2016年医学考博完型填空真题
2016年医博士试题及答案
一1、《中华人民共和国传染病防治法》和《艾滋病防治条例》1.国家对传染病管理的方针是（20）答案不确定A、预防为主B、防治结合C、分类管理、依靠科学D、依靠群众E、以上都是2.在艾滋病防控工作当中，下列哪些是属于违法行为（20）答案不确定A、未履行艾滋病监测职责的B、未按照规定免费提供咨询和初筛检测的C、对临时应急采集的血液未进行艾滋病检测，对临床用血艾滋病检测结果未进行核查，或者将艾滋病检测阳性的血液用于临床的 D、未遵守标准防护原则，或者未执行操作规程和消毒管理制度，发生艾滋病医院感染或者医源性感染的E、以上都是3.《中华人民共和国传染病防治法》规定的乙类传染病有多少种（20）答案不确定A、2种B、26种C、11种D、23种E、15种4.目前使用的《中华人民共和国传染病防治法》是在哪年进行的最后修订（20）答案不确定A、1989B、2004C、2010D、2013E、20145.国家对艾滋病患者的救助措施有哪些（20）答案不确定A、向农村艾滋病病人和城镇经济困难的艾滋病病人免费提供抗艾滋病病毒治疗药品B、对农村和城镇经济困难的艾滋病病毒感染者、艾滋病病人适当减免抗机会性感染治疗药品的费用C、向接受艾滋病咨询、检测的人员免费提供咨询和初筛检测D、向感染艾滋病病毒的孕产妇免费提供预防艾滋病母婴传播的治疗和咨E、以上都是2、传染病及突发公共卫生事件上报及处理流程（一）A、发现患者至患者痊愈B、最后接触患者日至该病最长潜伏期C、21天D、3个月E、最早接触患者日至该病最长潜伏期2.按照甲类传染病管理的传染病包括（20）答案不确定A、肺炭疽B、鼠疫C、霍乱D、人感染高致病性禽流感E、以上都是3.下列哪种方式，是提高易感人群特异性免疫力的措施（20）答案不确定A、增加锻炼B、接种预防该病的疫苗C、接种丙种球蛋白D、预防性服药E、以上都不是4.乙类传染病上报时限是（20）答案不确定A、2小时B、6小时C、12小时D、24小时E、48小时5.传染病患者的管理原则是（20）答案不确定A、早发现B、早诊断C、早报告D、早隔离E、以上都是1.下列哪些属于突发公共卫生事件（20）答案不确定A、甲类法定传染病在某地首次出现B、医院感染事件C、生物恐怖事件D、各类食物中毒E、以上都是2.消毒剂溶液喷雾消毒法适用于（20）答案不确定A、空气B、被褥C、排泄物D、水E、以上都不是3.突发公共卫生事件分()级（20）答案不确定A、5B、4C、3D、6E、84.突发公共卫生事件Ⅲ级，用何种颜色表示（20）答案不确定A、绿色B、橙色C、黄色D、蓝色E、红色5.突发公共卫生事件上报时限是（20）答案不确定A、2小时B、6小时C、12小时D、24小时E、48小时1.根据《中华人民共和国突发事件应对法》的规定，可以预警的自然灾害、事故灾难和公共卫生事件的预警级别分为四级，即一级、二级、三级和四级，分别是下列何种颜色标示（20）答案不确定A、红、橙、黄、蓝B、红、黄、橙、绿C、红、黄、绿、蓝D、黄、红、橙、蓝E、黄、红、蓝、橙2.下列哪项不属于突发公共卫生事件的特征（20）答案不确定A、突发性B、少发性C、多样性D、复杂性E、严重性3.《突发公共卫生事件应急条例》是中华人民共和国国务院令第376号，于()起公布施行（20）答案不确定A、1989年9月1日B、1987年5月1日C、2003年5月9日D、2007年10月1日E、2011年5月8日4.建立突发事件应急反应机制应遵循的四条原则，以下哪项除外（20）答案不确定A、中央统一指挥，地方分级负责B、依法规范管理，保证快速反应C、完善监测体系，提高预警能力D、依靠科学，加强合作E、改善基础条件，保障持续运行5.下列哪项不属于突发公共卫生事件（20）答案不确定A、重大传染病疫情B、群体性不明原因疾病C、重大食物中毒事件D、重大职业中毒事件E、慢性肺部疾患1.下列哪项不属于“经饮水传播”的流行特征（20）答案不确定A、病人皆有饮用同一水源的历史B、病例集中在1～2个潜伏期内C、病例分布与供水范围相一致D、污染水源停止使用或消毒后，暴发即可平息E、常出现人传人的现象2.暴发调查的目的包括（20）答案不确定A、查明疾病暴发的原因B、及时采取有效措施迅速扑灭疫情C、总结经验教训D、防止类似事件再次发生E、以上均是3.下列哪项不属于疾病暴发的特点（20）答案不确定A、时间较短B、单位或地区分布分散C、病人相对较多D、症状相似E、病人的菌型一致4.某地发生群体性食物中毒，以下哪些信息属于接报的要点（20）答案不确定A、报告单位、报告人姓名、联系电话，记录报告时间、发生事件的单位名称、详细地址、联系电话B、中毒人数、发病时间、临床症状、住院及救治情况C、可疑食品、共同就餐人数、可疑餐次、就餐地点有无人群聚集性D、嘱咐报告人保护好现场，保留可疑食品及病人吐泻物，禁止继续使用、出售可疑食品E、以上均是5.某地发生群体性食物中毒进行现场调查，关于采集标本要求错误的是（20）答案不确定A、应根据疾病的性质，选取合适的标本，如各种分泌物、血液、体液和组织B、采集的标本应具有代表性C、采集的标本应在到达现场时进行D、采集后的标本应做好标记E、采集后的标本应低温保存，尽快测定1.抗菌药物疗程因感染不同而异，一般宜用至体温正常、症状消退后（20）答案不确定A、24小时B、24～48小时C、72～96小时D、48～72小时E、48～96小时2.按照抗菌药物PK/PD理论下列哪类药物为浓度依赖性（20）答案不确定A、青霉素类B、头孢菌素类C、碳青霉烯类D、氟喹诺酮类E、糖肽类3.以下哪种类型的感染通常不推荐给予较大的给药剂量（20）答案不确定A、单纯的下尿路感染B、血流感染C、感染性心内膜炎D、骨髓炎E、中枢神经系统感染4.以下哪些原则上不应预防使用抗菌药物（20）答案不确定A、普通感冒B、留置导尿管的患者C、建立人工气道的患者D、心力衰竭E、以上都是5.下列哪些情况可先予以注射给药（20）答案不确定A、不能口服或不能耐受口服给药的患者B、患者存在明显可能影响口服药物吸收的情况C、所选药物有合适抗菌谱，但无口服剂型D、需在感染组织或体液中迅速达到高药物浓度以达杀菌作用者E、以上都是1.围手术期抗菌药物预防性用药目的不包括下列哪项（20）答案不确定A、预防手术部位浅表切口感染B、预防手术部位深部切口感染C、预防手术部位所涉及的器官/腔隙感染D、预防手术部位感染E、术后可能发生的其他部位感染2.下列哪种手术宜预防性应用抗生素（20）答案不确定A、疝修补术B、甲状腺腺瘤摘除术C、乳房纤维腺瘤切除术D、开放性骨折清创内固定术E、肿瘤物理消融术3.下列哪项关于特殊使用级抗菌药物的说法是错误的（20）答案不确定A、特殊使用级抗菌药物的选用应从严控制B、特殊使用级抗菌药物会诊人员应由医疗机构内部授权C、特殊使用级抗菌药物可在门诊使用D、感染病情严重者可考虑越级应用特殊使用级抗菌药物E、免疫功能低下患者发生感染时可考虑越级应用特殊使用级抗菌药物4.新版抗菌药物指导原则和我国病案首页分别将手术切口分为几类（20）答案不确定A、3类；3类B、4类；3类C、3类；4类D、4类；4类E、4类；5类5.经临床长期应用证明安全、有效，价格相对较低的抗菌药物在抗菌药物分级管理中属于（20）答案不确定A、非限制使用B、限制使用C、特殊使用D、随意使用E、经验使用二1、全科医学的基本原则ABEDD1.关于影响社区居民健康的因素，错误的描述是（20）答案不确定3.以下何种属性不是全科医疗与专科医疗的区别（20）A、对服务对象责任的持续性与间断性B、处理疾病的轻重、常见与少见C、对服务对象的责任心D、是否使用高新昂贵的医疗技术E、服务人口的多少与流动性4.全科医学“连续性服务”体现在（20）A、全科医生对社区中所有人的生老病死负有全部责任B、全科医生在患者生病的过程中均陪伴在病人床边C、患者的所有健康问题都要由全科医生亲手处理D、全科医生对人生各阶段以及从健康到疾病的各阶段都负有健康管理责任E、如果全科医生调动工作，就必须将自己的患者带走5.全科医学的基本特点不包括（20）A、基础性照顾B、人性化照顾C、可及性照顾D、综合性照顾E、阶段性照顾3全科医生临床技能考核1.关于医学教育的追求方向，叙述错误的是（20）答案不确定A、成果标准化，而实施过程个体化B、鼓励采用各种整合措施C、拥有自身与追求改善的习惯D、关注医师专业素养的养成E、行医为导向的学习与改进2.关于合格的医生应具备的六项核心能力，叙述错误的是（20）答案不确定A、照顾病患能力B、医学知识；行医为导向的学习与改进C、完全满足病人寻求相关信息的需求D、人际关系和沟通技巧；专业素质E、医疗体系下的行医3.关于迷你临床演练评量计分标准，叙述正确的是（20）答案不确定A、评分表共分七大项目，每个项目皆采用九级计分评量B、1-2级表示学员操作未符合要求C、3-4级表示达到要求D、5-7级表示良好E、8-9级表示优秀4.关于临床操作技能评估（DOPS），叙述错误的是（20）答案不确定A、评估人员：主治医师、总住院或高年住院医师、其他资深人员（护师、放射师、医检师或药师）、每次尽量安排不同的评估观察者B、参加人员：一位临床教师、一位学员或住院医师、一位病患C、所需时间：视不同技能而定，通常每次约20分钟，其中评估10分钟、回馈讨论10分钟，一般每年评估4～6次D、评估过程：观察学员操作临床技能，每次观察一至二种proceduresE、评估地点：门诊、病房、临床技能训练中心5.OSCE常用考核项目，包括（20）答案不确定A、病史询问B、体格检查C、沟通技巧；健康教育D、医患关系；临床操作E、以上都是4社区医学1.关于影响社区居民健康的因素，错误的描述是（20）答案不确定A、社区个体行为完全取决于社会或社区中的主流文化、信仰、风俗和价值观B、高收入的个体和群体不一定比低收入者更健康C、社区组织提供服务的质量、数量和方式等直接或间接影响社区成员的健康D、人口稠密地区更易造成传染病的流行E、行为生活方式是慢性病的主要危险因素2.家属对糖尿病患者改变饮食的理解和支持属于影响病人行为的（20）答案不确定A、前置因素B、促成因素C、强化因素D、认知因素E、后置因素3.社区构成要素的主体是（20）答案不确定A、一定数量的人群B、一定的地域范围C、社区生活服务设施D、社区文化E、管理机构与制度4.实施COPC的核心是（20）答案不确定A、社区诊断B、社区参与C、制订COPC计划D、权利增长E、以上都不是5.高血压患者家属认为限盐对控制血压非常重要，属于影响病人行为的（20）答案不确定A、倾向因素B、促成因素C、强化因素D、消极因素E、后置因素5社区诊断1.社区诊断的主要内容有（20）答案不确定A、社会学与流行病学诊断B、行为与环境诊断C、教育与组织诊断D、管理与政策诊断E、以上都是2.社区资源是指（20）答案不确定A、组织机构资源B、人力资源C、物质资源D、社区动员的潜力E、以上都是3.社区诊断的资料来源不包括（20）答案不确定A、健康档案记录B、社区出生登记资料C、询问病史D、横断面调查资料E、环境监测记录4.社区诊断的重点是（20）答案不确定A、明确社区内最难解决的健康问题B、了解社区可利用的资源C、确定社区内需优先解决的卫生问题D、了解社区解决卫生问题的能力E、为政府及卫生行政部门等制订社区卫生相关政策提供重要依据。
医学考博英语试题及答案
医学考博英语试题及答案一、词汇与语法（共20分，每题1分）1. The new drug is reported to be effective in treating_______.A. hypertensionB. hypotensionC. hyperactivityD. hypoactivity答案：A2. The patient's condition has been stable since the _______ of the medication.A. administrationB. admissionC. communicationD. commutation答案：A3. The doctor advised the patient to avoid _______ foods.A. allergenicB. allergicC. allergenD. allergy答案：A4. The _______ of the surgery was successful, but thepatient's recovery was slow.A. executionB. implementationC. performanceD. operation答案：D5. The _______ of the disease is influenced by genetic factors.A. progressionB. regressionC. transmissionD. transition答案：A二、阅读理解（共30分，每篇5分）Passage 1Recent studies have shown that a balanced diet can significantly reduce the risk of heart disease. Experts recommend consuming a variety of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. It is also important to limit the intake of salt, sugar, and saturated fats.5. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The importance of a balanced dietB. The role of fruits and vegetables in heart healthC. The dangers of salt, sugar, and saturated fatsD. The benefits of lean proteins and healthy fats答案：A6. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT recommended for heart health?A. Consuming a variety of fruits and vegetablesB. Eating whole grainsC. Limiting the intake of salt and sugarD. Eating large amounts of saturated fats答案：DPassage 2The use of electronic health records (EHRs) has increased significantly in recent years. EHRs provide a comprehensive view of a patient's medical history, which can improve the quality of care. However, the implementation of EHRs also presents challenges, such as ensuring data privacy and security.7. What is the main advantage of EHRs mentioned in the passage?A. They provide a complete medical historyB. They improve patient-doctor communicationC. They reduce medical errorsD. They lower healthcare costs答案：A8. What challenge is associated with the use of EHRs?A. Ensuring data privacy and securityB. Training medical staff to use the systemC. Maintaining the hardware for the systemD. Complying with legal regulations答案：A三、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）In recent years, telemedicine has become increasingly popular as a means of providing medical care to patients in remoteareas. This approach allows doctors to consult with patients via video conference, 9. which can save both time and money. Telemedicine can also 10. provide access to specialized care that may not be available locally.9. A. therebyB. moreoverC. howeverD. otherwise答案：A10. A. potentiallyB. actuallyC. certainlyD. occasionally答案：A四、翻译（共30分，每题15分）将下列句子从英文翻译成中文。
医学博士考试01-06试题 加详解
2000FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案（部分）PAPER TWO31.A 32.B 33.C 34.D 35.A 36.B 37.C 38.C 39.A 40.B 41.C 42.C 43.C 44.D 45.B46.D 47.C 48.B 49.A 50.C51.C 52.B 53.D 54.A55.C 56.D 57.D 58.C59.C 60.C 61.D 62.D63.A 64.B 65.D 66.D67.C 68.B 69.C 70.A71.C 72.C 73.C 74.D 75.D2001FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案（部分）PAPER ONE1.A2.C3.D4.B5.A6.A7.C8.A9.D 10.C 11. PAPER TWO1.C2.C3.A4.B5.C6.D7.B8.D9.C 10.D 11.D 12.A 13.A 14.B 15.B 16.C 17.C 18.A 19.D 20.D 21.D 22.C 23.A 24.C 25.C 26.C 27.A 28.B 29.A 30.A31.C 32.A 33.B 34.A 35.A 36.B 37.C 38.C 39.D 40.B 41.C 42.C 43.A 44.B 45.B46.C 47.D 48.B 49.D 50.A51.C 52.A 53.A 54.D55.D 56.C 57.A 58.A59.C 60.C 61.D 62.A63.B 64.D 65.D 66.C67.A 68.A 69.D 70.D71.C 72.A 73.C 74.D 75.A2002FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案（部分）1.B2.C3.C4.A5.D6.B7.C8.C9.B 10.C 11.C 12.D 13.D 14.C 15.B16.A 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.A 21.D 22.D 23.C 24.C 25.C 26.A 27.D 28.A 29.C 30.B31.B 32.C 33.A 34.C 35.D 36.C 37.C 38.C 39.D40.D41.B 42.D 43.D 44.B 45.C 46.D 47.A 48.B 49.A50.B51.B 52.C 53.D 54.A 55.C 56.C 57.C 58.C 59.A60.A61.A 62.D 63.D 64.B 65.A 66.D 67.D 68.A 69.C70.C71.B 72.A 73.A 74.A 75.A 76.B 77.C 78.B 79.C80.D81.C 82.B 83.D 84.D 85.D 86.A 87.B 88.C 89.A 90.D2003FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案（部分）1.D 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.D 7.C 8.D 9.B 10.D 11.B 12.D 13.D 14.A 15.A16.C 17.A 18.D 19.D 20.D 21.C 22.D 23.D 24.A 25.C 26.D 27.D 28.B 29.C 30.D31.A 32.B 33.D 34.C 35.A 36.D 37.A 38.C 39.C 40.A 41.A 42.C 43.C 44.D 45.D 46.B 47.D 48.D 49.C 50.A51.B 52.A 53.C 54.A 55.C 56.B 57.A 58.C 59.B60.A61.C 62.B 63.C 64.B 65.C 66.C 67.B 68.D 69.A70.B71.D 72.A 73.D 74.C 75.D 76.B 77.D 78.C 79.C80.A81.A 82.A 83.D 84.C 85.B 86.B 87.C 88.A 89.D 90.B2004年全国医学考博英语试题答案（仅供参考）1.A2.B3.C4.C5.C6.B7.D8.A9.D 10.D11.A 12.B 13.C 14.C 15.D 16.D 17.A 18.C 19.B 20.A21.A 22.B 23.D 24.C 25.D 26.A 27.D 28.C 29.B 30.C31.B 32.A 33.D 34.A 35.B 36.B 37.A 38.B 39.C 40.B41.A 42.C 43.B 44.D 45.C 46.D 47.C 48.A 49.D 50.A51.A 52.B 53.D 54.A 55.B 56.C 57.A 58.A 59.B 60.C61.D 62.C 63.B 64.D 65.C 66.D 67.D 68.C 69.D 70.B71.B 72.D 73.B 74.C 75.B 76.B 77.A 78.D 79.A 80.B81.B 82.D 83.C 84.C 85.A 86.B 87.D 88.A 89.A 90.D2005年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1-5CACDA6-10CDBCB11-15CADBA16-20DDBCB21-25ABCBD26-30CCDAD31-35CABAA36-40CADAD41-45BACBA46-50ABDCC51-55BACBA56-60ACBCB61-65BCBBC66-70BDABC71-75CACBB76-80CACBB81-85CBACD86-90ADBCC2006年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案31-40 CDCCB BCBDA41-50 ACACA ACDDB51-60 BCACA AADBC61-70 DDDDA ACABD71-80ACCCC BCAAD81-90DBDBD DDBBC2001part III vocabulary(15%)1.we are all overwhelmed with more facts and information than we can possibly____A.feedB.maintainC.absorbD.consume2.pleasure,or joy, is vital to ____health. vital.生死攸关的, 重大的, 生命的, 生机的, 至关重要的, 所必需的A.optimistic pessimistic悲观的B.optional可选择的, 随意的C.optimal最佳的, 最理想的near optimal近似最佳D.operational3.A ____ effort is required to achieve health.mitted 承担义务的；忠于既定立场的；坚定的B.restrictedposed镇静的, 沉着的D.sophisticated诡辩的, 久经世故的4.A person’s belief ____ and colors his experience.A.contradicts vt.同...矛盾, 同...抵触contradict a statement驳斥一项声明contradict oneself自相矛盾B.shapes shape the destiny of决定...的命运C.summarizes概述, 总结, 摘要而言D.exchanges交换, 调换, 兑换, 交流, 交易.exchange experience 交流经验5.Many professors encourage students to question and ____ their idearsA.convey vt.搬运, 传达, 转让I can't convey my feelings in words.我的情感难以言表。
解放军医学院(301医院)呼吸内科学2016年考博真题考博试卷
2016 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：呼吸内科学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 题型：选择，填空，名解，论述 一、 选择题 1. HAP 感染细菌 2. 肺癌靶向治疗药 二、 填空题 1. 特发性间质性肺疾病分类 2. 肺癌病理分型 3. 支气管扩张影像表现分型 4. HAP 常见感染菌 三、 名词解释 1. 气胸 2. 支气管哮喘 3. 靶向基因 4. 保护性支持通气 5. 广谱β -内酰胺酶（英文） 四、 论述题 1. 阻塞性肺疾病的扩容治疗 2. 哮喘阶梯治疗 3. COPD 的 GOLD 分级 4. ARDS 柏林定义和诊断
第1页 共1页
医学考博英语统考真题
2007 年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversationsbetween two speakers. At the end of each conversation, youwill hear a question about what is said. The question will beread only once. After you hear the question, read the fourpossible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven't had a bite all day.Question: What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right an swer.Sample An swerA B C DNow let 'begi n with questio n Number 1.1.A. To do some experiments.B. To attend a class.C. To review his lessons.D. To take a test.2.A. In a hotel.B. In the hospital.C. In the prison.D. At the airport.3.A. He got an ulcer in his stomach.B. He got hurt in the soccer game.C. He will be discharged soon.D. He got his tumor removed.4.A. She told a lie so as not to hurt Jimmy.B. She felt because she had a headache.C. She hurt Jimmy by telling him a lie.D. She slept off her headache.5.A. His new car is not fast enough.B. His new car moves very fast.C. His new car is a real bargain.D. His new car is somewhat of a financial burden.6.A. Get more time to relax.B. Take some tranquillizers.C. Seek a second opinion.D. Avoid her responsibilities.7.A. He got a headache while establishing the institute.B. He had a hard time getting the institute started.C. Everything was OK at the beginning.D. It is impossible to open such an institute in Seoul.8.ExcitedFrustratedAnnoyedRelieved9.Each class lasts an hour.The class is meeting in an hour and a half.The class meets four hours and a half per week.The class meets for half an hour three times a week. 10.A. The woman was a good skier.B. The woman couldn't ski.C. The woman didn't intend to go skiing.D. The woman didn't like Swiss. 11.A. She's an insurance agent.B. She's an insurance client.C. She's a bank clerk.D. She's a driver.A. He tripped over some crutches.12.B. He had rheumatism in his legs.C. He sprained his foot.D. He broke his leg.13.A. The vacation is almost gone.B. The vacation has just started.C. They are prepared for the new semester.D. They can't wait for the new semester.14.A. She was knocked down by a feather.B. She is shamed of Larry.C. She was really surprised.D. She was proud of Larry.15.A. To visit his son.B. To perform an operation.C. To have an operation.D. To send his son for an operation.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear three passages. After each one, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage One16.A. A pharmacist.B. A visitor.C. A physician.D. A dieter.17.A. Cough.B. Diarrhea.C. Headache.D. Stomach upset.18.A. Pain-killers.B. Cough syrup.C. Antidiarrheas.D. Indigestion tablets.19.A. The cold weather.B. Tiredness caused by traveling.C. The strange food he had eaten.D. The greasy food he had eaten.20.A. Take the medicine from the woman.B. G to see a specialist.C. Stop eating and drinking for a few days.D. Stay in bed for a couple of days. Passage Two21.A. Headaches.B. Insomnia.C. Respiratory problems.D. Digestive problems.22.A. On Monday in Edinburgh.B. On Wednesday in Edinburgh.C. On Monday at Staffordshire University.26.D. On Wednesday at Staffordshire University.24.A. The subjects were asked to write of their free will.B. The subjects were asked to write in a systematic way.C. The subjects were asked to say how often they made entries.D. The subjects were asked if they had written down anything traumatic. 25.A. The diarists who write of their free will.B. The diarists who were students at Staffordshire UniversityC. The diarists who had written about trauma.D. The non-diarists who were susceptible to headaches.Passage ThreeA. A brief history of British pubs.23.A. 94B. 44C. 130D. 135B. Beer-the British national drink.C. Various attempts made to curb drinking in Britain.D. The frustrating opening and closing hours of British pubs.27.A. As early as 659 AD.B. After 659 AD.C. Before the Roman invasion.D. After the Roman invasion.28.A. To restrict drinking hours.B. To restrict travelers to certain drinks.C. To encourage the locals to drink in other towns.D. To encourage inns to lodge various kinds of people.29.A. People were better off.B. The government failed to persuade people from drinking.C. There appeared a new cheap drink.D. Drinkers had found various ways to get around the laws.30.A. The licensing hours have been extended.B. Old people are not allowed to drink in pubs.C. Children are not allowed yet to drink in pubs.D. Big changes have taken place in pubs.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D, are given beneath each ofthem. You are to choose the word or phrase that bestcompletes the sentence. Then, mark your answer on theANSWER SHEET.31. The doctor gave him an injection in order to _____ the pain.A. alleviateB. aggregateC. abolishD. allocate32. H is broken arm healed well, but she died of the pneumonia whichfollowed as a _____ .A. complementB. complimentC. complexionD. complication33. Unfortunately, our vacation plans ________ on account of transportstrikes.A fell back B. fell thoughC. fell uponD. fell to34. The _______ climate of Hawaii attracts visitors from all over the world every year.A. genialB. frigidC. genuineD. foul35. This is the ______ in which the organism lives most effectively.A. optimumB. optionC. ordealD. orbit36. The doctor suggests that a good holiday in the country should him____ nicely after his operation.A. set …outB. set …upC. set - offD. set …aside37. His behavior was so ____ that even the merciful people could not forgive him.A. uniqueB. unconventionalC. brutalD. brilliant38. ________ to your present job until you can get a better one.A. Hang aboutB. Hang backC. Hang behindD. Hang on39. Suffering from his leg illness, Tom is very ____ nowadays.A. emaciatedB. eligibleD. excepti onal40. He saved some money for artistic ______ such as fine pain ti ngs. A. don ati ons C . luxuriesSecti on BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phraseunderlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each senten ce. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the origi nal sen ten ceif it is substituted for the un derli ned part. Mark your an swer on the ANSWER SHEET.41. It has been proved that the chemical is lethal to rats but safe for cattle.A. fatalB. reactiveC. uniqueD. vital42. To their surprise, she has bee n nominated as can didate for the Preside ncy.A. recog ni zedB. defi nedC. appo in tedD. promoted43. We cannot look down upon our opponent, who is an experieneed swimmer.C. elasticB. profits D. luresA. playerB. competitorC. refereeD. part ner44. She is regarded as a good nurse in that she attends to patie nts without any compla int.A. sees throughB. looks overC. takes inD. cares for45. It is well known that the minimum penalty for this crime is 2 years ' impris onment.A. conv icti onB. spa nC. mercyD. punishment46. The whole area of the n atio nal and local gover nments tried to wipeout rats to preve nt the spread of disease.A. extermi nateB. domin ateC. determi nateD. con tami nate47. All the students are afraid of him since he is always severe with them.A. vigorousB. rigorousC. vigila ntD. rigid48. The biggest engin eeri ng project that they un dertook was encumbered by lack of fun ds.A. can celledB. conden sedC. hamperedD. haun tedA. playerB. competitor49. In order to be a successful diplomat you must be en thusiastic andmagn etic.A. arroga ntB. in dustriousC. zealousD. attractive50. He is successful as a doctor because of his dynamic personality, heseems to have un limited en ergy.A. meticulousB. vigorousC. aggressiveD. arbitraryPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Many Can adia ns enjoy the luxury of a large amount of livi ng space. Can ada is vast, and the homes are large accord ing to the sta ndardsof many coun ties. Even _ 51__inner cities do not reach the extremes found in other parts of world.Can adia ns appreciate the space and value their privacy. Since families are gen erally small, many Can adia n childre n enjoy the luxury oftheirA. arroga ntB. in dustriousown bedroom. Having more than one bathroom in a house is also considered a modern __52__.Many rooms in Canadian homes have specialized functions.“ Family rooms”are popular features in modern houses; these are __53__“, living rooms”since many living rooms have become reserved for entertaining. Some homes have formal and informal dining areas, __54__.Recreational homes are also popular__55___ Canadians. Some Canadiansown summer homes, cottages, or camps. These may __56__ from a small one-room cabin to a luxurious building that rivals the comforts of the regular residence. Some cottages are winterized for year-round use. Cottages offer people the chance to “geat way from it all. ”They are so popular that summer weekend traffic jams are common, especially in large cities such as Toronto, where the number of people leaving town on Friday night and returning Sunday might __57__the highways for hours.Sometimes, living in Canada means not only having privacy, but also being isolated. Mobility has become a part of modern life; people often do not live in one place long enough to __58__ to know their neighbors. Tenants live their own lives in their apartments or townhouses. Even in private residential areas, where there is some ___59___, neighborhood life is not as close-knit as it once was. There seemsto be __60__ of a communal spirit. Life today is so hectic that there is often little time.51. A. spacious B. crowded C. remote D. deserted52. A. convenience B. comfort C. architecture D. taste53. A. in common B. in particular C. in chief D. in fact54. A. either B. as well C. in turn D. instead55. A. to B. in C. with D. for56. A. transform B. convert C. range D. shift57. A. blocks B . halts C. cuts off D. keeps off58. A. become B. come C. get D. grow59. A . stability B. mobility C. reality D.tranquility60. A. bit B. much C. more D. lessPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possibleanswers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and markthe letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneThe popular idea that classical music can improve your maths isfalling form favor. New experiments have failed to support the widely publicized finding that Mozart 's music promotes mathematical thinking.Researchers reported six years age that listening to Mozart brings about short-tem improvements in spatial-temporal reasoning, the type of thinking used in maths. Gordon Shaw of the University of California at Irvine and Frances Rauscher of the University of Wisconsin in Oshkosh had asked students to perform spatial tasks such as imagining how a piece of paper would look if it were folded and cut in a certain pattern.Some of the students then listened to a Mozart sonata and took the test again. The performance of the Mozart group improved, Shaw found. He reasoned that listening to Mozart increases the number of connections between neurons.But Kenneth Steele of Appalachian State University in North Carolina learnt that other studies failed to find this effect. He decided to repeat one of Shaw's experiments to see for himself.Steele divided 125 students into three groups and tested their abilities to work out how to paper would look if cut and folded. One group listened to Mozart, another listened to a piece by Philip Glass and the third did not listen to anything. Then the students took the test again.No group showed any statistically significant improvement in their abilities. Steele concludes that the Mozart effect doesn't exist. “It 's about as unproven and as unsupported as you can g”eth.e says.Shaw, however, defends his study. One reason he gives is that people who perform poorly in the initial test get the greatest boost from Mozart, but Steele didn't separate his students into groups based on ability. “ We' sretill at the stage where it needs to be examined. ”Shaw says. “I suspect that the more we understand the neurobiology, the more w'ell be able to design tests that give a robust effec”t.61. It has been recently found out that ________A. Mozart had an aptitude of music because of his mathematicalthinkingB. classical music cannot be expected to improve on'se mathC. the effects of music on health are widely recognizedD. music favors one's mathematical thinking62. Which of the following pairs, according to the widely publicized finding, is connected?A. Paper cutting and spatial thinkingB. The nature of a task and the type of thinkingC. Classical music and mathematical performanceD. Mathematical thinking and spatial-temporal reasoning63. In Shaw's test, the students would most probably _____A. draw the image of the cut paperB. improve their mathematical thinkingC. have the idea about classical music confirmedD. increase the number of neurons in their brains64. From Steele's experiment we say that ____ .A. his hypothesis did not get proven and supportedB. it was much more complicated than Shaw'sC. the result were statistically significantD. Shaw's results were not repeatable65. Shaw is critical of ________A. Steele's results presented at a wrong stageB. Steele's wrong selection of the testeesC. Steele's ignorance of neurobiologyD. Steele's test designPassage TwoLong-suffering couples take heart. There is a good reason for those endless arguments in the front of the car: men and women use different parts of the brain when they try to find their way around, suggesting that the strategies they use might also be completely different.Matthias Riepe and his colleagues at the University of Ulm in Germany asked 24 healthy volunteers---half of them men, half women---to find theirway out of three virtual-reality mazes displayed on video goggles. Meanwhile, the researchers monitored the volunteers' brain activity using a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanner. This showed that men and women called on strikingly different brain areas to complete the task. “I didn't expect it to be so dramatic,” says Riepe.Previous students have been shown that woman rely manly on landmarks to find their way. Men use these cues too, but they also use geometric cues, such as the angle and shape of a wall or a corner. Such studies also suggest that men navigate their way out of unfamiliar spaces more quickly, as Riepe found in his study, too.Riepe discovered that both men and women used parts of the parietal cortex towards the top of the brain, the right side of the hippocampus and a few other well-established areas to find their way out. Neuroscientists think that the parietal regions help translate what the eyes see into information about where the body is in space, while the hippocampal region helps progress how objects are arranged.But other regions seemed to be exclusively male or female. The men engaged the left side of their hippocampus, which the researcherssay could help with assessinggeometry or remembering whether they have already visited a location. The women, by contrast, recruited their right frontal cortex. Riepe says this may indicate that they were using their “working memory”, trying to keep in mind the landmarks they had passed.“It fits very well with the animal studies, ”says Riepe. He points out that there seem to be similar differences in rats. For example, damage to the frontal lobe will impair a female 's sense of direction, but not a mal'es.66. The studies on the driving issue have evolved _________A. from the car to the driverB. from the reality to the virtual -ealityC. from the physical cues to the parts of the brainD. from the cues of navigation to the strategies of driving67. The different parts of the brain men and women use to find their wayaround, according to the passage, refer to _______A. the left side of the hippocampus and the right frontal cortexB. the right and left side of their hippocampuses respectivelyC. the right and left hemisphere of their brains respectivelyD. the parietal cortex and the hippocampus as a whole68. The part of the brain women use may help explain whythey ___________ .A. use geometric cues to navigateB. have a better memory than menC. rely mainly on landmarks to find their waysD. behave less aggressively than men in driving69. T he reason for the differences in the sexes, according to Riepe, could beA. the environmental factorB. the psychological factorC. the innate factorD. all of the above70. Which one of the following questions did the studies answer?A. How do women and men drive differently?B. How can we detect the brain activities during driving?C. Why do men and women argue over which route to take?D. Why does the damage to the frontal lobe impair the sense ofdirection?Passage ThreeWork has left you frazzled. Your legs ache when you get back fromthe gym …don 'pop those aspiri ns just yet. Think hot spri ngs. Cranking up a hot tub and hopping in is a actural remedy that can provide significant relief from physical pain and stress.There are more than three million home spas in the U.S. today. Thereare numerous reasons spas have made the move from the decks of Hollywood producers to the back yards of middle America. Spas help reduce the effect of stress on your body, assist in muscle recovery after the stress of exercise, and help heal muscles near arthritic joints.There ate three elements to hydrotherapy that, in tandem, provide these healing effects on the body: heat, buoyancy, and motion. When you exercise, your muscles develop thousands of microscopic tears which result in painful lactic acid build-up in the muscle tissue. Hydrotherapy's motion and warmth cause blood vessels to dilate, lowering blood pressure and speeding the flow of oxygen, endorphins, and cell-repairing nutrients to injured muscles. Additionally, buoyancy of the water reduces the strain on your knees and joints which allow the surrounding muscles to relax. This can be of crucial help to arthritis sufferers, because when joints are inflamed, the surrounding muscles become tense to protect them. Relaxing in a spa then makes your muscles more limber and reduces the pain. Water's healing potential has long been known.We don't tend to associate intelligence with our bodies, yet as Thomas Edison said, “ Greatideas originate in the muscles.”Radical psychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich believed that many of us inhibit or deny impulses, feelings, traumas, and stressesby tightening our muscles and creating a kind of “body armor.”He felt that as you cut off the source of pain, you also cut off the source of pleasure. By loosening body armor, byletting muscles relax, you can return to a feeling of flow and creativity.Few things can relax the body more than a home spa. And a relaxed body leads to a relaxed mind. There is no better place to start relaxing than an hour in your home hot springs.71. To begin with, what does the author insist we avoid doing?A. Undergoing physical pain and stress.B. Taking aspirin tablets.C. Going to the gym.D. Relaxing in a spa.72. What does the second sentence in the second paragraph implies?A. The origin of spas.B. The popularity of hot springs.C. The flux of people to mid America.D. The spas as a luxury only for the rich.73. After the stress of exercise, the injured muscles ___A. will lead to arthritisB. contain plenty of microscopic tearsC. can cause blood pressure to declineD. will boost the production of cell-repairing nutrients74. The author contends that our creativity _____A. can be enforced by the‘body armor”B. does not occur in mind but in the musclesC. can be hampered with our muscles tightenedD. is good only when we are free of mental an d physical stress75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Spas, the Best RelaxationB. A Brief History of Spas.C. Spa Resorts in the USAD. Soak AwayStressPassage FourConvincing the public to follow health advice can be tough and time-consuming. This may be why changes to health messages are often fiercely resisted by those whose job is to get the advice across. So, for example, the suggestion that smokers who cannot quit should reduce their exposure to harm by switching to chewing tobacco met with extreme opposition.A still more ferocious debate is emerging over the health impact of sunshine. For the past 20years, advice on sunlight has come from dermatologists who rightly warn people to cover up when they ventureoutside for fear of developing skin cancer. But evidence from researchersin other fields now suggests that short periods in the sun without protection—sometimes as little as a few minutes a day---can preventmost other major forms of cancer.This surprising conclusion stems from findings that vitamin D. which is made by skin cells exposed to the sun's ultraviolet rays, is a potent anti-cancer agent. The researchers who made this discovery are eager to be heard. But their message is about as welcome as a bad rash, particularly in countries such as Australia and the US where fair-skinned immigrants living at Mediterranean latitudes have made skin cancer a huge problem.The American Academy of Dermatology argues that advocating one carcinogen ---- U V radiation --- to protect against other forms of cancer is dangerous and misleading. If people need more vitamin D, they should take a multivitamin or drink milk fortified with it, says the academy. Unfortunately, the solution is not as simple as that. Critics also argue that the protective effect of sunlight is not yet proved. While this may be true, the evidence is very suggestive. The case is built on several studies that bring together cellular biology, biochemistry and epidemiology.And all the criticism of this theory counts for nothing if, as some of its advocates, suggest, the number of people dying for lack of sunlight is four times as high as those dying from skin cancer. At the same time, those advocates must not overstate their case. Everyone wants to save as manylives as they can.What we need now is for national medical research bodies and cancer research organizations to investigate the relative risks and benefits of sunshine. This will almost certainly mean more epidemiological work, which should start as soon as possible. As for the public: give them the facts, including risk estimates for short periods in the sun---and for covering up. It is patronizing（施恩于人的） to assume that people cannot deal with complex messages.What we definitely do not want is a war of words between groups with polarized views, and no prospect of the issue being resolved. That way will only lead to confusion, distrust of doctors and more unnecessary deaths.76. According to the first two paragraphs, the problem seems to be that the public ________A. cannot be reached by health messagesB. is torn between two health messagesC. never trust those health researchersD. are divided over health problems77. The recent opposition goes to ________A. the protective value of sunshineB. the cancer-causing effect of sunshineC. the debate over the health impact of sunshineD. the two controversial messages about skin cancer78. According to the critics, the health impact of sunshine ________A. will be epidemiologically provedB. is misleading the public altogetherC. merits a comprehensive investigationD. can be easily addressed with a simple solution79. The author implies that health messages should be made easy _____A. to debateB. to swallowC. to estimateD. to publicize80. As for the issue, the author suggests that the public ________A. decide on their own how much sunshine is too muchB. avoid unnecessary deaths due to complex messagesC. be provided with reliable and practicable messagesD. facilitate the understanding of health messagesPassage FiveI make my way down the three chilly blocks to an old diner on Commercial Street. I am meeting a new friend for lunch. I 've never been here before: this is not my part of town. And so I arrive early, to sit in an old wooden booth and learn what I can about the place.They call it Katie 's kitchen. One hundred years ago, it was a bar. The barstools remain, but through community donations, it 's now a respectablerestaurant. The hostess, casher, and waiters are residents of a nearby hotel for the transient and unemployed and work here to gain dignity and job skills. Both the hotel and restaurant are run by Sister L, a nun with a heart and a great deal of business sense.My new friend arrives. He works down the street, in a clinic for indigent （穷的）persons; he knows these people. The workers and many of the clients seem to know him too, for I see warmth and proud smiles on their faces as he greets them. Behind him, a few nameless souls wander in from the street in a swirl of December wind.I focus on our waitress. A pretty girl of perhaps 18 years, she is all smiles and grace. I wonder for a moment why she's here ---what her story is;what her dreams are; whether she is raising children on her own. But I cannot hold the thought, for she reminds me of another waitress at my favorite coffee shop---a college student with a bright future.Some time later, I finish my soup and sandwich---a good meal made better because of the smile of the girl who served it. I wipe my mouth and go to pay. Eight dollars and sixty-four cents, for two. To our embarrassment, my friend and I discover that neither of us has cash, and my credit card is not good here.We sheepishly approach Sister L, who smiles and takes my bill. “It o'ka s y.”she says. “We'll buy your lunch. It 'll be our pleasure.”Slowly, I leave the world of the diner. Back at the hospital where I work, my boss laments our financial woes. “ We' rreeally tight,”he says.”。
考博英语(完形填空)历年真题试卷汇编20(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（完形填空）历年真题试卷汇编20(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 4. ClozeCloze(北京航空航天大学2016年试题) The front matter of a book consists of the title, subtitle, table of contents, and preface. But the【C1】______of readers who pay no attention to the signals is larger than you might expect, unless you happen to be one of those who are【C2】______to admit it. I have this experience again and again 【C3】______students. I have asked them【C4】______a book was about. I have asked them to tell me, in the most general【C5】______, what sort of book it was. This, I have【C6】______, is a good way, almost an indispensable【C7】______, to begin a discussion. Many students are【C8】______to answer this first and simplest question about the book. Sometimes they apologize【C9】______that they haven’t finished reading it yet, and【C10】______do not know. That’s no【C11】______, I point out. Did you look at the title? Did you study the【C12】______? Did you read the preface【C13】______introduction? No, they did not. The front matter of a book【C14】______to be like the ticking of a clock,【C15】______you notice only when it is not there. One reason why titles and prefaces are【C16】______by so many readers is that they do not think【C17】______important to clarify the book they are reading. They do not follow this first【C18】______. If they tried to follow it, they【C19】______be grateful to the author【C20】______them.1．【C1】A．majorityB．amountC．numberD．figure正确答案：C解析：空格所在句是说不关注这些信息的读者数量要比人们预想的多。
解放军医学院(301医院)神经解剖学2016年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
解放军医学院（301医院）
2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经解剖学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、选择题20分 涉及顶叶作用，前臂神经支配，内听动脉前庭动脉来源
第1页 共1页
二、填空题 1.桥脑的交感神经核 2.从背面发出的脑神经 3.肱二头肌神经支配 4.颈静脉孔通过神经 5.眶上裂穿过结构 三、名词解释 1.什么裂原谅我不知道 2.边缘叶 3.运动单位 4.神经肌肉接头 5.内侧纵束 四、简答题 1.视觉传导通路 2.Gerstmann综合征 3.海绵窦解剖及穿行结构 4.脊髓丘脑束走行 五、问答题 1.画出基底节结构，并标注核团纤维 2.正中神经走行 3.丘脑的血供
第1页 共1页
Байду номын сангаас
全国医学博士英语统考真题及答案版
2016年全国医学博士英语统考答案Listening Comprehension (30%)Section A1. B. At three next Wednesday.2. B. A piercing pain.3. A. He is going to get married.4. D. She couldn't agree with the man more.5. A. Jack's girlfriend is mad at him.6. B. It's wise to be prepared.7. B. He is a trouble-maker.8. D. $309. C. Work out in the gym.10. B. 23211. A. Mary isn't his type.12. A. Play tennis.13. C. In the hospital.14. A. She is seriously ill.15. B. She makes a living now as a landlady.Section BDialogue16. A. A duodenal ulcer.17. B. Try medical means.18. A. Overweight.19. C. He is a heavy smoker.20. D. Make an appointment with Dr. Oaks.Passage One21. D. He is the creator of a website on longevity.22. C. Women develop cardiovascular disease much later than men.23. B. In their 60s and 70s.24. D. Iron.25. C. Another possibility for women's longevity.Passage Two26. C. He struggled under the strain of poverty.27. B. He is an investment advisor.28. D. Fear.29. B. He began reading investment books and then began practicing.30. C. Where there is a will, there is a way.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A, B, C and D, are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then, mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Employers have a legal obligation to pay _______ to their workers for injuries.A. compensationB. compromiseC. commodityD. consumptionKey: A32. The argument between the two patients became so fierce that the doctor had to _________.A. alleviateB. aggravateC. extinguishD. interveneKey: D33. But despite a ll the legal hustle and bustle, they don’t actually expect to_______ death sentences to life terms without parole.A. induceB. convertC. reviveD. swerveKey: B34. To maintain physical well-being, a person should eat _______ food and get sufficient exercise.A. integralB. grossC. wholesomeD. intactKey: C35. The Central Government’s pledge to maintain the ______ and stability of Hong Kong at all costs is a great encouragement to the local finance.A. provisionB. prosperityC. privilegeD. preferenceKey: B36. It is pointed out that patients must be reassured that “their lives will not be ______ as a result of bed shortages.”A. facilitatedB. forfeitedC. fulfilledD. furnishedKey: B37. The cause of his death has been a mystery and _______ unknown so far.A. exclusivelyB. superficiallyC. utterlyD. doubtfullyKey: C38. It is known that some ways of using resources _______ can destroy the environment as well as the people living in it.A. recklesslyB. sparinglyC. sensiblyD. incrediblyKey: A39. Cholera is a preventable waterborne bacterial infection that is spread through ______ water.A. filteredB. distilledC. contaminatedD. purifiedKey: C40. We welcome him not ____________ as a new broom but rather as a very old friend.A. by the wayB. at all eventsC. by no meansD. in any senseKey: CSection B41. scrutinyA. sanctionB. restrictionC. censusD. examination Key: D42. potentA. inexpensiveB. powerfulC. conventionalD. lethalKey: B43. at odds withA. in tune withB. in favor ofC. for the sake ofD. in disagreement withKey: D44. eminentA. renownedB. notoriousC. popularD. mysteriousKey: A45. diversityA. sevrityB. reliablilityC. varietyD. specificityKey: C46. lapseA. errorB. sinC. guiltD. offenseKey: A47. jaundiceA. grievanceB. sympathyC. jealousyD. indignationKey: C48. to little availA. by no meansB. in vainC. of no accountD. at stake Key: B49. lavishlyA. fearlesslyB. conspicuouslyC. wastefullyD. ferociously Key: C50. progressionA. deteriorationB. accumulationC. expansionD. promotion Key: APart III Cloze (10%)51. A. careful about B. capable of C. accessible to D. susceptible to Key: B52. A. in the event B. in an attempt C. at the moment D. along the wayKey: D53. A. exclusive B. very C. just D. exactKey: A54. A. indeed B. however C. moreover D. thereforeKey: B55. A. demonstration B. dimension C. destiny D. determinationKey: C56. A. has been said B. being said C. was said D. is saidKey: B57. A. more or less B. pretty much C. as ever D. if anyKey: B58. A. while B. despite C. nevertheless D. sinceKey: C59. A. case B. mold C. sense D. conditionKey: C60. A. different B. similar C. insufficient D. significantKey: DPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Passage One61. To have a journey of discovery witheach child, according to the passage, is_____________.A. to discover their unique sleep-wakecycles62. In the first paragraph, the authorsuggests that parents ____________.D. keep a diary on sleep pattern for theirchil63. When there exists a “marker” in the child according to the passage, __________.A. it might lead to his or her earlysubstance use64. What is the author trying to tell us inthethird paragraph?B. Sometimes parents need to seek professionalassistance.65. What is the main idea of the passage?C. Parents’ role in building their child’shealthy sleeping habit.Passage Two66. The study's results indicated_____________.A. health disparities between English andAmerican senior citizens67. Which of the following is uniquehealth-care challenge for English senior citizens when compared with theirAmerican counterparts?A. higher death rate.68. What does James Smith imply by anAmerican plate?C. large portion of food consumed byAmericans.69. The Americans' unique health-carechallenge, according to James Smith, is derived form ______________.D. their unhealthy lifestyle factors70. Even though it is much more aggressive,the American medicine __________.B. benefits more seniors who needmedicalcare.Passage Three71. The current PIK study ___________.B. was based on the global land-use models72. As the PIK results imply, it ispossible ____________.”D. to return to the emission levels around199573. Simply put, to produce and consume lessmeat and dairy is to __________.A. to reduce more methane and nitrous oxideemissions74. The greenhouse gas pie tellsus__________.C. the priorities in the environmentalprotection75. What can be the best title forthepassage?D. Diet for a Healthier PlanetPassage Four76. What can be said of Henry?C. His life was improved with telehealth.77. Henry activates his daily healthmanagement __________.B. By getting hooked up to themonitoringdevices78. As one of the pioneering patients,Henry __________.A. receives the most benefits fromtelehealth79. What is the most important about thetelehealth technology in the case of Henry?D. His condition can be kept undercontinuous surveillance at home.80. Thanks to the telehealth technologyHenry knows for sure his blood oxygen level, thus__________.C. getting hospitalized in no timePassage Five81. Rappaport argues that a major threat toour human health __________.A. lies in our exposome82. What can be said of the exposomeaccording to Rappaport?D. Changeable.83. Speaking of genes, Rappaport wouldsaythat __________.B. there is no such a thing aspredictivemedicine.84. Even though we cannot pinpoint theexact impact of environmental influences. Wild contends that __________.C. each of us leaves a unique exposurehistory in the environment85. Particularly important, according toNicholson, is the time when __________.C. the exposome comes inPassage Six86. The author cries for a changein____________.D. global science publishing87. According to the author, the lowinternational recognition and impact of scientists in the developing countriescan be attributed to __________.C. their limited publications in globalindexing databases88. The survey conducted by Tijssenjustified the author's view that __________.D. most scientists in developing countriesremain marginalized in global science publishing89. To address the current situation, theauthor argues that it is imperative that __________.D. quality and quantity be desired in thelocal journals90. Which of the following can be the besttitle for the passage?C. Globalizing Science Publishing作文的标题：The Cultivation and Development of General Practitioner。
2016年全国医学博士外语统一考试真题及答案
Part II Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirections:In this section all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases,marked A,B,C and D,are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.Then,mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.Employers have a legal obligation to pay_______to their workers forpensation promise modity D.consumptionKey:A32.The argument between the two patients became so fierce that the doctor had to_________.A.alleviateB.aggravateC.extinguishD.interveneKey:D33.But despite all the legal hustle and bustle,they don’t actually expect to_______death sentences to life terms without parole.A.induceB.convertC.reviveD.swerve Key:B34.To maintain physical well-being,a person should eat_______food and get sufficient exercise.A.integral B.gross C.wholesome D.intactKey:C35.The Central Government’s pledge to maintain the______and stability of Hong Kong at all costs is a great encouragement to the local finance.A.provisionB.prosperityC.privilegeD.preferenceKey:B36.It is pointed out that patients must be reassured that“their lives will not be______as a result of bed shortages.”A.facilitatedB.forfeitedC.fulfilledD.furnished Key:B37.The cause of his death has been a mystery and_______unknown so far.A.exclusivelyB.superficiallyC.utterlyD.doubtfully Key:C38.It is known that some ways of using resources_______can destroy the environment as well as the people living in it.A.recklesslyB.sparinglyC.sensiblyD.incrediblyKey:A39.Cholera is a preventable waterborne bacterial infection that is spread through______ water.A.filtered B.distilled C.contaminated D.purifiedKey:C40.We welcome him not____________as a new broom but rather as a very old friend.A.by the wayB.at all eventsC.by no meansD.in any senseKey:C2016医博英语考试阅读理解答案如下：Part IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Passage One61.To have a journey of discovery witheach child,according to the passage,is_____________.A.to discover their unique sleep-wakecycles62.In the first paragraph,the authorsuggests that parents____________.D.keep a diary on sleep pattern for theirchild63.When there exists a“marker”in thechild,according to the passage,__________.A.it might lead to his or her earlysubstance use64.What is the author trying to tell us inthe third paragraph?B.Sometimes parents need to seek professionalassistance.65.What is the main idea of the passage?C.Parents’role in building their child’shealthy sleeping habit.Passage Two66.The study's results indicated_____________.A.health disparities between English andAmerican senior citizens67.Which of the following is uniquehealth-care challenge for English senior citizens when compared with theirAmerican counterparts?A.A higher death rate.68.What does James Smith imply by anAmerican plate?C.A large portion of food consumed byAmericans.69.The Americans'unique health-carechallenge,according to James Smith,is derived form______________.D.their unhealthy lifestyle factors70.Even though it is much more aggressive,the American medicine__________.B.benefits more seniors who need medicalcare.Passage Three71.The current PIK study___________.B.was based on the global land-use models72.As the PIK results imply,it ispossible____________.D.to return to the emission levels around199573.Simply put,to produce and consume lessmeat and dairy is to__________.A.to reduce more methane and nitrous oxideemissions74.The greenhouse gas pie tells us__________.C.the priorities in the environmentalprotection75.What can be the best title for thepassage?D.Diet for a Healthier PlanetPassage Four76.What can be said of Henry?C.His life was improved with telehealth.77.Henry activates his daily healthmanagement__________.B.By getting hooked up to the monitoringdevices78.As one of the pioneering patients,Henry__________.A.receives the most benefits fromtelehealth79.What is the most important about thetelehealth technology in the case of Henry?D.His condition can be kept undercontinuous surveillance at home.80.Thanks to the telehealth technology,Henry knows for sure his blood oxygen level,thus__________.C.getting hospitalized in no timePassage Five81.Rappaport argues that a major threat toour human health__________.A.lies in our exposome82.What can be said of the exposomeaccording to Rappaport?D.Changeable.83.Speaking of genes,Rappaport would saythat__________.B.there is no such a thing as predictivemedicine.84.Even though we cannot pinpoint theexact impact of environmental influences.Wild contends that__________.C.each of us leaves a unique exposurehistory in the environment85.Particularly important,according toNicholson,is the time when__________.C.the exposome comes inPassage Six86.The author cries for a change in____________.D.global science publishing87.According to the author,the lowinternational recognition and impact of scientists in the developing countriescan be attributed to__________.C.their limited publications in globalindexing databases88.The survey conducted by Tijssenjustified the author's view that__________.D.most scientists in developing countriesremain marginalized in global science publishing89.To address the current situation,theauthor argues that it is imperative that__________.D.quality and quantity be desired in thelocal journals90.Which of the following can be the besttitle for the passage?C.Globalizing Science Publishing。
全国医学博士英语统考
主旨题阅读公式 1．主旨题阅读公式一： 文章的主旨=全文的主旨句 =各段落主题句之和 2．主旨题阅读公式二： 文章的主旨≠文中的某一细节 ≠文中某一部分的主要内容 ≠覆盖面过广的表述 ≠文章未涉及的内容
5、如何准备书面表达
一、锤炼写作基本功 二、熟悉摘要写作技巧 （一）理解概括原文要点 （二）列出英文摘要的提纲 （三）写好文章的第一段、每段的段首句 （四）使用关联词语串联重要细节 三、进行适量写作实践
三、复习安排
一、知己知彼
熟悉出题思路、摸清考试重点
二、持久战+攻坚战
制定科学的复习计划 突破重点、难点
三、化整为零（时间安排）
缩小复习范围、突出考试重点
夯实语言基础、传授应试秘籍 优化课堂效果、减少课下压力
There is no royal road to learning. Practice makes perfect. Where there is a will, there is a way!
医疗专业词汇
《全国医学博士外语统一考试指南》（08年版） 国家医学考试中心 人民卫生出版社
1.如何准备单词？
词汇扩展有方法 一、重点突出缩减法 二、词根词缀科学法 三、语境场景串联法 四、近义反义联想法 五、词组换位巧记法 六、阅读练习积累法
2、如何准备语法？
正确率+速度
1、量的保证（1篇/天） 2、科学的方法（两遍阅读法） 第一遍：最快速度阅读文章并做题 12—13分钟/篇（11月） 12—13分钟/篇（12月） 10—11分钟/篇（1月） 8—9分钟/篇（2月） 第二遍：错误的题目+可吸取的地方（词汇+难句） 3、良好的习惯 速读全文(2-3分钟) 带着题目局部仔细阅读
考博英语(完形填空)历年真题试卷汇编11(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（完形填空）历年真题试卷汇编11(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 4. ClozeCloze(中国科学院2013年10月试题) “Pain,” as Albert Schweitzer once said, “is a more terrible lord of mankind than even death itself. “ Prolonged pain destroys the quality of life. It can【C1】______the will to live, at times【C2】______people to suicide. The physical effects are equally【C3】______.Severe, persistent pain can spoil sleep and appetite,【C4】______producing fatigue and reducing the availability of nutrients to organs. It may【C5】______delay recovery from illness or injury and, in weakened or elderly patients, may make the difference between life and death. 【C6】______there are some kinds of pain that existing treatments cannot ease.【C7】______doctors can do little in these cases is terribly distressing for everyone involved but is certainly【C8】______. What seems less understandable is that many people suffer not because their discomfort is untreatable but because physicians are often reluctant to【C9】______morphine. Morphine is the safest, most effective painkiller known for constant, severe pain, but it is also【C10】______for some people.【C11】______, it is rarely prescribed. Indeed, concern over addiction has【C12】______many nations in Europe and elsewhere to ban【C13】______any uses of morphine anti related substances, including their medical applications. Even【C14】______morphine is a legal medical therapy, as it is in Great Britain and the U. S. , many doctors, afraid of turning patients into addicts,【C15】______amounts that are too small to control pain.1．【C1】A．boostB．erodeC．wearD．distract正确答案：B解析：boost意为“促进”，为及物动词；erode意为“削弱”，为及物动词；wear意为“磨损”，为不及物动词；distract意为“使……分散”，为及物动词。
【VIP专享】考博英语完形填空冲刺2016模拟试题及答案
考博英语完形填空冲刺模拟试题（一）Generally speaking, a British is widely regarded as a quiet, shy and conservative person who is ___1___ only among those with whom he is acquainted. Whena stranger is at present, he often seems nervous, ___2___ embarrassed. You have to take a commuter train any morning or evening to ___3___ the truth of this.Serious-looking businessmen and women sit reading their newspapers or dozing in a corner; h ardly anybody talks, since to do so would be considered quiteoffensive.___4___, there is an unwritten but clearly understood code of behavior which, ___5___ brok en, makes the offender immediately the object of ___6___.It has been known as a fact that the a British has a ___7___ for the discussion of their we ather and that, if given a chance, he will talk about it___8___. Some people argue that it is because the British weather seldom ___9___ forecast and hence becomes a source of interest and ___10___ to everyone.This may be so. ___11___ a British cannot have much ___12___ in the weathermen, who, af ter promising fine, sunny weather for the following day, are oftenproved wrong ___13___ a cloud over the Atlantic brings rainy weather to all districts! The m an in the street seems to be as accurate---or as inaccurate---asthe weathermen in his ___14___.Foreigners may be surprised at the number of references ___15___ weather that the British make to each other in the course of a single day. Very oftenconversational greetings are ___16___ by comments on the weather. "Nice day, isn't it?" "Bea utiful!" may well be heard instead of "Good morning, how areyou?" ___17___ the foreigner may consider this exaggerated and comic, it is worthwhile point ing out that it could be used to his advantage. ___18___ he wantsto start a conversation with a British but is ___19___ to knowswheresto begin, he could do well to mention the state of the weather. It is a safe subjectwhich will ___20___ an answer from even the most reserved of the British.1. A. relaxed B. frustrated C. amused D. exhausted2. A. yet B. otherwise C. even D. so3. A. experience B. witness C. watch D. undergo4. A. Deliberately B. Consequently C. Frequently D. Apparently5. A. unless B. once C. while D. as6. A. suspicion B. opposition C. criticism D. praise7. A. emotion B. fancy C. likeliness D. judgement8. A. at length B. to a great extent C. from his heart D. by all means9. A. follows B. predicts C. defies D. supports10. A. dedication B. compassion C. contemplation D. speculation11. A. Still B. Also C. Certainly D. Fundamentally12. A. faith B. reliance C. honor D. credit13. A. if B. once C. when D. whereas14. A. propositions B. predictions C. approval D. defiance15. A. about B. on C. in D. to16. A. started B. conducted C. replaced D. proposed17. A. Since B. Although C. However D. Only if18. A. Even if B. Because C. If D. For19. A. at a loss B. at last C. insgroupsD. on the occasion20. A. stimulate B. constitute C. furnish D. provoke参考答案：1. A2.C3.B4.D5.B6.C7.B8.A9.A 10.D11. C 12.A 13.C 14.B 15.D 16.C 17.B 18.C 19.A 20.D（二）Music comes in many forms; most countries have a style of their own. __1__the turn of the century when jazz (爵士乐) was born, America had no prominent__2__of its own. No one knows exactly when jazz was__ 3__, or by whom. But it began to be__4__in the early 1900s. Jazz is America's contribution to__5__music. In contrast to classical music, which__6__ formal European traditions. jazz is spontaneous and free-form. It bubbles with energy,__7__ moods, interests and emotions of the people. In the 1920s jazz__8__like America. And__9__it does today. The__10__of this music arc as interesting as the music__11__, American Negroes , or blacks, as they are called today were the Jazz__12__. They were brought to the Southern states__ 13__ slaves. They were sold to plantation owners and forced to work long__14__. When a Negro died his friends and relatives__15__a procession to carry the body to the cemetery. In New Orleans, a band often accompanied the__ 16__. On the way to the cemetery the band played slow, solemn music suited to the occasion.__17__on the way home the mood changed. Spirits lifted. Death had removed one of their__18__, but the living were glad to be alive. The band played__19__music, improvising(即兴表演) on both the harmony and the melody of the tunes__20__at the funeral. This music made everyone wan to dance. It was an early form of Jazz . 1. A) By B) At C) In D) On 2. A) music B) song C) melody D) style 3. A) discovered B) acted C) invented D) designed 4. A) noticed B) found C) listened D) heard 5. A) classical B) sacred C) Popular D) light 6. A) forms B) follows C) approaches D) introduces 7. A) expressing B) explaining C) exposing D) illustrating 8. A) appeared B) felt C)seemed D) sounded 9. A) as B) so C) either D) neither 10. A) origins B) originals C) discoveries D) resources 11. A) concerned B) itself C) available D) oneself 12. A) Players B) fo llowers C) fans D) pioneers 13. A) for B) as C) with D) by 14. A) months B) weeks C) hours D) times 15. A) demonstrated B) composed C) hosted D) formed 16. A) demonstration B) procession C) body D) march 17. A) Even B) Therefore C) Furthermore D) But 18. A) number B) members C) body D) relations 19. A) sad B) solemn C) happy D) funeral 20. A) whistled B) sung C) presented D) showed 参考答案：1.B2.A3.C4.A5.C6.B7.A8.D9.B 10.A 11.B 12.D 13.B 14.C 15.D 16.B 17.D 18.B 19.C 20.C（三）Throughout the 19th century and into the 20th, citizens of the United States maintained a bia s against big cities. Most lived on farms and in small towns and believed cities to be centres of 1 , crime, poverty and moral 2 . Their distrust was caused, 3 .by a national ideology that 4 farming the greatest occupation and rural living 5 to urban living. This attitude 6 even as the number of urban dwellers increased and cities became an essential 7 of the national landscape. Gradually, economic reality overcame ideology. Thousands 8 the prec arious (不稳定的) life on the farm for more secure and better paying jobs in the city. But when t hese people 9 from the countryside, they carried their fears and suspicions with them. Thes e new urbanities, already convinced that cities were 10 with great problems, eagerly 11 the progressive reforms that promised to bring order out of the 12 of the city.One of many reforms came 13 the area of public utilities. Water and sewerage systems w ere usually operated by 14 governments, but the gas and electric networks were privately o wned. Reformers feared that the privately owned utility companies would 15 exorbitant (过度的) rates for these essential services and 16 them only to people who could afford them. So me city and state governments responded by 17 the utility companies, but a number of citie s began to supply these services themselves. 18 of these reforms argued that public owners hip and regulation would 19 widespread access to these utilities and guarantee a 20 pr ice.1. [A]eruption [B]corruption [C]interruption [D]provocation2. [A]disgrace [B]deterioration [C]dishonor [D]degradation3. [A]by origin [B]in part [C]at all [D]at random4. [A]proclaimed [B]exclaimed [C]claimed [D]reclaimed5. [A]superb [B]super [C]exceptional [D]superior6. [A]predominated [B]dominated [C]commanded [D]prevailed7. [A]feature [B]peculiarity [C]quality [D]attribute8. [A]deserted [B]departed [C]abolished [D]abandoned9. [A]reallocated [B]migrated [C]replaced [D]substituted10. [A]overwhelmed [B]overflowed [C]overtaken [D]preoccupied11. [A]embraced [B]adopted [C]hugged [D]outbreaks12. [A]chaos [B]chores [C]chorus [D]outbreaks13. [A]at [B]by [C]out [D]in14. [A]public [B]municipal [C]republican [D]national15. [A] charge [B] take [C] cost [D] spend16. [A] distribute [B] deliver [C] transfer [D] transport17. [A] degenerating [B] generating [C] regenerating [D] regulating18. [A] Proponents [B] Opponents [C] Sponsors [D] Rivals19. [A] secure [B] ensure [C] reassure [D] incur20. [A] fair [B] just [C] square [D] objectivePassage 3. BDBCD DADBA AADBA BDABA（四）Psychologist Alfred Adler suggested that the primary goal of the psyche（灵魂、精神）was superiority. Although 1 he believed that individuals struggled to achieve superiority over others, Adler, eventually 2 a more complex definition of the drive for superiority.Adler's concept of striving for superiority does not 3 the everyday meaning of the word superiority. He did not mean that we innately（天生地）seek to 4 one another in rank or position, 5 did he mean that we seek to 6 an attitude of exaggerated importance over our peers. 7 . Adler's drive for superiority involves the desire to be competent and effective, complete and thorough, in 8 one strives to do.Striving for superiority occasionally takes the 9 of an exaggerated lust for power. An individual may seek to play god and 10 control over objects and people. The goal may introduce an 11 tendency into our lives, in which we play games of "dog eat dog". But such expressions of the desire for superiority do not 12 its more positive, constructive nature.13 Adler, striving for superiority is innate and is part of the struggle for 14 that human beings share with other species in the process of evolution. From this 15 . life is not 16 by the need to reduce tension or restore 17 . as sigmund Freud tended to think; 18 , life is encouraged by the desire to move from below to above, from minus to plus, from inferior to superior. The particular ways in which individuals 19 their quest（追求）for superiority are 20 by their culture, their unique history.and their style of life.1.[A] instinctively [B] initially [C] presumably [D] invariably2.[A] designed [B] devised [C] manipulated [D] developed3.[A] refer to [B] point to [C] comply with [D] stand up for4.[A] surpass [B] overpass [C] overthrow [D] pursue5.[A] or [B] never [C] hardly [D] nor6.[A] retain [B] sustain [C] maintain [D] obtain7.[A] Rather [B] Despite [C] Though [D] Thus8.[A] which [B] that [C] whichever [D] whatever9.[A] form [B] format [C] formation [D] shape10.[A] operate [B] speculate [C] exercise [D] resume11.[A] ambiguous [B] intricate [C] deliberate [D] hostile12.[A] reflect [B] abide [C] glorify [D] project13.[A] According to [B] In terms of [C] Regardless of [D] In view of14.[A] survivor [B] survival [C] durability [D] consistency15.[A] respective [B] prospect [C] profile [D] perspective16.[A] motivated [B] animated [C] inspired [D] elevated17.[A] equation [B] equivalent [C] equilibrium [D] equality18.[A] subsequently [B] instead [C] consequently [D] otherwise19.[A] undermine [B] overtake [C] fling [D] undertake20.[A] determined [B] resolved [C] consolidated [D] reinforcedBDAAD CADAC DAABD ACBDA（五）Most people who travel long distances complain of jetlag（喷气飞行时差反应)．Jetlag makes business travelers less productive and more prone 1 making mistakes. It is actually caused by 2 of your "body clock" — a small cluster of brain cells that controls the timing of biological 3 . The body clock is designed for a 4 rhythm of daylight and darkness, so that it is thrown out of balance when it 5 daylight and darkness at the "wrong" times in a new time zone. The 6 of jetlag often persist for days 7 the internal body clock slowly adjusts to the new time zone.Now a new anti-jetlag system is 8 that is based on proven 9 pioneering scientific research. Dr. Martin Moore-Ede has 10 a practical strategy to adjust the body clock much sooner to the new time zone 11 controlled exposure to bright light. The time zone shift is easy to accomplish and eliminates 12 of the discomfort of jetlag.A successful time zone shift depends on knowing the exact times to either 13 or avoid bright light. Exposure to light at the wrong time can actually make jetlag worse. The proper schedule 14 light exposure depends a great deal on 15 travel plans.Data on a specific flight itinerary and the individual' s sleep 16 are used to produce a Trip Guide with 17 on exactly when to be exposed to bright light.When the Trip Guide calls 18 bright light you should spend time outdoors if possible. If it is dark outside, or the weather is bad, 19 you are on an aeroplane, you can use a special light device to provide the necessary light 20 for a range of activities such as reading, watching TV or working.1.[A] from [B] of [C] for [D] to2.[A] eruption [B] disruption [C] rupture [D] corruption3.[A] actions [B] functions [C] behavior [D] reflection4.[A] formal [B] continual [C] regular [D] circular5.[A] experiences [B] possesses [C] encounters [D] retains6.[A] signs [B] defects [C] diseases [D] symptoms7.[A] if [B] whereas [C] while [D] although8.[A] agreeable [B] available [C] adaptable [D] approachable9.[A] extensive [B] tentative [C] broad [D] inclusive10.[A] devised [B] scrutinized [C] visualized [D] recognized11.[A] in [B] as [C] at [D] through12.[A] more [B] little [C] most [D] least13.[A] shed [B] retrieve [C] seek [D] attain14.[A] in [B] for [C] on [D] with15.[A] specific [B] complicated [C] unique [D] peculiar16.[A] mode [B] norm [C] style [D] pattern17.[A] directories [B] commentaries [C] instructions [D] specifications18.[A] up [B] off [C] on [D] for19.[A] or [B] and [C] but [D] while20.[A] spur [B] stimulus [C] agitation [D] accelerationDBBCA DCBAA DCCBA DCDAB（六）Our ape-men forefathers had 1 obvious natural weapons in the struggle for survival in the open. They had neither the powerful teeth nor the strong claws of the big cats. They could not 2 with the bear, whose strength, speed and claws 3 an impressive "small-fire" weaponry. They could not even defend themselves 4 running swiftly like the horses, zebras or small animals. If the apemen had attempted to compete on those terms in the open, they would have been 5 to failure and extinction. But they were 6 with enormous concealed advantages of a kind not possessed by any of their competitors.In the search 7 the pickings of the forest, the ape-men had 8 efficient stereoscopic vision and a sense of colour that the animals of the grasslands did not possess. The ability to see clearly at close range permitted the ape-men to study practical problems in a way that lay far 9 the reach of the original inhabitants of the grassland. Good long-distance sight was 10 another matter. Lack of long-distance vision had not been a problem for forest-dwelling apes and monkeys because the higher the viewpoint, the 11 the range of sight-so 12 they had had to do was climb a tree. Out in the open, how ever, this simple solution was not 13Climbing a hill would have helped, 14 in many places the ground was flat. The ape-men 15 the only possible solution. They reared up as high as possible on their hind limbs and began to walk 16 .This vital change of physical position brought about considerable disadvantages. It was extremely unstable and it meant that the already slow ape-men became slower 17 .18 they persevered and their bone structure gradually became 19 to the new, unstable position that 20 them the name Homo erectus, upright man.1.[A] no [B] some [C] few [D] many2.[A] match [B] compare [C] rival [D] equal3.[A] became [B] equipped [C] posed [D] provided4.[A] in [B] upon [C] by [D] with5.[A] driven [B] doomed [C] forced [D] led6.[A] bestowed [B] given [C] presented [D] endowed7.[A] for [B] of [C] on [D] at8.[A] progressed [B] generated [C] developed [D] advanced9.[A] from [B] apart [C] beyond [D] above10.[A] rather [B] quite [C] much [D] really11.[A] greater [B] smaller [C] farther [D] nearer12.[A] anything [B] that [C] everything [D] all13.[A] available [B] enough [C] sufficient [D] convenient14.[A] when [B] but [C] so [D] and15.[A] chose [B] adopted [C] accepted [D] took16.[A] fast [B] upright [C] steadily [D] awkwardly17.[A] as well [B] further [C] still [D] even18.[A] However [B] Therefore [C] Meanwhile [D] Subsequently19.[A] accustomed [B] familiarized [C] adapted [D] suited20.[A] obtained [B] called [C] deserved [D] earnedCABCB DACCB ADABB BCACD（七）Television is the most effective brainwashing 1 ever invented by man. Advertisers know this to be 2 . Children are 3 by television in ways we 4 understand. In the fall of 1971,1 was 5 a story involving a young white woman living on the 6 of Boston's black ghetto. Her car had 7 out of gas. She had gone to a filling station with a can and was returning to her car when she was 8 in an alley by a gang of black youths. The gang poured gasoline over her and set fire 9 her. She died of her burns. It was 10 established that some of the youths 11 had, on the night before the killing, 12 on television a rerun of an old movie in which a drifter is set on fire by an adolescent gang; There is some kind of strange reductive process 13 work here. To see something on television robs it of its reality, and then when the 14 thing is 15 out it is like the reenactment of something unreal. 16 when the gang set fire to the girl, they were 17 what they had seen on a screen, 18 they themselves were on a screen, and in a story. I don' t think we have 19 begun to realize how powerful a medium television is. It has already become very clear that the candidate with the most television 20 win the election.1.[A] equipment [B] machine [C] medium [D] method2.[A] true [B] real [C] actual [D] genuine3.[A] influenced [B] affected [C] controlled [D] manipulated4.[A] scarcely [B] nearly [C] completely [D] generally5.[A] arranged [B] appointed [C] assigned [D] attributed6.[A] outskirts [B] fringes [C] border [D] range7.[A] used [B] consumed [C] run [D] spent8.[A] trapped [B] caught [C] held [D] tucked9.[A] on [B] at [C] over [D] to10.[A] then [B] after [C] lately [D] later11.[A] associated [B] related [C] involved [D] participated12.[A] watch [B] watched [C] watching [D] were watching13.[A] at [B] on [C] in [D] under14.[A] exact [B] extraordinary [C] normal [D] same15.[A] performed [B] played [C] practiced [D] acted16.[A] However [B] In contrast [C] In other words [D] Even to17.[A] imitating [B] following [C] resembling [D] reacting18.[A] as if [B] like [C] as [D] for19.[A] still [B] nearly [C] almost [D] even20.[A] influence [B] capacity [C] appeal [D] contribution CAAAC ACAAD CBADB CAADC。
2016年首医考博真题
2016年首医考博真题神经解剖学一、名词解释（3分*10=30）1.肋间臂神经2.外侧膝状体3.海德带4.Clarke柱5.杏仁体6.穹窿7.苔藓纤维8.腰内脏神经9.E-W核10.髓纹二、简答题（6分*5=30）1.瞳孔括约肌，竖脊肌，二腹肌前腹，斜方肌，甲状舌骨肌，颈阔肌的神经支配。
2.海绵窦的结构和交通。
3.红核综合征。
4.牵张反射的概念，原理，分类。
5.简述耳神经节。
三、论述题（10分*4=40）1.背侧丘脑特异性核团及功能。
2.颅内及骶髓副交感神经分布。
3.大脑前动脉皮层支分布区，损伤导致何处的随意运动障碍，为什么，简述其神经传导通路。
4.Wernicke区的组成，在“听问话并回答中的作用”并解释。
神经病学一、名词解释（2分*5=10）1.Meige综合征2.烟雾病3.Lhermitte sign4.路易体痴呆5.克雅脑病（CJD）二、选择（1分*10=10）1.AD的病因及发病机制：神经原纤维缠结与铝沉积，胆碱能异常，细胞骨架，脑外伤是危险因素2.累及突触后膜的疾病有：MG3.累及钙离子通道的疾病有：LES，周麻4.继发性三叉神经痛：持续性，伴面部感觉、角膜反射及其他颅神经受累5.PD的MAO-B不应与SSRI合用6.HSV：嗜DNA病毒lard-Gubler8.交叉性感觉障碍平面：延髓9.MG的病理生理机制10.GBS脑脊液蛋白-细胞分离的时间：3周三、简答题（5分*7=35）1.简述主要的脑干反射2.简述核间性眼肌麻痹3.AEDS使用原则4.TIA概念、病因及发病机制5.黄斑回避及发生机制6.去脑强直及去皮层强直，损伤部位及临床意义7.截瘫为什么会有尿潴留四、论述题（15分*3=45）1.VCI的概念及病因学分类2.临床常见的脑动脉盗血综合征3.病例分析：诊断，鉴别诊断，治疗原则（PD）。
医学考博英语题库【历年真题级详解(2015~2016年)】【圣才出品】
2016年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解试卷一（Paper One）Part I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question aboutwhat is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear thequestion, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choosethe best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Now let’s begin with question number 1.1. A. At ten next Wednesday.B. At three next Wednesday.C. At ten next Monday.D. At three next Monday.【答案】B【解析】录音中护士一开始问男病人下个星期一上午十点有空吗？病人说只有下午三点有空，接下来护士确认了最后的时间为下个星期三的三点，故正确答案为B项。
2016-医学 考博试题
2016协和医学院病理学真题回忆一、名词解释6分×8题:①metaplasia、②opsonin、③Tetralogy of Fallot、④Zollinger-Ellison综合征、⑤tubercle、⑥chloroma、⑦MEN、⑧Verocay小体二、单选1分×30题急性普通性肝炎的镜下改变胰腺癌早期转移途径痰涂片检出率最高的肺癌类型食管癌好发部位：中段＞下段＞上段猝死好发于：缺血性心脏病or心律失常风湿性心脏病赘生物好发于哪个瓣膜哪个部位病例题：葡萄胎？恶性葡萄胎？子宫内膜癌？葡萄胎的特点B细胞淋巴瘤乳头血性溢液：导管内乳头状瘤Negri bodies：狂犬病毒形成的包涵体三、简答8分×4题:1.溃结和克罗恩病区别2.风湿病对心脏的影响3.子宫内膜癌I型与II型区别4.胃肠胰神经内分泌瘤定义，其分级和免疫组化的意义以及病理报告包括啥四、问答20分×2题:1.中年女性，低分化胃癌，伴有阴道出血2月，查体及超声显示双侧卵巢大，子宫不大，CEA高。
三个问题:①进展型胃癌分型，转移途径，②卵巢肿瘤可能的类型，③结合病例，卵巢病变最可能是啥2.非浸润性乳头状尿路上皮肿瘤分类，组织学表型及此分类的意义2016年南方医科大学神经外科博士试题-神经解剖一：简答题1.神经活动的形式是什么？其结构基础是？2.是否可根据脊柱损伤来推断脊髓损伤节段？3.光反射的传导通路？4.内囊血肿会损伤那些结构，其结果？5.股神经的走行及体表投影6.深浅感觉的异同点。
二：简答题1.面神经的成分，结构，分支及损伤后有哪些表现。
2.54岁患者突发右侧上下肢偏瘫，膝跳反射亢进，巴氏征阳性，面部以下深浅感觉消失，腹壁反射减弱，考虑那个部位损伤，试简述其结构。
3.左足被蚊虫叮咬，右手去打蚊虫，试述其传道通路。
4.十二对脑神经出入颅位置及途径5.手神经的组成北京协和，病理生理，刚回旅舍整理出来的南京医科大学第一附属医院，外科学专业病理生理学真题回忆简答题（6题）钙超载在缺血—再灌注中的作用应激时交感—肾上腺髓质系统兴奋对机体的作用腺苷酸环化酶在信号转导通路中的作用应激性溃疡的发生机制临床输血和输液时常发生高热，简述其原因心力衰竭时心率加快的机制，对心功能的影响问答题（2题）严重代谢性酸中毒引起DIC的机制并简述出血的原因什么是肝性脑病？肝性脑病血氨增高的机制？临床中有何降血氨措施哈尔滨医科大学免疫一名解抗原，单克隆抗体，MAC,细胞因子，MHC限制性，PRR,免疫调节，调理作用，凝集反应，M细胞。
2016年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2016年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PartⅢCloze 6. PartⅣReading Comprehension 7. PartⅤWritingSection A听力原文：M: Can I see the doctor soon?W: Of course. How about next Monday? There’s a slot available at 10 in the morning. M: I’m afraid I’m working at 10. Is there anything available after 3?W: Let me see. Not on Monday, but we have a 3 o’clock opening next Wednesday. Would you like to come in then? M: No problem. Thank you. Q: When is the man scheduled to see the doctor?1．A．At ten next Wednesday.B．At three next Wednesday.C．At ten next Monday.D．At three next Monday.正确答案：B解析：时间细节题。
护士跟男病人确认了最后的时间是next Wednesday的三点。
听力原文：W: What kind of pain is it? Can you describe the pain? M: It’s terrible, like a knife stabbing me. Q: What kind of pain is the man suffering from?2．A．A dull pain.B．A piercing pain.C．A burning pain.D．A numb pain.正确答案：B解析：细节题。
年全国医学博士英语统考真题及参考答案
年全国医学博⼠英语统考真题及参考答案2010年全国医学博⼠外语统⼀考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考⽣⾸先将⾃⼰的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，在标准答题卡上，将准考证号相应的位置涂好。
2.试卷⼀（paper one）和试卷⼆（paper two）答案都做在标准答题卡上，书⾯表达⼀定要⽤⿊⾊签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域，不要做在试卷上。
3.试卷⼀答题答题时必须使⽤2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂⿊；如要更正，先⽤橡⽪擦⼲净。
4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时必须保持平整⼲净，以利评分。
5.听⼒考试只放⼀遍录⾳，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。
Paper OnePart I Listening comprehension(30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversions between two speakers. At the end of each conversion, you will hear a question about what is said. The question willbe read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers markedA, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the womanYou will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B DCB. She needs a new purse.C. She’s going to give a birthday party.D. She wants to go shopping with her mom.2. A. She hears noises in her ears day and night.B. She has been overworking for a long time.C. Her right ear, hurt in an accident, is troubling her.D. Her ear rings are giving her trouble day and night.3. A. He’ll go to see Mr. White at 10:30 tomorrow.B. He’d like to make an earlier appointment.C. He’d like to cancel the appointment.D. He’d like to see another dentist.4. A. 8:00 B. 8:15 C. 8:40 D. 8:455. A. In a hotel. B. At a fast food bar.C. In the supermarket.D. In the department store.6. A. To resign right away.B.To work one more day as chairman.C.To think twice before he make the decision.D.To receive further training upon his resignation.7. A. She didn’t do anything in particular.B.She send a wounded person to the ER.C.She had to work in the ER.D.She went skiing.8. A. A customs officer. B. The man’s mother.C. A school headmaster.D. An immigration officer.9. A. It feels as if the room is going around.B.It feels like a kind of unsteadiness.C.It feels as if she is falling down.D.It feels as if she is going around.10. A. John has hidden something in the tree.B.John himself should be blamed.C.John has a dog that barks a lot.D.John is unlucky.11. A. The chemistry homework is difficult.B.The chemistry homework is fun.C.The math homework is difficult.12. A. His backache. B. His broken leg.C. His skin problem.D. His eye condition.13. A. Whooping cough, smallpox and measles.B.Whooping cough, chickenpox and measles.C.Whooping cough, smallpox and German measles.D.Whooping cough, chickenpox and German measles.14. A. Saturday morning. B. Saturday night.C. Saturday afternoon.D. Next weekend.15. A. He’s lost his notebook.B.His handwriting is messy.C.He’ll miss class latter this week.D.He cannot make it for his appointment.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversion and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A,B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Conversation16. A. He is having a physical checkup.B.He has just undergone an operation.C.He has just recovered from an illness.D.He will be discharged from the hospital this afternoon.17. A. He got an infection in the lungs.B.He had his gallbladder inflamed.C.He was suffering from influenza.D.He had developed a big kidney tone.18. A. A lot better. B. Terribly awful.C. Couldn’t be better.D. Okay, but a bit weak.19. A. To be confined to a wheelchair.B.To stay indoors for a complete recovery.C.To stay in bed and drink a lot of water.D.To move about and enjoy the sunshine.20. A. From 4 pm to 6 pm. B. From 5 pm to 7 pm.C. From 6 pm to 8 pm.Passage One21. A. The link between weight loss and sleep deprivation.B.The link between weight gain and sleep deprivation.C.The link between weight loss and physical exercise.D.The link between weight gain and physical exercise.22. A. More than 68,000. B. More than 60,800.C. More than 60,080.D. More than 60,008.23. A. Sever-hour sleepers gained more weight over time than 5-hour ones.B.Five-hour sleepers gained more weight over time than 7-hour ones.C.Short-sleepers were 15% more likely to become obese.D.Short-sleepers consumed fewer calories than long sleepers.24. A. Overeating among the sleep-deprived.B.Little exercise among the sleep-deprived.C.Lower metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.D.Higher metabolic rate resulting from less sleep.25. A. Exercise every day. B. Take diet pills.C. Go on a diet.D. Sleep more.Passage Two26. A. She is too hard on me.B.She asks too many questions.C.She is always considerate of my feelings.D.She is the meanest mother in the neighborhood.27. A. A university instructor. B. A teaching assistant.C. A phD student.D. A psychiatrist.28. A. They usually say no.B.They usually say yes.C.They usually wait and see.D.They usually refuse to say anything.29. A. They are overconfident.B.Their brains grow too fast.C.They are psychologically dependent.D.Their brains are still immature in some areas.30. A. Be easy on your teen.B.Try to be mean to your teen.D.Don’t care about your teen’s feelings.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the statements are incomplete, beneath each of which are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that can bestcomplete the statement and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET.31. A number of black youths have complained of being by the police.A. harassedB. distractedC. sentencedD. released32. He rapidly became with his own power in the team.A. irrigatedB. irradiatedC. streetlightD. torchlight33. Throughout his political career he has always been in the .A. twilightB. spotlightC. streetlightD. torchlight34. We that diet is related to most types of cancer but we don’t have definite proof.A. suspendB. superveneC. superviseD. suspect35. A patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the throat is in terrible pain, which can nolonger be satisfactorily .A. alleviatedB. abolishedC. demolishedD. diminished36. The television station is supported by from foundations and other sources.A. donationsB. pensionsC. advertisements37. More legislation is needed to protect the property rights of the patent.A. integrativeB. intellectualC. intelligent38. Officials are supposed to themselves to the welfare and health of the generalpublic.A. adaptB. confineC. commitD. assess39. You should stop your condition and do something about it.A. drawing onB. touching onC. leaning onD. dwelling on40. The author of the book has shown his remarkably keen into human nature.A. perspectiveB. dimensionC. insightD. reflectionSection BDirections: In this section each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined, beneath which are four words or phrase. Choose the word or phrase which canbest keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for theunderlined part. Then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.The chemical was found to be detrimental to human health.A. toxicB. immuneC. sensitiveD. allergic42.It will be a devastating blow for the patient, if the clinic closes.A. permanentB. desperateC. destructiveD. sudden43.He kept telling us about his operation in the most graphic detail.A. verifiableC. preciseD. ambiguous44.The difficult case tested the ingenuity of even the most skillful physician.A. credibilityB. commitmentC. honestyD. talent45.He left immediately on the pretext that he had to catch a train.A. claimB. clueC. excuseD. talent46.The nurse was filled with remorse of not believing her .A. anguishB. regretC. apologyD. grief47.The doctor tried to find a tactful way of telling her the truth.A. delicateB. communicativeC. skillfulD. considerate48.Whether a person likes a routine office job or not depends largely on temperament.A. dispositionB. qualificationC. temptationD. endorsement49.The doctor ruled out Friday’s surgery for the patient’s unexpected complications.A. confirmedB. facilitatedC. postponedD. cancelled50.It is not easy to remain tranquil when events suddenly change your life.A. cautiousB. motionlessC. calmD. alertDirections: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choice marked A, B, C and D listed on the right side. Choose the best answer andmark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Experts say about 1% of young women in the United States are almost starving themselves today. They are suffering from a sickness called anorexia.These young women have an abnormal fear of getting fat. They 51 starve themselves so they weigh at 15% less than their normal weight.The National Institute of Mental Health says one 52 ten cases of anorexia leads to serious medical problems. These patients can die from heart failure or the disease can lead young womento 53 themselves. For example, former gymnast Christy Henrich died at age 22. She weighed only61 pounds.A person with anorexia first develops joint and muscle problems. There is a lack of iron inthe blood. 54 the sickness progresses, a young woman’s breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure rates slow down. The important substance calcium is 55 from the bones, something causing bones to break. Sometimes the brain gets smaller, causing changes in 56 a person thinks and acts. Scientists say many patients have further mental and emotional problems. They have 57 opinions about themselves. They feel helpless. Their attempts to become extremely thin may 58 efforts to take control of their lives. They may become dependent on illegal drugs. Some people also feel the need to continually repeat a(n) 59 . For example, they may repeatedly wash their hands although their hands are clean.Anorexia is a serious eating 60 .If it is not treated on time, it can be fatal.51. A. specifically B. purposely C. particularly D. passionately52. A. from B. of C. at D. in53. A. kill B. starve C. abuse D. worsen54. A. When B. While C. As D. Since55. A. lost B. derived C. generated D. synthesized56. A. what B. why C. how D. which57. A. good B. high C. lower D. poor58. A. represent B. make C. present D. exert59. A. medication B. illusion C. motion D. action60. A. habit B. behavior C. disorder D. patternPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Direction:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneChildren should avoid using mobile phones for all but essential calls because of possible health effects on young brains. This is one of the expected conclusions of an official government report to be published this week. The report is expected to call for the mobile phone industry to refrain from promoting phone use by children, and to start labeling phones with data on the amount of radiation they emit. The Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones, chaired by former government chief scientist William Stewart, has spent eight months reviewing existing scientific evidence on all aspects of the health effects of using mobile phones. Its report is believed to conclude that because we don’t fully understand the nonthermal effects of radiation on human tissue, the government should adopt a precautionary approach, particularly in relation to children.There is currently no evidence that mobile phones harm users or people living near transmitter masts. But some studies show that cell-phones operating at radiation levels within current safety limits do have some sort of biological effect on the brain.to environmental insults,” he says,“So if phones did prove to be hazardous——which they haven’t yet ——it would be sensible.”In 1998, Tattersall showed that radiation levels similar to those emitted by mobile phones could alter signals from brain cells in slices of rat brain, “What we’ve found is an effect, but we don’t know if it’s hazardous,” he says.Alan Preece of the University of Bristol, who found last year that microwaves increase reaction times in test subjects, agreed that children’s exposure would be greater. “There’s a lot less tissue in the way, and the skill is thinner, so children’s heads are considerably closer,” he says.Stewart’s report is likely to recommend that the current British safety standards on energy emissions from cell-phones should be cut to the level recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, which is one-fifth of the current British limit. “The extra safety factor of five is somewhat arbitrary,” s ays Michael Clark of the National Radiological Protection Board. “But we accept that it’s difficult for the UK to have different standards from an international body.”61. Just because it has not been confirmed yet whether mobile phone emissions can harm humantissue, according to the government report, does not mean that .A. the government should prohibit children from using cell-phonesB. we should put down the phone for the sake of safetyC. the industry can have a right to promote phone useD. children are safe using cell-phones62. Tattersall argues that it is wise to refrain mobile phone use by children in termsof .A. their neural developmentB. their ill-designed cell-phonesC. the frequency of their irrational useD. their ignorance of its possible health effects63. On the issue in question, Preece .A. does not agree with TattersallB. tries to remove the obstacles in the wayC. asks for further investigationD. would stand by Stewart64. What is worrisome at present is that the UK .A. is going to turn deaf ears to the voice of Stesart’s planB. finds it difficult to cut the current safety standards on phone useC. maintains different standards on safety limit from the international onesD. does not even impose safety limit on the mobile phones’ energy emissions65．Which of the following can bi the best candidate for the title of the passageA . Brain Wave B. For Adults OnlyC. Catch Them YoungD. The Answer in the AirPassage TwoAdvances in cosmetic dentistry and plastic surgery have made it possible to correct facial birth defects, repair damaged teeth and tissue, and prevent or greatly delay the onset of tooth decay and gum disease. As a result, more people smile more often and more openly today than ever in the past, and we can expect more smiles in the future.middle-class family members in formal portraits and domestic scenes appear to have their mouths firmly closed. Soldiers in battle, children at play, beggars, old people, and especially villains may have their mouths open; but their smiles are seldom attractive, and more often suggest strain or violence than joy.Smiles convey a wide range of meanings in different eras and cultures, says art historian Angus Trumble, currently curator(馆长)of Yale University’s Center for British Art, in his book A Brief History of the Smile. Compare, for instance, the varying impressions made by the shy dimples(酒窝)of Leonardo’s Mona Lisa; the rosy-cheeked, mustachioed Laughing Cavalier of Frans Hals; and the”Smiley Face”logo perfected(though not invented)in 1963 by American graphic artist Harvey .In some non-Western cultures, Trumble notes, even a warm, open smile does not necessarily indicate pleasure or agreement. It can simply be a polite mask to cover emotions considered too rude or shocking to bi openly displayed.Subtle differences in muscle movement can convey enormous differences in emotion, from the tranquility of bronze Buddhas, to the erotic bliss of couples entwined in stone on Hindu temples,to the fierce smirk(假笑)of a guardian demon at the entrance to a Chinese tomb.Trumble expects the impact of Western medicine and mass media to further increase the pressure on people to grin broadly and laugh openly in public.”Faint smiles are increasingly thought of in scientific and psychological circles as something that falls short of the true smile ,”and therefore suggest insincerity or lack of enthusiasm, he says.With tattooing, boby piercing, and permanent cosmetics already well established as fashion trends, one can imagine tomorrow’s beauty shops adding plastic surgeons and dentists to their staffs. These comer-store cosmeticians would offer style makeovers to reshape our lips, teeth, and jawlines to mimic the signature smile of one’s favorite celebrity.What can you say to that except” Have a nice day”66. Had it not been for cosmetic advances, as inferred from the passage, .A . people would not have been as happy as they are todayB. the rate of facial birth defect would not have declinedC . there would not have been many more open smilesD. we would not have seen smiling faces in public67. According to the passage, it seems that whether there is a smile or not in the portraits orpictures is decided by .A. one’s internal sense of the external worldB . one’s identity or social positionC . one’s times of existenceD . All of the above68. Trumble’s study on smiles shows that .A. an open smile can serve as a cover-upB . the famous portraits radiate varying smilesC. even the human muscles can arouse varying emotionsD. smiles can represent misinterpretations of different eras and cultures69. What Trumble expects to see is .A. the increasing tendency of broad grins and open smiles in publicB . further impact of Western medicine upon non-Western culturesC. a wider range of meanings to be conveyed by smilesD. more of sincerity and enthusiasm in public70 . At the end of the passage, the author implicates .C . future changes in life styleD . the future of smilesPassage ThreeAdolf Hitler survived an assassination attempt in 1944 with the lamp of penicillin made by the Allies, a microbiologist in the UK claims. If the Nazi leader had died from bacterial infection ofhis many wounds, the Second World War might have been over a year earlier, saving millions of lives, says Milton Wainwright of the University of Sheffield, a noted historian of microbiology.In a paper to be published soon in Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Wainwright reveals first-hand evidence that Hitler was treated with penicillin by his personal doctor, Theo Morrell, following an assassination attempt in which a bomb in a suitcase exploded next to Hitler’s desk. Hitler was badly hurt, fleeing the scene with his hair and trousers on fire, a badly bleeding arm and countless wooden splinter wounds from the oak table that probably saved his life.Wainwright found confirmation that Morrell gave Hitler antibiotics as a precaution in a recent translation of Morrell’s own diary. “I happened to be reading it for interest when the word penicillin jumped out at me,” he says. He then set about trying to establish where Morrell might have got the drug.At the time, penicillin was available only to the Allies. German and Czechoslovakian teams had tried without much success to make it, Wainwright says, but the small quantities that weresays Wainwright. available were weak and impure. “It’s generally accepted that it was no good,”He reasons that Morrell would only have risked giving Hitler penicillin to prevent infectionsif he were confident that the antibiotic would cure, not kill the German premier. “My research shows that Morrell, in a very dodgy(危险的) position as Hitler’s doctor, would only have used pure stuff.” And the only reliable penicillin was that made by the Allies. So where did Morrell getitWainwright’s investigations revealed that Allied airmen carried penicillin, so the Germans may have confiscated some from prisoners of war. The other more likely source is from neutral countries such Spain, which received penicillin from Allied countries for humanitarian purposes, perhaps for treating sick children.have proof the Allies were sending it to these countries,” says Wainwright. “I’m saying “Ｉthis would have got through in diplomatic bags, reaching Hitler’s doctor and the higher echelons(阶层)of the Nazi party. So this was almost certainly pure, Allied penicillin.”“We can never be certain it saved Hitler’s life,” says Wainwright. But he notes that one of Hitler’s henchmen(死党)，Reinhard Heydrich, died from blood poisoning after surviving acar-bomb assassination attempt. “Hair from his seat went into his wounds and gave him septicemia,” says Wainwright. Morrell may have been anxious to ensure that Hitler avoided the same fate.71. According to Wainwright, Adolf Hitler .A. might have used biological weapons in the warB. could not have committed suicide as confirmedC. could have died of bacterial infectionD. might have survived a bacterial plague72. Following his assassination in 1944, Adolf Hitler .A. began to exercise precautions against his personal attacksB. was anxious to have penicillin developed in his countryC. received an jinjection of penicillin for blood poisoningD. was suspected of being likely to get infecteds personal doctor .73. As Wainwright reasons, H itler’A. cannot have dared to prescribe German-made penicillin to himB. need not have used pure antibiotic for his suspect infectionC. would have had every reason to assassinate himD. must have tried to produce penicillin74. Wainwright implies that the Third Reich .A. met the fate of collapse as expectedB. butchered millions of lives on the earthC. was severely struck by bacterial plaguesD. did have channels to obtain pure penicillin75.Which of the following can be the best title for the passageA.How Hitler Manage to Survive Assassination AttemptsB.Morrell Loyal to His German PrimierC.Hitler Saved by Allied DrugsD.Penicillin Abused in GermanPassage FourGet ready for a new kind of machine at your local gym: one that doesn’t involve huffing and puffing as you burn off calories. Instead, all you have to do is stand still for 30 seconds while the machine measures your body fat. It could then tell you exactly where you could do with losing afew pounds and even advise you on exercises for your problem areas. If the body fat scanner turns out to be accurate enough, its makers hope it could one day help doctors spot disease.The scanner works by simultaneously building up an accurate 3D image of the body, while measuring the body’s effect on an electromagnetic field. Combining the two measurements allows the researchers to work out the distribution of fat and water within. Neither method is new on itsown, says Henri Tapp, at the Institute of Food Research in Norwich in the UK. “The smart thing is that we’ve put them in one machine.”And it’s not just for gym users. The body fat scanner could be used to study fat deposition as children develop, while patients recover from injury, or during pregnancy. And since it uses radio waves rather than X-rays, Tapp’s device is safe to use repeatedly.Body shape is known to be a risk indicator for heart disease and diabetes. So accurately quantifying fat distribution could help doctors suggest preventive measures to patients before problems arise. At the moment, doctors estimate fat content from knowing body volume and water content. To a good approximation, says Tapp, anything that isn’t fat is water. The amount of water in the body is often measured by giving the subject a drink of water that contains a radioactive tracer. The level of tracer in the patient's urine after three hours reveals the total water volume.To find out a body’s volume, subjects are weighed while totally submerged in water, and thisis subtracted from their normal weight to give the weight of water displaced, and hence the subject’s volume. But it is scarcely practical for seriously ill people.There are other ways to directly measure body fat, such as passing a minuscule current between the wrists and feet. The overall fat content can then be estimated from the body’s resistance. But this method doesn’t take body shape into account ——so a subject with particularly skinny legs might register a higher fat content than the true value. That’s because skinny legs—with a lower cross-sectional area——will present higher resistance to current. So the machine thinks the water content of the body is lower——rating the subject as fatter. Also, the system can only give an overall measurement of fat.Tapp’s method uses similar calculations, but is more sophisticated because it tells you where you are piling on the pounds.76. The new machine is designed .A. to picture the body’s hidden fatB. to identify those at risk for obesityC. to help clinically treat specific casesD. to measure accurately risky obesity-related effects77. The beauty of the device, according to Tapp, is that .A. it performs a dual functionB. it is of great accuracy in measurementC. it has significant implications in clinical practiceD. it contributes to the evolution of human anatomy78.Which of the following, according to the passage, does the machine have the potential tospareA. A minuscule current.B. A radioactive tracer.C. A water tank.D. All of the above.79.In comparison with the techniques mentioned in the passage, the body fat scanner .A. quickens the pace of the patient’s rehabilitationB. is highly appreciated for its safetyC. features its measuring precisionD. is easy to operate in the clinic80.For scanning, all the subject has to do is .A. take up a form of workout in the gymB. turn round the body fat scannerC. lie on the electromagnetic fieldD. sand in the systemPassage FiveThere is currently abroad a new wave of appreciation for breadth of knowledge. Curricula at universalities and colleges and programs in federal agencies extol(赞扬) the virtues of a broad education. For scientists who work in specialized jobs, it is a pleasure to escape in our spare timeto read broadly in fields distant from our own. Some of us have made interdisciplinary study our occupation, which is no surprise, because much of the intellectual action in our society today liesat the interfaces between traditional disciplines. Environmental science is a good example, because it frequently requires us to be conversant in several different sciences and even some unscientific fields.Experiencing this breadth of knowledge is stimulating, but so is delving deeply into a subject. Both are wonderful experiences that are complementary practical and aesthetic(美学的)ways. They are like viewing the marvelous sculpture of knowledge in two different ways. Look at the sculpture from one perspective and you see the piece in its entirety, how its components connect to give it form, balance, and symmetry. From another viewpoint you see its detail, depth, and mass. There is no need to choose between these two perspectives in art. To do so would subtract fromthe totality of the figure.So it is with science. Sometimes we gaze through a subject and are reluctant to stop for too much detail. As chemists, we are fascinated by computer sciences or molecular genetics, but not enough to become an expert. Or we may be interested in an analytical technique but not enough to stay at its cutting edge. At other times, we become immersed in the detail of a subject and see its beauty in an entirely different way than when we browse. It is as if we penetrate the surface of the sculpture and pass through the crystal structure to the molecular level where the code for the entire structure is revealed.Unfortunately, in our zeal for breadth or depth, we often feel that it is necessary to diminishthe value of the other. Specialists are sometimes ridiculed with names such as “nerd”or “technocrats”, generalists are often criticized for being too “soft” or knowing too little about any one thing. Both are ludicrous(可笑的) accusations that deny a part of the reality of。
2016年卫生类阅读 完形填空复习资料缩印版
The Case of the DisappearingFingerprintsOne useful anti-cancer drug can effectively erase the whorls and other characteristic marks that give people their distinctive fingerprints. Losing them could become troublesome. A case released online in a letter by Annals of Oncology indicates how big a problem of losing fingerprints is.Eng-Huat Tan, a Singapore-based medical doctor describes a 62–year old man who has used capecitabine1 to treat his nasopharyngeal cancer. After three years on the drug, the patient decided to visit U. S. relatives last December. But he was stopped by U. S. customs officials for 4 hours after entering the country when those officials couldn’t get fingerprints from the man. There were no distinctive swirly marks appearing from his index finger2.U. S. customs3 has been fingerprinting incoming foreign visitors for years, Tan says. Their index fingers are printed and screened against digital files of the fingerprints of bad guys—terrorists and potential criminals that our federal guardians have been tasked with keeping out of the country4. Unfortunately, for the Singaporean traveler5, one potential side effect of his drug treatment is a smoothing of the tissue on the finger pads6. Hence, no fingerprints.―It is uncertain when fingerpr int loss will begin to take place in patients who are taking capecitabine,‖ Tan points out. So he cautions any physicians who prescribe the drug to provide their patients with a doctor’s note pointing out that their medicine may cause fingerprints to disappear. Eventually, the Singapore traveler made itinto the United States. I guess the name onhis passport didn’t raise any red flags. Buthe, s also now got the explanatory doctor’snote —and won’t leave home without it.By the way, maybe the Food andDrug Administration, which approved useof the drug 11 years ago, shouldconsider updating its list of side effectsassociated with this medicine. The currentlist does note that patients may experiencevomiting, stomach pain and some otherside effects. But no where does it mentionthe potential for loss of fingerprints.Hospital MistreatmentAccording to a study, most medicalinterns report experiencing mistreatment,including humiliation by senior doctors,_being threatened, or physical abuse intheir first year out of medical school.The findings come from analysis ofthe _response to_ a 13-page survey mailedin January 1991 to 1, 733 second-yearresidents. The survey and analysis appearin the April 15th issue of the Journal of theAmerican Medical Association.Overall, out of the 1,277 residentswho completed surveys, 1,185 said thatthey had experienced at least one incidentof mistreatment in their intern year. Inaddition to reporting incidents where theywere abused, more than 45% of theresidents said they had witnessed at leastone incident where other persons _hadmade_false medical records. Moreover,nearly three quarters of the residents saidthey had witnessed mistreatment of patientsby other residents, attending physicians, orCombivir has been shown in each of morethan fifty studies.The price of the newonce-daily pill has not been announced. ButGilead and Bristol-Myers Squibb say theywill provide it at reduced cost todeveloping countries. They plan in the nextfew months to ask the United States Foodand Drug Administration10to approve thenew pill.There are limits to who could takeit because of the different drugs it contains.For example, pregnant women are told notto take Sustiva because of the risk of birthdisorders.11Experts say more than fortymillion people around the world are livingwith HIV ExerciseWhether or not exerciseadds to the length of life, it is commonexperience that a certain amount of regularexercise improves health and contributes afeeling of well - being. Furthermore,exercise which involves play andrecreation (娱乐)，and relieves nervoustension and mental fatigue in so doing，isnot only pleasant beneficial.How much and what kind of exerciseone should take merits carefulconsideration. The growing child and thenormal young man and young woman thrill(兴奋) with strenuous (剧烈的)sports.They fatigue to the point_ of exhaustionbut recover promptly with a period of rest.But not so with those of middle age andbeyond. For them moderation is of vitalimportance.Just how much exercise a person of agiven age can safely take is a question hardto answer (57) Individual variability is toogreat to permit generalization. A game oftennis may be perfectly safe for one personof forty but folly (愚蠢)for another. Thesafe limit for exercise depends on thecondition of the heart, the condition of themuscles, the type of exercise, and theregularity with which it is taken. Twogeneral suggestions, however, will serve assound advice for anyone. The first is thatthe condition of the heart and generalhealth should be determined periodically bycareful，thorough physical examinations.The other is that exercise should be keptbelow the point of physical exhaustion.What type of exercise one shouldchoose depends upon one's physicalcondition. Young people can safely enjoycompetitive sports, but most older personsdo better to limit themselves to lessstrenuous activities. Walking, swimmingand skating are among the sports that onecan enjoy and safely participate inthroughout life. Regularity is important ifone is to get the most enjoyment andbenefit out of exercise.Old and ActiveIt is well—known that life expectancyis longer in Japan than in most othercountries. A recent report also shows thatJapan has the longest health expectancy inthe world．A healthy long life is the resultof the improvement in social environment.Scientists are trying to work outexactly what keeps elderly Japanese peopleso healthy, and whether there is a lesson tobe learnt from their lifestyles for the rest ofus. Should we make any changes to oureating habits，for instance，or go joggingeach day before breakfast? Is there somesecret ingredient in the Japanese diet thatis particularly beneficial to the humanbody?Another factor contributing to therapid population aging in Japan is a declinein birthrate．Although longer life should becelebrated，it is actually considered a socialproblem．The number of older people had doubled in the last half century and that has increased pension and medical costs．The country could soon be facing an economic problem，if there are so many old people to be looked after and relatively few younger people working and paying taxes to support them．Raising the retirement age from 65 to 70 could be one solution to the problem. Work can give the elderly a sense of responsibility and mission in life. It’s important that the elderly play active roles in the society and live in harmony with all generations1.Researchers have found that the risk of cancer in the mouth and neck is higher with people who drink alcohol outside of meal2.Which of the following is NOT the conclusion made by the researchers about ―drinking with meals‖? I t increases by 20 percent the possibility of cancer in all sites.3.Approximately how many drinks do the lowest-intake group average per day? 3 drinks.4. Which cancer risk is the lowest among all the four kinds of cancer mentioned in the passage? Laryngeal cancer.5. According to the last paragraph, tissue’s lower exposure to alcohol reduces the risk of laryngeal cance r.1) Which of the following is NOT true of mini-strokes? The cause of them remains unidentified2) To prevent mini-strokes from turning into major strokes, it is important to seek prompt medical treatment3) The passage indicates that the symptoms of mini-strokes are frequently hard to recognize4) All of the following may be signs of mini-strokes except for severe headachecaused by external injury5) It can be inferred from the passage thatmini-strokes are silent and deadly.1) Which of the following statementswould Bowlby support?？The first threeyears of one's life is extremely important tothe later development of personality.2) Which of the following is derivable fromBowlby’s work?？Mothers should not sendtheir children to day care centers until theyare three years of older3) It is suggested that modern societiesdiffer from traditional societies in that认为the parents-child relationship is moreexclusive in modern societies4) Which of the following statements isNOT an argument against Bowlby’stheory?？Parents find the immediateeffects of early day care difficult to dealwith.5) Which of the following best expressesthe writer’s attitude towards early daycare?？The issue is controversial and itssettlement calls for the use of statisticsnurses Almost 40% said patientmistreatment was a frequent _even_. Morethan 10% of the residents said they werenot allowed to have enough sleep, and theaverage number of hours _without_ sleepwas 37.6. The average on-call hours duringa _typical week was 56.9 hours, but about25% of the residents said their on-callassignments were more than 80 hours someweeks.Although 30% of the residents said theyexperienced some type of sexualharassment or discrimination, verbal abusewas the most common problem cited.When abusive incidents were limited toevents occurring three or more times, 53%of the respondents reported that they _mustbe_ belittled or humiliated by more seniorresidents, while just over 21% reportedsomeone taking credit for their work. Being―_given_ tasks for punishment,‖ ―beingpushed, kicked or hit,‖ and having_someone ―threatening your reputation orcareer,‖ were reported as a more_frequent_ occurrence by over 10% of theresponding residents.Once-daily Pill Could Simplify HIVTreatment Bristol-Myers Myers Squibband Gilead Sciences have combined manyHIV drugs into a single pill Sometimes thebest medicine is more than one kind ofmedicine. Malaria, tuberculosis andHIV/AIDS,2 for example, are all treatedwith combinations of drugs. But that canmean a lot of pills to take. It would besimple drug companies combined all themedicines into a single pill, taken just oncea day.Now, two companies say they havedone that for people just starting treatmentfor HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. Thecompanies are Bristol-Myers Squibb andGilead Sciences. They have developed asingle pill that combines three drugscurrently on the market.3 Bristol-MyersSquibb sells one of them under the nameof Sustiva.4 Gilead combined the others,Emtriva and Viread, into a single pill intwo thousand four.Combining drugs involves more thantechnical issues. It also involves issues ofcompetition if the drugs are made bydifferent companies. The new once-dailypill is the result of what is described as thefirst joint venture agreement of its kind inthe treatment of HIVIn January the NewEngland Journal of Medicine5published astudy of the new pill. Researcherscompared its effectiveness to6that of thewidely used combination of Sustiva andCombivir. Combivir contains two drugs,AZT7and 3TC.8The researchers say thatafter one year of treatment, the new pillsuppressed HIV levels in more patients andwith fewer side effects.9Gilead paid forthe study. Professor Joel Gallant at theJohns Hopkins School of Medicine inBaltimore, Maryland, led the research. Heis a paid adviser to Gilead andBristol-Meyers Squibb as well as the makerof Combivir, GlaxoSmithKline.Glaxo Smith Kline reacted to the findingsby saying that a single study is of limitedvalue. It says the effectiveness of1) What form of potato is the most nutrientto the human body?什么样的形式马铃薯对人体是最营养？Potato salad.2) What does the reduction in leucocytelevels in the body mean?减少白细胞在体内的含量是什么意思呢？It may meanthe reduced levels of inflammation.3) For what a purpose did the researchersuse raw potato starch in their experiment?出于什么目的，研究人员使用了生的马铃薯淀粉在他们的实验吗？They wanted tosimulate the effects of a diet high inresistant starch.4) All of the following foods are rich inresistant starch EXCEPT以下食品都含有丰富的抗性淀粉除vegetables5) What a kind of starch is resistant starchafter all?抗性淀粉毕竟是一种什么样的淀粉？It cannot be digested in the smallintestine and ferments in the large intestine.1）How could most elderly type II diabetics stop taking insulin?怎么可能大多数II型老年糖尿病患者停止服用胰岛素？By doing brisk exercise for half an hour at least three times a week2）Physical exercise may increase the body ability to utilise insulin by体育锻炼可以提高身体利用胰岛素的能力30 percent.3The subjects of the research tests conducted at the Copenhagen Central Hospital included在哥本哈根中心医院进行的研究试验的受试者包括both A and B.4）To what a degree have diebetics to exercise in order to achieve the desired effect'?到什么程度，有锻炼以达到预期的效果？To the degree where they begin to sweat5）.According to Deta, among most diabetics the importance of exercise is__ the importance of watching their diet.根据数据，大多数糖尿病患者运动的重要性是__看他们的饮食的重要性。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
连俊霞医学考博完型填空
2016年医学考博完型填空真题
Humans are the only species known to have consciousness, awareness that we have brains and bodies _51_ adaptability that we can affect the course our lives take, that we can make choices _52_ that vastly affect the quality of our lives—biologically, intellectually, environmentally, and spiritually. As humans, we have the ability to mold our _53_ beings to become what or who we wish to become. While some of us may, _54_, have genetic and biological imperatives that may require medication or training to overcome, or at least to modulate, the vast majority of us do, in fact, hold our emotional _55_ in our hands.
All that _56_, until the last decade, scientists believed that the human brain and its connections were formed during gestation and infancy and remained _57_ unchanged through childhood. They believed that humans have a given number of neurons in a specific brain structure, and _58_ the number might vary among people, once you were done with childhood development, you were set in this _59_. Your connections were already made, and the learning and growing period of your brain was over. In the last decade, however, researchers have found _60_ evidence that this is not so, and that something called neuroplasticity continues throughout our lives.
(209 words)
51. A. careful about B. capable of C. accessible to D. susceptible to
52. A. in the event B. in an attempt C. at the moment D. along the way
53. A. exclusive B. very C. just D. exact
54. A. indeed B. however C. moreover D. therefore
55. A. demonstration B. dimension C. destiny D. determination
56. A. has been said B. being said C. was said D. is said
57. A. more or less B. pretty much C. as ever D. if any
58. A. while B. despite C. nevertheless D. since
59. A. case B. mold C. sense D. condition
60. A. different B. similar C. insufficient D. significant Plastic Is Fantastic for Your Brain: Neuroplasticity Paves the Way for You to Be Happier。