汉英翻译
汉译英 经典翻译
现在进行课堂讨论，特别 注意对原句的理解和译句 语感的再现
1.上课了？ 2.他（听到这话）心里一跳，脸色也变了。 3.三四个酒保，都手忙脚乱，搬东搬西。 4.你不知道，他这个家伙背景复杂，不大讲 面子。
参考译文
上课了？ (Have you) Just finished your class? How’s your first class? Has the bell gone? / Am I late for class? 他（听到这话）心里一跳，脸色也变了。 At this his heart missed a beat and he became pale. 三四个酒保，都手忙脚乱，搬东搬西。 The four or five waiters were busy rushing from one to another serving food and drink. (Outlaws of the Marsh) 你不知道，他这个家伙背景复杂，不大讲面子。 Don’t you realize that this fellow has all kinds of dubious connections and that he’s no great respecter of persons?
语言转换与思维
一、语言转换 序
之结构顺
• • • • • • •
（某）主体-行为标志-行为-行为客体 （某）主体-行为-行为客体-行为标志 S+ad. +V+O(C) S+V+O+ad. (E) 试译下列两句： 我30多年来一直没有见过他。
弗瑞德把它拿回家，几天之后，又把它包扎得 漂漂亮亮地送回来了。
•
• •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
汉译英短文翻译
在从前的农业社会里，中国人最重要的节日就是过年。
对过去的一年来说，这是结束；对未来的一年来说，这是开始。
一进入腊月，街头巷尾就充满了过年的气氛，这种气氛要持续一个半月之久。
大家通过各种游乐节目来调剂一年来的辛劳，在游乐中流露着一种乐观进取的精神。
过年时，每家门上都贴上了春联，耀眼的红纸给人们带来了喜气，优美的字句提供了勉励。
In previous/former agricultural society, the Spring Festival was the most important holiday in China. It is the end of the past year and the beginning of the next. As soon as the twelfth month of the lunar year begins, streets are filled with an atmosphere of celebrating the Spring Festival for a month and a half. People relax and get rid of the past year’s hard work by a variety of entertainment with a sense of optimism and enterprise. During the holiday, Spring Festival couplets are put on the door of every household. The shining red paper brings happiness to people, and the elegant/graceful words offers encouragement.上海是一座朝气蓬勃、充满活力、多姿多彩的国际化大都市。
翻译汉英互译
翻译汉英互译
Hello, how are you today?
你好，你今天好吗？
I would like to order a pizza for delivery, please.
我想要点一份外卖披萨。
Could you please tell me where the nearest train station is?
你能告诉我最近的火车站在哪里吗？
I have a doctor's appointment tomorrow morning.
明天早上我有个医生的约会。
Can you recommend any good restaurants in this area?
你能推荐这个地区的一些好餐厅吗？
I will be traveling to China next month.
我下个月将去中国旅行。
What is the weather like today?
今天天气怎么样？
I need to buy some groceries at the supermarket.
我需要在超市购买一些杂货。
Do you have any recommendations for local tourist attractions?
你有推荐的本地旅游景点吗？
Could you please help me with this problem?
你能帮我解决这个问题吗？
Thank you for your help!
感谢你的帮助！。
汉英互译2
B:Let’s go out for a meal / Let’s eat out . (我们出去吃顿饭吧。)
15.A: John didn’t come to the party yesterday. Where did he go?
B:SaladLeabharlann for me, please/ I’d like a salad, please(我要份沙拉。).
19. A: Where is Jack?
B: He is over there.He is in blue jeans . (穿蓝色牛仔裤的。)
20.A: We have plenty of time before the film. We could have something to eat (可以吃点儿东西) after the film or go to a pub.
第四部分 翻译
1.A: Did you use to get on (well) with your brother? (你曾经和你哥哥/弟弟关系处得好吗？)
B:Not too well. We used to fight a lot.
2.A: Do you ever do any exercise?
他指出她需要一把更好点儿的提琴。
13. They walked slowly along the road.
他们沿着那条路慢慢地走着。
我要份沙拉。 I'd like a salad, please.) O. n. ?,
他穿着一件红色的T恤衫。He wears a red T-shirt.1
汉英翻译
I hope you won’t mind his words.He simply doesn’t know how to say.The proper way to talk.
选词：
【三羊开泰】
Sheep
Goat
Lamb
Ram
Ewe
【路】
Road
Expressway
【慢车】slow train the local train
【快车】express
【青山】green hills
【青天】bule sky
【青布】black cloth
【浓茶】strong tea
【浓墨】thick ink
【浓烟】heavy smoke dense smoke
中英对照
【轻重】
这两口箱子轻重不一样。
【江南水乡】the south of the lower reacher of the Yangze River
【傍大款（of a girl）】find a sugar daddy;be a mistress for a rich man
【居委会】residents’committee;neighborhood committee
Zero
【小康水平】a relatively comfortable standard of g
【祖传秘方】home prescription
【偏方】folk prescription
【辛亥革命】therevolutionof 1911
【大锅饭】the big pot distribution system (under which everyone gets the same“portion”irrespective of his work or contribution)
汉英句子翻译
1.世界经济联系日益频繁，商业往来日益紧密，这主要归因于现代通讯系统和运输系统的飞速发展使经济一体化成为可能。
The increasingly frequent association of the world economy and the closer commercial contact are mainly attributable to the rapid development of modern communication and transport systems, which have made the integration of world economy possible.2.夜幕垂垂的下来时，大小船上都点起灯火。
从两种玻璃里映出那辐射着的黄黄的散光，反晕出一片朦胧的烟霭；透过这烟霭，在黯黯的水波里，又逗起缕缕的明漪。
When night falls and lanterns on all the boats are lit, the soft, yellow light piercing two layers of glass sheds a vast halo of haze and casts shimmering stripes on the dim, rippling water.雄伟壮观的长城是中华民族创造的最宏伟的工程奇迹，她像一条巨龙，飞舞于广袤的平原，绵亘于群山峻岭，显示着中华民族的智慧和力量。
The grand and spectacular Great Wall is the most magnificent construction miracle created by the Chinese people. It winds its way like a huge dragon through the vast plains and the undulating mountains, showing the wisdom and strength of the Chinese people.3.像美国这样拥有高技术劳工和肥沃耕地的国家，它的相对优势就表现在制造计算机、飞机和科技设备等高科技含量的产品及种植小麦、玉米和大豆等土地密集型农产品上。
汉英翻译——精选推荐
e.g. 意见：1、用户对贵方的包装意见很大。
End-users have a lot of complaints about your packing.2、双方价格差距很大，先谈到这里吧!你的意见如何?Since the price gap is very wide between the two parties, shall we suspend the discussion? What's your idea?3、贵方总裁和我们总经理就拟议中的合资项目坦率地交换了意见。
Y our President had a frank exchange of views with our Managing Director on the proposed joint venture project.意思：甲：这一点小意思，请务必收下。
乙：你这个人真是有意思，怎么也来这一套？甲：唉，只是意思意思。
乙：啊，真是不好意思。
A：This is a little gift as a token of my appreciation. Please do take it. B: Oh, aren’t you a bit too polite? Y ou should not do that.A: Well, it just conveys my gratitude.B: Ah, thank you then, though I really do not deserve it.你这是什么意思？请别误会我的意思。
What do you mean by that? Please do not misunderstand me.她被夸得不好意思。
She felt embarrassed by so much praise.让你久等了，不好意思。
I'm sorry to have kept you waiting so long.做了这种事，亏他还好意思说呢！Fancy his doing that sort of thing and then having the nerve to talk about it.人家：1、你们村子上有多少人家？How many households are there in your village?2、他妹妹已经有人家了。
英语句子翻译(汉译英)及答案
UNIT 11.她连水都不愿喝一口，更别提留下来吃饭了。
（much less)2.他认为我在对他撒谎，但实际上我讲的都是实话。
（whereas)3.这个星期你每天都迟到，对此你怎么解释？（account for)6.这是他第一次当着那么多观众演讲。
（in the presence of sb.)1.你再怎么有经验，也得学习新技术。
（never too...to...)2.还存在一个问题，那就是派谁去带领那里的研究工作。
（use an appositional structure)3.由于文化的不同，他们的关系在开始确实遇到了一些困难。
than+ adjective)5.人人都知道他比较特殊：他来去随意。
（be free to do sth.)6.看她脸上不悦的神色，我觉得她似乎有什么话想跟我说。
（free as though)1.他说话很自信，给我留下了很深的印象。
（use "which"to refer back to an idea or situation)2.我父亲太爱忘事，总是在找钥匙。
（use"so...that..."to emphasize the degree of something)（ill at ease)6.当地政府负责运动会的安全。
（take charge of )UNIT 11.She wouldn't take a drink,much less could she stay for dinner.2.He thought I was lying to him,whereas I was telling the truth.3.How do you account for the fact that you have been late every day this week?4.The increase in their profits is due partly to their new marketno means a great writer.4.He has no interest in football and is indifferent to who wins to loses.5.The manager needs an assistant that he can count on to take care of problems in his absence.6.This is the first time that he has made a speech in the presence of so large an audience.UNIT 31.You are never too experienced to learn new techniques.1.It is a great pleasure to meet friends from a far.2.It doesn't matter whether the cat is black or white as long as it catches mice.3.You must let me have the money back without fail by ten o'clock tomorrow morning.4.Allow me to take part in this project:I am more than a little interested in it.5.Everyone knows that he is special:He is free to come and go as he pleases.6.Watching the unhappy look on her face,I felt as though she wishesUNIT 61.(Just) as a machine needs regular running,so does the body need regular exercise.2.He learned to play the piano while studying in the United States.3.To our disappointment,he turned down out invitation.4.The reality is that,for better or worse,the world has changed with advance of new technologies.5.Most of the female students in my class appear to be ill at ease when (they are) required to answer questions.6.The local government took charge of the security for the sports。
汉英对比翻译-YY
人类随处改变着自然的平衡。有意无意地促进植 物和动物在新地区的生长。他产品，这一切形成了人类文明。他们使许多 已有物种灭绝，却热衷于培育其他物种。
7 In one corner of the American economy supply is steadily exceeding demand: garbage production. Americans are churning out rubbish at the rate of 200 million tons a year, and they are voting and demonstrating not to have that same rubbish dumped or burnt anywhere near them. An environmentalist, nowadays, is somebody who campaigns against municipal incinerators and landfill dumps. His legacy includes the burgefuls of American rubbish now being offered around the world to anybody who will buy them.
1.自从在上海第一次看见这个美丽的少女，他就像着了迷 似地爱上了她。他是个小心谨慎，处事稳健的人，他知道 过早地表露是一种危险，因此，他一直按捺着自己的感情， 只是根据道静的情形适可而止地谈着各种使她中意的话题。 译文：He had fallen in love with a beautiful girl when he first saw her in Shanghai. He was such a cautious and calm man that he knew that too early showing his feeling would be dangerous. Thus, he hided his feelings in his heart and only talked about the topics that Daojing like.
汉译英原文及参考译文
三、史学方法
史学方法是任何历史研究工作者必须学习的课程， 也是正确掌握历史研究的一种重要训练。它包括 史学家使用的各种技术和准则，通过他们史学家 用第一手资源和其他研究证据写出历史。在历史 哲学中，合理的历史方法的性质甚至还有可能性 等问题，被当作认识论问题提了出来。其追随者 则以外部批评、内部批评和综合法为标题，对史 学家在研究工作中常用的历史准则进行概括。 （173）
四、中国结
中国结是一种古老的编织艺术。中国人自汉 代就把中国结用作装饰。现在的人们仍然对传 统中国结复杂的美和编织秘密感到不解。“结” 在中文的含义是团聚、友谊、温暖和结婚，等 等。所以中国结也成为团聚、幸运、和谐和爱 的 象征。
制作传统的中国结必须用一根红绳弯曲、 打结、编织，喻义是无穷无尽的幸福生活的循 环。这是中国结最重要的特征。把不同的结和 其它的吉祥饰物巧妙的结合在一起，就是一个 独特的吉祥饰品，特别是代表美、幸福和愿望 的红色。
汉英词汇对比及翻译
汉英词汇对比及翻译一、英汉词汇意义变化的方式1. 词义的扩展：词从个别意义扩大到一般意义。
“灾”指自然发生的火灾f一切的灾害”。
“河”黄河f河流的总称。
英语中Cafeteria 咖啡壶f咖啡馆、餐馆等。
2. 词义缩小：从泛指转为特指。
如“臭”原作“气味” f “难闻的气味”。
“事故” “事情” f “意外的损失或灾难”。
英语词义变化，meat任何食物f供食用的兽肉。
pois on饮料f毒药。
3. 词义的升格：指词从原先贬义或中性转为褒义。
“臣”：本指俘虏，奴仆f辅助君主行政的官吏。
“领袖”：衣领和衣袖f “为人表率的人” f政治领导人。
英语中Mi nister仆人f部长。
4. 词义的降格：指词从原先中性或褒义转为贬义。
“臭”从“气味”变为“难闻的气味”，是缩小；“爪牙”：原指勇士，常作武臣之美称，后发展为党羽，供人驱使的人及坏人的帮凶。
英语中的例证，silly 幸福的、神圣的f愚蠢的；cunning知晓的、有技巧的f狡猾的。
二、英汉词汇互译的策略“因形见义”无疑是汉语词的一大特点，英语词的形与义没有联系，因而词义有广泛的发展余地。
无论英译汉，还是汉译英，都涉及两种不同的文化而产生的语言。
翻译时，选择合适的对应词，取决于对每一个译出和译入词含义的正确理解和透彻品位。
1. 准确理解词义不同的词义中选出最确切的词义，这是正确理解原文的一个基本环节，也是翻译之本。
从翻译角度来说，选词义时，必须掌握下面三项要领：根据上下文辨词义、论褒贬、看搭配。
(1)据上下文辨词义：形容词“ good”，一般意义为“好的”，但在不同上下文里含义不同，如：It was a good dinner. 这是一个丰盛的宴会。
He proved to be a good listener. 他这个人善于倾听。
又如：汉译英“说”这个词根据不同上下文可译成：speak, tell , say, express , mention 等。
汉语的美与汉英翻译
汉英翻译过程中模糊美感 的丧失
• 以杜甫《春望》中的“国破山河在”一 句的英译为例
• Though a country be sundered, hills and rivers endure. ---Bynner • （虽然）（一个）国家（被）隔绝（，）（群）山（和）河流忍耐（着） （。） • A nation though fallen, the land yet remains. ----W.J.B.Fletcher • （一个）国家（虽然）沦陷（，）（那）土地（仍然）留存（。）
• 古文如此，现代文中的四字句的英译， 也同样让英语“寒碜”！ • 如:
• 平日，工作太忙，或交际过繁，你难得与古今 智者，中外名家，相伴交谈。而今，你可凝视 屏息，侧耳倾听，静心阅读，令学识渐长. • In the past, you might be so occupied with your work or social interaction as to have no time for books. But now you can peacefully listen to wise men of all times, enriching yourself with their ideas, and enlarging your stock of knowledge.
• 余冬日往视，但见衰 柳寒烟，一水茫茫而 已。
• I went there; however, on a winter day and saw only a stretch of cold water against some sparse willow trees and a frosty sky. （林语堂译）
• 汉译英策略之 —— 识英语之形合美，方有佳译
汉英翻译——精选推荐
汉英翻译词语意义明确化1．我们搞社会主义才几十年，还处在初级阶段。
We have been building socialism for only a few decades and are still in the primary stage.2．低速度就等于停步，甚至等于后退。
要抓住机会，现在就是还机会。
Slow growth equals stagnation and even retrogression. We must grasp opportunities; the present offers an excellent one.3．看来我们的发展，总是要在某一个阶段，抓住时机，加速搞几年，发现问题及时加以治理，而后继续前进。
It seems to me that, as a rule, at certain stages we should seize the opportunity to accelerate development for a few years, deal with problems as soon as they are recognized, and then move on.词义的褒贬4．人们都在讲南北问题很突出，我看这个问题就是发展问题。
People are saying that the North-South question is very serious. I think it is a question of development.5．在整个改革开放过程中都要反对腐败。
Throughout the process of reform and opening, we must combat corruption.6．对凭借行业垄断和某些特殊条件获得个人额外收入的必须纠正。
We must correct the malpractice of individuals obtaining extra incomes by taking advantage of sectoral monopoly and some special privileges.用词的语气轻重7．我们必须广泛地利用现代科学技术的新成就。
英汉汉英翻译
Head : （借助上下文）1.He was badly wounded in the head. 他头部受重伤。
2.You should use your head a bit. 你该用一下自己的头脑。
3.The dinner cost us five dollars a head. 这顿饭花去我们每人5块钱。
4.Pick with the head of a needle. 用针尖挑。
5.He was standing at the head of the staircase. 他站在楼梯的顶端。
6.Let’s discuss the question under five heads. 我们分5个题目来讨论这个问题。
7.The head of his bed was piled with books. 他的床头堆满了书。
8.Present at the meeting were the heads of government of the four countries. 出席会议的有四国政府的首脑。
9.Go and ask the head of our department. 问我们系的头儿去10.Heads or tails? 正面还是反面。
11.Where is the head? 厕所在哪里？（船上用语）1.The baby has got a big head. 这娃娃头真大。
2.She was combing her hair. 她正在梳头。
3. A car was parked at the west end of the bridge. 一辆小轿车停在桥西头。
4.Let me tell the story from the very beginning. 让我从头讲起吧。
5.He has thrown away the pencil stub [ stump]. 他把铅笔头扔了。
长句翻译汉译英
Long sentence translationCompact vs. Diffuse1门口放着一堆伞，少说也有12把，五颜六色，大小不一。
There are a pile of umbrellas in the door, at least twelve, various colors and different sizes.In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors.2我厂生产的112升，和145升冰箱造型美观，质量可靠，耗电少，使用安全方便。
The 112 and 145 Liter volumes of fridges made in our factory are with high quality, low power consumption and safely conveniently to use.The refrigerators of 112 and 145 liters manufactured by our plant are noted for their graceful styles, reliable quality, low power consumption, easy operation and safety./easy and safe operation.3 有一个年轻人，名叫颜回，家里很穷，缺吃少穿，insufficient 住的房子又破又小。
(dilapidated )There is a poor young man named Yanhui, insufficient with food and clothes and living in a small dilapidated house.There was a young man. He was called Yanhui. His family was very poor. They did not have enough food to eat and clothing to wear. The house they lived in was small and dilapidated.There was a young man called Yanhui, who was so poor that his family lived in a small, dilapidated house with insufficient food and clothing.4 为了实现儿时的梦想，我毫不犹豫地选择了化学专业。
汉译英短文翻译（5篇）
汉译英短文翻译（5篇）第一篇：汉译英短文翻译汉译英短文翻译近年来，中国城市化进人加速阶段，取得了极大的成就，同时也出现了种种错综复杂的问题。
今天的城乡建设速度之快、规模之大、耗资之巨、涉及面之广、尺度之大等已远非生产力低下时期所能及，建筑已成为一种重大的经济活动。
（102字）难点注释：1）城市化urbanization2）加速阶段an accelerating phase3）错综复杂的问题some complicated problems4）远非?一所能及surpass5）重大的经济活动a major economic pursuit世界各地有3,600万人染上了艾滋病—这比整个澳大利亚的人口还多。
目前，艾滋病是全球第4大死因，而在非洲则是头号罪魁。
在非洲，艾滋病使工人丧失工作，使家庭丧失经济来源，使父母丧失孩子。
在7个非洲国家中，巧岁至49岁的人口中艾滋病病毒感染者占到20％以上。
（119字）难点注释：1）染上艾滋病suffer from AIDS2）头号罪魁the chief culprit3）使……丧失deprive of 4）艾滋病病毒感染者people infected with HIV当今中国，对传真机的使用已十分普及，并成为现代重要的通讯终端设备。
据一项调查显示，2002年，中国市场对传真机的需求量约为200万台，国内产量仅满足了约30%的需求，进口机占据市场的主导地位。
（89字）难点注释：1）传真机fax machines2）通讯终端设备telecommunications terminal equipment3）占主导地位dominate2000年，美国数码相机的销量达到惊人的510万台，而1999年只有310万台。
数码相机的流行其原因非常简单：成像质量好且花费少。
此外，使用数码相机还能省去不少麻烦。
你不用买胶卷，所有的照片都被存在可反复使用的存储卡上。
一按快门，就可以马上在液晶显示屏上观察照片的效果。
汉英课文翻译
此人是书就读。
This man reads every book he can reach.是可忍，孰不可忍？If this can be tolerated, what cannot?是古非今Praise the past to condemn the present.知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也。
When you know a thing, to hold that you know it , and when you do not know a thing , to allow that you do not know it — this is knowledge.南京的风俗：但凡新媳妇进门，三日就要到厨下收拾一样菜，发个利市。
这菜一定是鱼，取“富贵有余”的意思。
The custom in Nanjing is for all brides to invite good luck by going to the kitchen on the third day and cooking a fish, which stands for fortune.宝钗笑道：“不用问，狗嘴里还有象牙不成？”“I don’t have to ask, ”retorted Pao—chai,“One doesn’t expect ivory from a dog’s mouth.”去设埋伏我们都没有信心，想他一定在昨天晚上就早溜了，今天去也是瞎子点灯白费蜡。
We had no confidence in today’s ambush because we were sure he had escaped last night. It seemed as useless as a blind man lighting a candle.……只因生得妩媚风流，满学中都送了两个外号：一个叫“香怜”，一个叫“玉爱”。
汉译英翻译技巧及方法
What has happened since the outbreak of the
international financial crisis in 2008 shows that we are
facing not just an economic and financial crisis. It is a crisis that has exposed certain deficiencies in the existing institutions and mechanisms, policies and approaches, and ways of development. The world economy is now at a crossroads and global economic governance faces arduous tasks. It is imperative that we stand on a higher plane, transcend differences on specific issues, move beyond short-term considerations, and jointly seek ways to overcome the crisis and sustain development.
As the premier forum for international economic cooperation, the G20 must continue to demonstrate the spirit of standing together in times of adversity and pursuing win-win cooperation. At this critical moment, the G20 must work to address the key problems, boost
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汉英翻译正确确立单句的主干：1主语的确立：英语主语的严格性，只能由名词（或）代词，例如We can solve the problem. This problem can be solved in many ways.）或具有名词语法功能的语言单位（如动词不定式、动名词、名词性从句>一般指主语从句，例如To solve this problem needs patience. Working ingeniously >adj.有独创性的，具有创造才能的adv. working ingeniously有才能地，巧干> may help you learn English well. It is not known yet whether they will return today.）来充当。
2．直接用原文的主语1) 如果不适当地处理，锅炉及机动车辆排出的废气就会造成城市空气污染。
Exhaust from boilers and vehicles, unless properly treated, causes air pollution in cities.2) 如果说，词汇是语言的“建筑材料”，那么，句子便是文章的“基本部件”。
If vocabulary is the “building materials”for language, sentences are the “fundamental parts”of writings.3．替换主语以符合英语表达1) ①鲁迅的骨头是最硬的，②他没有丝毫的奴颜和媚骨，③这是殖民地半殖民地人民最可宝贵的性格。
Lu Hsun was a man of unyielding integrity, free from all sycophancy－拍马屁，奉承or obsequiousness－谄媚; this quality is invaluable among colonial and semi-colonial people.原文由意义上相互联系，结构上却相互独立的三个小句组成复句。
主语分别为名词“骨头”、代词“他”和“这”。
译者将①②合为一个分句，改原来作定语的“鲁迅”为主语，同时舍弃了“骨头是最硬的”这个在汉语中比喻人的品格“刚正不阿”的形象，以 a man of unyielding integrity 这一意译的方式取而代之；“性格”（this quality）一词原在句③充当谓语的述宾结构中的宾语，现改作主语，译文曲尽原意，语言自然。
如若搬照原文的主语，死译硬译，则成为典型的中式英语。
试比较一下译文：Lu Hsun’s bones were the hardest; he was free from all sycophancy or obsequiousness; this is invaluable among colonial and semi-colonial people.2) 胎又瘪了。
We’ve got another flat tire.The tire turns flat again?3) 人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。
It is impossible to judge people from their appearance, and impossible to measure the ocean by pints. (刘鹗《老残游记》，杨宪益、戴乃迭译)试比较一下译文(不好):We can’t judge people from their appearance, just as we can’t measure the ocean by pints.4．找出译文中合适的主语1) 在历史上，由于长江不断改道，在武汉地区形成了众多的湖泊。
The constant change of the course of the Changjiang River in history helped form a great manylakes in the areas around Wuhan-a city in central China.Because of the constant change of the course of the Changjiang River in history, there have formed>vi.形成a great many lakes (“there be”, “a great many lakes”) in the areas around Wuhan-a city in central China.2) 健康不佳就无法有效工作。
（表示条件的主语用抽象的英语名词短语表达）Poor health may cause one’s inefficiency at work.One’s poor health will incapacitate>使不能胜任him for efficient work (from efficient work). You cannot work efficiently if you are in poor health. >口语体3) 北京地区由于近些年加强了植树造林，在一些地方飞来了稀有的鸟类。
The expansion of woods in some places around Beijing these years attracts quite a few rare birds. Quite a few rare birds come to settle down in some places around Beijing thanks to the expansion of woods there these years.4) 世纪交替，千年更迭，人类社会的发展正在揭开新的篇章。
The turn of the century has opened a new chapter in the development of human society.5) 世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。
The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena.At the turn of the century, China is most active in its diplomatic activities.5．主语的客观性1) 你做这事不费吹灰之力。
It is very easy for you to do such a thing.2) 决定把这问题提到下次会上讨论。
It was decided to bring the matter up at the next meeting.3) 这时我激动得说不出话来。
Words fail me here.I am too excited/stirred/agitated to utter any words.(前一表示激动人心的那种，后两个表示焦躁，不安产生的激动等)6．英语多用被动式1) 成都新改建的府南河两岸将修建许多草坪和居民大楼。
Plenty of lawns and apartment houses will be built along both the banks of the newly-renovated Funan River.2) 公共场所禁止吸烟。
Smoking is forbidden in public places.3) 这件事至今还没有得出正确的结论。
So far no correct conclusion has been drawn on the matter.4) 有明显的迹象表明，一些古老的传统和价值观不再为年轻人所珍藏。
Obvious signs show that some old traditions and values are not cherished by youth any more.5) 收音机的成本降低了80％。
The cost of radio sets was reduced by 80%.6) 可以预见，在一个不太长的时间内，中国必在科学技术方面赶上世界最先进的国家。
It can be predicted that China will certainly catch up with the most advanced nations in the world in science and technology in not too long a time.7．There be专练1) 好像有点不大对头。
There seems something wrong about it.2) 古今中外，在商贸市场上历来都是大鱼吃小鱼。
There exists a law (“there be”, the logical subject to be “a law”, latent in the context) at all times and in all countries that the great fish eat up the small in the world of business.3) 古今中外，这种情况概莫能外。
There is no exception to this in modern or ancient times, in China or elsewhere.9．谓语的确立：谓语只能由动词（系动词或实义动词）或动词短语担当。
1）北京很好玩。
Beijing is a great city to have fun.2）北京外来人口逐年增多。
The number of people from other places in Beijing increases year by year.3）从北京乘火车到郑州要花十多个小时。
It takes more than ten hours to ride by train from Beijing to Zhengzhou, the capital city of Henan province near Beijing.4）总统明天准备乘专机前往上海参观访问。
The president prepares to go to Shanghai by his special plane for a visit tomorrow.5）晚上过来跟我们一块打保龄球如何？Would you come to join us for playing bowling this evening?10．注意谓语动词的选择的准确性1）中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务。