌科(Oscillochloridaceae)第I属绿颤细菌属(Oscillochloris)第II目滑柱菌目(Herpetosiphonales)第I科滑柱菌科(Herpetosiphonaceae)第I属滑柱菌属(Herpetosiphon)第BVII门热微菌门(Thermomicrobia phy. nov.) 第I纲热微菌纲(Thermomicrobia class. nov.)第I目热微菌目(Thermomicrobiales ord. nov.)第I科热微菌科(Thermomicrobiaceae fam. nov.)第I属热微菌属(Thermomicrobium)第BVIII门硝化螺菌门(Nitrospira phy. nov.)第I纲硝化螺菌纲(Nitrospira)第I目硝化螺菌目(Nitrospirales)第I科硝化螺菌科(Nitrospiraceae)第I属硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira)第II属钩端螺菌属(Leptospirillum)第III属磁细菌属(Magnetobacterium)第IV属热脱硫弧菌属(Thermodesulfovibrio)第BIX门铁还原杆菌门(Deferribacteres phy. nov.)第I纲铁还原杆菌纲(Deferribacteres class. nov.)第I目铁还原杆菌目(Deferribacterales ord. nov.)第I科铁还原杆菌科(Deferribacteraceae fam. nov.)第I属铁还原杆菌属(Deferribacter)第II属氮还原弧菌属(Denitrovibrio)第III属弯枝菌属(“Flexistipes”)第IV属地弧菌属(Geovibrio)未定属第I属互养菌属(Synergistes)第BX门蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria) 第I纲蓝细菌(Cyanobacteria) 第I亚组第I科第I形态属管孢蓝细菌属(Chamaesiphon)第II形态属色球蓝细菌属(Chroococcus)第III形态属蓝细菌属(Cyanobacterium)第IV形态属蓝菌属(Cyanobium)第V形态属蓝丝菌属(Cyanothece)第VI属蓝菌属(Dactylococcopsis)第VII形态属粘杆菌属(Gloeobacter)第VIII形态属粘球蓝细菌属(Gloeocapsa)第IX形态属粘杆蓝细菌属(Gloeothece)第X形态属微囊蓝胞菌属(Microcystis)第XI形态属原绿球菌属(Prochlorococcus)第XII形态属原绿蓝细菌属(Prochloron)第XIII形态属聚球蓝细菌属(Synechococcus) 第XIV形态属集胞蓝细菌属(Synechocystis)第II亚组第I科第I形态属蓝囊胞菌属(Cyanocystis)第II形态属小皮果蓝细菌属(Dermocarpella) 第III形态属斯塔尼尔氏菌属(Stanieria)第IV形态属异球蓝细菌属(Xenococcus)第II科第I形态属拟色球蓝细菌属(Chroococcidiopsis) 第II形态属粘八叠球菌属(Myxosarcina)第III形态属宽球蓝细菌属(Pleurocapsa)第III亚组第一科第I形态属节螺蓝细菌属(Arthrospira)第II形态属博氏蓝细菌属(Borzia)第III形态属发毛针蓝细菌属(Crinalium)第IV形态属吉特勒氏线状蓝细菌属(Geitlerinema) 第V属盐螺旋藻属(Halospirulina)第VI形态属纤发鞘丝蓝细菌属(Leptolyngbya)第VII形态属湖丝蓝细菌属(Limnothrix)第VIII形态属鞘丝蓝细菌属(Lyngbya)第IX形态属微鞘蓝细菌属(Microcoleus)第X形态属颤蓝细菌属(Oscillatoria)第XI形态属浮霉丝状蓝细菌属(Planktothrix)第XII形态属原绿丝蓝细菌属(Prochlorothrix)第XIII形态属假鱼腥蓝细菌属(Pseudanabaena) 第XIV形态属螺旋蓝细菌属(Spirulina)第XV形态属斯塔尔氏蓝细菌属(Starria)第XVI形态属束蓝细菌属(Symploca)第XVII形态属束毛蓝细菌属(Trichodesmium)第XVIII形态属灰线蓝细菌属(Tychonema)第IV亚组第I科第I形态属鱼腥蓝细菌属(Anabaena)第II形态属项圈蓝细菌属(Anabaenopsis)第III形态属蓝束丝蓝细菌属(Aphanizomenon) 第IV形态属蓝螺菌属(Cyanospira)第V形态属拟筒孢蓝细菌属(Cylindrospermopsis) 第VI形态属筒孢蓝细菌属(Cylindrospermum)第VII形态属节球蓝细菌属(Nodularia)第VIII形态属念珠蓝细菌属(Nostoc)第IX形态属伪枝蓝细菌属(Scytonema)第II科第I形态属眉蓝细菌属(Calothrix)第II形态属胶须蓝细菌属(Rivularia)第III形态属单歧蓝细菌属(Tolypothrix)第V亚组第I科第I形态属拟绿胶蓝细菌属(Chlorogloeopsis)第II形态属飞氏蓝细菌属(Fischerella)第III形态属吉特勒氏蓝细菌属(Geitleria)第IV形态属(Iyengariella)第V形态属拟念珠蓝细菌属(Nostochopsis)第VI形态属真枝蓝细菌属(Stigonema)第BXI门绿菌门(Chlorobi phy. nov.) 第I纲“绿菌纲”(“Chlorobia”)第I目绿菌目(Chlorobiales)第I科绿菌科(Chlorobiaceae)第I属绿菌属(Chlorobium)第II属绿臂菌属(Ancalochloris)第III属绿滑菌属(Chloroherpeton)第IV属暗网菌属(Pelodictyon)第V属突柄绿菌属(Prosthecochloris)第BXII门变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria phy. nov.) 第I纲“阿耳法变形杆菌纲”(“Alphaproteobacteria”)第I目红螺菌目(Rhodospirillales)第I科红螺菌科(Rhodospirillaceae)第I属红螺菌属(Rhodospirillum)第II属固氮螺菌属(Azospirillum)第III属磁螺菌属(Magnetospirillum)第IV属棕色螺菌属(Phaeospirillum)第V属红篓菌属(Rhodocista)第VII属红螺旋菌属(Rhodospira)第VII属海玫瑰菌属(Rhodothalassium)第VIII属玫瑰弧菌属(Rhodovibrio)第IX属蔷薇螺菌属(Roseospira)第X属斯科曼氏球菌属(Skermanella)第II科醋杆菌科(Acetobacteraceae)第I属醋杆菌属(Acetobacter)第II属嗜酸菌属(Acidiphilium)第III属酸球形菌属(Acidisphaera)第IV属酸胞菌属(Acidocella)第V属酸单胞菌属(Acidomonas)第VI属(Asaia)第VII属脆弱球菌属(Craurococcus)第VIII属葡糖酸醋杆菌属(Gluconacetobacter) 第IX属葡糖杆菌属(Gluconobacter)第X属副脆弱球菌属(Paracraurococcus)第XI属红球形菌属(Rhodopila)第XII属玫瑰球菌属(Roseococcus)第XIII属星状菌属(Stella)第XIV属扎瓦尔金氏菌属(Zavarzinia)第II目立克次氏体目(Rickettsiales)第I科立克次氏体科(Rickettsiaceae)第I属立克次氏体属(Rickettsia)第II属东方体属(Orientia)第III属沃尔巴克氏体属(Wolbachia)第II科埃里希氏体科(Ehrlichiaceae)第I属埃里希氏体属(Ehrlichia)第II属埃及小体属(Aegyptianella)第III属无形小体属(Anaplasma)第IV属考德里氏体属(Cowdria)第V属新立克次氏体属(Neorickettsia)第VI属(Xenohaliotis)第III科“全孢螺菌科”(“Holosporaceae”)第I属全孢螺菌属(Holospora)第II属杀手杆菌屑(Caedibacter)第III属溶菌属(Lyticum)第IV属多核杆菌属(Polynucleobacter)第V属类杀手杆菌属(Pseudocaedibacter) 第VI属共生小体属(Symbiotes)第VII属罩杆菌属(Tectibacter)第VIII属(Odyssella)第III目红杆菌目(Rhodobacterales)第I科红杆菌科(Rhodobacteraceae)第I属红杆菌属(Rhodobacter)第II属阿赫兰氏菌属(Ahrensia)第III属下水道球菌属(Amaricoccus)第IV属南极杆菌属(Antarctobacter)第V属芽殖杆菌属(Gemmobacte r)第VI属海氏菌属(Hirschia)第VII属生丝单胞菌属(Hyphomonas)第VIII属海洋杆状菌属(Maricaulis)第IX属甲基盒菌属(Methylarcula)第X属十八杆菌属(Octadecabacter)第XI属副球菌属(Paracoccus)第XII属小红卵菌属(Rhodovulum)第XIII属玫瑰菌属(Roseibium)第XIV属(Roseinatronobacter)第XV属粉红活动菌属(Roseivivax)第XVI属玫瑰杆菌属(Roseobacter)第XVII属玫瑰变色菌属(Roseovarius)第XVIII属红色单胞菌属(Rubrimonas)第XIX属鲁杰氏菌属(Ruegeria)第XX属箭头菌属(Sagittula)第XXI属斯塔雷氏菌属(Staleya)第XXII属斯塔普氏菌属(Stappia)第XXIII属亚硫酸盐杆菌属（Sulfitobacter）第IV目鞘氨醇单胞菌目(“Sphingomonadales”)第I科鞘氨醇单胞菌科(“Sphingomonadaceae”)第I属鞘氨醇单胞菌属（Sphingomonas）第II属芽单泡菌属(Blastomonas)第III属赤细菌属(Erythrobacter)第IV属赤微菌属(Erythromicrobium)第V属红单胞菌属(Erythromonas)第VI属产卟啉杆菌属(Porphyrobacter)第VII嘱根单胞菌属(Rhizomonas)第VIII属橙色杆菌属（Sandaracinobacter）第IX属发酵单咆菌属(Zymomonas)第V目柄杆菌目(Caulobacterales)第I科柄杆菌科(Caulobacteraceae)第I属柄杆菌属(Caulobacter)第II属不粘柄菌属(Asticcacaulis)第III属短波单胞菌属(Brevundimonas)第IV属苯基杆菌属(Phenylobacterium)第VI目“根瘤菌目”(“Rhizobiales”)第I科根瘤菌科(Rhizobiaceae)第I属根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)第II属土壤杆菌属(Agrobacterium)第III属嗜碳菌属(Carbophilus)第IV属螯合杆菌属(Chelatobacter)第V属剑菌属(Ensifer)第VI属中华根瘤菌属(Sinorhizobium)第II科巴尔通氏体科(Bartonellaceae)第I属巴尔通氏体属(Bartonella)第III科市鲁氏菌科(Brucellaceae)第I属布鲁氏菌属(Brucella)第II属枝面菌属(Mycoplana)第III属苍白杆菌属(Ochrobactrum)第IV科“叶瘤杆菌科”(“Phyllobacteriaceae”)第I属叶瘤杆菌属(Phyllobacterium)第II属异根瘤菌属(Allorhizobium)第III属氨基杆菌属(Aminobacter)第IV属污水菌属(Aquamicrobium)第V属废水杆菌属(Defluvibacter)第VI属中间根瘤菌属(Mesorhizobium)第VII属假氨基酸杆菌属(Pseudaminobacter) 第V科“甲基孢囊菌科”(“Methylocystaceae”)第I属甲基孢囊菌属(Methylocystis)第II属甲基球形菌属(Methylopila)第III属甲基弯曲菌属(Methylosinus)第VI科“拜叶林克氏菌科”(“Beijerinckiaceae”)第I属拜叶林克氏菌属(Beijerinckia)第II属螯台球菌属(Chelatococcus)第III属德克斯氏菌属(Derxia)第IV属（Methylocella）第VII科“慢生根瘤菌科”(“Bradyrhizobiaceae”)第I属慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)第II属阿菲波菌属(Afipia)第III属土壤单胞菌属(Agromonas)第IV属芽生杆菌属(Blastobacter)第V属包西氏菌属(Bosea)第VI属硝化杆菌属(Nitrobacter)第VII属寡养菌属(Oligotropha)第VIII属红假单胞菌属(Rhodopseudomonas)第VIII科生丝微菌科(Hyphomicrobiaceae)第I属生丝微菌属(Hyphomicrobium)第II属臂微菌属(Ancalomicrobium)第III属屈曲杆菌属(Ancylobacter)第IV属角微菌属(Angulomicrobium)第V属水杆菌属(Aquabacter)第VI属固氮根瘤菌属(Azorhizobium)第VII属绿芽菌属(Blastochloris)第VIII属戴沃斯菌属(Devosia)第IX属双歧微菌属(Dichotomicrobium)第X属线状微球菌属(Filomicrobium)第XI属芽殖菌属(Gemmiger)第XII属双头菌属(Labrys)第XIII属耗甲基杆菌属(Methylorhabdus)第XIV属土微菌属(Pedomicrobium)第XV属突柄微菌属(Prosthecomicrobium)碧XVI属红微菌属(Rhodomicrobium)第XVII属红游动菌属(Rhodoplanes)第XVIII属塞里伯氏菌属(Seliberia)第XIX属(Starkeya)第XX属黄色杆菌属(Xanthobacter)第IX科“甲基杆菌科”(“Methylobacteriaceae”)第I属甲基杆菌属(Methylobacterium)第II属甲基杆菌属(Protomonas)第III属玫瑰单胞菌属(Roseomonas)第X科“红菌科”(“Rhodobiaceae”)第I属红菌属(Rhodobium)第II纲“贝塔变形杆菌纲”(“Betaproteobacteria”)第I目“伯克霍尔德氏菌目”(“Burkholderiales”)第I科“伯克霍尔德氏菌科”(“Burkholderiaceae”)第I属伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia) 第II属贪铜菌属(Cupriavidus)第III属劳特罗普氏菌属(Lautropia)第IV属(Pandoraea)第V属热丝菌属(Thermothrix)第II科“罗尔斯通氏菌科”(“Ralstoniaceae”)第I属罗尔斯通氏菌属(Ralstonia)第III科“草酸杆菌科”(“Oxalobacteraceae”)第I属草酸杆菌属(Oxalobacter)第II属杜擀氏菌属(Duganella)第III属草螺菌属(Herbaspirillum)第IV属紫色杆菌属(Janthinobacterium)第V属(Massilia)第VI属地神菌属(Telluria)第IV科产碱杆菌科(Alcaligenaceae)第I属产碱杆菌属(Alcaligenes)第II属无色杆菌属(Achromobacter)第III属鲍特氏菌属(Bordetella)第IV属居鸽菌属(Pelistega)第V属萨特氏菌属(Sutterella)第VI属泰勒氏菌属(Taylorella)第V科丛毛单胞菌科(Comamonadaceae) 第I属丛毛单胞菌属(Comamonas)第II属食酸菌属(Acidovorax)第III属水杆菌属(Aquabacterium)第IV属短单胞菌属(Brachymonas)第V属戴尔福特菌属(Delftia)第VI属氢噬胞菌属(Hydrogenophaga)第VII属艾德昂菌属(Ideonella)第VIII属纤发菌属(Leptothrix)第IX属极胞菌属(Polaromonas)第X属红育菌属(Rhodoferax)第XI属玫瑰色半光合菌属(Roseateles)第XII属红长命菌属(Rubrivivax)第XIII属球衣菌属(Sphaerotilus)第XIV属(Tepidimonas)第XV属硫单胞菌属(Thiomonas)第XVI属贪噬菌属(Variovorax)第II目“嗜氢菌目”(“Hydrogenophilales”)第I科“嗜氢菌科”(“Hydrogenophilaceae”)第I属嗜氢菌属(Hydrogenophilus)第II属硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)第III目“嗜甲基菌目”(“Methylophilales”)第I科“嗜甲基菌科”(“Methylophilaceae”)第I属嗜甲基菌属(Methylophilus) 第II属甲基小杆菌属(Methylobacillus)第III属食甲基菌属(Methylovorus)第IV目奈瑟氏球菌目(“Neisseriales”)第I科奈瑟氏球菌科(Neisseriaceae)第I属奈瑟氏球菌属(Neisseria)第II属小链菌属(Alysiella)第III属水螺菌属(Aquaspirillum)第IV属链状球菌属(Catenococcus)第V属色杆菌属(Chromobacterium)第VI属艾肯氏菌属(Eikenella)第VII属甲酸弧菌属(Formivibrio)第VIII属紫色小杆菌属(Iodobacter)第IX属金氏菌属(Kingella)第X属微枝杆菌属(Microvirgula)第XI属嗜脯氨酸菌属(Prolinoborus)第XII属西蒙斯氏菌属(Simonsiella)第XIlI属透明颤菌属(Vitreoscilla)第XIV属福格斯氏菌属(Vogesella)第V目“亚硝化单胞菌目”(“Nitrosomonadales”)第I科“亚硝化单胞菌科”(“Nitrosomonadaceae”)第I属亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas)第II属亚硝化螺菌属(Nitrosospira)第II科螺菌科(Spirillaceae)第I属螺菌属(Spirillum)第III科嘉利翁氏菌科(Gallionellaceae)第I属嘉利翁氏菌属(Gallionella)第VI目“红环菌目”(“Rhodocyclales”)第I科红环菌科(Rhodocyclaceae)第I属红环菌属(Rhodocyclus)第II属固氮弧菌属(Azoarcus)第III属(Azonexus)第IV属固氮螺菌属(Azospira)第V属固氮弧菌属(Azovibrio)第VI属铁杆菌属(Ferribacterium)第VII属丙酸杆状菌属(Propionibacter)第VIII属丙酸弧菌属(Propionivibrio)第IX属索氏菌属(Thauera)第X属动胶菌属(Zoogloea)第III纲“伽马变形菌纲”(“Gammaproteobacteria”)第I目“着色菌目“(“Chromatiales”)第I科着色菌科(Chromatiaceae)第I属着色菌属(Chromatium)第II属异着色菌属（Allochromatium）第III属可变杆菌属(Amoebobacter)第IV属盐着色菌属(Halochromatium)第V属盐硫杆菌属(Halothiobacillus)第VI属等着色菌属(Isochromatium)第VII属闪杆菌属(Lamprobacter)第VIII属闪囊菌属(Lamprocystis)第IX属海洋着色菌属(Marichromatium)第X属亚硝化球菌属(Nitrosococcus)第XI属斐佛氏菌属(Pfennigia)第XII属杆状色菌属(Rhabdochromatium)第XIII属热着色菌属(Thermochromatium)第XIV属硫碱球菌属(Thioalkalicoccus)第XV属荚硫菌属(Thiocapsa)第XVI属硫球菌属(Thiococcus)第XVII属囊硫菌属(Thiocystis)第XVIII属网硫菌属(Thiodictyon)第XIX属第XX属盐荚硫菌属(Thiohalocapsa)第XXI属硫明卵菌属(Thiolamprovum)第XXII属板硫菌属(Thiopedia)第XXIII属热红球菌属(Thiorhodococcus)第XXIV属硫红弧菌属(Thiorhodovibrio)第XXV属硫螺旋菌届(Thiospirillum)第II科外硫红螺菌科（Ectothiorhodospiraceae）第I属外硫红螺菌属(Ectothiorhodospira)第II属非红单胞菌属(Arhodomonas)第III属需盐红螺菌属(Halorhodospira)第IV属硝化球菌属(Nitrococcus)第V属硫红螺菌属(Thiorhodospira)第II目酸硫杆菌目(Acidithiobacillales)第I科酸硫杆状菌科(Acidithiobacillaceae)第I属酸硫杆状菌属(Acidithiobacillus) 第II科热硫杆状菌科(Thermithiobacillaceae) 第I属热硫杆状菌属(Thermithiobacillus) 第III目“黄单胞菌目”(“Xanthomonadales”)第I科“黄单胞菌科”(“Xanthomonadaceae”)第I属黄单胞菌属(Xanthomonas)第II属弗拉特氏菌属(Frateuria)第III属藤黄单孢菌属(Luteimonas)第IV属溶杆菌属(Lysobacter)第V属涅瓦河菌属(Nevskia)第VI属假黄单胞菌属(Pseudoxanthomonas)第VII属罗思河小杆菌属(Rhodanobacter)第VIII属寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)第IX属木杆菌属(Xylella)第IV目“心杆菌目”(“Cardiobacteriales”)第I科心杆菌科(Cardiobacteriaceae)第I属心杆菌属(Cardiobacterium)第II属腐蹄杆菌属(Dichelobacter)第III属萨顿氏菌属(Suttonella)第V目“硫发菌目”(“Thiotrichales”)第I科“硫发菌科”(“Thiotrichaceae”)第I属硫发菌属(Thiothrix)第II属无色菌属(Achromatium)第III属贝日阿托氏菌属(Beggiatoa)第IV属亮发菌属(Leucothrix)第V属大单胞菌属(Macromonas)第VI属硫小杆菌属(Thiobacterium)第VII属硫珍珠状菌属(Thiomargarita)第VIII属辫硫菌属(Thioploca)第IX属硫螺菌属(Thiospira)第II科“鱼立克次氏体科”(“Piscirickettsiaceae”)第I属鱼立克次氏体属(Piscirickettsia)第II属解环菌属(Cycloclasticus)第III属氢弧菌属(Hydrogenovibrio)第IV属噬甲基菌属(Methylophaga)第V属硫微螺菌属(Thiomicrospira)第III科“弗朗西斯氏菌科”(“Francisellaceae”)第I属弗朗西斯氏菌属(Francisella)第VI目“军团菌目”(“Legionellales”)第I科军团菌科(Legionellaceae)第I属军团菌属(Legionella)第II科“考克斯氏体科”(“Coxiellaceae”)第I属考克斯氏体属(Coxiella)第II属立克次氏小体属(Rickettsiella)第VII目甲基球菌目(Methylococcales)第I科甲基球菌科(Methylococcaceae)第I属甲基球菌属(Methylococcus)第II属甲基杆菌属(Methylobacter)第III属喜热噬甲基菌属(Methylocaldum)第IV属甲基微菌属(Methylomicrobium)第V属甲基单胞菌属(Methylomonas)第VI属甲基球状菌属(Methylosphaera)第VIII目“海洋螺菌目”(“Oceanospirillales”)第I科“海洋螺菌科”(“Oceanospirillaceae”)第I属海洋螺菌属(Oceanospirillum)第II属浴者菌属(Balneatrix)第III属海床杆菌属(Fundibacter)第IV属海单胞菌属(Marinomonos)第V属海螺菌属(Marinospirillum)第VI属海神单胞菌属(Neptunomonas)第II科盐单胞菌科(Halomonadaceae)第I属盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)第II属食烷菌属(Alcanivorax)第III属肉胞菌属(Carnimonas)第IV属色盐杆菌属(Chromohalobacter)第V属德莱氏菌属(Deleya)第VI属发酵细菌属(Zymobacter)第IX目假单胞菌目(Pseudomonadales)第I科假单胞菌科(Pseudomonadaceae)第I属假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)第II属氮单胞菌属(Azomonas)第III属固氮菌属(Azotobacter)第IV属纤维弧菌属(Cellvibrio)第V属金色单胞菌属(Chryseomonas)第VI属黄色单胞菌属(Flaviomonas)第VII属俊片菌属(Lampropedia)第VIII属中嗜杆菌属(Mesophilobacter)第IX属桑葚状球菌属(Morococcus)第X属寡源杆菌属(Oligella)第XI属根杆菌属(Rhizobacter)第XII属皱纹单胞菌属(Rugamonas)第XIII属蛇形菌属(Serpens)第XIV属栖热嗜油菌属(Thermoleophilum) 第XV属嗜木杆菌属(Xylophilus)第II科莫拉氏菌科(Moraxellaceae)第I属莫拉氏菌属(Moraxella)第II属不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)第III属嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter)第X目“交替单胞菌目”(“Alteromonadales”)第I科“交替单胞菌科”(“Alteromonadaceae”)第I属交替单胞菌属(Alteromonas) 第II属(Allishewanella)第III属科尔维尔氏菌属(Colwellia)第IV属铁还原单胞菌属(Ferrimomas)第V属冰居菌属(Glaciecola)第VI属(Idiomarina)第VII属海杆状菌属(Marinobacter)第VIII属海杆菌属(Marinobacterium)第IX属微泡菌属(Microbulbifer)第X属莫里特拉氏菌属(Moritella)第XI属假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas) 第XII属希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella)第XI目“弧菌目”(“Vibrionales”)第I科弧菌科(Vibrionaceae)第I属弧菌属(Vibrio)第II属异单胞菌属(Allomonas)第III属水栖菌属(Enhydrobacter)第V属发光杆菌属(Photobacterium)第VI属盐弧菌属(Salinivibrio)第XII目“气单胞菌目”(“Aeromonadales”)第I科气单胞菌科(Aeromonadaceae)第I属气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)第II属海洋单胞菌属(Oceanomonas)第III属甲苯单胞菌属(Tolumonas)第II科琥珀酸弧菌科(Succinivibrionaceae) 第I属琥珀酸弧菌属(Succinivibrio)第II属厌氧螺菌属(Anaerobiospirillum)第III属瘤胃杆菌属(Ruminobacter)第IV属琥珀酸单胞菌属(Succinimonas)第XIII目肠杆菌目(Enterobacteriales)第I科肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)第I属肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)第II属交替球菌属(Alterococcus)第III属杀雄菌属(Arsenophonus)第IV属布伦勒氏菌属(Brenneria)第V属巴克纳氏菌属(Buchnera)第VI属布戴约维采菌属(Budvicia)第VII属布丘氏菌属(Buttiauxella)第VIII属鞘杆菌属(Calymmatobacterium) 第IX属西地西菌属(Cedecea)第X属柠檬酸杆菌属(Citrobacter)第XI属爱德华氏菌属(Edwardsiella)第XII属欧文氏菌属(Erwinia)第XIII属埃希氏菌属(Escherichia)第XIV属爱文氏菌属(Ewingella)第XV属哈夫尼菌属(Hafnia)第XVI属克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)第XVII属克吕沃尔氏菌属(Kluyvera)第XVIII属勒克氏菌属(Leclercia)第XIX属勒米诺氏菌属(Leminorella)第XX属米勒氏菌属(Moellerella)第XXI属摩根氏菌属(Morganella)第XXII属肥杆菌属(Obesumbacterium)第XXIII属泛菌属(Pantoea)第XXIV属坚固杆菌属(Pectobacterium) 第XXV属光杆状菌属(Photorhabdus)第XXVI属邻单胞菌属(Plesiomonas)第XXVII属布拉格菌属(Pragia)第XXVIII属变形菌属(Proteus)第XXIX属普罗威登斯菌属(Providencia)第XXXI属糖杆菌属(Saccharobacter)第XXXII属沙门氏菌属(Salmonella) 第XXXIII属沙雷氏菌属(Serratia)第XXXIV属志贺氏菌属(Shigella)第XXXV属伴蝇菌属(Sodalis)第XXXVI属塔特姆氏菌属(Tatumella)第XXXVII属特拉布斯氏菌属(Trabulsiella)第XXXVIII属威格尔斯沃思氏菌属(Wigglesworthia)第XXXIX属致病杆菌属(Xenorhabdus)第XL属耶尔森氏菌属(Yersinia)第XLI属预研菌属(Yokenella)第XIV目巴斯德氏菌目(Pasteurellales)第I科巴斯德氏菌科(Pasteurellaceae)第I属巴斯德氏菌属(Pasteurella)第II属放线杆菌属(Actinobacillus)第III属嗜血菌属(Haemophilus)第IV属隆派恩菌属(Lonepinella)第V属曼海姆氏菌属(Mannheimia)第VI属海豚杆菌属(Phocoenobacter)第IV纲“德耳塔变形杆菌纲”(“Deltaproteobacteria”)第I目“脱硫菌目”(“Desulfurellales”)第I科“脱硫菌科”（“Desulfurellaceae”）第I属脱硫菌属(Desulfurella)第II属希普氏菌属(Hippea)第II目“脱硫弧菌目”(“Desulfovibrionales”)第I科“脱硫弧菌科”(“Desulfovibrionaceae”)第I属脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)第II属嗜胆菌属(Bilophila)第III属劳森氏菌属(Lawsonia)第II科“脱硫微杆菌科”(“Desulfomicrobiaceae”)第I属脱硫微杆菌属(Desulfomicrobium)第III科“脱硫盐菌科”(“Desulfohalobiaceae”)第I属脱硫盐菌属(Desulfohalobium)第II属脱硫单胞菌属(desulfomonas)第III属脱硫酸弯曲杆菌属(Desulfonatronovibrio)第IV科脱硫弯曲杆菌科(“Desulfonatronumaceae”)第I属脱硫弯曲杆菌属(Desulfonatronum)第III目脱硫杆菌目(“Desulfobacterales”)第I科脱硫杆菌科(“Desulfobacteraceae”)第I属脱硫杆菌属(Desulfobacter)第II属脱硫杆状菌属(Desulfobacterium)第III属脱硫橄榄样菌属(Desulfobacula)第IV属脱硫胞状菌属（Desulfocella）第V属脱硫球菌属（Desulfococcus）第VI属脱硫豆状菌属（Desulfofaba）第VII属脱硫冷栖菌属（Desulfofrigus）第VIII属脱硫线菌属（Desulfonema）第IX属脱硫八叠球菌属（Desulfosarcina）第X属脱硫螺菌属（Desulfospira）第XI属脱硫小杆菌属(Desulfotalea)第XII属(“Desulfotignum”)第II科脱硫叶菌科(”Desulfobulbaceae”)第I属脱硫叶菌属(Desulfobulbus)第II属脱硫盒菌属(Desulfocapsa)第III属脱硫棒菌属(Desulfofustis)第IV属脱硫管状菌属(Desulforhopalus)第III科硝化刺菌科(Nitrospinaceae)第I属硝化刺菌属(Nitrospina)第II属脱硫橄榄状菌属(Desulfobacca)第III属脱硫念珠菌属(Desulfomonile)第IV目脱硫单胞菌目(“Desulfuromonadales”)第I科脱硫单胞菌科(“Desulfuromonadaceae”)第I属脱硫单胞菌属(Desulfuromonas)第II属硫还原弯形菌属（Desulfuromusa)第II科“土杆菌科”(“Geobacteraceae”)第I属土杆菌属(Geobacter)第III科“粘土杆菌科”(“Pelobacteraceae”)第I属粘土杆菌属(Pelobacter)第II属丙二酸单胞菌属(Malonomonas)第III属(Trichlorobacter)第V目“互营杆菌目”(“Syntrophobacterales”)第I科“互营杆菌科”（“Syntrophobacteraceae”）第I属互营杆菌属(Syntrophobacter)第II属脱硫葡萄状菌属(Desulfacinum)第III属杆状脱硫菌属(Desulforhabdus)第IV属(Desulfovirga)第V属热硫还原杆菌属(Thermodesulforhabdus) 第II科“互养菌科”(“Syntrophaceae”)第I属互养菌属(Syntrophus)第II属史密斯氏菌属(Smithella)第VI目“蛭弧菌目”(“Bdellovibrionales”)第I科“蛭弧菌科”(“Bdellovibrionaceae”)第I属蛭弧菌属(Bdellovibrio)第II属(Bacteriovorax)第III属云母弧菌属(Micavibrio)。

伯杰氏鉴定细菌学手册

《伯杰氏鉴定细菌学手册》已出版了九版， 1984年又出版了最新版，由美国微生物学会发起编写，最初指定David H Bergey作为编委会主席，后改名为《伯杰氏系统细菌学手册》
（ Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology）。
在这版手册中，着重于表观特性描述的基础上，结合化学分类、数值分类、特别是DNA相关分析，及16SrRNA寡核苷酸序列分析在生物种群间的亲缘关系研究中应用作出了详细的阐述，体现了细菌分类的研究从表观向系统发育体系的发展。将所有已知的细菌，依照各种特性和细菌之间的关系，分为35个群，分列于4册书中：（群的划分根据表观特征，如形态、生理和营养类型）
壁
肽聚薄糖壁8－菌1门0% 7－8nm
细胞壁
肽聚糖8－10% 7－8nm
G－
G
G－
肽厚聚壁糖菌5门0－80% 10－50nm
肽聚糖50－80% 10－50nm
G＋ G＋
软壁菌门无壁
无壁 ———
———
疵壁菌门细菌）壁中
肽聚
壁中无胞和肽聚糖
—— ———
形态
球，卵圆，短杆、球，丝卵状圆螺，旋短形杆、丝状螺旋形
微米(μm)
细菌的形态与排列(Shape of Bacteria)
球菌coccus 杆菌bacillus 螺形菌spiral bacterium
球菌（coccus）
球菌
链球菌（肺炎）
葡萄球菌电镜图
杆菌（bacillus）
球杆菌（Coccobacillus）
链杆菌（Streptobacills）
staphylococcus aureus(金黄色葡萄球菌)

伯杰氏鉴定手册doc资料

伯杰氏鉴定手册一本有代表性的、参考价值极高、比较全面系统的细菌分类手册。

由美国布瑞德(Breed)等人主编。

1923年第1版，后于1925、1930、1934、1939、1948、1957、1974年相继出版了第2至第8版，每个版本都反映了当时细菌学发展的新成就。

其中第8版有美、英、德、法等14个国家的细菌学家参加了编写工作，对系统内的每一属和种都做了较详细的属性描述。

近年来，由于细胞学、遗传学和分子生物学的渗透，大大促进了细菌分类学的发展，使分类系统与真正反映亲缘关系的自然体系日趋接近。

第9版(1984，1986)中实质性的变化，象征着细菌分类学的发展进入新的阶段。

使人为的分类体系过渡到自然体系的理想进一步付诸实现。

伯杰氏细菌手册

界界原核生物界procaryotae门门i光养原核生物光细菌纲纲i蓝绿光细菌纲纲ii红光细菌纲纲iii绿光细菌门门ii与光无关的原核生物暗细菌纲纲i细菌纲纲ii在真核细胞内的专性胞内暗细菌立克次氏体纲纲iii无细胞壁的暗细菌软壁体纲分类单位
《伯吉氏系统细菌学手册》
《伯吉氏系统细菌学手册》
• 目前（2010年）公认的细菌分类体系是《伯吉氏系统细菌学手matic Bacteriology），由美国细菌学家Holt主编，共4卷。 • 第1卷于1984年出版，记录了医学及工业有重要性的革兰氏阴性细菌。 • 第2卷于1986年出版，记录了医学与工业有重要性的革兰氏阳性细菌。 • 第3、4卷于1989年出版，前者收载了古细菌和蓝细菌，后者描写了放线菌
• 原书名为《伯杰氏鉴定细菌学手册》（Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology），第8版由于内容增加，范围扩大，提高了手册的实用性，同时指出各类细菌间的关系，所以改名为《伯杰氏系统细菌学手册》；第二，由1卷分成4卷，这是考虑到能及时反映新进展和使用者的方便；第三，细菌在生物界的地位，8、9版间无变动，但它们的高级分类单位有很大变化（见下表），尤其嗜盐细菌和产甲烷细菌，根据胞壁分析和DNA序列分折，另列疵壁菌门，古细菌纲；第四，趋近自然体系，在各级分类单位中全面应用核酸研究；在表型特征的基础上，以DNA资料给予决定性的判断。使人为的分类体系过渡到自然体系的理想进一步付诸实现。
分类单位
界原核生物界（Procaryotae）门I 光养原核生物（"光细菌"）纲I 蓝绿光细菌纲II 红光细菌纲III 绿光细菌门II 与光无关的原核生物（“暗细菌”）纲I 细菌纲II 在真核细胞内的专性胞内暗细菌——立克次氏体纲III 无细胞壁的暗细菌——软壁体纲

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伯杰氏鉴定手册一本有代表性的、参考价值极高、比较全面系统的细菌分类手册。

由美国布瑞德(Breed)等人主编。

1923年第1版，后于1925、1930、1934、1939、1948、1957、1974年相继出版了第2至第8版，每个版本都反映了当时细菌学发展的新成就。

其中第8版有美、英、德、法等14个国家的细菌学家参加了编写工作，对系统内的每一属和种都做了较详细的属性描述。

近年来，由于细胞学、遗传学和分子生物学的渗透，大大促进了细菌分类学的发展，使分类系统与真正反映亲缘关系的自然体系日趋接近。

第9版(1984，1986)中实质性的变化，象征着细菌分类学的发展进入新的阶段。

使人为的分类体系过渡到自然体系的理想进一步付诸实现。

第一册为古细菌、蓝绿藻菌、光合作用菌和具分支菌属。

第二册为Proteobacteria。

第三册为G+C值低的革兰氏阳性菌。

第四册为G+C值高的革兰氏阳性菌。

第五册为Planctomycetes、Spirochaetes、Fibrobacters、Bacteroides、Fusobacteria。

从1984年第一版开始发行以来，细菌分类已取得了巨大进展，新命名的种成倍增加、新描述的属也在170个以上，尤其是80年代末以来，rRNA、DNA、蛋白质序列分析方法日趋实用，因而为细菌的系统发育积累了不少新的资料。

因此已经有可能对其第一版进行新的修订。

第二版预计分5卷出版，从已报导的资料看，它更多地依靠系统发育资料对细菌分类群的总体安排进行了较大的调整。

第二版将原核生物分为30组，5卷大致的内容安排如下：第一卷：1～14组。

包括古生菌、蓝细菌、光合细菌和最早分支的属第二卷：15～19组。

包括变形杆菌(属革兰氏阴性真细菌类)第三卷：20～22组。

包括低G+C含量的革兰氏阳性细菌第四卷：23组。

包括高G+C含量的革兰氏阳性细菌(放线菌类)第五卷：24～30组。

包括浮霉状菌、螺旋体、丝杆菌、拟杆菌和梭杆菌(属革兰氏阴性细菌类)有关系统手册第二版的分类大纲见下表表伯杰氏系统细菌学手册第二版分类纲要分类群代表属一、古生菌、蓝细菌、光合细菌和最早分支的属古生菌嗜泉古生菌界(Crenarchaeota)1 组热变形菌、硫化叶菌和嗜压菌热变形菌属(Thermoproteus)、硫化叶菌属(Sulfolobus)广古生菌界 (Euryarchaeota)2 组产甲烷菌甲烷杆菌属(Methanobacterium)3 组盐杆菌盐杆菌属(Halobacterium)、盐球菌属(Halococcus)4 组热原体热原体属(Thermoplasma)等5 组热球菌古生球菌属(Archaeoglobus)、热球菌属(Thermococcus)最早分支的属细菌(真细菌)6 组产液菌和有关的细菌产液菌属(Aquifex)、氢杆菌属(Hydrogenobacter)7 组热袍菌和地袍菌热袍菌属(Thermotoga)、地袍菌属(Geotoga)、热脱硫杆菌属(Thermodesulfobacterium)8 组异常球菌异常球菌属(Deinococcus)9 组栖热菌栖热菌属(Thermus)、磁杆菌属(Magnetobacterium)10组产金色菌产金色菌属(Chrisiogenes)11组绿屈挠菌和滑柱菌绿屈挠菌属(Chloroflexus)、滑柱菌属(Herpetosiphon)12组热微菌热微菌属(Thermomicrobium)13组原绿蓝细菌和蓝细菌原绿蓝细菌属(Prochloron) 、聚球蓝细菌属(Synechococcus)、颤蓝细菌属(Oscillatoria)、鱼腥蓝细菌属(Anabaena) 、念珠蓝细菌属(Nostoc)、真枝蓝细菌属(Stigonema)等14组绿菌绿菌属(Chlorobium)、暗网菌属(Pelodictyon)二、变形杆菌细菌变形杆菌界 (Proteobacteria)15组α变形杆菌红螺菌属(Rhodospirillum)、立克次氏体属(Rickettsia)、柄杆菌属(Caulobacter)、根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)、布鲁氏菌属(Brucella)、硝化杆菌属(Nitrobacter)、甲基杆菌属(Methylobacteriun)等16组β变形杆菌奈瑟氏菌属(Neisseria)、产碱杆菌属(Alcaligenes)、亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas)、嗜甲基菌属(Methylophilus)、硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)、伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia)等17组γ变形杆菌着色菌属(Chromatium)、亮发菌属( Leucothrix)、军团菌属(Legionella)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、固氮菌属(Azotobacter )、弧菌属(Vibrio)、埃希氏菌属(Escherichia)、克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)、变形杆菌属 (Proteus)、沙门氏菌属(Salmonella)、志贺氏菌属(Shigella)、伊尔森氏菌属(Yersinia) 、嗜血杆菌属(Haemophilus)18组δ变形杆菌脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)、蛭弧菌属(Bodellovibiro)、粘球菌属(Myxococcus)、多囊菌属(Polyangium)19组ε变形杆菌弯曲杆菌属(Campylobacter)、螺杆菌属(Helicobacter)三、低G+C含量的革兰氏阳性细菌20组梭菌和有关的细菌梭菌属(Clostridium)、消化链球菌属(Peptostreptococcus)、真杆菌属(Eubacterium)、脱硫肠状菌属(Desulfotomaculum )、韦荣氏菌属(Veillonella)等21组柔膜菌枝原体属(Mycoplasma)、尿原体属(Ureaplasma)、螺原体属(Spiroplasma)、无胆甾原体属(Acholeplasma)22组芽孢杆菌和乳杆菌芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、显核菌属(Caryophanon)、类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus)、高温放线菌属(Thermoactinomyces)、乳杆菌属( Lactobacillus)、链球菌属(Streptococcus)、肠球菌属(Enterococcus)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)、利斯特氏菌属(Listeria)四、高G+C含量的革兰氏阳性细菌23组放线杆菌纲(Actinobacteria) 放线菌属(Actinomyces)、微球菌属(Micrococcus)、节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)、棒杆菌属(C orynebacterium)、分枝杆菌属(Mycobacterium)、诺卡氏菌属(Nocardia)、游动放线菌属(A ctinoplanes)、丙酸杆菌属(Propionibacterium)链霉菌属(Streptomyces)、高温单孢菌属( Thermomonospora)、弗兰克氏菌属(Frankia)、马杜拉放线菌属(Actinomadure)、双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)五、浮霉状菌、螺旋体、丝杆菌、拟杆菌和梭杆菌24组浮霉状菌、衣原体和有关的细菌浮霉状菌属(Planctomyces)、衣原体属(Chlamydia)25组螺旋体螺旋体属(Spirochaeta)、疏螺旋体属(Borrelia)、密螺旋体属(Treponema)、小蛇菌属(Serpulina)、钩端螺旋体属(Leptospira)26组丝状杆菌丝状杆菌属(Fibrobacter)27组拟杆菌拟杆菌属(Bacteriodes)、卟啉单胞菌属(Porphyromonas)、普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella)28组黄杆菌黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)29组鞘氨醇杆菌、屈挠杆菌和噬纤维菌鞘氨醇杆菌属(Sphingobacterium)、屈挠杆菌属(Flexibacter)、噬纤维菌属(Cytophaga)30组梭杆菌梭杆菌属(Fusobacterium)第二版更多地采用核酸序列资料对分类群进行新的调整，无疑这是细菌系统发育分类的重大进展，但另一方面，我们也应看到：在某些类群中，由于序列特征与某些重要的表型特征相矛盾，这将给主要按表型特征进行细菌鉴定带来新的困难，如何解决这些问题，有待进一步研究。