全国高等教育自学考试 大学英语(二)复习资料Unit 2 B

Text B Worlds within Worlds
New Words
1.planet n.行星
2.revolve vi.旋转；绕转
3.solar a.太阳的，日光的；利用太阳光的
rgely ad.1.大量地；2.主要地
5.glitter vi.闪闪发光，闪烁
n.闪光
6.cloudless a.无云的，晴朗的
7.unlikely a.未必可能的；靠不住的
8.astronaut n.宇航员
9.thrilling a.1.令人激动的；2.颤动的，震颤的
10.outer a.外部的
11.whereas conj.而，却；反之
12.lesser a.较小的，更少的，次要的
13.concerned a.1.有关的；2.关切的，担心的
14.microscopic a.1.显微镜的；2.微观的；3.微小的，细微的
15.whilst conj.1.当…时；2.然而；3.虽然，尽管
16.plateau ([复]plateaus或plateaux) n.高原
17.tropical a.1.热带的；2.炎热的
18.coloured a.有色的
19.religion n.宗教；宗教信仰
20.circumstance n.[pl.]情况，环境；境遇
Phrases and Expressions
1.a great many 很多
2.above all 首先，首要
3.as a rule 通常；一般说来
together with 和
First of all let us consider the earth (that is to say, the world) as a planet revolving round the sun.The earth is one of nine planets which move in orbit round the sun.These nine planets, together with the sun, make up what is called our solar systems.How this wonderful system started and what kept it working with such wonderful accuracy is largely a mystery but astronomers tell us that it is only one of millions of similar systems in space, and one of the smallest.
The stars which we see glittering in the sky on a dark and cloudless night are almost certainly the suns of other solar systems more of less like our own, but they are so far away in space that it is unlikely that we shall ever get to know very
much about them.About our own solar system, however, we are learning more every day.
Before the American and Russian astronauts made their thrilling journeys into outer space it was difficult for us to realize what our earth looked like from hundreds of thousands of miles away, but the photographs which the astronauts were able to take show us the earth in space looking not very different from what the moon looks like when we look at it from the earth.The earth is, however, very different from the moon, which the American astronauts have found to be without life or vegetation, whereas our earth is very much alive in every respect.The moon, by the way, is called a satellite because it goes round our earth as well as round the sun.In our words, it goes round the sun with our earth.
The surface of our earth is covered by masses of land and larger areas of water.Let us consider the water areas first.The total water area is about three times as large as the land area.The very large separate areas of water are called "oceans" and the lesser areas are called "seas."
In most of the oceans and seas some of the water is found to be flowing in a particular direction ―that is to say, from one part towards another part of the ocean or sea concerned.The water which is flowing in this manner is said to be moving as a "current." There are many thousands of currents in the waters of the oceans and seas, but only certain of the stronger and better marked currents are specially named and of great importance.There currents are important because they affect the climate of the land areas close to where they flow and also because they carry large quantities of microscopic animal and vegetable life which forms a large part of the food for fishes.
The nature and characteristics of the surface of the land areas of the earth vary a great deal from area to area and from place to place.The surface of some areas consists largely of high mountains and deep valleys whilst, in other areas, most of the surface consists of plains.If one made a journey over the Continents one world find every kind of surface including mountain ranges, plains, plateaux, deserts, tropical forestlands and empty areas covered permanently by ice and snow.
When thinking and learning about the world we should not forget that our world is the home of a vary great many different people ― peoples with different coloured skins, livi ng very different lives and having very different ideas about a great many important things such as religion, government, education and social behaviour.
The circumstances under which different people live make a great difference between the way in which they live and the way in which we live, and it ought to be our business to try to understand those different circumstances so that we can better understand people of other lands.Above all, we should avoid deciding what we think about people different from ourselves without first having learned a great deal about them and the kind of lives they have to live.It is true to say that the more we learn about other people , the better we understand their ideas and, as a rule, the better we like those people themselves.
词汇讲解：
1.revolve v.旋转，绕转
The earth revolves round / around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。

2.solar adj.太阳的，日光的，利用太阳光的例：the solar system 太阳系
3.whereas : conj.而，却，反之
He must be about sixty, whereas his wife looks about thirty.他一定有60岁了，而他的妻子看起来只有30岁。

You eat a massive plate of food for lunch, whereas I have just a sandwich.你中午吃了一大盘食物，而我只吃了个三明治。

4.concerned : 有关的，关心的，担心的
I was quite a shock for all concerned.这对所有有关人士都是一个震惊。

Her job is something concerned with English.她的工作和英语有关。

5.tropical adj.热带的，炎热的
I'd love to live somewhere with a tropical climate.
我想生活在某个属于热带气候的地方
August was almost tropical this year.今年八月十分炎热
6.circumstance n.环境，情况，境遇
We can't decide until we know all the circumstances.
我们只有在了解所有的情况后才能作出决定。

词组
1.a great many , a good many 很多（后边加可数名词）
2.above all : 最重要的，尤其；首先
Above all , don't forget to write.最重要的是别忘了写信。

In choosing the curtain for a room, you should consider the material from the point of view of texture, its weight, its pattern - but its colour above all .在挑选房间窗帘面料时，你应该考虑质地、重量和图案等，但最重要的是颜色。

3.as a rule : 在多数情况下，通常，一般而言= usually
As a rule I'm home by six.我通常六点前在家。

As a rule, I only read detective novels.通常我只读侦探小说。

4.together with : 和，连同
These new facts, together with the other evidence, prove the prisoner's innocence.这些新的事实连同其他证据证明这个犯人清白无辜。

John, together with his brother, has gone to the party.约翰连同他的兄弟一起去参加宴会了。

注意together with 作插入语时，句子的谓语动词的数取决于前面的主语。

重点句子：
1.The stars which we see glittering in the sky on a dark and cloudless night are almost certainly the suns of other solar systems more or less like our own, but they are so far away in space that it is unlikely that we shall ever get to know very much about them.
which 引导定语从句
so… that…结果状语从句中it为形式主语
2.The earth is, however, very different from the moon, which the American astronauts have found to be without life or vegetation, whereas our earth is very much alive in every respect.
which引导非限定性定语从句，修饰the moon
vegetation 植物
whereas = while 然而
alive意为"有活力的"，在句中作表语。

类似的形容词还有afraid, alone, alike, asleep, awake, aware等
in every respect 在每一个方面
3.In most of the oceans and seas some of the water is found to be flowing in a particular direction －that is to say, from one part towards another part of the ocean or sea concerned.
to be flowing不定式作主语补语
concerned 是分词作定语，修饰the ocean or sea
4.There are many thousands of currents in the waters of the oceans and seas ,but only certain of the stronger and better marked currents are specially named and of great importance.
Thousands/hundreds of + 名词复数
Eg.Hundreds of meters
此处waters指的是"大片的水，水域"
peoples 表示人种
woods 表示森林，树木
5.The circumstances under which different people live make a great difference between the way in which they live and the way in which we live, and it ought to be our business to try to understand those different circumstances so that we can better understand people of other lands.
三个定语从句，由under which 和两个in which 引导，
第一个：under which different people live 修饰circumstances
第二个：in which they live 修饰the way
第三个：in which we live 修饰the way
ought to = should 应该
business 责任，业务
it是形式主语，真正主语是to try to understand those different circumstances
目的状语从句，由so that引导
other lands 其它国家
6.Above all, we should avoid deciding what we think about people different from ourselves without first having learned
a great deal about them and the kind of lives they have to live.
注意动词avoid 后接动名词作宾语
decide 判定
what 引导宾语从句作deciding的宾语
they have to live 是省略连词的定语从句，修饰lives
7.It is true to say that the more we learn about other people, the better we understand their ideas and, as a rule, the better we like those people themselves.
注意the more …, the better…, the better … 比较结构
Unit 2 补充语法知识
that 与which引导定语从句的异同点:
that不可引导非限制性定语从句which可引导非限制性定语从句
that 不可用作介词宾语which可用作介词宾语介词+ which
in that "在于"，是复合连词，非介词宾语
that 可以用于指代人或物which不可以用于指代人
当先行词是不定代词、序数词、形容词最高级所修饰的词时，只能用that而不能用which引导定语从句
比如everything, anything, first, second等
Unit 2 练习：
1.词汇英译汉：
escape, explode, collapse, shrink, gravity, measurement, basis, launch, convincing, companion,
speculation, swallow, operate, to make use of, a great many, above all
2.句子英译汉：
1) Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape.
2) The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point.
3) Some people think that the Start of Bethlehem could have been a supernova.
4) If a man fell into a black hole, he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly.
5) It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.
6) On the other hand, scientists have suggested that every advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind.
7) There might be a massive black hole at the center of our galaxy swallowing up stars at a very rapid rate.
8) They show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of space and time.
3 句子汉译英
黑洞是什么，天文学家还没有完全解决这个问题。

Astronomers have not yet fully solved the problem of what a black hole is.
据说黑洞可以将其周围的一切物体，如星星吞食掉。

It is said that black holes are able to swallow up all the objects around them, such as stars .
对黑洞的研究刚刚开始，各种各样的假说层出不穷。

The research of black holes is just beginning and speculation about them are endless.
科学家仍不能说出黑洞内发生了什么。

Scientists still can not tell what happens inside a black hole.
It is still impossible for scientists to tell what happens inside a black hole.
如果我们认识了黑洞，黑洞就不那么可怕了。

If we understood black holes, they would not be so fearful .
Black holes will not be so fearful if we get to know them.
历年考题：
1.Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space ______ which matter has fallen and ______ which nothing can escape.
A.towards … towards
B.into … from
C.out of … from
D.through… from
答案是B.考点：定语从句中介词+which 的结构；fall into 掉进去；escape from 从… 逃离。

2.汉译英：要说出黑洞里面发生了什么是不可能的。

（不定式作主语）
答案：It is impossible to say what happens inside the black hole.
3.汉译英：只是在最近天文学家才开始对黑洞进行具体研究。

（强调句型）
答案：It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.
4.汉译英: 有些星辰的密度达到某一点就会爆炸。

答案：Some stars explode when their density increases to a certain point .
Unit 2 单元课后练习
Ⅰ.Word Spelling
1.密度n.d _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2.（使）倒塌，（使）崩溃v.c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
3.边界线，边界n.b _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4.永恒的，经久不变的 a.c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
5.基础，根据n.b _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
6.发射，发动v.l _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
7.双胞胎之一a.t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
8.同伴，同事n.c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
9.人类n.m _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
10.推测，猜测n.s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
11.吞v.s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
12.不充分的a.i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
13.物质n.m _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
14.情况，环境a.c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
15.发生，出现v.o _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
16.强烈的a.i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
17.证据n.e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
18.看不见的a.i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
19.宇航员n.a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
20.热带的a.t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Ⅱ.Word Form
1.Supernovae____(report) by astronomers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
2.Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble, but still____(have) the same mass, and you have some idea of the force of a black hole.
3.If one____(make) a journey over the Continents one would find every kind of surface including mountain ranges, plains, and empty areas covered permanently by ice and snow.
4.And astronomers are planning a new observatory to study the individual exploding stars____(believe) to be black holes.
5.Matter from the one which we can see____(pull) towards the companion star.
6.There might be a massive black hole at the centre of our galaxy____(swallow) up stars at a very rapid rate.
7.The most____(convince) evidence of black holes comes from research into binary star systems.
8.They show us a world which operates in a ____(total) different way from our own.
9.The surface of some areas____(consist) largely of high mountains and deep valleys.
10.Our world is the home of a very great many different people-peoples with different____(colour) skins.
Ⅲ.V ocabulary and Structure
1.Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space (not a thing)____which matter has fallen and____which nothing can escape-not even light.
[A] into into
[B] into from
[C] from into
[D] from from
2.This process of shrinking may be so intense____a black hole results.
[A] whether
[B] what
[C] which
[D] that
3.Binary stars,____their name suggests, are twin stars whose position in space affects each other.
[A] as
[B] that
[C] what
[D] if
4.In some binary systems, astronomers have shown that there is an invisible companion star, a 'partner' to____which we can see in the sky.
[A] the one
[B] that
[C] the ones
[D] those
5.On the other hand, scientists have suggested that very advanced technology could one day____the energy of black holes for mankind.
[A] make fun of
[B] make sure of
[C] make use of
[D] make sense of
6.Astronomers have evidence of a few other stars too, which might have black holes as____.
[A] companies
[B] comparisons
[C] compounds
[D] companions
7.The earth is one of nine planets which move in____round the sun.
[A] track
[B] orbit
[C] tour
[D] route
8.In August 1977, a satellite was____to gather data about the black holes in the Milky way.
[A] posted
[B] delivered
[C] launched
[D] transmitted
9.The terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are____here.
[A] inadequate
[B] invisible
[C] intense。