美国文学复习资料
美国文学史复习资料
美国文学史复习资料美国文学史复习（colonialism)第一部分殖民主义时期的文学一、时期综述1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记 b、journals 游记2、清教徒在美国的写作内容：1）their voyage to the new land2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops3) About dealing with Indians4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit3、清教徒的思想：1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be事的权利。
没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。
6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor.学习指南：1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the "purity" of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was thiskind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meaant to prove that were God's chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven.2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing.3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.4、The earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards Italian, and Portuguese.美国文学史复习2（reasoning and revolution) (2009-01-17 15:54:25)一、美国的性质：The war for Independence ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic - the United States of America. 联邦的资产阶级民主共和国--美利坚合众国。
(完整)美国文学复习整理
美国文学复习整理一、殖民主义时期的文学（colonial settlements)＆理性和革命时期文学（revolutionary period）（文艺复兴时期)1.清教主义的shaping influence2.代表人物“T he Tenth Muse”第一位移民诗人2. Philip Freneau 菲利普·佛瑞诺有宗教隐喻，关注本土地貌、人文.写印第安人故事。
美国诗歌之父 father of American poetry代表作《野金银花》The Wild Honey Suckle3。
Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊起草了独立宣言 The Declaration of Independence 17764.Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因拥护独立宣言代表作：《常识》Common Sense《理性时代》The Age of Reason5.Jonathan Edwards乔纳森·埃德沃兹大觉醒运动的代表人物 the Great Awakening6.Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林代表作：《自传》The Autobiography《穷理查德历书》Poor Richard's Almanac美国梦的代表二．浪漫主义时期的文学(American Romanticism）早期浪漫主义（Early Romantic Period）1.背景：1> 时间：18世纪末到内战爆发前夕（1861）2> 条件：○1国家的快速发展，大量移民和工业化发展错误!小说的发展，期刊杂志（periodical)出现错误!受英国文学的影响2.浪漫主义的基本特征1>Stressing emotion rather than reason2>Stressing freedom and individuality3>Idealism rather than materialism4>Writing about nature, medieval legends（中世纪传说）and with supernaturalelements。
美国文学复习资料
美国文学复习资料美国文学复习资料美国文学是世界文学宝库中的重要组成部分，它以其独特的风格和丰富的内容吸引着广大读者和研究者。
在这篇文章中，我们将为大家提供一些关于美国文学的复习资料，希望能够帮助大家更好地了解和掌握这一领域的知识。
一、美国文学的起源美国文学的起源可以追溯到17世纪早期的殖民地时期。
当时，由于殖民者来自不同的国家和文化背景，美国文学呈现出多元化的特点。
早期的美国文学作品主要以宗教和探险为主题，其中最著名的作品包括《普利茅斯故事》和《马萨诸塞湾殖民地的历史》等。
随着时间的推移，美国文学逐渐发展壮大。
18世纪的启蒙时代，美国文学开始借鉴欧洲文学的思想和风格，融合了理性主义和启蒙思想。
这一时期的代表作品有本杰明·富兰克林的《自传》和托马斯·潘恩的《常识》等。
二、美国文学的经典作品美国文学的经典作品数不胜数，下面我们列举一些代表作品，供大家参考。
1. 马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》：这是一部以南北战争时期为背景的小说，通过主人公哈克贝利的冒险经历，揭示了奴隶制度的黑暗面和人性的复杂性。
2. 纳撒尼尔·霍桑的《红字》：这是一部关于道德与罪恶的小说，讲述了一个女性因婚外情而被判刑的故事。
小说通过对社会道德观念的探讨，揭示了人性的复杂性和社会的偏见。
3. 威廉·福克纳的《喧哗与骚动》：这是一部以南方小镇为背景的小说，通过对人物内心世界的描写，探讨了种族、阶级和家庭关系等社会问题。
4. 埃米莉·狄金森的诗歌：狄金森是美国文学史上最重要的女性诗人之一，她的诗作以独特的风格和深刻的思想而著称，对后世的诗人产生了深远的影响。
三、美国文学的主题与风格美国文学的主题多种多样，涵盖了社会、政治、种族、性别、宗教等各个方面。
在风格上，美国文学也呈现出多样性，既有浪漫主义的热情奔放，也有现实主义的冷静客观。
此外，美国文学还有一些独特的风格流派，如南方文学、黑人文学和美国现代主义文学等。
美国文学复习资料
殖民主义时期JohｎSmiｔｈ美国第一位作家Ａnne Ｂradstｒeet第一位移民诗人Edward Taylor 清教徒诗人文艺复兴时期Beｎｊａmin Fｒankｌin参与了起草独立宣言成名作《Poor Rｉchard’s Ａｌmanacｋ》《Ａutobiｏgｒaphy》Ｔhomas Paiｎe 拥护独立宣言成名作《Ｇreat Comｍoner oｆMａｎkinｄ》最平凡的人<Commｏn Ｓensｅ＞常识＜tｈe Aｇe ofReason> 理性时代＜Amｅrican Ｃriｓｉs>美国危机ThomaｓJeｆfersｏn起草了独立宣言Phiｌip Ｆreneａu 美国诗歌之父文艺复兴的诗人《the Wild Ｈｏｎey》野金银花浪漫主义时期Irving 第一位纯文学作家（bｅlleｔｒiｓｔ）<the Ｓkｅｔch Book>第一部短篇小说第一位浪漫主义散文体作家(pｒose ｓｔyliｓt)<ｔhe LegenｄｏｆSlｅeｐｙHollow>享有国际声誉＜ a Hiｓｔorｙｏf ＮeｗYork>第一部诙谐作品Cｏpｐer 开创了海上传奇小说和边疆传奇小说<ｔheＳｐy><tｈeDｅerslaｙeｒ><the Pｉlot> ＜Leaｔhｅrsｔoｃｋing Ｔales＞<the Last of Mohicans><tｈe Praiｒｉe>Bｒｙant 第一个获得美国主要诗人的称号<to ａWatｅｒfowl>最完美的短诗Poｅ现代短故事之父侦探小说之父＜tｈe Falｌof Hｏｕse of Uｓheｒ>＜the Ｒaven＞<Ｔales of ｔhe Grotesｑue and Arabesquｅ>第一部短篇小说集＜to Helen><Annabel Lｅe>Emeｒson 超经验主义运动<Nature＞<Seｌｆ-ｒeｌiａncｅ> <Esｓayｓ＞＜thｅAmｅrican Scholar> 知识分子独立宣言<Repreｓentaｔivｅmｅn＞<English traiｔs>Tｈoｒｅau 成名作<Wａldｅn><Civil Dｉsｏbeｄiencｅ>Hａｗtｈｏｒne 象征主义作家＜tｈｅHouse of the Seｖen Gable ｓ><thｅSｃaｒlet Leｔｔｅr>Melvｉlle<Modｙdick>Ｌongｆellｏw19世纪最受爱戴的诗人< a Psａlm oｆLifｅ><the Ｓong of Hiawａtha> 第一部印第安人史诗歌唯一被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的诗人现实主义时期Wｈiｔmａn 创建了自由体诗歌frｅe ｖeｒｓe <Leaves of Grass＞美国历史上一部史诗Ｄicksoｎ该时期最伟大的女诗人＜I Died fｏr Beauty> Stowe 该时期唯一的女散文作家< UnｃleＴｏm’s Cabin>Mark Twain 现实主义文学代表作<Aｄveｎturｅsof Hucｋｌeberｒy Fｉnn><Aｄventures of Tom Sawｙer ＞<tｈｅGiｌｄｅｄage>＜Ｌiｆｅonｔｈe Misｓissippｉ＞<Hｏｗto Telｌa Ｓｔｏrｙ>对美国早期幽默文学的总结O.Henrｙ<thｅFour Mｉllion><the Ｇiｆt ofＭａｇi><the Cop ａnd tｈe Anｔhem>Henry Ｊamｅs 心理现实主义的开创者＜the Pｏrｔraｉt ｏf Ladｙ>＜DaｉsｙＭiｌlｅr><ｔhｅWiｎgs ofｔhｅDove><the Gｏlｄｅn Bowl><the Amｂaｓsadｏrs>Ｊａck Londoｎ＜the Peoplｅof ｔhe Ａbｙsｓ><tｈe Ｓｏn ｏfｔhe Ｗｏlf>＜thｅCall of the Wｉｌd>＜Martin Edeｎ>自传体小说Dreｉｓer<an American Tｒaｇｅdy>最成功的小说金钱万能<Sister Ｃａｒrie>欲望三部曲<the Fｉnaｎcier><thｅTｉtａn＞＜theSｔｏic＞二十世纪文学Poｕnd意象派的创始人< iｎａSｔaｔion ofＭetro><tｈｅCａntos＞Ｆrost 自然派诗人民族诗人<thｅＲoad not Ｔａken>＜ＡfｔeｒApｐｌ ePicking><MｏuntaiｎIｎtervaｌ>Ｓteveｎs 秩序理念<tｈe Man wiｔｈthe Bｌue Gｕiｔar>＜Neｃessary Aｎgel> <Anｅｃdote oｆthe Jaｒ>Ｅliot 现代主义创始人＜tｈe WastｅLanｄ＞标志现代主义文学诞生<Ｆｏur Quarteｔｓ><Murder ｉｎtｈｅＣaｔｈedrａl>Ｆitzgeralｄ<the Gｒeat Gatsby>＜tｈe Side oｆParａd ｉse><Teｎdｅｒis the Nigｈｔ>Heｍingｗaｙ推动报告文学的发展<FoｒWhom ｔhe Ｂell Toｌｌs＞强调momeｎt of tｒutｈ＜ｔhｅOld M ａn andｔhｅSea>＜the Sun Ａｌso Ｒiｓes><a Fareｗell ｔo Arms>Sｔeinbｅcｋ美国大萧条时期最杰出的小说家<tｈｅGrapes oｆWr ａth＞<oｆＭice anｄMe ｎ>Faulkｎer 心灵与自己冲突是永恒的主题成名作<the Sｏund ａnd ｔhe Fury><a Rose for Ｅmilｙ>。
美国文学复习重点
1. Colonial American (1607-1765)Puritanism in America 清教主义1.Influence①American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature. It has become, to some extent, so much a state of mind(思维模式),rather than a set of tenets.( ['tɛnɪt] 教义)②To them, religion was a matter of primary importance.③They accepted the doctrine of predestination(命运),original sin(原罪),total depravity(堕落),and limited atonement(赎罪) through a special infusion([ɪn'fjuʒn] 神典) of grace from God.[John, Calvin]④In a word, American Puritans are ready for any misfortune and tragic failures that might lie in wait for them.2. Colonial America did not always write the way Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor wrote. Some people wrote for civil and religious freedom, and some others wrote for America shaking off(摆脱) the fetter(束缚) of the savage(残酷) and rapacious(贪婪) British colonial rule.3. Early writersJohn Smith A Description of New England《新英格兰叙事》Anne Bradstreet(first American poet) Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America ( 1650 )《第十位诗神》.On the Burning of Our House 《写在我家失火之际》Edward Taylor(finest 出色的) Huswifery 《家务》Upon a Spider Catching a Fly《蜘蛛扑捉苍蝇之遐想》Chapter 2. The period of Enlightenment and the Independence War (1765 -1800)1.Eighteenth-century American thinking was dominated by two basic patterns of thought .Toward the latter part of theseventeenth century, a completely new view of the universe came into being.(Deism 自然神论)2.Benjamin Franklin(Enlightenment thinkers and writers)1）Poor Richard’s Almanac《格言历书》（Maxims格言and axioms哲理)2）Autobiography《自传》a.It is perhaps the first real post-revolutionary (开山之作)American writing as well as the first real autobiography inEnglish.b.It gives us the simple yet immensely(全面) fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state ofpoverty and obscurity(卑微) into which he was born, the faithful account of the colorful career of America’s first self-made man. (自我奋斗成功)c．Comments1) First of all, it is a puritan document(清教徒传记). The most famous section describes his scientific scheme ofself-examination(审视) and self-improvement(完善).2) It is also an eloquent elucidation(清楚表明) of the fact that Franklin was spokesman for the new order of eighteenthcentury enlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free(善良自由), by nature endowed(赋予) by God with certain inalienable(不可剥夺的) rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.3) It is the pattern of Puritan(典型清教写作风格) simplicity, directness, and concision(明朗). The plainness(平实) of itsstyle, the homeliness(通俗) of imagery(比喻), the simplicity of diction(措词), syntax and expression are some of the salient(突出) features we cannot mistake.3.Hector St John de Crevecoeur Letters From an American Farmer «美国农人书简»或者《信札》\American Romanticism（1800-1865）Section 1 Early Romantic PeriodWhat is Romanticism?A．Romanticism is a literary movement throughout the 19th C and it can be divided into the early period and the late period. Also it remains powerful in contemporary literature and art.B. It started with the publication of Washington Irving's The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman's Leaves of Grass.C. Romanticism is associated with imagination and boundlessness, as contrasted with classicism,D. The most clearly defined romantic literary movement in the U. S. was Transcendentalism.E. The representatives of the early period includes Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper. Waldo EmersonHistorical Background: 1.American Puritanism 2.New England Transcendental Movement 3.American westward Expansion.American RomanticismFeatures：(1)American romanticism was in a way derivate: American romantic writing was some of them modelled onEnglish and European works.(2)American romanticism is a cultural heritage(文化遗产),American moral values were basically Puritan.(3)American romanticism was both imitative and independent.(4)Writers like Emerson and Whitman thought and wrote differently. They calling for the creation of a nativeAmerican culture and literature, represent“the deeper forces(坚实力量) ”of a Romanticisms at onceindigenous(本土化) and universal(广为人知).1. Washington Irving-- One of the first American writers to earn an international reputation, an early Romantic writer, and Father of the American short stories, The Father of American Literature ,“the American Goldsmith”Work：A History of New York《纽约外史》（DK）won him wide popularityThe Sketch Book《见闻札记》（GC）won international fame→contains German folk tales Rip Van Winkle, The Legend of Sleepy HollowThe History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus 《哥伦布市传》A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada《攻克格拉纳达》The Alhambra《阿尔罕伯拉》Selections:Rip Van Winkle:I have observed that he was a simple, good-natured man; he was, moreover, a kind neighbor and an obedient, henpecked husband.Rip’s sole domestic adherent was his dog Wolf, who was as much henpecked as his master; For a long while he used to console himself, when driven from home, by frequenting a kind of perpetual club of the sages, philosophers, and other idle personages of the village, which held its sessions on a bench before a small inn, designated by a rubicund portrait of his majesty George the Third. “The Union Hotel, by Jonathan Doolittle.”Instead of the great tree which used to shelter the quiet little Dutch inn of yore, there now was reared a tall naked pole, with something on the top that looked like a red nightcap, and from it was fluttering a flag. The red coat was changed for one of blue and buff, a sword was stuck in the hand instead of a scepter, the head was decorated with a cocked hat, and underneath was painted in large characters, GENERAL WASHINGTON.The Legend of Sleepy Hollow Tarry Town, New York, Ichabod Crane, Abraham "Brom Bones" Van Brunt, Katrina Van Tassel Literary career: two parts---1809~1832a.Subjects are either English or Europeanb.Conservative love for the antique---1832~1859: back to USStyle –beautiful, Romanticism, Humor, Irony(1)avoiding moralizing – amusing and entertaining(2)enveloping stories in an atmosphere(3)vivid and true characters(4)humour – smiling while reading(5)musical language2.James Fenimore Cooper (the American Scott)a. He is the first border writer;(边疆作家)b. Created a myth about the formative period of American nation;（创造了美国格式化时代的神话）c. Helped introduce the “Western”tradition into American literatureWork：A：Leatherstocking Tales 《皮袜子故事集》(masterpiece, a series of five novels)The Pioneers《拓荒者》The Prairie (1827), 《大草原》(1823)---old The Last of Mohicans(1826), 《最后的莫西干人》The Pathfinder 《探路者》(1840)---middle-age, The Deerslayer (1841) 《杀鹿人》---youth (This process is the American quest for an ideal community.)Analysis of Natty Bumppo:Presented as an ideal American, living a virtuous and free life in God’s world. To him the wilderness is good, pure, perfect, where there is freedom not tainted （变质）by human institutions; He find “civilization” both corrupt and corrupting; The civilization is poisoned at the root from the very beginning.Analysis of Judge Temple: Judge Temple is a good indication of Cooper’s ambivalence(矛盾)，as a Writer of frontier life; He is a man of honor and integrity. He is as much a frontiersman as Natty Bumppo; He represents “the practically inevitable” (实实在在的实用)aspect of frontier life, He symbolizes law and civilization.His themes:a.Native subject of frontier and wilderness(荒原)b.New sources of fiction.Section 2 American Transcendentalism （summit of the Romantic Movement）（1836-1860）Appearance：1836, “Nature” by EmersonBackground: The Mexican-America War(1846-1848)美西战争，The westward expansion 西部大开发开始What is Transcendentalism：（Puritan heritage+Foreign influence）●appeared in 1830s in US●emphasis on spirit or Oversoul and stressing importance of the individual●regarding nature as symbols of the spirit or God and emphasis on brotherhood of man●representatives: Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David ThoreauResources：Transcendentalist Club in New England—the Dial《日晷》Features1.spirit/oversoul(超灵)2.importance of individualism3.nature – symbol of spirit/God; garment(外衣) of the oversoulSignificanceA. influenced a large group of writersB. summit of American RomanticismC. marked the independence of American literatureTranscendentalism: quotes----“Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you’ll become spiritually whole again.”1. Ralph Waldo Emerson (Father of Transcendentalism)Works:Nature 自然(1836) ：“the manifesto(宣言) of American transcendentalism” and “the Bible of New Eng land Transcendentalism.”----“a transparent eyeball”The American Scholar美国学者(1837)："America's Declaration of Intellectual Independence"(知识分子独立宣言) Self-Reliance 论自助: the importance of cultivating oneself (自我培养)----individualism2. Henry David ThoreauCivil Disobedience 《论公民的不服从》Walden：a series of 18 essays；Comparing with Emerson who was a great thinker, Thoreau was a great experimentalist Selection:“I went into the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of lif e and see if I could not learn what it has to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived.“We live meanly, like ants; though the fable tells us that we were long ago changed into men ... it is error upon error and clout upon clout, and our best virtue has for its occasion a superfluous and evitable wretchedness. Our life is frittered away by detail. .”3. Nathaniel Hawthorne (Typical romantic writer ;born in Massachusetts)Works:Major romances or novels ：•The Scarlet Letter 《红字》(1850) (Hester Prynne 女主；Arthur Dimmesdale 情人；Roger Chillingworth 丈夫) •The House of the Seven Gables《七个尖角阁的房子》(Matthew Maule被害死，坏人也受到诅咒而死---sin will get punished)•The Blithedale Romance 《福谷传奇》(1852)•The Marble Faun《玉石雕像》(1860)Short stories：a)Twice-Told Tales 1837 《故事重述》b)Mosses from an Old Manse1843 《古宅青苔》c)The Snow-Image, and Other Twice-Told Tales 1852 《雪人和其他重讲一遍的故事》Puritan background•The Birth-Mark《胎记》(1843)•Rappaccini’s Daughter《拉帕奇尼的女儿》(1844)•The Minister’s Black Veil《教长的黑面纱》(1836)•Young Goodman Brown《好小伙子布朗》(1835)* The Scarlet Letter(清教思想融入了美国浪漫主义，象征手法)：Adultery(通奸)—Able(能干)—Angle(天使)The scarlet letter A is ambiguous(不明确的). And the ambiguity is one of the salient(显著的) characteristics of Hawthorne’s art.*Young Goodman Brown :( Goodman Brown and Faith) Everyone possesses some evil secret.Hawthorne’s point of viewEvil is at the core of human life.(2) Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation.(3) Evil educates.(4) He has disgust in science. One source of evil is overweening (too proud of oneself) intellect.4.Herman Melville (全拼—Going out to sea; marriage; friendship with Hawthorne)Works:•Typee«泰皮»•Omoo«欧穆»•Mardi«玛地»South Pacific islands•Redburn«雷得本»voyage to England•White Jacket«白外衣»United States•Pierre«皮埃尔»•Billy Budd《比利•巴德》(a sign that he had resolved his quarrel with God)•Clarel《克拉莱尔》( a poem)Moby-Dick «白鲸»(masterpieces)A．the first American prose epic散文史诗B．an encyclopedia百科全书of everythingC．a Shakespearean tragedy of man fighting against fatesPrincipal CharactersIshmael (The narrator of the story) ；Captain AhabThe symbolism of Mobby-Dick1.The voyage to catch the white whale is the one of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of universe.2. To Ahab, the whale is an evil creature or the agent of an evil force that control the universe. As to readers, the whale is a symbol of physical limits, or a symbol of nature. It also can stand for the ultimate mystery of the universe and the wall behind which unknown malicious things are hiding.5.Walt Whitman（Free verse（自由体诗）, Envelope structure（信件结构）I - me, my nation (society), Catalogue）Work：Leaves Of Grass 《草叶集》written in the founding documents of both the Revolutionary War in the United States and the Civil War.Including：1. There Was a Child Went Forth 2. Cavalry Crossing a Ford 3. Song of MyselfThere Was a Child Went Forth 《一个孩子的成长》how a child is greatly influenced by his growing environments, be identified with the childhood of a young, growing America.Selected readings：There was a child went forth every day, And the first object he look'd upon, that object he became, And that object became part of him for the day or a certain part of the day, Or for many years or stretching cycles of years. The early lilacs became part of this child, And grass and white and red morning-glories, and white and red clover, and the song of the phoebe-bird, And the Third-month lambs and the sow's pink-faint litter, and the mare's foal and the cow's calf, And the noisy brood of the barnyard or by the mire of the pond-side,I Hear America Singing 《我听见美利坚在歌唱》Selected readings：I hear American singing, the varied carols I hear,Those of mechanics, each one singing his as it should be blithe and strongThe carpenter singing his as he measures his plank or beam, The mason singing his as he makes ready for work, or leaves off work,The boatman singing what belongs to him in his boat, the deckhand singing on the steamboat deck.The shoemaker singing as he sits on his bench, The hatter singing as he stands, The wood-cutter’s song, the ploughboy's on his way in the morning, or at noon intermission or at sundown,The delicious singing of the mother, or of the young wife at work, or of the girl sewing or washing,Each singing what belongs to him or her and to none else,The day what belongs to the day-at night the party of young fellows, Robust, friendly,Singing with open moths their strong melodious songs.Song of Myself 《自我之歌》The longest and the best . Whitman is a man bubbling with energy and laden(装满) with ideas, spontaneous(自发的) expression of his original ideasSong of MyselfSelected readings：I CELEBRATE myself, and sing myself, And what I assume you shall assume, For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. I loafe and invite my soul, I lean and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass. My tongue, every atom of my blood, form'd from this soil, this air, Born here of parents born here from parents the same, and their parents the same, now thirty-seven years old in perfect health begin, Hoping to cease not till death.O Captain! My Captain! ( Captain" is Lincoln himself)When Lilac s Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d,(小院丁香花开时)6. Emily Dickenson (Along with Whitman, Dickinson is one of the two giants of American poetry of the 19th century)Works(1)Because I Can’t Stop for Death (masterpiece about death )Selection:Because I could not stop for Death—He kindly stopped for me—The Carriage held but just Ourselves—And Immortality.We slowly drove—He knew no haste. And I had put away My labor and my leisure too, For His Civility We passed the School, where Children strove .At Recess—in the Ring—We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain—We passed the Setting Sun—Or rather—He passed Us—The Dews drew quivering and chill—For only Gossamer, my Gown—My Tippet—only Tulle—We paused before a House that seemed A Swelling of the Ground—The Roof was scarcely visible—The Cornice—in the Ground—Since then—'tis Centuries—and yet Feels shorter than the Day I first surmised the Horses' Heads Were toward Eternity—(Death is not to be feared since it is a natural part of the endless cycle of nature. )(2)I Heard a Fly Buzz – When I died (a description of the moment of death)Selection: I heard a Fly buzz --- when I died --- The stillness in the Room Was like the stillness in the Air -- Between the Heav es of Storm --The Eyes around -- had wrung when them dry -- And breaths were gathering firm For that last Onset -- when th e King Be witnessed ---- in the Room - I willed my keepsakes ---Signed away What portion of me be Assignable --- and then it was There interposed a Fly -With Blue - uncertain stumbling Buzz - Between the light ---- and me --And the windows failed ----and then I could not see to seethemes: based on her own experiences/joys/sorrows(1)religion – doubt and belief about religious subjects(2)death and immortality(3)love – suffering and frustration caused by love(4)physical aspect of desire(5)nature – kind and cruel(6)free will and human responsibilityStyle:(1)poems without titles(2)severe economy of expression(3)directness, brevity(4)musical device to create cadence (rhythm)(5)capital letters – emphasis(6)short poems, mainly two stanzas(7)rhetoric techniques: personification – make some of abstract ideas vividComparison: Whitman vs. Dickinson1.Similarities:(1)Thematically, they both extolled(赞美), in their different ways, an emergent America, its expansion, itsindividualism and its Americanness, their poetry being part of “American Renaissance”.(2)Technically, they both added to the literary independence of the new nation by breaking free of the convention ofthe iambic pentameter and exhibiting a freedom in form unknown before: they were pioneers in Americanpoetry.2.differences:(1)Whitman seems to keep his eye on society at large; Dickinson explores the inner life of the individual.(2)Whereas Whitm an is “national” in his outlook, Dickinson is “regional”.(3)Dickinson has the “catalogue technique” (direct, simple style) which Whitman doesn’t have.7. Edgar Allen Poe (inventor of the detective-fiction )WorksNovels(1)The Tell-tale Heart《泄密的心》(2)The Gold-Bug（侦探小说）《金甲虫》(3)The Black Cat《黑猫》(4)The Fall of the House of Usher”《厄舍古屋的倒塌》(5)The Purloined Letter” –one of the world’s greatest detective stories. 《一封失窃的来信》Poems•To Helen 《致海伦》-----physical beauty-soulful beauty–(选读)•Annabel Lee 《安娜贝尔·李》--expresses great loss and sadnessSelection: That a maiden there lived whom you may know 住着一位少女你或许认得Second stanza---But we loved with a love that was more than love可我们相爱，爱超越了爱---Coveted her and me. 也把我和她妒嫉。
美国文学期末复习资料（作家作品）
美国文学期末复习资料（作家作品）——美国文学1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1）"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德的年鉴2）“The Way to Wealth”致富之道“The Autobiography”自传18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传2、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文 the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家，the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. 美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家“Sketch Book”《见闻札记》, the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物。
“Legends of the Conquest of Spain”《西班牙征服记》A History of New York 纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers旅客谈；The Alhambra 阿尔罕伯拉3.James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀“Leatherstocking Tales”《皮袜子故事集》，包括“The Deerslayer”《杀鹿者》、“The Last of the Mohicans”《最后的莫希干人》、“The Pathfinder”《探路人》、“The Pioneers”《拓荒者》、“The Prairie”《大草原》, regard as “the nearest approach yet to an American epic.” 被认为是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的作品。
美国文学复习资料
Unit3Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫-华尔多-爱默生作品1《论自然》Nature2《论美国学者》The American Scholar3《神学院致辞》The Divinity School Address4《论文集》Essays:First Series5《论文集：第二辑》Essays:Second Series6《人类代表》Representative Men7《人生的行为》The Conduct of Life8《英国特征》English Traits9《诗集》Poems10《五月节》May-Day and other PiecesUnit4Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔-霍桑作品1《范肖》Fanshawe2《故事重述》Twice-Told Tales3《古宅青苔》Mosses from an Old Manse4《红字》The Scarlet Letter主人公：白兰（Hester Prynne）齐里沃斯（Chillingworth）狄姆斯台尔（Dimmesdale）5《带有七个尖角阁的房子》The House of the Seven Gables6《福谷传奇》The Blithedale Romance7《玉石雕像》The Marble FaunUnit5Herman Melville赫尔曼-梅尔维尔作品1《泰比》Typee2《欧穆》Omoo3《玛地》Mardi4《雷德本》Redburn5《白外衣》White Jacket6《白鲸》Moby Dick主人公：以实玛利（Ishmael）埃哈伯（Ahab）白鲸（Moby Dick）7《骗子的化妆表演》The Confidence Man8《战士集》Battle Pieces9《克拉瑞尔》Clarel10《约翰-玛尔和其他水手》John Marr and Other Sailors11《梯摩里昂》Timoleon12《毕利-伯德》Billy BuddUnit7一、Edgar Allan Poe埃德加-爱伦-坡作品1《安娜贝尔-李》Annabel Lee2《乌鸦》The Raven3《十四行诗—致科学》Sonnet---To Science4《致海伦》To Helen二、Walt Whitman沃尔特-惠特曼1《草叶集》Leaves of Grass2《我歌唱自我》One’s Self Sing3《噢，船长！我的船长！》O Captain!My Captain!Unit8Mark Twain马克-吐温原名：萨缪尔-朗荷恩-克莱门Samuel Langhorne Clemens作品1《卡拉维拉县驰名的跳蛙》The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County 2《傻瓜出国记》The Innocents Abroad3《镀金时代》The Gilded Age4《汤姆-索耶历险记》The Adventures of Tom Sawyer5《密西西比河上》Life on the Mississippi6《哈克贝里-费恩历险记》The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn7《亚瑟王朝廷上的康涅狄格州美国佬》A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court8《傻瓜威尔逊》The Tragedy of Pudd’ nhead Wilson9《败坏了哈德莱堡的人》The Man That Corrupted HadleyburgUnit9Henry James亨利-詹姆斯1《热衷游历的人》A Passionate Pilgrim2《罗德里克-赫德森》Roderick Hudson3《亨利-詹姆斯小说、故事集》The Novels and Tales of Henry James4《一个美国人》The American5《黛西-密勒》Daisy Miller6《一个女士的画像》The Portrait of a Lady7《波士顿人》The Bostonians8《卡萨玛西玛公主》The Princess of Casamassima9《波音敦的珍藏品》The Spoils of Poynton10《螺丝在拧紧》The Turn of the Screw11《未成熟的少年时代》The Awkward Age12《鸽翼》The Wings of the Dove13《专使》The Ambassadors14《金碗》The Golden Bowl15《小说的艺术》The Art of FictionUnit10Stephen Crane作品1《街头女郎麦姬》Maggie:A Girl of the Streets2《红色英雄勋章》The Red Badge of Courage3《海上扁舟》The Open Boat4《新娘来到黄天镇》The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky5《蓝色旅店》The Blue HotelUnit14 F. Scott Fitzgerald弗-斯科特-菲茨杰拉德作品1《人间天堂》This Side of Paradise2《漂亮的冤家》3《姑娘们与哲学家》The Beautiful and the Damned4《爵士乐时代的故事》Tales of the Jazz Age5《了不起的盖茨比》The Great Gatsby主人公：盖茨比(Jay Gatzby)黛西(Daisy)汤姆(Tom) 故事叙述人：Nick Carraway6《夜色温柔》Tender is the Night7《崩溃》The Crack-UpUnit15William Faulkner威廉-福克纳作品1《大理石牧神》The Marble Faun2《士兵的报酬》Soldier’s Pay3《蚊群》Mosquitoes4《喧嚣与骚动》The Sound and the Fury5《我弥留之际》As I Lay Dying6《八月之光》Light in August7《押沙龙，押沙龙！》Absalom，Absalom!8《沙多里斯》Sartoris9《村子》The Hamlet10《小镇》The Town11《大宅》The Mansion12《烧牲口棚》Barn Burning主人公：阿伯纳（Abner）萨蒂（Sarty）哈里斯（Harris）Unit16Ernest Hemingway厄内斯特-海明威作品1《在我们的时代里》In Our Time2《太阳照样升起》The Sun Also Rises3《永别了，武器》A Farewell to Arms主人公：亨利Henry 4《丧钟为谁而鸣》For Whom the Bell Tolls5《老人与海》The Old Man and the Sea6A Clean，Well-Lighted PlaceUnit17Ezra Pound埃兹拉-庞德1《狂喜》Exultations2《人物》Personae3《中国》Cathay4《诗章》Cantos5《意象派诗选》Des Imagistes6《在一个地铁车站》In a Station of the Merto Wallace Stevens华莱士-斯蒂文斯1《必要的天使》The Necessary Angel2《坛子的轶事》Anecdote of the JarUnit18Eugene Glastone O’Neil尤金-格拉斯通-奥尼尔1《东航加的夫》Bound East for Cardiff2《在这一带》In the Zone3《漫长的返航》The Long Voyage Home4《加勒比的月亮》The Moon of the Caribees5《琼斯皇帝》Emperor Jones6《毛猿》The Hairy Ape7《大神布朗》The Great God Brown8《奇异的插曲》Strange Interlude9《榆树下的欲望》Desire Under the Elms10《悲悼》Mourning Becomes Electra11《送冰的人来了》The Iceman Cometh12《诗人的气质》A Touch of the Poet13《长日终入夜》Long Day’s Journey Into Night14《月照不幸人》The Moon for the Misbegotten15《休依》Hughie16《更庄严的大厦》More Stately MansionsUnit21Ralph Waldo Ellison拉尔夫-华尔多-埃利森作品1《看不见的人》Invisible Man2《影子与行动》Shadow and Act3《走向领域》Going to the TerritoryUnit24Saul Bellow索尔-贝娄1《晃来晃去的人》Dangling Man2《受害者》The Victim3《奥吉-玛琪历险记》The Adventures of Augie March 4《只争朝夕》Seize the Day5《雨王汉德森》Henderson the Rain King6《赫尔索格》Herzog7《塞姆勒先生的行星》Mr Sammler’s Planet8《洪堡的礼物》Humbolt’s Gift9《院长的十二月》The Deans December10《更多人死于悲痛》More Die of Heartbreak11《盗窃》The Theft12《真实的》The Actual13《拉维尔斯坦》Ravelstein14《奥斯比的回忆及其其他故事》Mosby’s Memories and Other Stories15《最后的分析》The Last AnalysisUnit25Joseph Heller约瑟夫-海勒1《第二十二条军规》Catch-222《我们轰炸了纽黑文》We Bombed in New Haven3《出了毛病》Something Happened4《像高尔德那样好》Good As Gold5《天晓得》God KnowsUnit26Toni Morrison托尼-莫里森1《在黑暗中游戏：白色与文学想象》Playing in the Dark:Whiteness and the Literary Imagination2《最蓝的眼睛》The Bluest Eye3《秀拉》Sula4《所罗门之歌》Song of Solomon5《柏油孩子》Tar Baby6《宠儿》Beloved7《爵士乐》Jazz8《天堂》Paradise9《爱》LoveⅠ.Complete the following statements with a proper word or a phrase according to the textbook.1.The arbiter of nineteenth-century literary realism in America was __________ ( William Dean Howells )2._______________had already pointed towards Mark Twain’s uneasyacceptance of the values of nineteen-century American society.( The Gilded Age)3._____________ (1878) which one American critic described as “anoutrage to American girlhood” brought James his first international fame.( Dassy Miller)4.______________(1900), which traces the material rise of Carrie Meeberand the tragic decline of G.W.Hurstwood, was Dreiser’s first novel.( Sister Carrie)5.In the years preceding World War I, nineteenth-century realism and_____________remained vital forces in American Literature.( naturalism)6.Writers of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged thatthey were a “______________”, devoid of faith and alienated from a civilization.( Lost Generation)7.Early in the 1920s the most prominent of the new American playwrights,_______________established an international reputation.( Eugene O’Neil)8.Jazz music of the American ___________-- the most influential art formto originate in the United States-spread throughout the world.( Negro) 9.In London, Frost’s first book, ______________, brought him to theattention of influential critics(A Boy’s Will)10.Frost employed the plain speech of rural ________________and preferredthe short, traditional forms of lyric and narrative.( New Englanders) 11.In his finest novels, The Great Gatsby and_________________,Fitzgerald had revealed the stridency of an age of glittering innocence.(Tender is the Night)12.________________was the first American to be wounded in Italy duringWorld War I.( Hemingway)13.A Farewell to Arms portrayed a farewell both to ______and to _______(war; love)14.In 1952, Hemingway portrayed an old fisherman____________ in The OldMan and the Sea.( Santiago)15.The only Faulkner novel that had come close to being a best seller inits day was____________, a book more famous for its shock value than for its literary quality.( Sanctuary)16.*Oxford was with some fictional modifications, a prototype ofJefferson, in the mythical county of Yoknapatawpha, the setting of ____________and most of Faulkner’s subsequent works.( Sartoris) 17.Emerson was recognized throughout his life as the leaderof_____________ movement, yet he never applied the term to himself or to his beliefs and ideas.( Transcendentalist)18.Emerson’s truest disciple, the man who put into practice many ofEmerson’s theories, was_________.( H.D Thoreau)19._______________deals with the effects of a curse, and though the taleitself is fiction, the germ of the story sprang from the author’s family history.( The House of the Seven Gables )20.Hawthorne’s unique gift was for the creation of strongly_________stories which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature.The finest example is the recreation of Puritan Boston, _______________.( symbolic; The scarlet letter)21. _____________ is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuitof a seemingly supernatural white whale. (Moby-Dick)22.As we have seen, __________dominated the Puritan phase of Americanwriting . ____________was the next great subject to command the attention of the best minds.( theology; Politics)23.From 1732 to 1758 , Franklin wrote and published hisfamous_______________, an annual collection of proverbs(Poor Richard’s Almanac)24.In 1828 the election of the frontier hero ________________as theseventh President of the United States had brought an effective end to the “Virginia Dynasty” of American Presidents .( Andrew Jackson) 25.Washington Irving’s ______________became the first work by an Americanwriter to win financial success on both sides of the Atlantic .(Skwtch Book )26._____________________was the first great prose stylist of Americanromanticism , and his familiar style was destined to outlive the formal prose of such contemporaries as Acott and Cooper ,and to provide a model for the prevailing prose narrative for the future .( Washington Irving) II. Define the literary terms listed below.1.*American NaturalismAmerican naturalism was a new and harsher realism. It had been shaped by the war and by the social upheavals that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age. America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes. In presenting the extremes of life, the naturalists sometimes displayed an affinity to the sensationalism of early romanticism, but the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. Although naturalist literature described the world with brutal realism, it also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.2.*Local ColorismLocal Colorism or Regionalism as a trend first exist in the late 1860s and early 1870s in America. It may be defined as the careful attegogoms in speech, dress or behavior especially in a geographical locality. The ultimate aim of the local colorists is to create the illusion of an indigenous little world with qualities which tells it apart from the world outside. The social and intellectual climate of the country provided a stimulating milieu for the growth of local color fiction in America. Local colorists concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions. They tended to idealize and glorify, but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life. They formed an important part of the realistic movement. Although it lost its momentum toward the end of the 19th century, the local spirit continued to inspire and fertilize the imagination of author.3.*Lost GenerationLost Generation or the Sad Young Men, which was created by F.S. Fitzgerald in his book All the Sad Young Men. It refers to the post-World War Igeneration, but a group of US writers who experienced the war established their reputation in the 1920s. It stems from a remark made by Gertrude Stein to Ernest Hemingway, “You are all a lost generation.”Hemingway used it as an epigraph to The Sun Also Rises, a novel that expressed the attitudes of a hard-drinking, fast living set of disillusioned young expatriates in postwar Paris. The generation was “lost”in the sense and its inherited values were no longer relevant in the postwar world and because of its spiritual alienation from US, they seemed hopelessly provincial, materialistic, and emotionally barren. The term includes Hemingway, Fitzgerald, Dos Passos, E.E. Cummings and so on.4.*ImagismImagism is a poetic movement of England and the U.S. flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording. The leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell.5.*Hemingway Heroes“Hemingway Heroes “refer to some protagonists in Hemingway’s works. Such a hero is an average man of masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent .And usually he is a man of action and of few words .He is such an individualist, alone even when with other people, somewhat an outsider, keeping emotions under control, stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place where one can not get happiness .The Hemingway heroes stand for a whole generation. It must end in defeat, no matter how hard he strives. This is the essence of a code of honor in which all of Hemingway’s heroes believe ,whether he is Nick Adams, Jake Barnes, Frederic Henry .But surely they differ some from others in their view of the world .The difference which comes gradually in view is an index to the subtle change which Hemingway’s outlook has undergone.6.*The Jazz AgeWorld War1 was a tragic failure of old values, of old politics, of old ideas .The social mood was often one of confusion and despair. But during the 1920s American did not seem desperate, Instead, they entered a decade of prosperity and exhibitionism that prohibition, the legal ban against alcoholic beverages more to encourage than to curb. Fashions were extravagant; more land more automobiles crowded the roads, advertising flourished, and nearly every American home had a radio in it .Fads swept the nation. This was the Jazz Age, when New Orleans musicians moved “up the river” to Chicago, and the theatre of New York’s Harlem pulsed with the music that had become a symbol of the times . The roaring of the decade served to mask a quiet pain, the sense of loss that Gertrude Stein had observed in Paris. F. Scott.Fitzgerald portrays the Jazz Age as a generation of “the beautiful and damned”, drowning in their pleasures.7.American TranscendentalismAmerican Transcendentalism is more of a tendency, an attitude, than thephilosophy. To “transcend” something is to rise above it, to pass beyond its limits. Transcendentalists took their ideas from the romantic literature of Europe, fromnew-Platoism, from German idealistic philosophy, and from the revelations ofOriental-mysticism. They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialismof American society. Features:1、they placed emphasis on spirit as the most important thing in the Universe.2、they stressed the importance of the individual..3、they offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spiritor God.8. SymbolismSymbolism is the writing technique of using symbols. A symbol conveys two kinds of meaning; it is simply itself, and it stands for something other than itself. In other words, a symbol is both literal and figurative. People, places, things and even events can be used symbolically. A symbol is a way of telling a story and a way of conveying meaning. The best symbols are those that are believable in the lives of the characters and also convincing as they convey a meaning beyond the literal level of the story. Hawthorn and Melville were the two masters of symbolism. For example, the scarlet letter “A” on Hester’s breast can give you symbolic meanings. If the symbol is obscure, then the very obscurity may also be part of the meaning of the story.Answer the following questions.III. Answer the following questions1.*What does Huck Finn reflect?Huck Finn is a veritable recreation of living models. Huck and his father, Jim, the swindlers, Colonel Sherburn and the drunkard Boggs—all these characters had prototypes in real life. The portrayal of individual incidents and characters achieved intense verisimilitude of detail. Serious problems are being discussed through the narration of a little illiterate boy. The fact of the wilderness juxtaposed with civilization, the people half wild and half civilized, many of whom are coarse, vulgar, and brutal; and the fact of brutal slavery an of human beings—Blacks—being sold in the market places like animals. All these and many other incidents are depicted in true-to-life detail as the background against which Huck Finn’s awareness of good and evil develops. Though a local and particular book, it touches upon the human situation in a general, indeed “universal”way: Humanitarianism ultimately triumphs.2.*What is Mark Twain’s contribution to American Literature?One of Mark Twain’s significant contributions to Americanliterature lies in the fact that he made colloquial speech an accepted, respectable literary medium in the literary history of the country. The style has swept American literature and made books before Huck Finn and after it quite different. Its influence is clearly visible in twentieth-century American literature. It is continued in both prose and poetry. Among the number of American authors who acknowledged their indebtedness to Mark Twain are Sherwood Anderson, Ernest Hemingway, T.S.Eliot, William Faulkner, and contemporary authors such as J.D.Salinger, E.A.Robinson, Robert Frost, Carl Sandburg, William Carlos Williams, E.E.Cummings and even Ezra Pound. The importance of the style in American literature cannot be overrated.3.*What are the major features in American Realism?⑴ Realism is the theory of writing in which familiar aspects of contemporary life and everyday life scenes are represented in a straightforward or matter-of-fact manner.⑵In realist fiction characters from all social levels are examined in depth. This is a major change, and it is one of the examples of the truthful treatment of material, because this is how real life is.⑶ Open ending is also a good example of the truthful treatment of material.⑷Realism focuses on commonness of the lives of the common people who are customarily ignored by the arts.⑸ Realism emphasizes objectivity and offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.⑹ Realism presents moral visions.Realists are aware of accepted social standards. In their works they recreate real life and show the dilemmas that the people are having as they try to understand what life means in an ethical way. They are able to probe deeply into these problems of the human conscience. Their method is completely objective and carries with it the whole theoretical meaning of why people choose to be objective.4.*What do you know about The Old Man and the Sea?It is a short novel ,a fable of a kind ,about an old Cuban fisherman Santiago and his battle with a great marlin . For 84 days Santiago does not catch a single fish but he does not feel discouraged .He goes far out into the sea and hooks a giant marlin. A desperate struggle ensues in which Santiago manages to kill the fish and tie it to his boat, only to find that on the way home he has to fight a more desperate struggle with other dangerous giant sharks, which eat up the marlin, leaving only a skeleton. The old man brings it home and goes to bed to dream, almost dead with exhaustion. Here in Santiago we see again the spirit of the noble—if tragic –Hemingway type of individualism, contending with a force he knows it is futile to battle with. He keeps on fighting because he believes that “a man is not made for defeat …A man can bedestroyed but not defeated”. However ,the old man eventually comes to the realization that in going far out alone, “beyond all the people in the world ”,he has met his doom ,and he feels good to be one of the human and the natural world .That he begins to experience a feeling of brotherhood and love not only for his fellowmen but. For his fellow creatures in nature is a convincing proof that Hemingway ‘s vision of the world has undergone profound changed.5.*“Make a comparison between Hemingway and Fitzgerald.The world after the first World War was quite different. All the old certainties were gone, and everything was new. There was affluence and excitement on the one hand, and on the other, disturbing indications that the old world was simply dying. Against this background Fitzgerald and Hemingway wrote. Fitzgerald was an analyst.He stayed in the United States and wrote about the Jazz Age. We go to him know what this world was like. Hemingway, on the other hand, reacted to it; he did not describe it. He went away to Europe and wrote about the expatriates. His world was basically rootless. It is Fitzgerald who was so broken emotionally by their times. Both were talented writers; both lost the ability to write rather early in their career.Ultimately when the dust of time settles down and a clearer outline appears visible, it may be that both will remain great, the one as the other, but for different reasons: Hemingway predominantly for his style, and Fitzgerald for the fact that he tried to understand American culture at its roots and thus had more to say to posterity.6.*What are features of Faulkner’s language?Faulkner is a difficult writer. Like all modern authors his demand on the cooperative response of the readers is exacting. He always structures his stories in his own original fashion and is proficient in employing a distinctive narrative method of gradually fitting in and of withholding or even giving confusing information. Gradually confusions vanish as context and periphery are defined and the center is revealed. There is a lot of interior monologues; the modern stream of consciousness technique is frequently and skillfully used. Words are often run together, with no capitalization and no proper punctuation. Sentences are not always clearly indicated; many long ones are pushed together in peculiar ways. One fragment runs into another without which often causes irritating perplexity. There is also Faulkner’s handling of language to consider. His prose ranges from colloquial, regional dialects to highly charged courtroom rhetoric, covering a variety of “registers” of the English language. Faulkner was a master of his own particular style of writing.第一部分殖民地时期的美国文学What are the characteristics of Colonial America?All of the works written during this period are utilitarian , polemical ,or didactic .The purpose of literature for these Puritans was first of all usefulness . It should teach some kond of lesson . In content , the literature of the colonial settlement served either God or colonial expansion or both . The literary style of the earliest American writers , in fact seems to have been determined by a practical consideration of the sort of impression each writer wanted to make upon a selected group of readers . Puritans’metaphorical mode of perception helped to develop literary symbolism as they saw the physical world a symbol of God . Hence symbolism as a technique was a common practice in writing . The Piritans placed unusual stress upon plainness in writing because they were unusually interested in influencing the simp;e-minded people . Bearing the direct influence fo the Christian Biblical poetics , the Puritan writings are fresh , simp;e ,direct , and with a touch of nobility . As it faithfully imitated and transplanted European forms to the new experience , early American literature was as much a product of continuities as an indigenous creation.第二部分理性文学和革命文学.1、 EnlightementThe eighteenth –century England is also , and better , known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age fo Reason . The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement going on throughout Europe at the time , with France in the vanguard . The Enlightenment celebrated reason (rationality) , equality , science and human beings’ ability to perfect themselves and their society . The movement was based on the basic theories provided by the philosophers of the age , which ranged from John Locke’s materialism , Lord Shaftsbury’s deism , and George Berkeley’s immaterialism to David Hume’s skepticism . Whatever philosophical beliefs they might have , they held the eommom faith in human rationality and the possibility of human perfection through education . They believed that when reason served as the yardstick for the measurement of all human activities and social relations , superstition , injustice , privilege and oppression were to yield place to “eternal truth”,”eternal justice”, and “natural equality”or inalienable rights of men . Everything was put under scrutiny , to be measured by reason . No authorities , political or religious or otherwise , were acepted unchallenged while almost all the old societies and governments and all the traditional concepts , including Christianity , were examined and criticized . The belief provided theory for the French Revolution in 1789 and the American War of Independence in 1776 .Alexander Pope (1688~1744) , Joseph Addison (1672~1719) , Richard Steele (1672~1792) , Jonathan Swift (1667~1745) , Daniel Defoe (1660~1731) , Henry Fielding (1707~1754) , Richard B. Sheridan (1751~1816) , Oliver Goldsmith (1730~1774) , Edward Gibbon (1737~1794) , and Samuel Johnson (1709~1784) were among the famous enlighteners in England . As England had already gone through its bourgeois revolution ,what the English enlighteners were lege to do was to strive the bring the revolution to and end by clearing away the feudal remnants and rep;ace them with bourgeois ideology .第三部分美国的浪漫主义文学4 What are the unique features of American Romanticism?Although foreign influences were strong, American romanticism exhibited from the very outset distinct features of its own. It was different from its English and European counterpart because it originated from an amalgam of factors which were altogether American rather than anything else. American romanticism was in essence the expression of ”a real new experience ”and contained ”an alien quality”for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place”was radically new and alien. For instance, the American national experience of “pioneering “into the west proved to be a rich fund of material for American writers to draw upon. The wilderness with its virgin forests ,the sound of the axe cutting its way westward, the exotic landscape with its different sights, smells, and sounds(the robin rather than the nightingale is Emily Dickinson’s “criterion of tone,”for example), and the quaint, picturesque civilization of a primitive race—all these constituted an incomparably superior source of inspiration for native authors. A rude Natty Bumppo in buckskin, dwelling in a frontier blockhouse, treading a solitary bridle path through virgin forests was , perhaps , matter enough for any romantic genius. And indeed, American authors were quite responsive to the stimulus which American life offered. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s tentive treatment of the frontier and the Indians in his works such as Hudson valley, William Cullen Bryant’s sketches of the wild west prairie where no human being had ever set foot and James Fenimore Cooper’s five Leatherstocking tales with”their majestic descriptions of American’s limitless forests and broad blue inland lake”—these are but aafew instances whereby the new American sensibility began to make itself felt.And ,of course , we should not forget to mention Emerson,Thoreau,Hawthorne,Melville and Whitman, all people who were instrumental ,in one way or another ,in creating an indigenous American literature.Then there is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider.American moral values were essentially Puritan.Public opinion was overwhelmingly Puritan;social life and cultural taste were predominantly conditioned by the Puritan and cultural taste were predominantly conditioned by the Puritan atmosphere of the nation.Nothing has left a deeper imprint on the character of the people as a whole than did Puritanism;no one has been so successful in imposing his way of thinking on the continent as the American Puritan.puritanical influence over Ameican romanticism w3as conspicuously noticeable.One of its。
美国文学复习资料
美国文学复习资料（Realism）一、Background1）Mechanization 机器化2）Urbanization 城市化3）Industrialization 工业化4）Federal government(race种族平等进入宪法）标志着马克·吐温的《镀金时代》开始5）Railway system工业化的一大标志，电力和石油的应用6) Northern industrialism had triumphed over Southern agrarianism.二、文化特征：1）女性发挥作用明显，女性的作者和读者明显增多2）开始关注Mid class3）现实主义（realism）-->New York replaced Boston as the nation's literary center. 纽约成为新的文化中心。
一、时期综述：1、镀金时代：The Gilded Age, an age of excess and extremes, of decline and progress, of poverty and dazzling wealth, of gloom and buoyant hope. 无节制、走极端，倒退和进步、贫困和富有并存，既令人沮丧又让人有希望的时代。
2、Although Americans continued to read the works of Irving, Cooper, Hawthorne,and Poe, the great age of American romanticism had ended. By the 1870s the New England Renaissance had waned. 新英格兰的文艺复兴已开始接近尾声。
3、现实主义和自然主义作家的人物刻画方法：19世纪末,the literary naturalists who followed them, rejected the portrayal of idealized characters and events. Instead, theysought to describe the wide range of American experience and to present the subtleties of human personality, to portray characters who were less simply all good or all bed.反对在作品中描绘理想化了的人物和事件，关注人性中的微妙之处。
美国文学选读复习资料全
American Puritanism 殖民地时期( roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th)一、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明•富兰克林作品：1、Poor Richard's Almanac 《格言历书》--- A Collection of maxims, or proverbs, on the value of work and savings for success.2、The Autobiography 《自传》---“美国梦”的根源3、参与起草《独立宣言》浪漫主义American RomanticismThe Romantic Period stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It is a period of the great flowering of American literature.The social and cultural background of RomanticismThe young Republic was flourishing into a politically, economically and culturally independent country.The Romantic writings revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands.The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values.Romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in va lue of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a sourc e of goodness and man’s societies as a source of corruption.二、Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加·爱伦·坡---poet, short story writer and literary critic (48 poems,70 short stories)He greatly influenced the devotees of “Art for art’s sake.”He was father of psychoanalytic criticism (心理分析批评), and the detective story. 诗歌的精髓就是追求美小说的主题常常是恐怖和死亡，其中还运用了象征手法。
美国文学复习资料
The Review Information of Final Examination一、Match ( the writer and their works)1、Anne Bradstreet：《Some verses on the Burning of Our House》；《The Spirit and the Flesh》；《The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America》2、Michael Wigglesworth：《The Day of Doom》3、Edward Taylor：《Preparatory Meditation》4、Thomas Jefferson：《The Declaration of Independence》5、Thomas Paine: 《Common Sense》6、Benjamin Franklin: 《Poor Richard’s Almanac格言历书》；《Autobiography自传》7、Philip Freneau：《The Rising Glory of America美洲光辉的兴起》；《The House of Night夜之屋》；《The British Prison Ship英国囚船》；《To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士》；《The Wild Honey Suckle 野金银花》；《The Indian Burying Ground印第安人墓地》；《The Dying Indian: Tomo Chequi奄奄一息的印第安人：托姆·察吉》8、Washington Irving：《A History of New York纽约外史》（under the name of Diedrich Knickerbocker）；《The Sketch Book见闻札记/札记集》（《Rip Van Winkle瑞普·凡·温克尔》&《The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说》）；《Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇庄园》；《Tales of a Traveler》；《Oliver Goldsmith哥尔德斯密斯》；《Life of George Washington华盛顿传》；9、James Fenimore Cooper：《Precaution》；《The Spy》；《The Pioneers》；《The Pilot》；《Lionel Lincoln》;《The Last of the Mohicans》；《The RedRover》；《The Prairie》；《The Red Rover》1828；《The Wept of Wish-Ton-Wish》；《The Water Witch》1830；《The Pathfinder》；《The Deerslayer》；10、William Cullen Bryant：《To a Waterfowl致水鸟》；《Thanatopsis死亡随想》；《The Yellow Violet黄色堇香花》；《Poems诗选》；《The Fountain 泉》；《The White-Footed Deer白蹄鹿》；《A Forest Hymn森林赋》；《The Flood of Years似水流年》；11、Edgar Allan Poe：《Tales of the Grotesque and the Arabesque奇异怪诞故事集》；《MS. Found in a Bottle瓶子里发现的手稿》；《The Murders in the Rue Morgue毛格街杀人案》；《The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌》；《The Masque of the Red Death红色死亡的化妆舞会》；《The Cask of Amontillado一桶酒的故事》；《The Raven乌鸦》；《Israfel伊斯拉菲尔》；《Annabel Lee安娜贝尔•李》；《To Helen致海伦》；《The Poetic Principle诗歌原理》；《The Philosophy of Composition创作哲学》12、Nathaniel Howthorne：《Twice-Told Tales故事重述》；《Mosses from an Old Manse古宅青苔》；《The Scarlet Letter红字》；《The House of the Seven Gables七个尖角阁的房子》；《The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇》；《The Marble Faun大理石雕像》；《Young Goodman Brown好小伙儿布朗》；《The Minister’s Black Veil教长的黑面纱》；《Dr. Rappacini’s Daughter拉普齐尼博士的女儿13、William Whitman：《Leaves of Grass》14、Ralph Waldo Emerson：《Nature》；《The American Scholar》, regarded as 《Declaration of Intellectual Independence》；《The Poet》；《Self-Reliance》；《Each and All》15、Henry David Thoreau：《A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers》；《Walden》；《Life in the Woods》；《The Maine Woods》；《Civil Disobedience》；《A Plea for Captain John Brown》；16、William Dean Howells：《The Rise of Silas Lapham》；《A Chance Acquaintance》；《A Modern Instance》17、Regional literature （similar, but larger in the world）⏹Garland, Harte – the west⏹Bret Harte: The Luck of Roaring Camp《咆哮营的幸运儿》⏹Hamlin Garland: Main-travelled Roads《大路条条》⏹Eggleston – Indiana：The Hoosier Schoolmaster《山区校长》⏹Mrs. Stowe Old Town Folks《老城的人们》⏹Jewett – Maine Deephaven《深深拥有》⏹Kate Chopin – Louisiana：Bayou Folk《路易斯安娜移民》, A Night inAcadie《爱克迪之夜》, The Awakening《觉醒》⏹Woolson: Castle Nowhere: Lake-Country Sketches《处处城堡：乡村湖景札记》18、Bret Harte：《Tennessee’s Partener》；《The Luck of Roaring Camp》19、Hannibal Hamlin Garland：《Main-travelled Roads》；《Mrs Ripley’s Trip》20、Mark Twain：《The Gilded Age镀金时代》；《the two advantages》；《Life on the Mississippi》；《A Connecticut Yankee in King》，《Arthur’s Court》；《The Man That Corrupted Hardleybug》；《Adventures ofHuckleberry Finn哈克贝利·费恩历险记》；《The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 汤姆·索亚历险记》；《The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County》；《The Innocents Abroad》(non-fiction travel)；《Roughing It艰苦岁月》(non-fiction)；《The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County卡城名蛙》；⏹The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County (fiction)⏹The Innocents Abroad傻子出国记(non-fiction travel)⏹Mark Twain's (Burlesque) Autobiography and First Romance⏹Sketches New and Old (fictional stories)⏹Old Times on the Mississippi (non-fiction)⏹The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (fiction)⏹A Murder, a Mystery, and a Marriage (fiction);⏹A Tramp Abroad (travel)⏹1601: Conversation, as it was by the Social Fireside, in the Time ofthe Tudors (fiction)⏹The Prince and the Pauper 王子与贫儿(fiction)⏹Life on the Mississippi密西西比河上(non-fiction (mainly))⏹Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (fiction)⏹A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (fiction)⏹The American Claimant (fiction)⏹The £1,000,000 Bank Note and Other New Stories (fictional)⏹Tom Sawyer Abroad (fiction)⏹The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson (fiction)⏹Tom Sawyer, Detective (fiction)⏹Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc (fiction)⏹How to Tell a Story and other Essays (non-fictional essays)⏹Following the Equator (non-fiction travel)⏹Is He Dead? (play)⏹The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg (fiction)⏹The Battle Hymn of the Republic, Updated (satire)⏹Edmund Burke on Croker and Tammany (political satire)⏹To the Person Sitting in Darkness (essay)⏹A Dog's Tale (fiction)⏹King Leopold's Soliloquy (political satire)⏹The War Prayer (fiction)⏹What Is Man? (essay)⏹Eve's Diary (fiction)⏹Christian Science (non-fiction)⏹Is Shakespeare Dead? (non-fiction)⏹Captain Stormfield's Visit to Heaven (fiction)⏹Letters from the Earth (fiction, published posthumously)⏹The Mysterious Stranger (fiction, possibly not by Twain, publishedposthumously)⏹The United States of Lyncherdom (essay, published posthumously)⏹Mark Twain's Autobiography (non-fiction, publishedposthumously)⏹Letters from the Earth (posthumous, edited by Bernard DeV oto)⏹No. 44, The Mysterious Stranger (fiction, published posthumously)21、Henry James：《Watch and Ward》；《Roderick Hudson》；《The American》；《The Europeans》；《Confidence》；《Washington Square》；《The Portrait of a Lady》；《The Bostonians》；《The Princess Casamassima》；《The Reverberator》；《The Tragic Muse》；《The Other House》；《The Spoils of Poynton》；《What Maisie Knew》；《The Awkward Age》；《The Sacred Fount》；《The Wings of the Dove》；《The Ambassadors》；《The Golden Bowl》；《The Whole Family》；《The Outcry》；《The Ivory Tower》；《The Sense of the Past》；《The Other House》；《The Spoils of Poynton》；《The Ivory Tower》；《The Sense of the Past》22、Harriet Beecher Stowe：《Uncle Tom's Cabin》；《A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin》；《Dred, A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp》；《The Minister's Wooing》；《Old Town Folks》；23、Edith Wharton：《The House of Mirth》；《The Age of Innocence》24、Stephen Crane：《A Girl of the Streets街头女郎麦琪》；《The Black Riders黑骑手》；《The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章》；《The Open Boat 海上扁舟》；《The Blue Hotel蓝色旅馆》；《An Experiment in Misery不幸的试验》；《A Man Said to the Universe一个人对上帝说》；《A Man Adrift on aSlim Spar这个人漂泊在细细的梁上》25、Theodore Dreiser：《Sister Carrie嘉莉妹妹》1900；《Old Rogaum and His Theresa》(1901)；《Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘》1911；《The Financier 金融家》1912；《The Titan巨头》1914；《The "Genius"天才》1915；《An American Tragedy美国悲剧》1925；《Chains: Lesser Novels and Stories》1927；《The Bulwark》1946；《The Stoic》194726、Frank Norris：《McTeague麦克提格》；《The Octopus章鱼》；《The Pit 深渊、粮食交易反》；《The Responsibilities of the Novelist小说家的责任》；《The Wolf狼》1902. unfinished27、Jack London：《A Daughter of the Snows》1902；《The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤》1903；《The Kempton-Wace Letters》1903；《The Sea-Wolf 海狼》1904；《The Game》1905；《White Fang白牙》1906；《The Iron Heel》1908；《Martin Eden马丁·伊登》1909；《The Scarlet Plague》1912；《The Valley of the Moon》1913；《The Star Rover》1915；《The Little Lady of the Big House》1916；《The Assassination Bureau, Ltd》1963；《Son of the Wolf狼的儿子》1900；28、T.S. Eliot：《The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock》1917；《The Waste Land》1922；《The Hollow Men》1925；《Ash Wednesday》1930；《Four Quartets》1943；《Murder in The Cathedral》1935；《Cocktail Party》1950；29、Ernest Hemingway (Lost Generation)：《The Sun Also Rises太阳依照升起》1926；《A Farewell To Arms永别了，武器》1929；《Death In The Afternoon午后之死》1932；《The Green Hills Of Africa非洲的青山》1935；《The Spanish War西班牙战争》1938；《For Whom The Bell Tolls丧钟为谁鸣》1940；《The Old Man And The Sea老人与海》195230、Ezra Pound：《Cathay华夏》1915；《Hugh Selwyn Mauberley休·塞尔温·莫伯利》1920；《Cantos诗章》1915-1962；《The Pisan Cantos比萨诗章》；《A Pact》；《In a Station at the Metro》31、Sherwood Anderson：《Winesburg, Ohio小城畸人》；《The Triumph of the Eggs鸡蛋的胜利》；《Poor White穷白人》；《Death in the Woods林中之死》；32、John Dos Passos：《U.S.A, Trilogy美国三部曲》；《The 42nd Parallel 北纬四十二度》；《1919一九一九》；《The Big Money赚大钱》33、Robert Frost：《North of Boston波士顿以北》；《Stopping by Woods ona Snowy Evening雪夜停在林边》；《Mending Wall修墙》；《Design意图》；《The Road Not Taken未走过的路》；《After Apple-picking (lyric)摘苹果之后》34、Carl Sandburg:《Cornhuskers剥玉米机》；《Smoke and Steel烟与钢》；《Good Morning, America》；《The People, yes人民，是的》；《Fog雾》(a Imagism poem)；《Lost失落》；《Chicago芝加哥》；《The Harbor港口》；35、Langston Hughes：《The Negro Speaks of Rivers黑人谈河》；《As I Grow Older我长大的时候》二、Poetry analysis：1、Walt Whitman：A Bridge between Romanticism And Realism1819-1892Born and raised in New York (Manhattan)His poetry broke every rule of traditional poetryV olume of poetry: Leaves of Grass (1855)Mixed reaction to his poetryEmerson/Lincoln loved itMedic during the Civil WarThemes: Nature, Democracy, Common ManIntroduced Free Verse to America2、Emily Dickinson：She is one of the greatest American female poets inthe late 19th centuryRegular meter—hymn meter and ballad meter, also known as Common meterQuatrainsAlternating tetrameter and trimeterOften 1st and 3rd lines rhyme, 2nd and 4th lines rhyme iniambic pentameterThe use of dashesInfluenced by nature and spiritual themes3、Robert Frost：4、Ezra Pound：三、Novel Review :1、Ernest Hemingway：《In Another Country》2、Nathaniel Hawthorne：《The Scarlet Letter》The most important symbol which is carried throughout the novel is undoubtedly the scarlet letter A. The "A" appears in many other places than on the chest of Hester Prynne.It is seen on the armor breastplate at Governor Bellingham's mansion. At night while Dimmesdale is standing on the scaffold he sees a bright red letter A in the sky. While Pearl is playing near the bay shore she arranges some grass in the form of an A on her own breast. But one of the most important A's is one the spectators see burnt on Dimmesdale's chest.In the novel, the scarlet letter "A" changes its meaning many different times. This change is significant. It shows growth in the characters, and the community in which they live.The meaning of the symbol：A symbol of sin; A symbol of alone and alienation; A symbol of able, angel and admirable.Adultery：The letter "A", worn on Hester's bosom, is a symbol of her adultery against Roger Chilling worth. This is the puritan way of treating her as a criminal, for the crime of adultery. The puritan treatment continues, because as Hester walks through the streets, she will be looked down upon as if she is some sort of demon from hell that commits a terrible crime.This letter is meant to be worn in shame, and to make Hester feel unwanted. Hester is ashamed of her sin, but she chooses not to show it.She commits this sin in the heat of passion, and fully admits it because, though she is ashamed, she also receives her greatest treasure, Pearl, out of it.She is a very strong woman to be able to hold up so well against what she must face. Many will have fled Boston, and seek a place where no one knows of her great sin. Hester chooses to stay though, which shows a lot of strength and integrity. Any woman with enough nerve to hold up against a town, which despises her very existence, and to stay in a place where her daughter is referred to as a "devil child," either has some sort of psychological problem, or is a very tough woman.Alone and Alienation：The scarlet letter "A" also stands for Hester's lonely life in New England. After she is released, Hester lives in a cottage near the outskirts of the city.It had been built by an earlier settler, and abandoned, because the soil about it was too sterile for cultivation, while its comparative remoteness put it out of the sphere of that social activity which already marked the habits of the emigrants."Hester's social life is virtually eliminated as a result of her shameful history. Hester comes to have a part to perform in the world with her native energy of character and rare capacity." However, there was nothing that made her feel as if she belonged to it. Every gesture, every word, and even the silence of those with whom she came to contact, implied, andoften expressed, that she was banished, and as much alone as if she inhabited another sphere, or communicated with the common nature by other organs and senses than the rest of human kind. She stood apart from moral interests… seemed to be the sole portion that she retained in the universal heart."Hester has no friends in the world, and little Pearl is the only companion of her lonely life, so the scarlet letter "A" also is a symbol of the words "alone" and "alienate".Able, Admirable and Angel：Later, the scarlet letter "A" changes its meaning into being able, angel and admirable. The townspeople who condemned her now believe the scarlet letter to stand for her ability to her beautiful needlework and for her unselfish assistance to the poor and sick. "The letter was the symbol of her calling. Such helpfulness is found in her so much power to do and power to sympathize - that many people refuses to interpret the scarlet letter‘A' by its original signification."At this point, a lot of the townspeople realize what a noble character Hester possesses. "Do you see that woman with the embroidered badge? It is our Hester – the town's own Hester – who is so kind to the poor, so helpful to the sick, so comforting to the afflicted!" The townspeople soon begin to believe that the badge served to ward off evil, and Hester grows to be quite admirable amongst the people of the town. Hester overcomes the shame of her sin through the purity and goodness of her soul.Unselfishly offering her time and love to those who need her most proves that she is not worthy of the fate which has been dealt to her.The three changes in the scarlet letter are significant; they show the progressive possession of her sin, her lonely life, and her ability. Hester is a strong admirable woman who goes through more emotional torture that most people go through in a lifetime.More：Biblical Archetype：The scarlet letter "A" also can be seen the symbol of Adam. It tells us that Hester's sin is the original sin of human being, it is forgivable. The writer shows his sympathy by describing the scarlet letter "A" on Hester's clothing as an ornament and a decoration.The scarlet letter has a different individual meaning to the various characters.❖To Hester, the A is a symbol of unjust humiliation.❖To the Puritan community, it is a mark of just punishment.❖To Pearl, the A is a bright and mysterious curiosity which symbolizes her existence and the meaning behind it.❖For Chillingworth, the A represents the need for revenge and is the spur to this quest.❖To Dimmesdale, the A is a piercing reminder of his the guilt engulfing his concealed sin.四、Writer Review：1、Mark Twain：2、Ralph Waldo Emerson：3、Henry James：。
美国文学史复习要点手动
美国文学史复习要点手动1.早期美国文学（17世纪-18世纪）-早期美国文学的发展受到清教徒移民和殖民地环境的影响。
-早期作品主题包括宗教信仰、苦难和恐惧。
-著名作家有威廉·布拉德福和乔纳森·爱德华兹。
2.启蒙时期文学（18世纪）-美国启蒙时期的文学受到欧洲启蒙思想的影响。
-作品主题包括理性、自由和平等。
-著名作家有本杰明·富兰克林和汤玛斯·潘恩。
3.罗曼主义时期文学（19世纪早期）-罗曼主义时期美国文学反对启蒙时期的理性主义。
-作品主题包括个人感情、自然和超自然。
-著名作家有华盛顿·欧文和爱默生。
4.特拉华文学（19世纪中期）-特拉华文学是19世纪中期美国文学的重要流派。
-作品主题包括农民和工人的生活以及美国西部探险精神。
-著名作家有赫尔曼·梅尔维尔和华尔特·惠特曼。
5.现实主义和自然主义时期文学（19世纪末-20世纪初）-现实主义和自然主义时期的文学关注社会问题和个人命运。
-作品主题包括工业化、城市化和阶级冲突。
-著名作家有马克·吐温和斯蒂芬·克莱恩。
6.现代主义时期文学（20世纪初-中期）-现代主义时期的文学反对传统形式和价值观。
-作品表现迷失、不安和心理困惑。
-著名作家有欧内斯特·海明威和F·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德。
7.后现代主义时期文学（20世纪中期-现在）-后现代主义时期的文学拒绝一切形式的正统和稳定性。
-作品表现多样化的语言和视觉实验。
-著名作家有托尼·莫里森和大卫·福斯特·华莱士。
(完整word版)英语专业美国文学复习资料。
1.The History of American literatureThe literature of Colonial American (1607-1765)The literature of Reason and Revolution(1765—18世纪末）The literature of Romanticism（1800—1865）The literature of Realism（1865—1918）The literature of Modernism（1918－1945）The contemporary literature (1945－Now)2.Benjamin Franklin The AutobiographyThat good fortune, when I reflected on it, which is frequently the case, has induced me something to say that were it left to my choice, I should have no objection to go over the same life from its beginning to the end, only asking the advantage authors have of correcting in a second edition some faults of the first.3.Thomas Jefferson The Declaration of IndependenceWe hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.4.Edgar Allan Poe The Cask of AmontilladoI must not only punish, but punish with impunity. A wrong is unredressed when retribution overtakes its redresser. It is equally unredressed when the avenger fails to make himself felt as such to him who has done the wrong.5.Washington Irving Rip Van Winkle ( The Sketch Book )“Every change of season, every change of weather, indeed, every hour of the day, produces some change in the magical hues and shapes of these mountains, and they are regarded by all the good wives, far and near, as perfect barometers. When the weather is fair and settled, they are clothed in blue and purple, and print their bold outlines on the clear evening sky; but, sometimes, when the rest of the landscape is cloudless, they will gather a hood of gray vapors about their summits, which, in the last rays of the setting sun, will glow and light up like a crown of glory.”Interpretations of Rip Van WinkleA New Critical Approach: A peaceful village before Revolution Natural world in the mountains ; A noisy world after revolution ------Irving was unwilling to accept a modern democratic America ------both Rip and Irving prefer the past and a dream-like worldA Feminist Approach : Rip is a good person with more advantages than disadvantages, and readers always show sympathy on him because he has such bad-tempered wife. It seems that he has good reason to go out from his family. He was forced to go out .In fact , Rip: a lazy ,foolish man,an irresponsible father,a hard-hearted husband.His wife :a hard-working ,thrift woman, a kind ,responsible mother, an able, brave woman.6.Summit of Romanticism (American Transcendentalism)Emerson Nature & Self-RelianceThoreau WaldenNature : Standing on the bare ground, -- my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, -- all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God. The name of the nearest friend sounds then foreign and accidental: to be brothers, to be acquaintances, -- master or servant, is then a trifle and a disturbance. I am the lover of uncontained and immortal beauty. In the wilderness, I find something more dear and connate than in streets or villages.Self Reliance:Whoso would be a man, must be a nonconformist.It is easy in the world to live after the world's opinion; it is easy in solitude to live after our own; but the great man is he who in the midst of the crowd keeps with perfect sweetness the independence of solitude.Walden:1 A man is rich in proportion to the number of things which he can afford to let alone.2 I have frequently seen a poet withdraw , having enjoyed the most valuable part of a farm, while the crusty farmers supposed that he had got a few apples only.3 The hollow and lichen-covered apple trees, gnawed by rabbits, showing what kind of neighbors I should have.4 But I would say to my fellows, once for all, as long as possible live free and uncommitted. It makes but little difference whether you are committed to a farm or the country jail.5 As I have said , I do not propose to write an ode to dejection, but to brag as lustily as chanticleer in the morning, standing on his roost, if only to wake my neighbors up.6 The morning wind forever blows, the poem of creation is uninterrupted; but few are the ears that hear it.7 The Harivansa says,“An abode without birds is like a meat without seasoning.”such was not my abode, for I found myself suddenly neighbor to the birds, not by having imprisoned one, but having caged myself near them8 “There was a shepherd that did live, And held his thoughts as high .As were the mounts whereon his flocks. Did hourly feed his by”What should we think of the shepherd’s life if his flocks always wandered to higher pastures than his thoughts?Purpose : 1.escaping the effects of the Industrial Revolution by leading to a simpler life.2.simplifying life and reducing expenditures, increasing writings time3.putting into practice the Transcendentalist beliefIdeas : 1. the inner virtue and inward, spiritual grace of man.2 .was very critical of modern civilization.3.spiritual richness is real wealth7.Hawthorne The Scarlet LetterHester Prynne--1.confesses her guilty, faces the future optimistically，helps others2. able to construct her life, wins a moral success3. moral growth-----angelDimmesdale----1.hides his guilty first2.undergoes the physical and spiritual tormentsChillingworth--morally degrades by his pursuit of revengePearl----1, it means treasure ( the treasure to her mother. )2, Came out of an ugly shell but is beautifulTheme: 1 Don’t intend to tell a love story2 assumes the universalityof guilty3 explores the complexities and ambiguities of man’s choices4 focuses his attention on the moral, emotional, and psychological effects of the sin on the people.8.Longfellow A Paslm of Life / The Tide Rises, the Tide Falls / I shot an Arrow / My Lost Youth / The Rainy DayThe tide rises,The Tide Falls (1879)The tide rises, the tide falls, The twilight darkens, the curlew calls;Along the sea-sands damp and brown, The traveler hastens toward the town,And the tide rises, the tide falls.Darkness settles on roofs and walls,But the sea in the darkness calls;The little waves, with their soft white hands,Efface the footprints in the sands,And the tide rises, the tide falls.The morning breaks; the steeds in their stalls, Stamp and neigh, as the hostler calls;The day returns, but nevermore . Returns the traveler to the shore,And the tide rises, the tide falls.My Lost YouthOften I think of the beautiful townThat is seated by the sea;Often in thought go up and downThe pleasant streets of that dear old town,And my youth comes back to me.And a verse of a Lapland songIs haunting my memory still'A boy's will is the wind's will,And the thoughts of youth are long, long thoughtsI shot an arrowI shot an arrow into the air, It fell to earth, I knew not where;For, so swiftly it flew, the sight. Could not follow it in its flight.I breathed a song into the air, It fell to earth, I knew not where;For who has sight so keen and strong,That it can follow the flight of song?Long, long afterward, in an oak. I found the arrow, still unbroken;And the song, from beginning to end,I found again in the heart of a friend.9.Edgar Allan Poe To Helen Annabel Lee “The Raven”For the moon never beams without bringing me dreamsOf the beautiful ANNABEL LEE ；And the stars never rise but I see the bright eyesOf the beautiful ANNABEL LEE ；And so，all the night-tide , I lie down by the sideOf my darling —my darling —my life and my bride，In her sepulcher there by the sea—，In her tomb by the sounding sea.10.Emily Dickinson I Started Early-Took My Dog- I am NobodyTo Make a Prairie Success is counted sweetestI started Early -- Took my Dog -- And visited the Sea --The Mermaids in the Basement Came out to look at me --And Frigates -- in the Upper Floor Extended Hempen Hands --Presuming Me to be a Mouse -- Aground -- upon the Sands --But no Man moved Me -- till the Tide Went past my simple Shoe --And past my Apron -- and my Belt -- And past my Bodice -- too --And made as He would eat me up --As wholly as a Dew Upon a Dandelion's Sleeve --And then -- I started -- too -- And He -- He followed -- close behind --I felt his Silver Heel Upon my Ankle -- Then my ShoesWould overflow with Pearl --Until We met the Solid Town -- No One He seemed to know --And bowing -- with a Might look -- At me -- The Sea withdrew --1 The speaker is extremely frightened by the sea.2.The speaker also seems attracted to the sea.3. The speaker runs to town to escape the sea.4. She has a conflicted relationship to the sea.5. she is attracted to sth that frightens her---her self consciousness may mean she has some desire about which she feels guilty.Water, The seaThe unconscious, the emotions, the desire, the sexuality.The speaker’s conflicted attitude toward the sea implies a conflicted attitude toward sex (sex both attract and frightens her)11.Whitman Leaves of Grass One's Self I Sing O Captain! My Captain(free verse)The "ship" is intended to represent the United States of America, while its "fearful trip" recalls the troubles of the American Civil War. The "Captain" is Lincoln himself. (metaphor ) Rrhyme scheme : a a b b c d e d12.Mark Twain (realism) The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras CountyThe Adventure of Tom Sawyer13.Naturalism Theodore Sister CarrieStephen Crane The Open Boat1. Sister CarrieOh, Carrie, Carrie! Oh, blind strivings of the human heart! Onward, onward, it saith(say), and where beauty leads, there it follows. Whether it be the tinkle of a lone sheep bell o‘er some quiet landscape, or the glimmer of beauty in sylvan places, or the show of soul in some passing eye, the heart knows and makes answer, following. It is when the feet weary and hope seems vain that the heartaches and the longings arise. Know, then, that for you is neither surfeit(过量）nor content. In your rocking-chair, by your window dreaming, shall you long, alone. In your rocking-chair, by your window, shall you dream such happiness as you may never feel.2. The Open BoatNaturalism in the story1,The indifference of natureThe oiler was the most skilled and capable manIf nature were just, The oiler would be the last of the four men who should have died. The oiler’s death and lack of explanation surrounding it reinforce the randomness of nature’s whims and symbolize the indifference of nature toward manIn the story a bird watches them and is completely indifferent.2,The survival of the fittestWhile the cook, captain, and correspondent all depend on a manmade or naturally occurring device to help them to the shore, the oiler goes it alone, relying only on his human strength and not on his more evolved capacity for thought and strategy.The “fittest”are the men who have relied on man’s ability to intelligently adapt and create.3,Man’s insignificance and aloneness in the universeThey think the man sees them. Then they think they see two men, then a crowd and perhaps a boat being rolled down to the shore. They stubbornly think that help is on the way as the shadows lengthen and the sea and sky turn black.14.Sherwood Anderson The Triumph of The EggThe Egg’s Symbolic Meanings :1.The Egg: The Robber2.The Egg: Beautiful But Fragile American Dream3 The Egg: The Old Unsolved Riddle15.Anne Porter The Jilting of Granny Weatherall (Stream-of-Consciousness Narration)16.F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great GatsbyEast Egg represents the established aristocracy, West Egg the self-made richThe unrestrained desire for money and pleasure surpassed more noble goals.Do you think Gatsby deserves to be called “the great”?It is complicated to say Gatsby deserves to be “great”or not.For one thing, Gatsby’s capacity to dream makes him “great”. Gatsby was ambitious, hardworking, generous and passionate. He was so extremely loyal to his love Daisy that he could do anything to get Daisy back: he did shady business to earn money and social position; he threw luxurious parties just to draw Daisy’s attention; he could take the blame for a death that he did not cause. Gatsby never gave up his idealistic dream while striving for material joy. Gatsby kept on making efforts to balance the both sides. In this respect, he is great.For another thing, Gatsby never realized that Daisy wasn’t the girl he loved anymore. He is not so wise and he can not see the people clearly. Gatsby was so innocent that he staked everything on his dreams, not realizing that his dreams are unworthy of him. In this respect, He wasn’t sober enough to be great.17.Ernest Hemingway (Iceberg theory)A Clean, Well-lighted Place The Old Man and The Sea18.Modern Poetry ImagismPound In a Station of the MetroWilliam Carlos Williams Spring and All The Red Wheelbarrow so much depends upon a red wheelbarrow glazed with rain water beside the white chickens.19.Robert FrostFire And IceThe Road Not TakenStopping by Woods on a Snowy EveningWhose woods these are I think I know.His house is in the village though; (woods 象征着大自然，而village 象征着人类社会)He will not see me stopping here,To watch his woods fill up with snow (snow --- purity )My little horse must think it queer，To stop without a farmhouse near,Between the woods and frozen lake，The darkest evening of the year.He gives his harness bells a shake, (he---My horse,Personification )To ask if there is some mistake.The only other sound’s the sweep, (Alliteration )Of easy wind and downy flake.The woods are lovely, dark and deep, (Alliteration )But I have promises to keep,And miles to go before I sleep,And miles to go before I sleep.Rhyme : interlocking enclosed rhyme (aaba ,bbcb,ccdc, dddd)Rhetorical DeviceAlliteration---sound & sleep; dark & deepPersonification “he”—horse “My little horse must think it queer.”Repetition (重复) “and miles to go before I sleep, and miles to go before I sleep.( Superficial meaning: there is still a long distance before the speaker arrives at home and sleeps. Implied meaning: there are still numerous responsibilities before the speaker’s life comes to an end.SymbolismWoods--The mystery of nature; the temptations in our lifeVillage & He (the owner of the woods)—Human world & societySnow--Something of purityPromises--The unavoidable responsibilities & obligationsMiles--Long distance; the heavy duty of lifeSleep--Rest during night; the end of life (death)I am on my way--The journey of life20.Eugene O’Neill Desire Under the Elms (Abbie,Eben,Ephraim, Simeon ,Peter)21.Toni Morrison Recitatif。
美国文学史复习资料
一、殖民主义时期 The Literature of Colonial America1．船长约翰•史密斯 Captain John Smith《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”2．威廉•布拉德福德 William Bradford 《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰•温思罗普 John Winthrop《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”4．罗杰•威廉姆斯 Roger Williams《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》Or “ A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”5．安妮•布莱德斯特 Anne Bradstreet 《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in Americ a”二、理性和革命时期文学 The Literature of Reason and Revolution1。
本杰明•富兰克林 Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)※《自传》“ The Autobiography ”《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac”2。
美国文学期末重点复习资料
美国文学一．术语解释1，Transcendentalism(超验主义):简略版：It started in 1830s in US; which emphasis on spirit or oversoul and stressing importance of the individual; regarding nature as symbols of the spirit or God. It took idea from the romantic literatures of Europe, from Neo-Platonism and so on. Emerson was its representative.深层次版：American Transcendentalism: the emergence of the Transcendentalists as an identifiable movement took place during the late 1820s and 1830s, but the roots of their religious philosophy extended much farther back into American religious history. Transcendentalism and evangelical Protestantism followed separate evolutionary branches from American Puritanism, taking as their common ancestor the Calvinism of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the Universe. They stressed the importance of the individual. To them, the individual was the most important element of society. They offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was, to them, alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence. Transcendentalism is based on the belief that the most fundamental truths about life and death can be reached only by going beyond the world of the senses. Emerson’s Nature has been called the “Manifesto of American Transcendentalism” and his The American Scholar has been rightly regarded as America’s “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”.美国超验主义：美国超验主义出现的19世纪20年代末期到三十年代，但是它的根源在宗教史上要远得多。
美国文学复习资料
美国文学复习资料I.Match the writers with their works.15*1（课本目录）II.Multiple choice 25*1①来自课后练习与期中测试②内容包括contribution作家贡献，Artistic features 艺术特点language 语言风格III.True or false statements.15*1IV.Explanations to the literary terms with examples.3*5（50words)流派(time, source,feature,representative,example)1）Puritanism:it was a religious reform movement that arose within the Church of England in the late 16th century.Puritans follow the ideas of the French reformer and theologian John Calvin. Its doctrines are total depravity; unconditional election; limited atonement ; irresistible grace; predestination. It aims to reform and purify the Church of England, to escape religious persecution, to build Theocracy 神治国in the new world.●Creeds of Puritanism①“life is a test. Failure led to eternal damnation and success to heavenly bliss”②to be ever ready for any misfortune and tragic failure. Do with best preparationand worst expectation③-Hard-working, thrifty, pious, sober, simple, practical, tougher, and optimistic. Representative:John Smith2) Deism（自然神教派)–God created everything and let it go. It is up to the humanbeings themselves to take care of themselves and to run the world. In order to get on in this world, onehas to be industrious, frugal and prudent. Deist 自然神论者认为上帝确实创造了宇宙万物，但上帝使万物遵循自然法则而存在。
美国文学史复习资料
美国文学史复习资料美国文学史复习（colonialism)第一部分殖民主义时期的文学殖民时期的美国: Colonial America 17c早——18c末1. 从英国探险者和殖民者在新大陆的作品开始，描述他们在新大陆真实而精力充沛的冒险。
2. 另一类为清教作品Philip Freneau 菲利普·费瑞诺：第一位美国抒情诗人兼记者“Father of American Poetry”(美国诗歌之父)Puritanism: 清教主义American Puritanism influences on American literature:1. Idealism and optimism 理想主义和乐观主义2. Symbolism 象征主义3. Simplicity. 简洁一、时期综述1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记b、journals 游记2、清教徒在美国的写作内容：1）their voyage to the new land2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops3) About dealing with Indians4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit3、清教徒的思想：1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it followlogically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。
美国文学复习总结
PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学Part Ⅱ The Literature of Reason And Revolution理性和革命时期文学一、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790殖民地时期作家。
独立战争前惟一的杰出的美国作家in the colonial period, the only good American author before the Revolutionary War.1．出生于波士顿Boston,曾创办《半岛公报》。
1732-1758出版《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac”annual collection of proverbs流行谚语集2．建立一秘密俱乐部the Junto, informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideals.建立可借图书馆，创办宾夕法尼亚大学。
商业上成功，科学上贡献卓越，政治上的贡献也不可磨灭successful in business,renowned in science also served his nation brilliantly.协助杰弗逊起草“独立宣言”aided Jefferson in writing “The Declaration of Independence”.同法国谈判获得援助，后作为议会代表起草美国宪法Constitution.3．其还是美国第一位主要作家the first major writer非凡表达能力，简洁明了，有点幽默，还是一位讽刺天才as an author he had power of expression,simplicity, a subtle humor. He was also sarcastic辛辣的.4．他最好作品收录在《自传》“Autobiography”。
美国文学复习资料
名词解释reaction to the traditional English poetry to express the sense of fragmentation and dislocation. The imagist, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image. P ound’s In a Station of the Metro is a well-known imagist poem.sometimes described as an extreme form of realism but which may be more appropriately considered as a parallel to philosophic Naturalism. As a more deliberate kind of realism in novels, stories, and plays, usually involving a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment. Naturalist fiction aspires to a sociological objectivity,offering detailed and fully researched investigations into unexplored corners of modern society. Major American naturalist writers include Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, Theodore Dreiser.In literary criticism,Stream of consciousnessdenotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual’spoint of viewby giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought processes. Strea m of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement, usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized byassociative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult tofollow, tracing as they do a character’s fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings. Famous writers toemploy this technique include James Joyce andWilliam Faulkner.generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayaland emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war. Full of youthfulidealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date. The three bestknown are F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway and John Dos Passos.refers to the religious and philosophical doctrines ofRalph Waldo Emerson and others in New England in the middle 1800 ’s, whic h emphasized the importance of individual inspiration and intuition, the over-soul, and nature. Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore,self-reliant. It appeared in America as a kind of reaction against the materialistic-oriented life of the time, and was, in actuality, Romantic idealism. Major transcendentalist prose writers include Ralph Waldo Emerson,Henry David Thoreau.’s relationship with thecharacter, represented by the grammatical person: the first-person narrative, the third-person narrative, and omniscient narrator.erary doctrine that calledfor “reality andtruth” in the depiction of ordinary life. American Realismcame in the latter half ofthe nineteenth century as a reaction against romanticism and sentimentalism. It stresses truthful treatment of material and focuses on commonness of the lives of the common people. It emphasizes objectivity and offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.In terms of subject matter and theme, it took representation of life as its main object and was often concerned with the soul, the life, and the speech of the people. Major Americanrealist writers include William Dean Howells, Henry James, Mark Twain.Germany and Britain and in the 1820s in France and else. It is also called the Romantic Movement. Its chief emphasis was on freedom of individual self-expression: sincerity, spontaneity, andoriginality became the new standards in literature, replacing the decorous imitation of classical models favored by 18th-century neoclassicism. Major American romantic writers include Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper.arts ) of the early 20th-century, including Symbolism, Futurism, Expressionism, Imagism, Vorticism, Dada, and Surrealism, along with the innovations of the unaffiliated writers. Modernist literature is characterized chiefly by a rejection of19th century traditions and of their consensus between author and reader.-person narrator, someone who is either a major or minor character in the story. Or a story may be told by a third-person narrator, someone who is not in the stor y at all. The word narrator can also refer to a character in a drama who guides the audience through the play, often commenting on the action and sometimes parti cipating in it.作品赏析Author: Walt WhitmanTheme: value individuality, democracy, social solidarity(brotherhood), equality and freedomForm: free verse (rejecting the conventional poetic form such as iambic pentameter, regular rhyme scheme and regular length of a line)* “the modern man” means an individual who values individuality, democracy,social solidarity(brotherhood),equality and freedom and is therefore passionate, powerful, cheerful and full of pulse, and this man is an American.Author: Walt WhitmanMetrical pattern: iambicRhyme scheme: aabbcded ffgghiji kkllmnonMain features: three octaves. phonetic recurrence, oral English (free verse)Theme: This poem eulogizes Abraham L incoln andexpresses the poet ’s deepgrief over Lincoln the victory of the Civil War.’s monumental contributions ’s death with thebackgroundo fTone: happy/cheerful-sad/melancholyRhetorical figure: Metaphor(ship-America/difficulty-experience of US), synecdoche, parallelism*Metaphor: the ship (America) / our fearful trip (American national experience from being British colonies to being an independent country) / captain (Abraham Lincoln)Synecdoche: eyes (the people) / keel (the ship)Spatial arrangement: the falling of heart: full-empty/excited-distressed/hopeful-hopelessStanzas: reality / surprise (stanza 1) dream / hope (stanza 2) reality / reflection / meditation / loss into deep thoughtWriting skills: symbol, imagery, and repetitionAuthor:Emily DickinsonTheme: Imagination is very important for literary creation.Elements of creation: material and imagination/imaginationArtistic features: original choice of wordsrepetition of expressions without repetition of wordsAuthor:Emily DickinsonTheme:different experiences lead people to different understandings of and attitude to the same thing.Metrical pattern: iambicRhyme scheme: abcb defe ghih Rhetorical figure: analogy(success-wine)Stanzas: philosophical understanding of success (stanza 1) examples to illustrate the theme expressed in stanza 1 (stanzas 2-3)Author:Emily DickinsonTheme: Being nobody is better than being somebody. / Being an ordinary person (small potato) is better than being a celebrity (big apple).Figures of speech:Simile: somebody/frogContrast: nobody(cheerful)Somebody(dreary)boring and lack in privacyTheme: Time passes but friendship remains. Form:Metrical pattern: Iambic tetrameterRhyme scheme: aabb aacc ddeeArgument (stanza 1): Life is not an empty dream but real.Reasons (stanzas 2-3):Life is real and earnest and life ’s goal is not grave for the soul can last even after one dies.Life’s end is not enjoyment or sorrow but to act so as to go ahead.Attitudes to life (stanzas 4-8):Life is short and we should be active.Form:Do not dwell on the past, act in the present.Act and we will be remembered.Act and try to encourage those who will come.Conclusion (stanza 9): Life means: action achievement pursuit Form:Metrical pattern: trochaic tetramterRhyme scheme: abab cdcd efef ghgh …Theme: Science is the antithesis of poetry.Form:Shakespearean sonnet (rhyme scheme: abab cdcd efef gg)Dialogue (between the speaker <the poet> and science)Figures of speech:Metaphor: science is …Contrast: science (dull reality / rationality / reason) / poetry (dream / imagination / emotion)Theme: The beauty of Helen (Helen is so beautiful that she can carry a tired wandered to his native shore and remind one of the glory of Greece and the grandeur of Rome.)Artistic features:Rhyme: ababb cdcdc effefSimile: Helen is like …Comparison: Helen and GoddessesUse of classic words: to highlight the classic nature of Helen The wanderer / the poet / me1930 辛克莱·刘易斯 Sinclair Lewis1936 尤金·奥尼尔 Engene O′Neill1938 赛珍珠 Pearl S. Buck1949 威廉·福克纳 William Faulkner1954 欧内斯特·海明威 Ernest Hemingway 1962 约翰·斯坦贝克 John Steinbeck1978 艾萨克· 巴什维斯·辛格 Isaac Bashevis Singer 1987 约瑟夫·布罗茨基 Joseph Brodsky1993 托尼·莫里森 Toni Morrison。
美国文学期末复习资料
美国文学期末复习资料美国文学作为一个重要的学科，涉及的内容很广，题材也很多。
为了帮助大家更好地进行期末复习，本文将为大家提供一些有用的资料和复习方法。
一、美国文学的历史概述美国文学的历史可以分为几个时期：殖民时期、启蒙时期、浪漫主义时期、现实主义时期、自然主义时期、现代主义时期等。
每个时期都有不同的题材和文学流派，需要我们进行详细的了解和掌握。
二、重要的美国文学作品在美国文学中，有很多重要的作品，如《飘》、《百年孤独》、《了不起的盖茨比》、《老人与海》、《麦田里的守望者》等。
这些作品的作者都是文学史上的巨匠，他们的作品对之后的文学创作产生了很大的影响，也是重要的考题。
三、主要的美国文学流派美国文学中有很多流派，如现代主义、后现代主义、现实主义、自然主义、浪漫主义等。
每个流派都有不同的特点和代表作品，需要我们对其进行深入的了解，从而更好地掌握美国文学的发展历程。
四、美国文学中的重要人物美国文学历史上有很多重要的人物，如沃尔特·惠特曼、马克·吐温、欧内斯特·海明威、海伦·凯勒等。
这些人物都是文学史上的重要人物，他们的作品对于美国文学的发展产生了深远的影响。
五、复习方法在复习美国文学的时候，我们可以采取以下几种方法：1. 将美国文学的历史概述、重要作品、主要流派、重要人物等内容进行系统的总结，形成属于自己的笔记。
2. 阅读相关作品，在了解作品的同时，结合自己的理解，形成自己的见解和思考。
3. 参加相关讲座和研讨会，向专业人士请教，深入了解美国文学的相关知识和技能。
4. 做好考试的准备，根据历年考题，进行模拟练习，找到自己的薄弱环节，进行针对性的复习。
总之，在进行美国文学的复习时，我们需要深入了解相关内容，同时养成良好的阅读习惯和思考习惯，不断加强对美国文学的理解和掌握，从而有效提高自己的成绩。
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殖民主义时期
John Smith 美国第一位作家
Anne Bradstreet 第一位移民诗人
Edward Taylor
清教徒诗人
文艺复兴时期
Benjamin Franklin
参与了起草独立宣言
成名作 《Poor Richard ' Almanack 》
《 Autobiography 》
Thomas Paine
拥护独立宣言 成名作 《 Great Commoner of Mankind 》最平凡的人
<Common Sense> 常识 <the Age of Reason> 理性时代 <American Crisis> 美国危机
Philip Freneau 美国诗歌之父 文艺复兴的诗人
《 the Wild Honey 》野金银花
浪漫主义时期
Irving 第一位纯文学作家( belletrist ) <the Sketch Book> 第一部短篇小说 第一位浪漫主义散
文体作家( prose stylist ) <the Legend of Sleepy Hollow> 享 有国际声誉
< a History of New York> 第一部
诙谐作品
Copper
开创了海上传奇小说和边疆传奇小说
<the Spy> <the Deerslayer> <the Pilot> <Leatherstocking Tales> <the Last of Mohicans> <the Prairie>
Bryant 第一个获得美国主要诗人的称号 <to a Waterfowl> 最完美的短诗
Poe
现代短故事之父 侦探小说之父
<the Fall of House of Usher> <the Raven>
<Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque>
第一部短篇小说集
<to Helen>
<Annabel Lee>
<Nature> <Self-reliance> <Essays>
<the American Scholar> 知识分子独立宣言 <Representative men> <English traits>
成名作 <Walden> <Civil Disobedience>
Thomas Jefferson
起草了独立宣言
Emerson 超经验主义运动
Thoreau Hawthorne 象征主义作家 <the House of the Seven Gables>
<the Scarlet Letter>
<Mody dick>
Longfellow 19 世纪最受爱戴的诗人 < a Psalm of Life>
<the Song of Hiawatha> 第一部印第安人 史
诗歌 唯一被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的诗人
现实主义时期
Whitman 创建了自由体诗歌 free verse <Leaves of Grass> 美国历史上一部史诗
Mark Twain
现实主义文学代表作 <Adventures of
Huckleberry Finn> <Adventures of Tom Sawyer>
<the Gilded age>
<Life on the Mississippi>
<How to Tell a Story> 对美国早期幽默文
学的总结
O.Henry
<the Four Million> <the Gift of Magi>
<the Cop and the Anthem>
Henry James
心理现实主义的开创者
<the Portrait of Lady> <Daisy Miller> <the Wings of the Dove> <the Golden Bowl> <the Ambassadors>
Jack London
< the People of the Abyss> <the Son of the Wolf> <the Call of the Wild> <Martin
Eden> 自传体小说
<an American Tragedy> 最成功的小说 金钱万能 <Sister Carrie>
欲望三部曲 <the Financier>
Melville
Dickson 该时期最伟大的女诗人 < I Died for Beauty> Stowe 该时期唯一的女散文作家
< Uncle Tom 's Cabin>
Dreiser
<the Titan> <the Stoic>
世纪文学
Pound
意象派的创始人
< in a Station of Metro> <the Cantos>
Frost
自然派诗人
民族诗人
<the Road not Taken> <After Apple Picking> <Mountain Interval>
Stevens
秩序理念
<the Man with the Blue Guitar>
<Necessary Angel> <Anecdote of the Jar>
Eliot
现代主义创始人
<the Waste Land> 标志现代主义文学诞生
<Four Quartets> <Murder in the Cathedral>
Fitzgerald
<the Great Gatsby> <the Side of
Paradise> <Tender is the Night>
<For Whom the Bell Tolls> <the Old Man and the Sea> <the Sun Also Rises>
<a Farewell to Arms>
<the Grapes of Wrath> <of Mice and Men>
成名作 <the Sound and the Fury> <a Rose
for Emily>
Hemingway 推动报告文学的发展
强调 moment of truth
Steinbeck 美国大萧条时期最杰出的小说家
Faulkner
心灵与自己冲突是永恒的主题。