词汇学Lecture 3 构词法1

合集下载

词汇学之构词法课件

词汇学之构词法课件

re-
表示重复、再次或重新,如 “rebuild”(重建)、 “redo”(重做)。
un-
表示否定或相反意义,如 “unable”(不能的)、 “unexpected”(意外的)

in-
表示否定或相反意义,如 “informal”(非正式的)、 “inaccurate”(不准确的)

前缀构词法的特点与规律
04 合成词构词法
合成词的定义与构成方式
合成词定义
由两个或两个以上的词素组合而成的词。
构成方式
通过不同的组合方式,如名词+动词、形容词+名词、副词+动词等,形成具有特 定意义的合成词。
常见英语合成词举例
名词+动词
bookcase(书架)、 playground(操场)
形容词+名词
bluebird(蓝鸟)、goodwill(善 意)
副词+动词
overcome(克服)、undermine (削弱)
合成词构词法的特点与规律
特点
合成词的意义通常不是单个词素的简单相加,而是产生新的 意义。
规律
合成词的构词规律与语言习惯、文化背景密切相关,随着语 言的发展,新的合成词不断涌现。
05 转化词构词法
转化词的定义与转化方式
转化词定义
转化词是指一个单词在句子中不产生 形态变化,但词性产生改变的现象。
通过添加前缀或后缀来改变词根的意义或 词性。例如,“unhappy”通过添加“un”前缀形成反义词“happy”。
转化法
缩略法
将一个词从一种词类转化为另一种词类。 例如,“run”可以作为动词表示“跑”, 也可以作为名词表示“跑步”。
将一个较长的词缩短或省略部分音节形成 新词的方法。例如,“advertisement”可 以缩略为“ad”。

词汇学之3种构词法PPT课件

词汇学之3种构词法PPT课件
counter
act
argument example revolution
5. Prefixes of attitude (3)
anti
social
national clockwise slavery
5. Prefixes of attitude
prefixes
meaning
examples
co-
prefixes meaning
examples
arch-
supreme
archbishop
superout-
more than surpassing
supermarket outlive
sur-
over
surcharge
sub-
below
subnormal
overunder-
excessive too little
meaning
not, the converse
of
examples unwise
nonessential dishonest informal immature illegal irregular
2. Reversative prefixes (1)
un
pack
wrap
do
dress
2. Reversative prefixes (2)
8.Number prefixes
prefixes
quinqu-, pentahexa-, sex-
meaning five
six
sept-, heptaoctaennea-
seven eight nine
examples
quinquagenarian, pentagon

高中英语构词法精品课件

高中英语构词法精品课件

编号:__________ 高中英语构词法精品课件年级:___________________老师:___________________教案日期:_____年_____月_____日高中英语构词法精品课件目录一、教学内容1.1 构词法的基本概念1.2 词根、前缀和后缀1.3 合成词和派生词1.4 词类转换1.5 实例分析二、教学目标2.1 知识与技能2.2 过程与方法2.3 情感态度与价值观三、教学难点与重点3.1 难点3.2 重点四、教具与学具准备4.1 教具4.2 学具五、教学过程5.1 导入5.2 新课导入5.3 课堂活动5.4 练习与巩固六、板书设计6.1 构词法基本概念板书6.2 词根、前缀和后缀板书6.3 合成词和派生词板书6.4 词类转换板书6.5 实例分析板书七、作业设计7.1 作业内容7.2 作业要求7.3 作业评价八、课后反思8.1 教学效果评价8.2 教学方法改进8.3 学生反馈与改进措施九、拓展及延伸9.1 相关知识点拓展9.2 构词法在实际应用中的拓展9.3 构词法相关练习与活动教案如下:一、教学内容构词法是英语学习中的重要组成部分,它包括词根、前缀和后缀,合成词和派生词,以及词类转换等。

通过学习构词法,学生可以更好地理解和运用英语单词,扩大词汇量,提高语言表达能力。

二、教学目标(一)知识与技能1. 学生能够理解构词法的基本概念。

2. 学生能够区分和运用词根、前缀和后缀。

3. 学生能够识别和创造合成词和派生词。

4. 学生能够灵活运用词类转换。

(二)过程与方法1. 学生通过实例分析,掌握构词法的应用。

2. 学生通过课堂活动,提高英语听说读写能力。

(三)情感态度与价值观1. 学生培养对英语学习的兴趣。

2. 学生树立正确的语言学习观念。

三、教学难点与重点(一)难点1. 构词法的理解和运用。

2. 合成词和派生词的识别和创造。

(二)重点1. 词根、前缀和后缀的掌握。

2. 词类转换的运用。

现代汉语词汇学第三章 造词法

现代汉语词汇学第三章   造词法

50年代后开始有所区分,关于其关系的几种观点:
1. 概念纠缠不清
张寿康《构词法和构形法》:作为一门科学, 构词法就是研究咱们语言中词的构造的规律的 学问。产生新词的时候,新词的结构就是按构 词法产生的。
构形法:构形是词的形态变化的问题。一个词通过不同的形态 变化,来表现不同的语法意义。词的形态变化的方法就是构 形法。
有从事物颜色方面进行说明的
白茫茫、白蒙蒙、白皑皑、白晃晃等;
有从事物情状进行注释说明的
白食、白干、自给、白搭、白吃、白送等;
有从事物的方式进行说明
表白、辩白、独白、道白、告白、剖白等。
有从事物的内涵方面进行说明的
4. 刘叔新 《汉语描写词汇学》(1990):
其造词法系统是迄今为止最科学、最合理 的一个体系,其科学性与合理性主要得益 于其分类原则的科学性,即一次划分只能 使用一个准则。
第三章 造词法
一、关于造词法和构词法
在构词法研究的早期,构词法系统中 除了对词语作结构分析外,还常常包括 对造词手段的探讨。
译音之字
琉璃、琵琶、般若
合名为词
乔松(《史记·蔡泽传》称王乔、赤松子) 伊管(《邹阳传》称伊尹、管仲)
破字为词
言午(许)、弓长(张)
截名为词
蔺相(《费凤碑》称蔺相如) 葛亮(《晋书》称诸葛亮)
* 外号——号外 年终——终年
(3)变调法 古汉语中: 风(N)——风(V)、冠(N)——冠(V) 好(A)——好(V)、饮(上)——饮(去) 现代汉语中: 男人——男人 女人——女人 肚子——肚子 老公——老公 老子——老子 孙子——孙子
(4)合音法 多咱 俩人 甭说了 不可 之于
河南沛县: 泡(pào)——扑燎(pǔliɑo) 啥(shà)——什么 zuà : 相声大师侯宝林在他的《戏剧与方言》段 子里,讲到两个河南人对话:“谁?” “我!”

构词法PPT课件

构词法PPT课件
macro 较大的,延长的:macroeconomics /
macrocosm (宏观世界)
mal 恶,不良:maltreat / malfunction
micro 微:microphone / micrometer / microeconomics
mid 中,中间:mid-air / mid-stream / midday /
multi 多:multiply / multitude / multimedia /
multinational
non 否定,非,不:non-metal / nonsense /
nonexistent
hypo- [hyp]
下,低,次,少:hypotension (低血压) / hyposensitize (使敏感度减弱)
il- [im-] [in-] [ir-] 在内,进入;否定,不:import / intake /
invade / illegal / impossible / incomplete / irregular
automobile / autonomy
be 使成为,变成,加强:belittle / befriend
bi 二,双:bicycle / bilateral / bilingual
bio 生命,生物;生物学的:biochemistry /
bioengineering / biography / biology
combine / correlate
conter- [contra-] 反,对应:counter-attack / counteraction /
contrast / contradict
de 除去,离开,分,否定:decompose /

词汇学基础第二章词的构造

词汇学基础第二章词的构造

第二章词的构造现代汉语音义结合的最小单位是语素,语素组成了词,一般认为,由一个语素组成的是单纯词,有两个以上语素组成的是合成词。

单纯词可以从构成它的音节特征划分类型,合成词可以从分析构成它的语素之间的关系划分类型。

后者一般称作词的结构分析。

思路:梳理现代汉语和语言学纲要知识,详解其中要点,提出疑难问题,并按教材思路,给出一种解决办法。

一、构词法(一)构词语素1.构词语素分为两种:(1)词根:a意义实在b在合成词内位置不固定的不成词语素和成词语素(2)词缀:a意义不实在b在合成词内位置固定在前或在后的不成词语素2.补充:区分词缀和词尾除词根、词缀之外还有一种语素叫词尾。

它加在词的末尾,只能改变一个词的形式,而不能构成新词。

如英语的book 加上s 以后成为books, walk 加上-s –ing –ed之后成为walks walking walked这些都是一个词的不同形式,而不是不同的词。

一个词除去词尾,就是它的词干。

汉语中的语素大部分都是词根,词缀不多,没有词尾,这是汉语的一个特点。

不过在汉语的语法著作里,也常常把前缀,后缀叫做“词头”、“词尾”。

词缀不同于词尾。

①从位置上看,词缀在词中既可以在前,如汉语老乡中的“老”,英语unlike中的un;也可以在词的后面,如汉语“棍子”“作者”中的后一个语素。

也可以在词的前后都加上词缀,如英语unhappiness中的un 和ness词尾只能附加在词的末尾,不能出现在其他位置上。

②从功能上看词缀可以构成新词,是词的构成成分,固定在词的结构之中,是构词语素;词尾不能构成新词,不是词的构成成分,只是改变词的形式,所以是变词语素。

单纯的一个词,没有语境,没有与具体的语法意义相联系,也就没有相应的语法形式和手段,词尾也就无所依附了。

(二)单纯词由一个语素构成的词,叫做单纯词。

1.单纯词的音节特征:可以从不同的角度说明单纯词的音节特征。

(1)从数量上可以分为单音节的(山),双音节的(伶俐),和多音节的(巧克力,歇斯底里)。

英语专业词汇学第三章课本及答案

英语专业词汇学第三章课本及答案

Chapter 3 Morphological Structure of English Words We have discussed the historical, cultural and social factors that facilitate (使……容易;推动) the development of the English vocabulary. Borrowing, as we see, has been playing an active role in the expansion of vocabulary. In modern times, however, vocabulary is mainly enlarged on an internal basis. That is, we use word-building material available in English to create new words. But before we discuss the actual ways and means to make new words, we need to have a clear picture of the structure of English words and their components (成分) —word-forming elements. This chapter will discuss morphemes(语素;词素), their classification(分类) and identification(辨别), the relationship between morphemes and word-formation(构词法).3.1 MorphemesTraditionally, words are usually treated as the basic and minimal units of a language to make sentences, which are combinations of words according to syntactic rules(句法规则). Structurally, however, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into even smaller meaningful units. Take decontextualization for example. This is one word, but can be broken down into de-, con-, text, -a/ , -iz(e), -ation , each having meaning of its own. These segments (部分) cannot be furtherdivided; otherwise, none of them would make any sense. Though -ation has a number of variants (变体) such as -tion, -sion, -ion, they belong to the same suffix as they have the same meaning and grammatical function and occur owing to (因为;根据) different sound environment. These minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes (morphe is the Greek word for 'form'; -eme as in 'phoneme' (音素) means 'class of' ). In view of word-formation, the morpheme is seen as 'the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words' (Crystal 1985). Syntactically(从句法上看), however, a morpheme is the minimal form of grammatical analysis (语法分析). For instance, each of the word-forms studies, studying, studied, consists of the morpheme study + ; the forms -es in studies, -ing in studying, -ed in studied are morphemes, which express grammatical concepts (语法概念) instead of deriving new words (See Classifying Morphemes).3.2 Morphs and Allomorphs(词素变体)Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units (具体单位) known as morphs(形素). 'They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning' (Bolinger and Sears 1981:43). In other words the phonetic or orthographic strings(语音串或拼写字串)or segments (切分成分;节) which realize morphemes are termed 'morphs' (Bauer 1983:15). The morpheme isto the morph what a phoneme (音位) is to a phone (音素). Most morphemes are realized by single morphs like bird, tree, green , sad, want, desire, etc. . These morphemes coincide (巧合) with words as they can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence. Words of this kind are called mono-morphemic words. Some morphemes, however, are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a set of morphs in different sound context, e. g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in matches /iz/. The alternates (作为替换的事物) /s/, /z/ and /iz/ are three different morphs. The same is true of the link verb morpheme {be}. Its past tense is realized by two distinct orthographic forms was , were, each of which happens to be a word-form, realizing {preterit} and {singular}, and {preterit} and {plural} respectively and each has its own phonetic form /woz/ or /wə:/. Therefore, both was, were and their phonetic forms /woz/ and /wə: / are morphs (See discussion in Bauer, p15).An allomorph refers to a member of a set of morphs, which represent one morpheme. Just as we class phones(音素) together as allophones (音位变体) of a single phoneme(音位), so we class morphs together as allomorphs of a single morpheme. Take the plural morpheme {-s} again. Phonetically, it is realized by /s/, /z/, /iz/, all of which are allomorphs. In English, many morphemes canhave more than one allomorph, particularly those freestanding morphemes which are functional words in their own right. Once they occur in connected speech, they may be realized by different forms, depending on whether they are accented or weakened (Look at the data in the table).Morphem e AllomorphStrong Weak{am} /aem/ /əm/, /m/{ was} /woz/ /WəZ/{have } /haev/ /həv/, /v/{would } /wud/ /wəd/, /əd/,/d/{he} /hi:/ /i:/, /i/{his} /hiz/ /iz/{for} /fo:/ /fə/{to} /tu:/ /tu/, /tə/Then what is the difference between morphs and allomorphs? The relationship can be illustrated by the diagram below.Morpheme{would}morph morph morph morph →allomorph/wud/ /wəd/ /əd/ /d/3.3 Classifying MorphemesMorphemes vary in function. Accordingly, we can classify morphemes into several general categories: free versus bound, derivational versus inflectional, and lexical versus grammatical. However, their boundaries are not as clear-cut as they appear to be due to some overlapping(重叠). For the sake of discussion, we shall define each type in terms of its characteristics.1. Free versus Bound Morphemes(自由词素与粘着词素)This is the easiest and most preferred classification in morphological studies, discussed in Hatch and Brown (1995), Crystal (1985), Fromkin and Rodman (1983), Bauer (1983), Bolinger and Sears (1981) and Matthews (2000). Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free. These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. They are identical with(与……完全相同) words, for example, man, earth, wind, car and anger.Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are so named because they are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particulargrammatical function.Bound morphemes are chiefly found in derived words (派生词). Let us take recollection, idealistic and ex-prisoner for example. Each of the three words comprises three morphemes: recollection (re- collect-ion) , idealistic (ideal-ist-ic) , ex-prisoner (ex- prison -er). Of the nine morphemes, collect, ideal and prison can stand by themselves and thus are free morphemes. All the rest re-, -ion , -ist, -ic, ex-and -er are bound as none of them are freestanding units.Free morphemes are all roots, which are capable of being used as words or as word-building elements to form new words like collect, ideal, prison , whereas bound morphemes consist of either roots or affixes, most of which can be used to create new words like -dict- , -ced- (接近;去), re-, -ion, -ist, -ic and ex-(前). But there are a few affixes which can only indicate such grammatical concepts as tense, aspect, number and case, for example, the -ing in watching, -er in easier, -s in books, and -ed in worked.The English language possesses a multitude of (大量的) words made up of merely bound morphemes, e. g. antecedent, which can be broken down into ante-, -ced- and -ent. Among them, -ced- is a root meaning 'approach, go to', ante-, a prefix meaning 'before' and -ent, a noun suffix meaning 'a person, a thing', thus the whole word antecedent meaning 'something that goes before'(前例;前事;先行词;祖先). These examples show clearly that bound morphemes include two types: bound root (See Root, Stem, Base) and affix.2. Derivational versus Inflectional MorphemesMorphemes which are used to derive new words are known as derivational morphemes (派生词素) because when these morphemes are conjoined, new words are derived.In English, derivatives and compounds are all formed by such morphemes. For example, a + mor + ai, clear + ance, Life + Like and homo + gen + eous are results of such morphological processes.Inflectional morphemes(屈折词素), in contrast, indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers. Inflectional morphemes are confined to suffixes. There is the regular plural suffix -s (-es) which is added to nouns such as machines, fridges, desks, radios and potatoes; the same forms can be added to verbs to indicate the simple present for the third person singular such as likes, works and goes; the form -'s is used to denote the possessive case of nouns such as the children ' s library, the man ' s role and the mother-in-law' s complaints; the suffixes -er, -est are usually attached to simple adjectives or adverbs to show their comparative or superlative degrees like happier—happiest,harder—hardest. Apart from these, there is the past tense marker -ed and progressive marker -ing added to verbs. The differences between inflectional and derivational morphemes can be summarized as follows (See Hatch and Brown, p266): Inflectional Derivational(1) Does not change meaning or part of speech of the stem (1) Changes meaning or part of speech of the stem.(2) Indicates syntactic or semantic relations between different words in a sentence.(2) Indicates semantic relations within the word.(3) Occurs with all members of some large class of morphemes.(3) Occurs with only some members of a class of morphemes.(4) Occurs at margins of words.(4) Occurs before any inflectional suffixes added.3. Content versus Grammatical MorphemesOn a semantic and syntactic basis, morphemes can fall into content and grammatical morphemes (Traugott and Pratt 1980:90; Bolinger and Sears, pp66~70; Hatch and Brown, p267). Content morphemes are lexical morphemes which are used as wesee above to derive new words, so also known as derivational morphemes. These morphemes, whether free or bound, have a lexical content, hence the name. Grammatical morphemes, on the other hand, function primarily as grammatical markers. They encompass both inflectional affixes and free morphemes such as in, and, do, have, they, -while, -where, but and that, which are traditionally called functional words.3.4 Identifying Morphemes(词素的区分)Since morphemes are the minimal distinct units, they should be identifiable by their forms, meaning and distribution. Generally speaking, lexical morphemes are easy to define:Mono-morphemic: land, skyDouble-morphemic: chill + y, mis + takeTriple-morphemic: anti + govern + ment, sports + man + shipFour-morphemic:un + friend + li + ness, morph + olog( i) + cal + lyOver-four-morphemic: inter + nation + al + iz(e) + ationIf the morphemes are always consistent in form and meaning, there should be no difficulty in identification(区分). However, thereis often mismatch(不一致)between form and meaning. Some morphemes are identical(相同的) in form but different in meaning, for instance, -er in teacher, clearer and eraser. -er in teacher means 'one who', but -er in clearer indicates 'the comparative degree', and -er in eraser denotes 'an object'. Therefore, -er in each case is a different morpheme.Some morphemes are not meaningful in isolation(单独)but acquire meaning by virtue of(通过)their connection in words (Fromkin and Rodman, p116). The classic examples are cranberry(越橘), huckleberry (黑果;乌饭树浆果)and boysenberry(博弈增莓), each seeming to be a kind of berry. But when cran-, huckle- and boysen- are isolated, they are meaningless and they are incapable of forming new words with other morphemes rather than with berry. There are other morphemes which occur in many words, but their meaning is difficult to define, for instance, -ceive in conceive (想象;设想), perceive(感觉,察觉;认为)and receive. Some forms are meaningful, but not morphemes, such as fl- meaning 'moving light' in flash , flame and flicker(闪烁,忽隐忽现), and gl-meaning 'static light' in glow(发光,燃烧),glisten (闪耀;反光)and glitter(闪光;光彩夺目). These are only sound symbols often employed by poets in their literary creation but do not qualify as morphemes.The identification of inflectional morphemes is more problematic. In most cases, an inflectional morpheme can be segmented (切分)from the stem of a word and naturally can be added to the stem like the plural morpheme {s} in gloves, tables and classes. But what is the plural morpheme in men, sheep and feet ? The same is true of the past tense morpheme {ed} , which is explicit and segmentable in walked, loaded and danced. How can we isolate the past tense morpheme from knew, taught and cut ? To solve the problem, we have to resort to other ways.3.5 Morpheme and Word-formationWe know that words can be analyzed into morphemes, which are the minimal meaningful units in the composition of words. In word-formation, however, morphemes are conventionally labeled root, stem, base and affix.1. AffixAffixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. All affixes are bound morphemes because none of them can stand as words in their own right. According to the functions of affixes, we can divide them into inflectional affixes like -s, -ed and -ing, and derivational affixeslike pre-, ex-, de-, -less, -dom and -ic. Derivational and inflectional affixes are identical with derivational and inflectional morphemes. In view of their distribution in the formation of words, affixes can fall into prefix and suffix. Prefixes are all derivational, i.e. they are used to form new words whereas suffixes embrace(包括) both derivational suffixes and inflectional suffixes. Accordingly, the above-mentioned affixes can be further grouped into prefixes: pre-, ex- and de-y and suffixes: -less, -dom, -zc, -5, -ed and -ing.2. Root, Stem, BaseBefore we begin our actual discussion of word-building processes, there are some basic concepts that need clarifying(澄清). The processes of derivation and compounding involve different word-forming elements: affixes and root or stem or base. Indeed, some people use root or stem undiscriminatingly (不加区别地) on all occasions. But these three terms are not the same, and they denote to a greater or lesser degree different concepts despite the semantic overlapping between them.A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity (Crystal 1985). As mentioned earlier, the root, whether free or bound, generally carries the maincomponent of meaning in a word. In the word internationalists, removing inter- , -at, -ist, -s leaves the root nation. If we further divide nation as * na/tion or * at /ion, though -tion and -ion coincide with the noun suffix, the other part is meaningless and the original lexical identity is totally lost. Therefore, nation defies(使不能;使落空)further analysis. In terms of derivational and inflectional morphology, a 'root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed' (Bauer 1983). Take internationalists again. After the removal of the inflectional affix -s and the derivational affixes -ist, -al and inter-, nation is what is left and thus is the root.A stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in iron or of two root morphemes as in a compound like handcuff. It can be a root morpheme plus one or more affixational morphemes as in mouthful, understatement. To make things more clearly, we say that the stem is used only when we deal with inflectional affixes. As Bauer defines, a stem is 'that part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed' (ibid). In other words, any form to which an inflectional affix is attached is a stem. Consider the word internationalists again. Nation is a root as well as a stem as the plural -s can be added to it; national is not a root as it can be further divided, but a stem because an inflectionalaffix -s can be added to it when used as a noun; similarly, international is not a root but a stem for the same reason. This is also true of internationalist, which is a stem.A base is used in this book as an all-purpose term, referring to a form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added. It can be a root or a stem. In the case of internationalists, nation is a base, national is a base, so are international and internationalist.nation(root, stem, base)national(stem, base)international(stem, base)internationalist (stem, base)InternationalistsIt should be noted that such an example gives the impression that a stem is just as good as a base. This is not true. In many cases, a form of word can neither be a root nor a stem, but only a base. This often happens when we deal with derivational affixes exclusively, for example impracticality(不切实际;无用;不现实). Removing the derivational affix -ity leaves only the base form impractical, and by further removing im- we have the base form practical left and by still further analysis, only practice remains.impracticalityimpractical (base)practical(base)practice(root, stem, base)Therefore, in the chapters to follow, we shall employ only the term base to refer to any basic word-building element.英语词汇学第三单元课后练习及答案Questions and Tasks1. Write the terms in the blanks according to the definitions.a. a minimal meaningful unit of a language ( )b. one of the variants that realize a morpheme ( )c. a morpheme that occurs with at least one other morpheme ( )d. a morpheme that can stand alone ( )e. a morpheme attached to a base, stem or root ( )f. an affix that indicates grammatical relationships ( )g. an affix that forms new words with a base, stem or root ( )h.what remains of a word after the removal of all affixes ( )i. that part of a word that can take inflectional affixes ( ) j. a form to which affixes of any kind can be added ( )2. What is the difference between grammatical and lexicalmorphemes, and inflectional and derivational morphemes?Give examples to illustrate their relationships.3. Analyze the words in terms of root, stem and base.individualistic undesirablesanize the following terms in a tree diagram to show their logical relationships.affix morphemederivational affix free rootbound root inflectional affixprefix free morphemebound morpheme suffix参考答案1. a. morphemeb. allomorphc. bound morphemed. free morphemee. affixf. inflectional affixg. derivational affixh. rooti. stemj. base2. Inflectional morphemes are the suffixes added to the end ofwords to denote grammatical concepts such as -s (-es) , -ed,-ing and -est (to show superlative degree of adjectives andadverbs) whereas derivational morphemes are prefixes andsuffixes added to words to form new words such as pre-, dis-, un- , -lion, -er, -ness and so on.Grammatical morphemes are those used to show grammatical concepts, including inflectional suffixes as mentioned above and functional words (prepositions, pronouns, articles,auxiliary verbs), for example, but, the, do and was; lexicalmorphemes are derivational affixes including both prefixesand suffixes.3.individualisticindividualist+ic[stem, base]individual+ist[stem, base]individu+al[stem, base]in+dividu[root, stem, base]undesirablesun+desirable[stem, base]desir+able[root, stem, base]4. morpheme free morpheme=free rootbound morpheme bound rootaffix inflectional affixderivational affix prefixsuffix。

词汇学第三单元

词汇学第三单元

例如:disco discotheque(迪斯科)、
doc doctor(医生)、
Fri Friday(星期五)
kilo kilogram(公斤)、
photo photograph(照片)、
prep preparation(准备)、
taxi taxicab(出租汽车)、
uni university(大学)
Ad Advertisement、 AIDS(Aids) Acquired Immume Deficiency Syndrome(获得性免疫缺损综合征,即艾滋病)、 CAD Computer-aided Design(计算机辅助设 计)、 CI Corporate Imagine(企业形象)、 IMAX Image Maximization/Maximum(全景电 影)、 Co. Ltd. Limited Company/Corporation(股 份有限公司)、 MTR metro(地铁)
Digital Video →DV (数字视频) Global Positioning System →GPS (全球卫星定位系统) Global System for Mobile Communication → GSM(全球移动通信系 统)
Short Message Sevice → SMS(短信服务) Subscriber Identity Module → SIM(用户身份识别卡) Wireless Local Area Network →WLANSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome; DINK → Double Income ; PETS→Public English Test System; APEC →Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation ROM→Read-only Memory (只读内存)

英语词汇学复习资料

英语词汇学复习资料

英语词汇学复习资料IntroductionEnglihaaglobal1)Morphology(构词学)2)Semantic(语义学)3)Stylitic(语体学)4)Etymology(词源学)3.研究le某icology的两大方法1)Diachronicapproach:历时语言学2)Synchronicapproach:共时语言学Chapter1Le某icologyandbaicconceptofwordandvocabulary1.Word——Awordiaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathaagivenoundandmeaningandyn tacticfunction.2.Thereinologicalrelationhipbetweenoundandmeaningatheymbolic connectionbetweenthemiarbitrary(任意的)andconventional(约定的,俗称的).3.ound&formTheoundhouldbeimilarto/conitentwiththeform,butthereareomeill ogical不合逻辑的andirregularity不规则的1)influencedbyRoman2)Pronunciationchanged3)earlycribe(抄写员)4)borrowing4.Vocabulary——Notonlycanitrefertothetotalnumberofthewordinalanguage,butitcanta ndforalltheworduedinaparticularhitoricalperiod.5.ClaificationofW ordbaicfull/content实义词native/Anglo-Sa某onwordfrequencynotionoriginnonbaic/vocabularyfunctional/empty功能词borrowed/loanCollocability(可搭配性)neutralintyle(中立性)(2)Twofeatureofnativewordfrequentinue1)wordtakenoverfromforeignlanguageareknowaborrowedwordorloan wordorborrowinginimpleterm.2)ItietimatedthatEnglihborrowingconti tute80percentofthemodernEnglihvocabulary3)TheEnglihlanguagehavat debt.Inanydictionaryome80%oftheentrieareborrowed.Chapter2ThedevelopmentoftheEnglihvocabulary1.OldEnglih属于Indo-Europeanlanguagefamily(印欧语系)——Germanic(日耳曼语系),与德语最相似.2.Hitory1)OldEnglih(450-1150)a.Thefirtpeopleknowntoinhabit(居住)EnglandwereCelt,thelanguagewaCeltic(凯尔特语).b.TheecondlanguagewatheLatin(拉丁语)oftheRomanLegion(罗马军队).Romaninvaion→Anglo-Sa某on 三个事件TheintroductionofChri tianity→拉丁文的涌入Vikinginvaion(北欧海盗)andScandinavian斯堪的纳维亚语传入word文档可自由复制编辑2)MiddleEnglih(1150-1500)在英语发展过程在哪个阶段出现三语鼎立的现象?French,Latin,EnglihinMiddleEnglihperiodeael,port,freight,出现于英语发展的哪个阶段,属于哪一种外来词的引入?MiddleEnglih,Dutch(带来了2500个词汇)3)ModernEnglih (1500-uptonow)TheRenaiance(文艺复兴):LatinandGreekwererecognizedathelanguageoftheWeternworld’gr eatliteraryheritage(文化遗产).TheIndutrialRevolution(工业革命):17世纪中期Withthegrowthofcolonization(殖民化),Britihtentacle(魔爪)beganatretchingoutoftoeverycorneroftheglobe,thuenablingEnglihtoaborb(吸收)wordfromallmajorlanguageoftheworld.十六世纪,有一种新工业Printing出现对词汇的发展产生重要的影响,这导致oundandform出现concord(一致)和tandardization第二次世界大战以后,大量外来词进入英语中,如:Maojacket,blackbelt,kongfu标准化Inflectionallanguage屈折语Analyticallanguage分析语TherapiddevelopmentofmoderncienceandtechnologySocial,economi candpoliticalchangeTheinfluenceofothercultureandlanguageThreemodeofvocabularyde velopmentChapter3ThetructureofEnglihwordword.)Free→cantandaloneaaword/independentofothermorphemeTypeprefi某ation前缀Le某ical→derivational→affi某ationBound→addedtoothermorphemeuffi某ation后缀Grammatical→inflectional2.Morph——Amorphememutberealizedbydicrete(离散的)unit.Theeactualpokenminimalcarrierofmeaningaremorph.Monomorpheni cword——morphemearerealizedbyinglemorph.Allomorph(词素变体)——Somemorphemearerealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirpoition .3.Root——Arootithebaicformofaword,whichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttota lloofidentity.(Whatremainofawordaftertheremovalofallaffi某e.)Stem——aformtowhichaffi某eofanykindcanbeadded.Bae——refertoaformtowhichaffi某eofanykindcanbeadded.Itcanbearootortem.atemmayconitofainglerooto rtworootandarootpluaaffi某.atemcanbearootoraformbiggerthanaroot.请加以区别下面两个词的特征:nation,dict加以理论的分析(1)Bothnationanddictbelongtoroot,nationifreeroot,whichcanfun ctionaloneinaentence,Chapter4Word-formationinEnglih1.Therearefourmaintypeofword-formationinEnglih.word文档可自由复制编辑(1)★Affi某ation(prefi某ationanduffi某ation)构词能力最强Affi某ationigenerallydefinedatheformationofwordbyaddingwordformingorde rivationalaffi某etotem.fullconverion——Itcantakeanindefinitarticle(不定冠词)or-(e)toindicateingularorpluralnumber.e.g.black→ablackdrinkable→d rinkablepartialconverion——mutbeuedtogetherwithdefinitearticle.e.g.rich→therich2.Othertype ofword-formation(1)Clipping/hortening——hortenalongerwordbycuttingapartoftheoriginanduingwhatremainintea d.quake(earthquake)dorm(dormitory)pop(popularmuic)flu (influenza)(2)Acronymy首字母缩略法——joiningtheinitialletterofnameofocialandpoliticalorganizationorpe cialphraeandtechnicaltermeg:VOA-VoiceofAmericaTV-televiion绝大多数blending都是nouneg:mog(烟雾)frommoke+fogtele某(电传机)fromteleprinter+e某changeMedicare(医疗保险)frommedical+carelunarnaut(登月宇航员)fromlunar+atronaut(4)Back-formation逆构词法——iaproceofword-formationbywhichawordicreatedbythedeletion删除ofauppoedaffi某.donate(donation)loaf(loafer)babyit(babyitter)laze(lazy)Chapter5Wordmeaning1.Analytical(referential)分析的Reference–therelationhipbetweenlanguageandtheworld.Operational(conte某tual)运用到具体场景中Concept–whichbeyondlanguageithereultofhumancognitionreflectingthe objectiveworldinthehumanmind★Sene1)enedenotetherelationhipinidethelanguage.Theeneofane某preioniitplaceinaytemofemanticrelationhipwithothere某preioninthelanguage.’2)Sincetheeneofane某preioninotathing,itioftendifficulttoaywhatortofidentityiti.Itial oanabtraction.3)Everywordthathameaninghaene(noteverywordhareference)2.Motivation(理据)——accountfortheconnectionbetweenthelinguitic(语言学的)ymbolanditmeaning.non-motivatedOnomatopoeic(拟声的)——thewordwhoeounduggettheirmeaning.Semantic(语义学的)——refertothementalaociationuggetedbytheconceptual概念上的meaningofaword.eg:atthefootofmountain,themouthofriverword文档可自由复制编辑Etymological(词源学的)——Thehitoryoftheworde某plainthemeaningoftheword.3.TypeofmeaningGrammatical语法–refertothatpartofthemeaningofthewordwhichindicategrammaticalconc eptorrelationhipConceptual概念——themeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformthecore核心ofword-meaning.Le某ical词汇Connotative内涵意义eg:Mother—afemaleparent—loveAociative联想Stylitic语体1)formal2)neutral3)informalAffective/Emotive——appreciativeandpejorativeCollocative固定搭配Chapter6SenerelationSynchronicapproachRadiation辐射像车轮式一样进行发展的语义e.g.face,neck(3)TwoproceofdevelopmentConcatenation–meaning―linkingtogether‖串联 2.Homonymy(1)定义:Homonymaregenerallydefinedaworddifferentinmeaningbuteitheridenti cal(完全相同的)bothinoundandpellingoridenticalonlyinoundorpelling.PerfectHomonym同音同形异义词e.g.bear忍受;熊ball球;舞会(2)TypeHomograph同形异义e.g.minute分钟;微小的(1)定义:Synonymareworddifferentinoundandpellingbutmotnearlyalikeore某actlytheameinmeaning.Aboluteregioned地域(BritihEnglih&AmericanEnglih)(2)TypetyliticdegreeRelative(Near)hadeofmeaningemotiverangecollocative搭配Borrowing(themotimportantource)(1)定义:Antonymyiconcernedwithemantic语义学的oppoition.Relative(dependoneachother)eg:parent—child,ell—buy,predeceor前辈—ucceor继承者word文档可自由复制编辑(3)Characteritic1)Antonymareclaifiedonthebaiofemanticoppoition.2)Awordwhichhamorethanonemeaningcanhavemorethanoneantonym.3)Antonymdifferinemanticincluion.4)Contrarytermaregradableantonym,differingindegreeofintenity,oeach haitowncorrepondingoppoition.(4)Ue。

现代汉语词汇课件造词法和构词法

现代汉语词汇课件造词法和构词法

孙常叙《汉语词汇》(1956.12)
1.语音造词方法——象声造词 2.语义造词方法——变义造词(引申变义、转化变
义)和比拟造词 3.结构造词方法 (1)词汇——结构造词方法
a.非词根结构造词(词组结构造词、短句构造词) b.词根结构造词(分化造词、附注造词、重叠造词) (2)形态——结构造词方法 a.音变造词 b.附缀造词
3. 音变法
通过语音变化产生新词。 汉语中的儿化韵造词就是一种音变造词的方 法。如: 盖—盖儿 黄—黄儿 尖—尖儿 好(美好)—好(爱好) 传(传递)—传(传记)
4. 说明法
通过对事物加以说明从而产生新词的方 法。
(1)从事物的情状方面进行说明。 地震 起草 抓紧 年轻 口红 赞扬 提高 脑溢血 落花生 超声波 二人转
鸾凤 影响 龙胆 榴莲 水银
银耳 泰斗 浪潮 沉浮 罗网
龙胆:一种多年生草本植物,其叶如龙葵、味
似苦胆。 味道
叶子的形状
比喻式
❁ 前后比喻式 榴莲:一种常绿乔木,果实球形,上有硬刺,犹如石
榴;叶子呈椭圆形,犹如莲叶。 水银:汞的通称,一种金属,液体,像水;颜色白,
像银。(“水”和“银”都是比喻) 银耳:银白色的木耳。(“银”和“耳”都是比喻,
比喻式
一种事物像什么就用什么来命名,就是 比喻式造词法。
比喻造词法是汉语中一种非常重要的修 辞造词方法,它着眼于事物之间相似性的关 系,借彼喻此,以他物状此物,形象地反映 所指称的客观对象。
比喻式
❁ 前比喻式(本体、喻体均出现,喻体在前)
(压成)板状的
板鸭 鳞伤 鸡胸 笔直 冰冷 雪白 雪亮 火热 林立 响应 狐疑 笼罩 云集 流逝 瓜分 刀鱼 发菜 牛皮纸 金丝猴 鹅卵石 鸭舌帽 金字塔 苹果绿

词汇学Lecture 3 构词法1

词汇学Lecture 3 构词法1

4.2.1 orthographic criterion: a personal preference 4.2.2 phonological criterion: stress/accent e.g. a ’dark room V.S. a dark ’room ’greenhouse a green ’house ’hot line a hot ’line ’fat head a fat ’head 4.2.3 semantic criterion: a single semantic unit The meanings of most compounds cannot be easily inferred from the two components of the compounds.
4. Compounding / composition (合成法) 4.1. Definition: compounding is the process of wordformation by joining two or more bases to form a new unit. It has been productive at every period of the English language. 4.2 characteristics: Compounds are largely the result of lexicalization of phrases (well-behaved; stay-athome; once-in-a-lifetime). They can be written solid (airline), hyphenated (air-line) and open (air line). They can be or formed from various parts of speech . There are different criteria to define a compound.

英语专业词汇学第三章课本及答案

英语专业词汇学第三章课本及答案

Chapter 3 Morphological Structure of English Words We have discussed the historical, cultural and social factors that facilitate (使……容易;推动) the development of the English vocabulary. Borrowing, as we see, has been playing an active role in the expansion of vocabulary. In modern times, however, vocabulary is mainly enlarged on an internal basis. That is, we use word-building material available in English to create new words. But before we discuss the actual ways and means to make new words, we need to have a clear picture of the structure of English words and their components (成分) —word-forming elements. This chapter will discuss morphemes(语素;词素), their classification(分类) and identification(辨别), the relationship between morphemes and word-formation(构词法).3.1 MorphemesTraditionally, words are usually treated as the basic and minimal units of a language to make sentences, which are combinations of words according to syntactic rules(句法规则). Structurally, however, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into even smaller meaningful units. Take decontextualization for example. This is one word, but can be broken down into de-, con-, text, -a/ , -iz(e), -ation , each having meaning of its own. These segments (部分) cannot be furtherdivided; otherwise, none of them would make any sense. Though -ation has a number of variants (变体) such as -tion, -sion, -ion, they belong to the same suffix as they have the same meaning and grammatical function and occur owing to (因为;根据) different sound environment. These minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes (morphe is the Greek word for 'form'; -eme as in 'phoneme' (音素) means 'class of' ). In view of word-formation, the morpheme is seen as 'the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words' (Crystal 1985). Syntactically(从句法上看), however, a morpheme is the minimal form of grammatical analysis (语法分析). For instance, each of the word-forms studies, studying, studied, consists of the morpheme study + ; the forms -es in studies, -ing in studying, -ed in studied are morphemes, which express grammatical concepts (语法概念) instead of deriving new words (See Classifying Morphemes).3.2 Morphs and Allomorphs(词素变体)Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units (具体单位) known as morphs(形素). 'They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning' (Bolinger and Sears 1981:43). In other words the phonetic or orthographic strings(语音串或拼写字串)or segments (切分成分;节) which realize morphemes are termed 'morphs' (Bauer 1983:15). The morpheme isto the morph what a phoneme (音位) is to a phone (音素). Most morphemes are realized by single morphs like bird, tree, green , sad, want, desire, etc. . These morphemes coincide (巧合) with words as they can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence. Words of this kind are called mono-morphemic words. Some morphemes, however, are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a set of morphs in different sound context, e. g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in matches /iz/. The alternates (作为替换的事物) /s/, /z/ and /iz/ are three different morphs. The same is true of the link verb morpheme {be}. Its past tense is realized by two distinct orthographic forms was , were, each of which happens to be a word-form, realizing {preterit} and {singular}, and {preterit} and {plural} respectively and each has its own phonetic form /woz/ or /wə:/. Therefore, both was, were and their phonetic forms /woz/ and /wə: / are morphs (See discussion in Bauer, p15).An allomorph refers to a member of a set of morphs, which represent one morpheme. Just as we class phones(音素) together as allophones (音位变体) of a single phoneme(音位), so we class morphs together as allomorphs of a single morpheme. Take the plural morpheme {-s} again. Phonetically, it is realized by /s/, /z/, /iz/, all of which are allomorphs. In English, many morphemes canhave more than one allomorph, particularly those freestanding morphemes which are functional words in their own right. Once they occur in connected speech, they may be realized by different forms, depending on whether they are accented or weakened (Look at the data in the table).Morphem e AllomorphStrong Weak{am} /aem/ /əm/, /m/{ was} /woz/ /WəZ/{have } /haev/ /həv/, /v/{would } /wud/ /wəd/, /əd/,/d/{he} /hi:/ /i:/, /i/{his} /hiz/ /iz/{for} /fo:/ /fə/{to} /tu:/ /tu/, /tə/Then what is the difference between morphs and allomorphs? The relationship can be illustrated by the diagram below.Morpheme{would}morph morph morph morph →allomorph/wud/ /wəd/ /əd/ /d/3.3 Classifying MorphemesMorphemes vary in function. Accordingly, we can classify morphemes into several general categories: free versus bound, derivational versus inflectional, and lexical versus grammatical. However, their boundaries are not as clear-cut as they appear to be due to some overlapping(重叠). For the sake of discussion, we shall define each type in terms of its characteristics.1. Free versus Bound Morphemes(自由词素与粘着词素)This is the easiest and most preferred classification in morphological studies, discussed in Hatch and Brown (1995), Crystal (1985), Fromkin and Rodman (1983), Bauer (1983), Bolinger and Sears (1981) and Matthews (2000). Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free. These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. They are identical with(与……完全相同) words, for example, man, earth, wind, car and anger.Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are so named because they are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particulargrammatical function.Bound morphemes are chiefly found in derived words (派生词). Let us take recollection, idealistic and ex-prisoner for example. Each of the three words comprises three morphemes: recollection (re- collect-ion) , idealistic (ideal-ist-ic) , ex-prisoner (ex- prison -er). Of the nine morphemes, collect, ideal and prison can stand by themselves and thus are free morphemes. All the rest re-, -ion , -ist, -ic, ex-and -er are bound as none of them are freestanding units.Free morphemes are all roots, which are capable of being used as words or as word-building elements to form new words like collect, ideal, prison , whereas bound morphemes consist of either roots or affixes, most of which can be used to create new words like -dict- , -ced- (接近;去), re-, -ion, -ist, -ic and ex-(前). But there are a few affixes which can only indicate such grammatical concepts as tense, aspect, number and case, for example, the -ing in watching, -er in easier, -s in books, and -ed in worked.The English language possesses a multitude of (大量的) words made up of merely bound morphemes, e. g. antecedent, which can be broken down into ante-, -ced- and -ent. Among them, -ced- is a root meaning 'approach, go to', ante-, a prefix meaning 'before' and -ent, a noun suffix meaning 'a person, a thing', thus the whole word antecedent meaning 'something that goes before'(前例;前事;先行词;祖先). These examples show clearly that bound morphemes include two types: bound root (See Root, Stem, Base) and affix.2. Derivational versus Inflectional MorphemesMorphemes which are used to derive new words are known as derivational morphemes (派生词素) because when these morphemes are conjoined, new words are derived.In English, derivatives and compounds are all formed by such morphemes. For example, a + mor + ai, clear + ance, Life + Like and homo + gen + eous are results of such morphological processes.Inflectional morphemes(屈折词素), in contrast, indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers. Inflectional morphemes are confined to suffixes. There is the regular plural suffix -s (-es) which is added to nouns such as machines, fridges, desks, radios and potatoes; the same forms can be added to verbs to indicate the simple present for the third person singular such as likes, works and goes; the form -'s is used to denote the possessive case of nouns such as the children ' s library, the man ' s role and the mother-in-law' s complaints; the suffixes -er, -est are usually attached to simple adjectives or adverbs to show their comparative or superlative degrees like happier—happiest,harder—hardest. Apart from these, there is the past tense marker -ed and progressive marker -ing added to verbs. The differences between inflectional and derivational morphemes can be summarized as follows (See Hatch and Brown, p266): Inflectional Derivational(1) Does not change meaning or part of speech of the stem (1) Changes meaning or part of speech of the stem.(2) Indicates syntactic or semantic relations between different words in a sentence.(2) Indicates semantic relations within the word.(3) Occurs with all members of some large class of morphemes.(3) Occurs with only some members of a class of morphemes.(4) Occurs at margins of words.(4) Occurs before any inflectional suffixes added.3. Content versus Grammatical MorphemesOn a semantic and syntactic basis, morphemes can fall into content and grammatical morphemes (Traugott and Pratt 1980:90; Bolinger and Sears, pp66~70; Hatch and Brown, p267). Content morphemes are lexical morphemes which are used as wesee above to derive new words, so also known as derivational morphemes. These morphemes, whether free or bound, have a lexical content, hence the name. Grammatical morphemes, on the other hand, function primarily as grammatical markers. They encompass both inflectional affixes and free morphemes such as in, and, do, have, they, -while, -where, but and that, which are traditionally called functional words.3.4 Identifying Morphemes(词素的区分)Since morphemes are the minimal distinct units, they should be identifiable by their forms, meaning and distribution. Generally speaking, lexical morphemes are easy to define:Mono-morphemic: land, skyDouble-morphemic: chill + y, mis + takeTriple-morphemic: anti + govern + ment, sports + man + shipFour-morphemic:un + friend + li + ness, morph + olog( i) + cal + lyOver-four-morphemic: inter + nation + al + iz(e) + ationIf the morphemes are always consistent in form and meaning, there should be no difficulty in identification(区分). However, thereis often mismatch(不一致)between form and meaning. Some morphemes are identical(相同的) in form but different in meaning, for instance, -er in teacher, clearer and eraser. -er in teacher means 'one who', but -er in clearer indicates 'the comparative degree', and -er in eraser denotes 'an object'. Therefore, -er in each case is a different morpheme.Some morphemes are not meaningful in isolation(单独)but acquire meaning by virtue of(通过)their connection in words (Fromkin and Rodman, p116). The classic examples are cranberry(越橘), huckleberry (黑果;乌饭树浆果)and boysenberry(博弈增莓), each seeming to be a kind of berry. But when cran-, huckle- and boysen- are isolated, they are meaningless and they are incapable of forming new words with other morphemes rather than with berry. There are other morphemes which occur in many words, but their meaning is difficult to define, for instance, -ceive in conceive (想象;设想), perceive(感觉,察觉;认为)and receive. Some forms are meaningful, but not morphemes, such as fl- meaning 'moving light' in flash , flame and flicker(闪烁,忽隐忽现), and gl-meaning 'static light' in glow(发光,燃烧),glisten (闪耀;反光)and glitter(闪光;光彩夺目). These are only sound symbols often employed by poets in their literary creation but do not qualify as morphemes.The identification of inflectional morphemes is more problematic. In most cases, an inflectional morpheme can be segmented (切分)from the stem of a word and naturally can be added to the stem like the plural morpheme {s} in gloves, tables and classes. But what is the plural morpheme in men, sheep and feet ? The same is true of the past tense morpheme {ed} , which is explicit and segmentable in walked, loaded and danced. How can we isolate the past tense morpheme from knew, taught and cut ? To solve the problem, we have to resort to other ways.3.5 Morpheme and Word-formationWe know that words can be analyzed into morphemes, which are the minimal meaningful units in the composition of words. In word-formation, however, morphemes are conventionally labeled root, stem, base and affix.1. AffixAffixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. All affixes are bound morphemes because none of them can stand as words in their own right. According to the functions of affixes, we can divide them into inflectional affixes like -s, -ed and -ing, and derivational affixeslike pre-, ex-, de-, -less, -dom and -ic. Derivational and inflectional affixes are identical with derivational and inflectional morphemes. In view of their distribution in the formation of words, affixes can fall into prefix and suffix. Prefixes are all derivational, i.e. they are used to form new words whereas suffixes embrace(包括) both derivational suffixes and inflectional suffixes. Accordingly, the above-mentioned affixes can be further grouped into prefixes: pre-, ex- and de-y and suffixes: -less, -dom, -zc, -5, -ed and -ing.2. Root, Stem, BaseBefore we begin our actual discussion of word-building processes, there are some basic concepts that need clarifying(澄清). The processes of derivation and compounding involve different word-forming elements: affixes and root or stem or base. Indeed, some people use root or stem undiscriminatingly (不加区别地) on all occasions. But these three terms are not the same, and they denote to a greater or lesser degree different concepts despite the semantic overlapping between them.A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity (Crystal 1985). As mentioned earlier, the root, whether free or bound, generally carries the maincomponent of meaning in a word. In the word internationalists, removing inter- , -at, -ist, -s leaves the root nation. If we further divide nation as * na/tion or * at /ion, though -tion and -ion coincide with the noun suffix, the other part is meaningless and the original lexical identity is totally lost. Therefore, nation defies(使不能;使落空)further analysis. In terms of derivational and inflectional morphology, a 'root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed' (Bauer 1983). Take internationalists again. After the removal of the inflectional affix -s and the derivational affixes -ist, -al and inter-, nation is what is left and thus is the root.A stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in iron or of two root morphemes as in a compound like handcuff. It can be a root morpheme plus one or more affixational morphemes as in mouthful, understatement. To make things more clearly, we say that the stem is used only when we deal with inflectional affixes. As Bauer defines, a stem is 'that part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed' (ibid). In other words, any form to which an inflectional affix is attached is a stem. Consider the word internationalists again. Nation is a root as well as a stem as the plural -s can be added to it; national is not a root as it can be further divided, but a stem because an inflectionalaffix -s can be added to it when used as a noun; similarly, international is not a root but a stem for the same reason. This is also true of internationalist, which is a stem.A base is used in this book as an all-purpose term, referring to a form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added. It can be a root or a stem. In the case of internationalists, nation is a base, national is a base, so are international and internationalist.nation(root, stem, base)national(stem, base)international(stem, base)internationalist (stem, base)InternationalistsIt should be noted that such an example gives the impression that a stem is just as good as a base. This is not true. In many cases, a form of word can neither be a root nor a stem, but only a base. This often happens when we deal with derivational affixes exclusively, for example impracticality(不切实际;无用;不现实). Removing the derivational affix -ity leaves only the base form impractical, and by further removing im- we have the base form practical left and by still further analysis, only practice remains.impracticalityimpractical (base)practical(base)practice(root, stem, base)Therefore, in the chapters to follow, we shall employ only the term base to refer to any basic word-building element.英语词汇学第三单元课后练习及答案Questions and Tasks1. Write the terms in the blanks according to the definitions.a. a minimal meaningful unit of a language ( )b. one of the variants that realize a morpheme ( )c. a morpheme that occurs with at least one other morpheme ( )d. a morpheme that can stand alone ( )e. a morpheme attached to a base, stem or root ( )f. an affix that indicates grammatical relationships ( )g. an affix that forms new words with a base, stem or root ( )h.what remains of a word after the removal of all affixes ( )i. that part of a word that can take inflectional affixes ( ) j. a form to which affixes of any kind can be added ( )2. What is the difference between grammatical and lexicalmorphemes, and inflectional and derivational morphemes?Give examples to illustrate their relationships.3. Analyze the words in terms of root, stem and base.individualistic undesirablesanize the following terms in a tree diagram to show their logical relationships.affix morphemederivational affix free rootbound root inflectional affixprefix free morphemebound morpheme suffix参考答案1. a. morphemeb. allomorphc. bound morphemed. free morphemee. affixf. inflectional affixg. derivational affixh. rooti. stemj. base2. Inflectional morphemes are the suffixes added to the end ofwords to denote grammatical concepts such as -s (-es) , -ed,-ing and -est (to show superlative degree of adjectives andadverbs) whereas derivational morphemes are prefixes andsuffixes added to words to form new words such as pre-, dis-, un- , -lion, -er, -ness and so on.Grammatical morphemes are those used to show grammatical concepts, including inflectional suffixes as mentioned above and functional words (prepositions, pronouns, articles,auxiliary verbs), for example, but, the, do and was; lexicalmorphemes are derivational affixes including both prefixesand suffixes.3.individualisticindividualist+ic[stem, base]individual+ist[stem, base]individu+al[stem, base]in+dividu[root, stem, base]undesirablesun+desirable[stem, base]desir+able[root, stem, base]4. morpheme free morpheme=free rootbound morpheme bound rootaffix inflectional affixderivational affix prefixsuffix。

词汇学论文构词法[1]

词汇学论文构词法[1]

Word-FormationAbstract :A further way besides borrowing in which the vocabulary of English has expanded to accommodate to the natural and social world in which it is used has been to employ means internal to the language itself for devising new word. This is the area of word-formation. Morphological productivity can be defined as the property of a given word formation process to be used to derive a new word in a systematic fashion. Most linguists divide the word-formation into major word-formation and minor word-formation .The major word-formational processes are :-Affixation-Compounding-ConversionThe minor word-formational processes are :-Abbreviation-Back formation-OnomatopoeiaKey W ord : affixation, derivative, compounding, abbreviation, onomatopoeia1 AffixationAffixation, also called derivation, is a process in which a free morph is combined with a bound morph, a prefix, or a suffix. It is generally defined as the formation of words by adding derivational affixes to different types of bases . There are two types of derivative . One bases on free root with affix or bound root , the other bases on bound with affix or other bound root .1.1 Types of affixes- prefixes- suffixes- infixesModern English has a number of highly productive affixes. For example, the prefix over can be added to verbs which express activities to indicate that too much has taken place, i.e. something has been overdone,cf. overcook, overcoat, overstay. Likewise, the suffix –n ess can be added to an adjective make a noun designating the quality express by the adjective, its nouniness, so to speak.1.2Two types of derivative’s structure1.2.1 Free root + affix/bound root1) prefix + free roote.g.: In definite (a. uncertain), un forgettable (a. memorable) , mini bus (coach)2)free + suffixe.g. : wealth y (a. rich) , success ful (a, achieving aims) , extreme ly(adv, to a very high de.g.ree) , comfortab ly(adv. in a comfortableway)3)prefix +free root + suffixe.g. : en rich ment (a. sb/sth being rich or richer) , in ternation al (a.connected with two or more countries) , unchangeable (a. that can notbe changed)4)combining form + free roote.g. Afro-American , Afro-Asian , techno-chemistry , microwave1.2.2Bound root + affix/bound root1)prefix + bound root (without formation)e.g. contradict (v. to say sb has said is wrong) , descend (v. go down) ,despair (v. give up all hope)2)bound root (without formation)+ suffixe.g. confidence (n. trust in) , liberate (v. emancipation) , linguist (n. aperson who knows several foreign languages well)3)prefix + bound root (without formation)e.g. distinctive (a. special ) , intolerable (a. can’t bear) , contradiction(n. a lack of agreement between facts)4)combining form + combining forme.g. macrobiosis (n. long life) , microscope (n. an instrument used inscientific study for making very small thing look larger)2CompoundingComposition or compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, that is, a compound. Compounding is perhaps the most common way of expanding the vocabulary of English. It allows users to combine two familiar words to form a new lexeme.V ery often compounds are written as two words, which means that they are accepted into dictionaries a little reluctantly. Certainly, dictionaries seem not to list compounds in anything like the numbers in which they are in use. This may be justified perhaps because compounds are frequently transparent and their meanings are relatively accessible without a dictionary. Furthermore, many of them do not become lexicalized, but have a very transitory life.According to the words’characteristic, there are compound nouns, compound adjectives , compound pronouns , compound verbs , compound adverbs , etc .2.1Compound Nounsn. + n.: bar code , mouse mat , Websitea. + n.: blueprint , compact discadv. + n.: off chance , overdose , underclothes-ing + n.: learning strate.g.y , marketing campaign , parking metern. + v.: daybreak , earthquake , parking meteradv + n : downfall , income , offset , output , upliftv. + adv.: get-together , handout , makeupn. + -ing: air-conditioning , brainstorming , family planningprep.+n.: afternoon , by-product , overcoat2.2Compound AdjectivesAs adjective is a core : airsick , band-new ; dark-blue , icy-cold ;all-mighty , evergreen , overripeAs noun is a core : blue-collar , present-day ; breaknecl , cross-country ;chicken-hearted , dog-eared , wine-coloredAs –ing or –ed is a core : energy-saving , epoch-marking ; easy-going ,far-reaching ; mass-produced , poverty-stricken ; absent-minded ,half-done , newly-built2.3Compound V erbs1)Formed by back-formation : house-keep from housekeeperwindowshop from window-shoppinghenpeck from henpecked2)Formed by conversion : to blue-printto cold-shoulderto honeymoon3) adv. + v. : cross-questionoffsetoverthrow3ConversionConversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation. In other words, conversion or zero derivation is a type word class change without the addition, removal ,or change of any element in the word. In this process a noun maybe used as a verb or a verb can be used as a noun. Furthermore, a noun can be used attributively as an adjective. The most frequent type of conversion is from noun to verb, probably because there are so relatively few verbalizing affixes in English.3.1 n.→ v.1)to put in/on, such as, bottle(n.)→to bottle(=to put …into a bottle)2)to give, to provide with, such as, butter(n.) →to butter(=to spread butteron)3)to deprive of, such as, skin(n.) →to skin(=to remove the skin from)4)to…with, such as, hammer(n.) →to hammer(=to strike with a hammer)5)to be/act as …with respect to, such as, ape(n) →to ape(=to imitate like aape)6)to make/change…into, such as, fool(n.) →to fool(=to make a fool of)7)to send…/go by, such as, bicycle(n.) →to bicycle(=to go by bicycle)3.2adj.→ v.bare(adj.) →to bare, calm(adj.) →to clam, brave(adj.) →to brave3.3v.→ n.V erb converting into noun express the verb’s original action or condition mostly, such as, attempt, look, swim, smile, walk, etc.3.4adj.→ n.Most adjective can be used as noun, such as, an American, an Canadian,etc. There are three type of conversion, full conversion, partial conversionand special conversion.3.5n.→ adj.a brick garage (The garage is brick.)a cotton dress (The dress is cotton.)a gold watch, an iron box, the job market4ShorteningAbbreviation or shortening is the way of shortening or simplifying syllables to make new words. There are various forms of abbreviation, but main forms are four: clipped word, initialism, acronym, blend.4.1 ClippingsSpeakers of English have a great tendency to shorten words. This term refers to the process by which a word of two or more syllables is shortened without a change in its function taking place. It includes apocope, aphaeresis, front and back clipping, and syncope.1) Apocopeapprox.← approximately, auto← automobile2) Aphaeresisburger→ hamburger, bus→ omnibus3) Front and back clippingsThe shortening may occur at the start and the end of the word. e.g., flu(=influenza) / fridge(=refrigerator) / tec(=detective)4) Syncopefluidics← fluidonics, fossilation← fossilizationContractions which is the clipping word with punctuation also can be regarded as this type.4.2 Initialisms and AcronymsInitialisms are words from the initial letters of words which are pronounced as sequences of letters e.g., EEC. Acronyms are also formed from the initial letters of words, but are pronounced as a word, e.g. radar(radio detecting and ranging). Acronyms have always been an integral part of computer culture, and they have since spawned a new language on the Internet. Commonly thought of as a series of letters that make up a “word” there is a distinction between acronyms and shorthand.4.3BlendsBlends are words formed by combining the first element of the first word and the last element of the second word. Blends are created originally for comic effect. Following are some examples:Chunnel(=channel + tunnel) / brunch(=breakfast + lunch) / motel(=motorist+hotel)5Back-formationBack-formation is the process of word-building by which elements are subtracted from a complex word.e.g. beggar---beg burglar---burgleThe majority of backformed words are verbs. There are two types of syntactic relation in verb compounds formed by backformation:1)Object + verb as sightsee (from sight-seeing) meaning somebody seessights. Similar examples are: globe-trot(from globe-trotter orglobe-trotting).2)Adverbial + verb, as spring-clean (from spring-cleaning) meaningsomebody cleans in the spring.Back-formations of all kinds are more frequently found in informal than in formal language.6OnomatopoeiaOnomatopoeia is a word-formation which imitate the sound. Imitative words are words formed by imitation of sound. Imitative words divide into primary onomatopoeia and secondary onomatopoeia.The barking of a dog.The crack of a whip.The roll of thunder.The tinkling of bells.There are three types of words formed by imitation of sound:1)The repetition of words: quack; ticktack2)The repetition of words with a vowel change: clitter-clatter; ping-pong;tick-tack.3)Repeating one or more syllables with a consonant change : rub-a-dubt;ran-danReference: Wang Rongpei, Wang Zhijiang, An Advanced Reader of English Lexicology, Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2006汪榕培,王之江,《英语词汇学》,上海外语教育出版社,2008。

(完整版)英语构词法(常用的词根词缀总结)

(完整版)英语构词法(常用的词根词缀总结)

英语词汇构词法及相应的词根词缀构词法是组成单词的一种方法,它有其清晰严谨的结构形式,本身有规律可循。

利用构词法记忆单词,可以记忆成串、举一反三。

构词法已在历届高考试题中大量应用。

掌握和运用构词法,对高考取得好成绩有一定的保证。

英语最基本的构词法有三种:派生(Derivation),合成(Compounding)和转化(Conversion)。

1. 派生法(也称词缀法)派生法(也称词缀法),即由一个词根加上前缀或后缀,构成另一个单词的构词法。

添加在词根前面的构成部分叫前缀,它一般不改变原词的词性,只改变其词义。

添加在词根后面的构成部分叫后缀,它改变了原词的词性,有时也改变其词义。

如:以形容词happy(幸福的)为词根,加前缀un-就是其反义词unhappy(不幸的);加后缀-ly,就是其副词形式happily(幸福地);加后缀ness,就是其名词形式happiness (幸福)。

同样还可以得到unhappily和unhappiness。

再如:动词care(关心),加后缀-ful,就是其形容词形式careful(细心的),接着再加上后缀-ly,就是其副词形式carefully(仔细地);如果在care后加-ness,就是其名词形式careness(小心);在它的后边再加上-less,就是careful的反义词careless(粗心的),如果在careless后加后缀-ly,就是其副词形式carelessly(粗心地),在careless后加后缀-ness,就是careless的名词形式carelessness(粗心) 。

前缀、后缀是构词的要素,具有一定的作用和意义。

懂得了前后缀的含义,就容易了解由前(后)缀和词根结合而成的单词的意义。

现把英语中我们常见的前后缀列举如下:1)前缀anti-反对: antisocial反社会的auto-自: automobile小汽车,autonomy自治bi-双: biannual 一年两次的, bicycle自行车by-在旁:bystander 旁观者, by-product副产品co- 同: co-operation合作,co-existence共处,co-worker同事counter-反:counter-attack反攻,counter-revolutionary反革命的dis-否定,除去: discover发现,disorder混乱,杂乱en-使成为: enable使能够,enslave奴役, encourage鼓励extra-外: extraordinary非常的,格外的for-,fore-,先,前,预: forward向前,foresee 预见,forearm前臂,foretaste先尝for-禁,弃: forbid禁止,forget忘记,forgo放弃in-,il-,im-,ir-不,非: informal非正式的,incomplete不完全的,indefinite不定的, illegal非法的,immoral不道德的,irregular不规则的inter-间,相互:internationalism国际主义,interview会见micro-微: microscope显微镜,microfilm微型胶片mid-中:midday 中午,midnight夜半,mid-autumn中秋的mis-误: misunderstand 误会,misuse误用,misfortune不幸non-非,不:non-moral非道德范围内的,nonsense胡言,nonexistent不存在的post-后于: postwar战后的pre-先于: prewar战前的re-重,再,复: rewrite重写, return返回, review复习super-上,超: superman超人,supermarket 超级商场tele-远: telephone电话,telescope望远镜,television电视un-不: unable不能的,unimportant不重要的,untrue不真实的vice-副:vice-chairman副主席,vice-premier副总理2)后缀-age状态,集合: marriage婚姻, shortage缺少,village 村庄-an人: American美国人,Italian意大利人,意大利籍,African 非洲人-ation,-ition动作,状态:determination决心,industrialization工业化,preparation 准备,competition竞争,repetition重复-dom状态,领界: freedom自由,kingdom王国-eer人: engineer工程师,volunteer志愿者-er人,动作者:fighter战士,worker工人,writer作家,thinker思想家,harvester收割机-ese人,语言:Chinese中国人,中文, Japanese日本人,日文-ess女性:actress女演员,princess公主,goddess女神-hood身分,境遇,状态: childhood 童年,womanhood女性-ian人: musician音乐家, guardian卫护者, Christian基督教徒-ism主义,教:communism共产主义,socialism社会主义,revisionism修正主义-ist主义者,人: communist共产主义者, artist 艺术家-ity (抽象名词): possibility 可能性, ability能力,equality平等-man人: Englishman英国人,英格兰人, postman邮递员-ment运动,结果: movement运动,development发展,judgement判断-ness状态,性质:kindness和善,carefulness小心,correctness正确,tiredness疲倦-or人,动作者: actor男演员,visitor访问者-ship状态,身份: friendship友谊,comradeship同志之友谊,sportsmanship 体育道德,hardship苦难-sion动作,状态: tension紧张状态,revision修订-tion动作,状态: attention注意,action行动-less无:fearless 无所畏惧的,careless 不小心的,useless 无用的,meaningless 无意义的-ly品质,的: comradely 同志般的, friendly 友好的, weekly 每星期的-some引起,适于,易于: troublesome 烦人的,tiresome 令人感到厌倦的2. 合成法(也称复合法) 把两个单词或两个以上的词合成一个新词,这种构词的方法叫做合成法。

英语词汇学之构词法ppt课件

英语词汇学之构词法ppt课件
大学英语语法之构词
讲解人 杨姗姗
.
构词法概述
目 构词法细则
录 构词法例词
.
构词法(WORD-FORMATION)
派生法

合成法

转化法


பைடு நூலகம்
缩略法

逆向法
混合法
3
.
派生法(DERIVATION)
一、概念 由词缀和词根结合构成单词。
二、方法 1. 加在前 unhappy 2. 加在后 actor 3. 既加前又加后 disagreement
9
.
常见后缀2—形容词后缀
后缀
-able -al -an -ant -ed -en -ent -ic
.
例词
valuable, miserable, comfortable, loveable… national, original, cultural, logical… American, African, Korean, Canadian… important, pleasant, ignorant, tolerant… excited, interested, worried, bored… woolen, golden, wooden, earthen… different, dependent, existent, consistent… realistic, poetic, historic, economic…
-y
rainy, windy, dirty, cloudy…
7
.
常见后缀1—名词后缀
后缀
-an -ance -ation -dom -ence -er -ese -ess -hood -ian

现代英语词汇学概论3

现代英语词汇学概论3
Base/ 词基: any form to which affixes of any kind (derivational or inflectional) can be added.
词根、词干和词基
是语言学上一个词删去所有的词缀后剩下的那部分。
词根root是一个词主要意义的承载部分,是不可以 再分的;
hydromechanics
hydro- = hydòr (Gk) = water
hydro-airplane hydrography dehydrate hydrogen
television
tele- = tele (Gk) = far off
telecontrol telephone
Combining forms are distinguished from affixes by their ability to occur as one constituent of a word whose only other constituent is an affix.
fire-proof 隔音的
sound-proof 滴水不漏的
water-tight 密封的,不漏气的
air-tight
没膝深的
knee-deep 齐肩高的
shoulder-high 终身的
lifelong 晶莹剔透的
Crystal-clear
苦乐参半的
bittersweet 谈论的话题
The relative criteria of a compound
1. Orthographic criterion: 书写标准
Compounds are written in three ways, that is, solid, hyphenated and open.

《英语词汇学》课程教学大纲

《英语词汇学》课程教学大纲

《英语词汇学》课程教学大纲课程编码:30615008 学分: 2 总学时:36说明【课程性质】《英语词汇学》为英语专业的专业任意选修课程。

【教学目的】本课程是英语专业高年级阶段的一门专业任意选修课。

本课程的教学目的在于要求学生掌握英语词汇学的基本知识和基本理论,从而更科学地学习英语词汇,运用词汇学中所学到的基本知识和理论来分析和理解英语词汇,正确地使用英语词汇。

【教学任务】《英语词汇学》以帮助学生扩大词汇量,有效运用英语词汇;更深入的理解词义,更有效的组织划分和贮存词汇;增强学生对词义和用法的了解,使学生准确使用词汇;使学生掌握使用参考书的技能,增加解决问题的能力和学习英语的有效性;提高学生的语言接受能力和语言使用能力为教学任务。

【教学内容】词的基本知识、英语的亲属关系与英语词汇的形成和发展、词的形态结构和构成方法、词的意义、语义关系、词义的演变、英语习语、英语词典【教学原则和方法】教学原则:本课程采用张维友编写的《英语词汇学教程》(华中师范大学出版社)为主要教材,在教学过程中坚持以学生为主体,教师为指导的原则,以教材为中心,并适时地向学生介绍英语词汇学的研究动态和最新方向,让学生对词汇学有一个全面系统的了解。

教学方法:在教学过程中,采用论述式、概述式和指引式讲解相结合对教学内容的新信息点、重点、难点进行论述式讲解,深入浅出地详述理论原理,用恰当的例证加以说明,以此帮助学生充分理解理论知识。

对容易懂的内容则进行简明扼要地讲解。

教学中以学习指定的教材为主,适当穿插一些相关的信息材料。

通过对英语词汇学中相关的概念即理论知识的学习和理解,要求学生尽量独立完成教材各部分后面所附的练习,必要时教师可给予适当的指导。

教学手段主要是抽取各部分中的精华部分进行讲解,并适时地采用专题讨论的方式进行学习。

【先修课程要求】要求学生具备英语语音、英语语法、基础英语、英语阅读、英语写作以及翻译等课程知识。

教材:张维友《英语词汇学教程》华中师范大学出版社,2004年。

构词法1第三讲-精品.ppt

构词法1第三讲-精品.ppt
• They express the following meanings:
➢ Plurality名词复数
➢ The genitive case 名词所有格
➢ The comparative and superlative degrees 形容词/副词比较级、最高级
➢ The verbal endings 动词词尾变化
Teaching focus: To understand and grasp the definition of the following terms and their features in forming new words:
derivation; compounding; conversion; abbreviation; (clipping; acronymy; blending; sound reduplication); backformation
A Survey of English Lexicology
Word-formation(1)
构词(Word Formation)
Teaching Objectives: To help students master the rules of word formation and cultivate their ability to grasp the meanings of words through word-formation.
➢ a. -(e)s in words like eats, teaches shows the third person singular present tense. b. -ing in words like eating, shows the present participle or gerund. c. -(e)d in words like worked shows the past tense or past participle.
  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

2. root, stem and base 2.1 Similarities They all refer to the part of a word when affixes have been removed. New words are created on the basic part. 2.2 Differences --- A root is the basic form which cannot be further analyzed. It is the part that carries the basic meaning when all affixes are removed. e.g. internationalists decontextualization greenhouse
4.3.2 adjective compounds N + v-ing record-breaking law-making Adj + v-ing easy-going N + adj/v-ed flood-hit gene-related Adj +adj deaf-mute bitter-sweet adj + n-ed short-sighted N + n-ed lion-hearted Adv + v-ing forth-coming out-going Adv + v-ed far-fetched well-behaved V-ed + adv worn-out made-up
Lecture 3 Word-formation (I)
ms to be tackled
1. General remarks 2. Basic concepts: root, stem and base 3. Three majors: affixation, compounding, conversion
Note: the covering area of base is wider than stem which is wider than root, i.e. base ﹥stem ﹥root
3. Derivation 派生法
or affixation 词缀法
3.1 definition a word-formation process by adding prefixes, suffixes, or both to the base. The words created in this way are called derivatives. 3.2 Features of affixes --- mainly come from Greek, Latin and Romanic languages (Fr. It. Sp.) cf. P17 --- affixes are polysemous and synonymous in meaning cf. 17-18 --- prefixes modify or restrict the lexical meaning of roots, suffixes change or determine grammatical class of roots. --- productivity of affixes 3.3 Classification prefixation & suffixation
These examples can be reclassified according to the syntactic relations of the components. e.g. Subject + verb: toothache earthquake & daybreak Verb+ object: brainwashing housekeeping sightseeing Verb + adverbial: moon walk diving board sunbathing outbreak downfall uphold Subject + object: news reporter stockholder restrictive relation: timetable watchdog hangman Appositive relation: girl friend & pine tree
4.3.3 verb compounds: two main groups by conversion (converted from nouns) e.g. to nickname to honeymoon to moonlight by back-formation (removing suffixes) e.g. to house-keep to mass produce to babysit
--- A stem (词干)is the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional rather than derivational affixes have been removed. e.g. Internationalists writes—writing—writings easy—easier—easiest --- A base(词基) is the form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added. It can be a root or a stem but not completely equal to the latter two concepts. e.g. nation (root, stem, base) national (stem, base) international (stem, base) internationalist (stem, base) internationalists (x)
4.2.1 orthographic criterion: a personal preference 4.2.2 phonological criterion: stress/accent e.g. a ’dark room V.S. a dark ’room ’greenhouse a green ’house ’hot line a hot ’line ’fat head a fat ’head 4.2.3 semantic criterion: a single semantic unit The meanings of most compounds cannot be easily inferred from the two components of the compounds.
e.g. red meat = beef or mutton a green hand = inexperienced person a hot dog = a typical American fast food
However, a lot of compounds obtain their meanings from the component parts. e.g. swine flu scarlet fever tax cut washing machine exam-centered gene-related Guangzhou-based 4.3 classification Compounding takes place within any of the word classes. The part of speech of a compound may or not be identical to that of its components. Compounds are classified according to their parts of speech. The classified ones are subclassified according to the parts of speech or syntactic relation of their components.
4. Compounding / composition (合成法) 4.1. Definition: compounding is the process of wordformation by joining two or more bases to form a new unit. It has been productive at every period of the English language. 4.2 characteristics: Compounds are largely the result of lexicalization of phrases (well-behaved; stay-athome; once-in-a-lifetime). They can be written solid (airline), hyphenated (air-line) and open (air line). They can be or formed from various parts of speech . There are different criteria to define a compound.
Note some adjective compounds that are formed by over two components. Such formations show the tendency of nominalization in modern English by putting compound modifiers ahead of noun phrases. When a word unavailable is needed, one can choose an phrase or even a sentence and then hyphenate the words. It is the common practice used by journalists and writers.
相关文档
最新文档