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电子信息工程专业英语 课文翻译 Unit 12 译文

电子信息工程专业英语 课文翻译 Unit 12 译文

Unit 12 生物识别技术Unit 12-1第一部分:指纹识别在所有的生物技术中,指纹识别是最早期的一种技术。

我们知道,每个人都有自己独特的、不可变更的指纹。

指纹是由手指表皮上的一系列峰谷组成的。

指纹的独特性是由这些峰谷的形状以及指纹的细节点所决定的。

指纹的细节点是指纹局部凸起处的一些特性,这些特性出现在凸起的分叉处或是凸起的截止处。

指纹匹配技术可以被分为两类:基于细节的指纹匹配技术和基于相关性的指纹匹配技术。

基于细节的指纹匹配首先要找出细节点,然后在手指上对应出与它们相关的位置,如图12.1所示。

但是,使用这种方法存在一些困难。

要精确地提取指纹的细节点是很困难的。

而且,这种方法不能很好地考虑指纹峰谷的整体形状。

基于相关性的指纹匹配技术可以解决部分基于细节的指纹匹配方法存在的问题,但它也存在一些自身的缺陷。

基于相关性的匹配技术需要给出已注册过的特征点的精确位置,并且该方法会受图像平移和旋转的影响。

图12.1 基于细节的指纹匹配基于细节的指纹匹配技术在匹配不同大小的细节模型时(未注册过的)会存在一些问题。

指纹上局部的凸起结构不能完全由指纹细节实现特征化。

我们可以尝试另一种表达指纹的方法,它可以获得更多的指纹局部信息并且得到固定长度的指纹编码。

于是,我们只需要计算两个指纹编码之间的欧几里得距离,匹配过程有望变得相对简单。

研发对于指纹图像中噪声更稳健并能实时提供更高精度的算法是重要的。

商用指纹(身份)认证系统对给定的错误接受率要求具有很低的错误拒绝率。

在这点上,任何一项简单的技术都很难实现。

我们可以从不同的匹配技术中汇总多个证据从而提高系统的总体精确度。

在实际应用中,传感器、采集系统、性能随时间的变化是关键因素。

为了评价系统性能,我们有必要对少数使用者在一段时间内进行现场试验。

每天我们可以从法医鉴定、出入口控制、驾驶证登记等多个方面的应用中采集并保存大量的指纹。

基于指纹的自动识别系统需要把输入的指纹与数据库中大量的指纹进行匹配验证。

电子信息工程专业英语翻译清华出版社nglish for IT and EE-08

电子信息工程专业英语翻译清华出版社nglish for IT and EE-08
would cost more and there was therefore a cost per bit/sec
(bps) of transmitted information in the sense that going to a
higher information rate requires a higher frequency. Thus, the first observation from the frequency line would be that, for optical carriers, which have frequencies in the hundreds of THz, information bandwidth is in some sense free. 信息的带宽在 某种意义上是 免费的 因此在较高的信息率要求较高 的频率这层意义上,要考虑传 输信息的每个bps成本问题
与用于信息传输的光学技术 的潜力有关的
仔细研究表8.1中的频率表可以看到各种用于信息传 A frequency line which gives the wavelengths , the frequencies
, and the photon energy p for the various regions of the frequency
9
2
As wavelengths decrease to approach the size of circuit
components, circuit elements are no longer lumped, and leads
can act as reflective components and/or antennas and lumped

电子信息工程专业英语英译汉翻译

电子信息工程专业英语英译汉翻译

1 The transistor is what started the evolution of the modern computer industry in motion.晶体管开启了现代电脑工业的革命2 The storage cell only requires one capacitor and one transistor, whereas a flip-flop connected in an array requires 6 transistors.存储单元仅需要一个电容和晶体管,并而不像触发器整列那样需要6个晶体管3 There has been a never ending series of new op amps released each year since then, and their performance and reliability has improved to the point where present day op amps can be used for analog applications by anybody.从此以后每年都有新系列的运放发布,他们的性能和可靠性得到了提升,如今任何人都能用运放来设计模拟电路。

4 This is capable of very high speed conversion and thus can accommodate high sampling rates, but in its basic form is very power hungry.它具有高速转换能力,从而能适应高速采样速率,但它的基本形式非常耗电。

5 During the “on” period , energy is being stored within the core material of the inductor in the form of flux.在”on”阶段,能量以涌浪形式存储在电感的核芯材料里面6 The design goal of frequency synthesizers is to replace multiple oscillators in a system, and hence reduce board space and cost.频率合成器的设计目标是取代系统中多个振荡器,从而减小板卡面积和成本。

电子信息工程专业英语翻译清华出版社English for IT and EE-09

电子信息工程专业英语翻译清华出版社English for IT and EE-09

定理规定:采样频率必须 定理规定: 大于两倍的信号带宽
信息科学与电子工程专业英语
Part I
Digital Signal Processing
New Words
sub-field 分领域,子领域 sub分领域, sensor array 传感器阵列 algorithm 算法 purposepurpose-designed 针对目的设计的 integrated circuits 集成电路 wavelet 小波 informed 有知识的,有见闻的 有知识的, crosscross-correlation 互相关 discretization 离散化 partition 分割,分区 分割, sonar 声呐 biomedical 生物特征的 abbreviate 缩写,缩略 缩写, applicationapplication-specific 面向应用的 autocorrelation 自相关 baseband 基带 spatial domain 空间域 interval 间隔 quantization 量化 finite set 有限的集
当灵活性和快速开发比大批量生产的 成本更重要时,DSP算法也可以用现 成本更重要时,DSP算法也可以用现 场可编程门阵列来实现。 场可编程门阵列来实现。
9
4 DSP domains
In DSP, engineers usually study digital signals in one of the following domains: time domain (one-dimensional signals), (onespatial domain (multidimensional signals), frequency domain, autocorrelation domain, and wavelet domains. They choose the domain in which to process a signal by making an informed guess (or by trying different possibilities) as to which domain best represents the essential characteristics of the signal.3 他们按某些依据来猜测(或试验不同的可能 他们按某些依据来猜测( 性)那一个域能够最好地表示信号的本质特 性来选择在其中进行信号处理的域。 性来选择在其中进行信号处理的域。

专业英语(电子与信息工程类)翻译

专业英语(电子与信息工程类)翻译

1.As data networks advanced…also grew more complex.由于数据网络从面向终端的系统向分组交换、计算机与计算机连接的方向发展, 执行网络功能所必需的协议也变得愈来愈复杂。

2.An additional bit called a parity bit…during transmission.在每个字符的后面有时还包括一个称为奇偶校验位的附加位, 它们测试数据位在传输过程中是否被意外改变。

3.As already stated, with…downlink(FDD paired bands).如前所述, 在非对称通信量应用中, TD-SCDMA利用可用频谱的效率比其他3G标准高, 因为它在只利用一个频带(TDD单一频带)而不是两个独立的频带(FDD成对频带)进行上行与下行通信。

4.Although often simpler to implement, …digital modulation.虽然光纤系统的模拟调制易于实现, 但其效率较低, 且要求在接收端有比数字调制高得多的信噪比。

5.At present, the bandwidth…electronics ()is possible.目前传输100km的几吉赫兹的调制信号和传输300km的几百兆赫兹的调制信号都是可能的, 因此光纤系统的可用带宽并没有得到充分利用。

6.Both TD-SCDMA deployments-TSD…unpaired bands awarded.TD-SCDMA的两种部署——TSM和TDDCLR的数据速率、频谱利用率、覆盖率、移动性和可靠性等性能是一样的, 并基本上为所有取得非成对TDD频段牌照的运营商所采用。

7.Crossbar sw itching was carried…selection for all calls.纵横制交换由一个称为标志器的特定电路控制, 标志器提供整个号码的公共控制并选择所有呼叫的路由。

电子信息工程专业英语课文翻译(第3版)

电子信息工程专业英语课文翻译(第3版)

电子信息工程专业英语教程第三版译者:唐亦林p32In 1945 H. W。

Bode presented a system for analyzing the stability of feedback systems by using graphical methods. Until this time, feedback analysis was done by multiplication and division,so calculation of transfer functions was a time consuming and laborious task. Remember, engineers did not have calculators or computers until the ’70s。

Bode presented a log technique that transformed the intensely mathematical process of calculating a feedback system’s stability into graphical analysis that was simple and perceptive. Feedback system design was still complicated, but it no longer was an art dominated by a few electrical engineers kept in a small dark room。

Any electrical engineer could use Bode's methods find the stability of a feedback circuit,so the application of feedback to machines began to grow。

电子信息工程专业英语翻译

电子信息工程专业英语翻译

Cooperative Peer-to-Peer Streaming:An Evolutionary Game-TheoreticApproachYanChen,StudentMember,IEEE,BeibeiWang,StedengMember,IEEE,W.SabrinaLin,Member,IEEE,Yongle Wu,Student Member,IEEE,and K,.J.Ray Liu,Fellow,IEEE Abstrac t—While peer-to-peer(P2P)video streaming systems have achievedpromising results,they introduce a large number of unnecessary traverse links,which consequengly leads to substantial network inefficiency.To address this problem and achieve better streaming performance,we propose to enable cooperation among “group peers,”which are geographically neighboring peers with large intra-group upload and download bandwidths.C onsidering the peers’selfish nature,we formulate the cooperative streaming problem as an evolutionary game and derive,for every peer,the evolutionarily stable strategy(ESS),which is the stable Nash equilibrium and no one will deviate from.Moreover,we propose a simple and distributed learning algorithm for the peers to converge to the ESSs. ed from the peer’sown padtWith the propo sed algorithm,each peer decides whether to be an agent who downloads data from the peers outside the group or a free rider who downloads data from the agents by simply tossing a coin,where the probability of being a head for the coin is learned from the peer’s own past payoff history.Simulation results shou to the traditional non-cooperative P2P schemes,the proposed cooperative scheme achieves much better performance in terms of social welfare,probability of real-time streaming,and video quality(source rate). IndexTerms—Coopreative streaming,distributed learning,evolutionary,game theory,peer-to-peer(P2P),replicator dynamics.ⅠIntroductionWith the rapid development of signal processing,communication, and networking technologies,video-over-IP applications become more and more popular and have attracted millions of users over the Internet.One simple solution to video streaming over Internet is the client-server service model,where the video is streamed directly from a server to clients.However with the client-server service model, the upload bandwidth of the server grows proportionally with the number of clients, whice makes the large-scale video streaming impractical.To reduce the workload of the server,peer-to-peer(P2P)service model is proposed, where a peer not only acts as a client to download data from the network,but also acts as a server to upload data for the other peers in the network.The upload bandwidth of the peers reduces the workload placed on the server dramatically,which makes large-scale video streaming possible,Recently,several industrial large-scale P2P video streaming systems have been developed,includingCoolstreaming,PPLive,PPStream,UUSee,and Sopcast. Studies show that these systems can support hundreds of thousands of users simultaneously.While P2P video streaming systems have schieved promising results, they have several drawbacks. First, there are a large number of unecessary traverse links within a provider’s network.As observed in ,each P2P bit on the Verizon network,As observed in,each P2P bit on the Verizon network traverses 1000 miles and takes 5.5 metro-hops on average,Second,there is a huge number of cross Internet service provider traffic,The studies showed that 50%-90%of the existing local pieces in active peers are downloaded externally.Third,the differences in playback time among peeers can be as high as 140s,and the lag can be greater if the source rate is higher,Fourth,most of the current P2P systems assume that all peers are willing to contribute their resources.however,this assumption may mot be true since the P2P systems are self-organizing networks and the peers are selfish by nature.Note that the selfish peers will act as free-riders if being free-riders can improve their utilities.译文:对等网络流:进化论的赛局的方法杨晨,学生;王蓓蓓,学生;塞布丽娜林,IEEE成员;永乐吴,学生;永乐刘,学生摘要:而对等网络视频流系统取得了很有前途,但这样的技术引进大量不必要的导线连接,从而导致实质性的网络无效率。

电子信息类专业英语翻译

电子信息类专业英语翻译

1.This electron beam sweeps across each line at a uniform rate,then flies back to scan another line directly below the previous one and so on,until the horizontal lines into which it is desired to break or split the picture have been scannedin the desired sequence.电子束以均匀的速率扫描每一行,然后飞速返回去扫描下一行,直到把被扫描的图像按所希望的顺序分割成行。

2.The technical possibilities could well exist,therefore,of nation-wide integrated transmission network of high capacity,controlled by computers,interconnected globally by satellite and submarine cable,providing speedy and reliable communications throughout the word因此,在技术上完全可能实现全国性的集成发送网络。

这种网络容量大,由计算机控制,并能通过卫星和海底电缆实现全球互联,提供世界范围的高速、可靠的通信。

3.Transit time is the primary factor which limits the ability of a transistor to operate at high frequency.渡越时间是限制晶体管高频工作能力的主要因素4.The intensity of sound is inversely proportional to the square of the distance measured from the source of the sound.声强与到声源的距离的平方成反比。

电子信息工程专业英语=文章翻译+课后解答

电子信息工程专业英语=文章翻译+课后解答

电子信息工程专业英语Part 1第一课关于电子技术一、课文习题参考答案Ⅰ. (1)alternating current circuits (2) semiconductor diodes(3) passive component(4) the combinatorylogic electric circuit(5) rectification(6) Laplace transform(7) inductor(8) Fourier series andFourier transformⅡ.(1)控制理论(2)场效应管三极管(3)布尔代数(4)稳压(5)相关性和功率谱密度(6)滤波器类型(7)模/数转换器(8)时序逻辑电路的分析与综合Ⅲ.(1)Electronics is a part of the largerfield of electricity. The basic principles of electricity are also common to electronics.Modern advances in the field of computer,control system, communications have a close relationship with electronics. The field of electronics includes the electron tube,transistor, integrated circuit and so on.(2) Direct current circuits & Alternating current circuits,Analog electronics,Digital electronics,signal and systems,Circuit theory and design, Control theory, Microcontroller systems,Computer programming for engineering applications.(3) This curriculum mainly introduces the characteristics of semiconductor devices in linear application scope.The content involved in semiconductor diodes (PN junction diodes, special purpose diodes), transistors (field effects and bipolar transistors), signal amplifiers, practical amplifiers, biasing circuits, operational amplifiers circuit and other circuits (rectification, regulation and DC power supplies).(4) This partial studies take the basic electric circuit theory and the operational amplifier knowledge as the foundation. The main study goal is to enhance understanding of the electric circuit theory. Its main contentincludes the elementary theory in circuit theory (network functions, characteristic frequencies), types of filter (lowpass,bandpass), review of operational amplifiers (design of first and second order using operational amplifiers, cascade design), filter characteristics(Butterworth, Chebyshev, frequency transformations in design, sensitivity design of passive LC ladder filters and a brief introduction to switched capacitor filters).(5) Perfect.二、参考译文电子学的发展电子学是电学的一部分。

电子信息工程专业英语 English for Electronic Information Engineering

电子信息工程专业英语  English for  Electronic Information Engineering
转意词汇还有:failure,relay,antenna,coherent,filter, spectrum,modulator,flip-flop,potential , carrier , line , loop 等等
0.1 科技英语的特点 features
0.1.2 词汇 Vocabularies or words
0.1 科技英语的特点 features
0.1.2 词汇 Vocabularies or words
❖转意词汇 Transfered words
有些单词的通用含义很接近,但它们的专业含义却完全不 同,如: differential :微分 difference :差分 probability :概率 possibility :可能性
❖ 语法上特点:常用一般现在时时态;
复杂长句多; 被动语态多;(“被”、“经过”、“受了”、 “由于”) 非谓语动词多;(动名词、分词、不定式) 非人称语气,常用It作主语; 条件句多,常用If 语句。
0.1 科技英语的特点 features
科技英语与普通英语相比有自己的特点: ❖合词成汇词G的S:M特,点G:PRS , CDMA , GPS , CPU , USB , LCD multimet大er量万使用用表专业,词in汇te、rfa转c意e 词接汇口;、界面
专业文献(摘要)的写作练习
学习本课程的主要方式
课前预习
课堂讲解重点难点
课后练习
课堂练习、小测ຫໍສະໝຸດ 议 ❖ 准备笔记本 ❖ 准备英汉专业词典
要求 ❖ 独立完成作业 ❖ 遵守课堂纪律
Lesson 0 科技英语基础知识 The Basic Knowledge
of Scientific and Technical English

电子信息工程专业英语翻译清华出版社English_for_IT_and_EE-02

电子信息工程专业英语翻译清华出版社English_for_IT_and_EE-02

可使半导体像金属那样导电, 或者像非金属那样绝缘。
7
1
This mixing is called doping. A semiconductor can be doped to
contain more electrons (N-type) or fewer electrons (P-type).
Examples of commonly used semiconductors are silicon and
periodic table of elements in a college chemistry textbook, and you will locate semiconductors as a group of elements separating the metals and nonmetals.2
16
5
At the time of the invention of the transistor in 1947 by John
Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the only way
to assemble multiple transistors into a single circuit was to buy
valve阀 insulate绝缘,隔离 doping掺杂(质) germanium锗 boron硼 field-effect场效应 collector集电极 gatrce源极 protrude突出
solder焊接,焊料
ceramic陶瓷 complementary互补的,补充的
4
1
Digital logic and electronic circuits derive their functionality

电子信息工程专业英语 课文翻译 Unit 05 译文

电子信息工程专业英语 课文翻译 Unit 05 译文

Unit 5 多址技术Unit 5-1第一部分:多址技术:频分多址、时分多址、码分多址多址方案用于使许多用户同时使用同一个固定带宽的无线电频谱。

在任何无线电系统中分配的带宽总是有限的。

移动电话系统的典型总带宽是50MHz ,它被分成两半用以提供系统的前向和反向连接。

任何无线网络为了提高用户容量都需要共享频谱。

频分多址(FDMA )、时分多址(TDMA )、码分多址(CDMA )是无线系统中由众多用户共享可用带宽的三种主要方法。

这些方法又有许多扩展和混合技术,例如正交频分复用(OFDM ),以及混合时分和频分多址系统。

不过要了解任何扩展技术首先要求对三种主要方法的理解。

频分多址在FDMA 中,可用带宽被分为许多个较窄的频带。

每一用户被分配一个独特的频带用于发送和接收。

在一次通话中其他用户不能使用同一频带。

每个用户分配到一个由基站到移动电话的前向信道以及一个返回基站的反向信道,每个信道都是一个单向连接。

在每个信道中传输信号是连续的,以便进行模拟通信。

FDMA 信道的带宽一般较小(30kHz ),每个信道只支持一个用户。

FDMA 作为大多数多信道系统的一部分用于初步分割分配到的宽频带。

将可用带宽分配给几个信道的情况见图5.1和图5.2。

时分多址TDMA 将可用频谱分成多个时隙,通过分配给每一个用户一个时隙以便在其中发送或接收。

图5.3显示如何以一种循环复用的方式把时隙分配给用户,每个用户每帧分得一个时隙。

TDMA 以缓冲和爆发方式发送数据。

因此每个信道的发射是不连续的。

待发送的输入数据在前一帧期间被缓存,在分配给该信道的时隙中以较高速率爆发式发送出去。

TDMA 不能直接传送模拟信号因为它需要使用缓冲,因而只能用于传输数字形式的数据。

由于通常发送速率很高,TDMA 会受到多径效应的影响。

这导致多径信号引起码间干扰。

TDMA 一般与FDMA 结合使用,将可用的全部带宽划分为若干信道。

这是为了减少每个信道上的用户数以便使用较低的数据速率。

电子信息工程专业英语 课文翻译 Unit 04 译文

电子信息工程专业英语 课文翻译 Unit 04 译文

Unit 4 通信和信息论Unit 4-1第一部分:远程通信远程通信是远距离通信的信号传输,在现代,通常这个过程需要电子发射机发射电磁波,但是在早期远程通信包括使用烟火信号,鼓或旗语或日光仪。

今天,远程通信很普遍的,助推这一过程的设备如电视,无线电和电话在世界的许多地区都已很普遍。

还有连接这些设备的许多网络,包括计算机网络,公共电话网,无线电网和电视网络。

互联网上的计算机通信是众多通信的一个例子。

通信系统通常由通信工程师设计。

在这个领域中早期的发明家有Alexander Graham Bell, Guglielmo Marconi 和John Logie Baird。

通信在当今的世界经济发展中起着举足轻重的作用,通信产业的税收在世界总产值的比例已接近百分之三。

基本要素每个通信系统包括三个基本要素:采集信息并能将其转换为信号的发射机,传输信号的传输媒介,接收信号并能将其还原为有用信息的接收机。

考虑一个无线电广播的例子。

广播塔是发射机,收音机是接收机,传输媒介是自由空间。

通常通信系统都是双向的,一个设备既做发射机又做接收机,即收发器。

例如,移动手机就是一个收发器。

电话线上的通信称为点对点通信,因为只在一个发射机和一个接收机之间。

通过无线电广播的通信称为广播(一对多)通信,因为通信是在一个大功率的发射机和许多接收机之间。

模拟或数字信号可以是模拟的,也可以是数字的。

在模拟信号中,信号根据信息而连续变化。

在数字信号信息被编码为一组离散值(如,1和0)。

在传输过程中,模拟信号中的信息会因噪声而退化。

相反,只要噪声不超过一定的阈值,数字信号中的信息是不会丢失的。

这是数字信号相对于模拟信号一个关键的优点。

网络网络是由一个相互通信的发射机、接收机或收发机的集合。

数字网络由一个或多个路由器组成,路由器正确地将数据发送给用户。

模拟网路由一个或多个交换器组成,交换器在两个或多个用户间建立连接。

这两种网络都需要中继器,用于远距离传输时的放大或重建信号。

电子信息工程专业英语 课文翻译 Unit 08 译文

电子信息工程专业英语 课文翻译 Unit 08 译文

Unit 8 光通信Unit 8-1第一部分:电磁频谱仔细研究表8.1中的频率表可以看到各种用于信息传输的光学技术的潜力。

人们所感兴趣的“现代”常规通信系统的信息传播速率通常相应于电话系统中的音频、商用广播系统中的无线电频率、或是最先进的视频节目分配系统中的数字电视数据率。

这些数据率通常低于几个吉赫兹(GHz)。

如果传输这样的信息不是将它加载到光纤上,而是加载在略高于最大速率的射频载波上,则此射频载波就会是厘米波或是波长更长一些的波。

用光载波则有很大的优越性。

一个明显的优点就是光纤的低损耗和方向性。

载波的数据率显然必须高于信息速率。

通信系统的一个基本原则是频率愈高,技术就愈复杂。

处理微波就比处理无线电波更困难。

随着波长减小到接近于电路元件的尺寸,电路单元就不再是集总的,导线可起到反射元件以及(或)天线的作用,集总单元则成为电磁谐振器。

这通常意味着当发送的信息较多时,代价也较高,因此在较高的信息率要求较高的频率这层意义上,要考虑传输信息的每个bps的成本问题。

于是,观察上述频率表得到的第一个结论就是,对于频率为数百特赫兹(THz)的光载波而言,信息的带宽在某种意义上是免费的。

就是说与大多数器件相比,光的波长是如此之小,以至于所用技术与电和微波有根本的不同。

一旦我们具备了这样的技术,则无论信息率有多高,再也没有必要改变载波了,因为载波频率高于任何现实信息率所能达到的程度。

不过带宽也不是完全免费的,因为编码器和解码器必须工作在相应于信息率的频率上,而系统其余部分大都只需要处理载波和调制。

如果一个元件可以工作在5⨯1014Hz的频率上,在这个频率信息偏移千分之一(相应于500吉赫兹的信息率)对器件的性能将没有什么影响。

因此,只要系统已经建立起来,大体上就可以随意升级系统而不会涉及常规系统中改变电磁载波所需付出的那种代价。

光波的宽频带一个结果就是光载波可以同时携带许多不同电话信号和电视节目等。

通常实现这种同时传输多路信息的过程(至少以同步格式实现)称为时分复用。

电子信息工程专业英语翻译清华出版社English for IT and EE-12

电子信息工程专业英语翻译清华出版社English for IT and EE-12
is important to develop algorithms that are more robust to
noise in fingerprint images and deliver increased accuracy in
real-time.1
研发对于指纹图像中噪声更稳健 并能实时提供更高精度的算法是 重要的。
extraction algorithm relies heavily on the quality of the input fingerprint images.
18
7
In order to ensure that the performance of an automatic
fingerprint identification/verification system will be robust
with respect to the quality of the fingerprint images, it is
essential to incorporate a fingerprint enhancement algorithm in the minutiae extraction module.5
It is difficult to extract the minutiae points accurately when
the fingerprint is of low quality. Also this method does not
take into account the global pattern of ridges and furrows.
matching of the fingerprints. An input fingerprint is first
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Technical English
For Information Science and Electronic Engineering
Unit 3
EM Fields, Antenna and Microwaves
Part I
Electromagnetic Field
New Words
vicinity 邻近,附近 charge 电荷 photon 光子 atom 原子 catastrophe 大灾难,大祸 emission 发射,散发 incident 入射的 electrodynamics 电动力学 gravitational 重力的
stationary 静止的,不变的 quantum 量子 oscillate 振荡 ultraviolet 紫外线的 photoelectric effect 光电效应 metallic 金属的 eject 喷射,强制离开 dynamics 动力学 entity 实体
1
Theቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱelectromagnetic field is a physical field produced by electrically charged objects. It affects the behavior of charged objects in the vicinity of the field. The electromagnetic field extends indefinitely throughout space and describes the electromagnetic interaction. It is one of the four fundamental forces in the nature (the others are gravitation, the weak interaction, and the strong interaction)
例如,振荡电荷产生电场和磁场,可 看成平滑的、连续的波动方式。
5
In this case, energy is viewed as being transferred continuously through the electromagnetic field between any two locations. For instance, the metal atoms in a radio transmitter appear to transfer energy continuously. This view is useful to a certain extent (radiation of low frequency), but problems are found at high frequencies (see ultraviolet catastrophe). This problem leads to another view.
从经典的角度,电磁场可认为是光滑、连 续的场,以波动方式传播;而从量子力学 的角度,场可看作是由光子组成的。
4 Structure of the electromagnetic field
The electromagnetic field may be viewed in two distinct ways. Continuous structure: Classically, electric and magnetic fields are thought of as being produced by smooth motions of charged objects. For example, oscillating charges produce electric and magnetic fields that may be viewed in a “smooth”, continuous, wavelike manner.
the Lorentz force law.
电荷和电流与电磁场相互作用 的方式由麦克斯韦方程组和洛 伦兹力定律所描述。
3
From a classical point of view, the electromagnetic field can be regarded as a smooth, continuous field, propagated in a wavelike manner, whereas from a quantum mechanical point of view, the field can be viewed as being composed of photons.
The ultraviolet catastrophe, also called the Rayleigh-Jeans catastrophe, was a prediction of early 20th century classical physics that an ideal black body at thermal equilibrium will emit radiation with infinite power.
电磁场在空间无限延伸, 并描述电磁相互作用。
2
The field can be viewed as the combination of an electric field
and a magnetic field. The electric field is produced by
stationary charges, and the magnetic field by moving charges
(currents); these two are often described as the sources of the
field. The way in which charges and currents interact with the
electromagnetic field is described by Maxwell’s equations and
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