2013年北京科技大学618基础英语考研真题
2013年北京科技大学861现代生产管理考研真题
北 京 科 技 大 学 20120133年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题============================================================================================================================试题编号：试题编号： 861861 试题名称：试题名称： 现代生产管理现代生产管理 （共（共 4 页）页）适用专业：适用专业： 物流工程、物流工程（专业学位）物流工程、物流工程（专业学位） 说明：说明： 所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。
============================================================================================================================一、 简答题简答题（（40分，每题10分）1. 计算机的诞生给生产管理带来了巨大的变革，请列举5个可能通过计算机的运算能力改进生产管理例子。
2. 网络和信息技术也给生产管理带来了巨大变革，请列举5个通过网络和信息技术改进生产管理的例子，且这些例子不得与上题例子重复。
3. 某空调生产厂空调销售受季节影响明显，夏季是旺季，冬季是淡季，但每年在旺季淡季的具体时间和销售量都有不同。
请问如果做需求预测的话，你建议他们采用何种定量预测模型，并说明理由。
4. 请简要说明MTO （Make to order ）和MTS （Make to Stoke ）两种生产方式的区别，并分别对MTO 和MTS 各举出4种适合的产品（只列产品名字即可）。
二、 选择题 （20分，每题2分）1．以下不属于定量预测方法的是（ ）A. 德尔菲法B. 简单移动平均法C. 加权移动平均法D. 指数平滑法2.生产管理的内容主要有（ ）三个方面。
北京科技大学考研英语题目(含复试)
一As is vividly depicted by the drawing above, a boy is sleeping soundly① and comfortably in the sofa, with the television on, when his mother comes and turnsoff the television for him, blaming the boy for not having turned off the television again②。
This phenomenon can easily be found anywhere in our daily life. Many people are used to doing③ everything with the television on, not actually watching it at all. Such a habit can cause waste of much electricity and energy, and result in the emission of carbo n. This deviates from the popular concept of “low carbon life” — to reduce the emission of carbon, especially carbon dioxide, to protect our environment and realize sustainable development. According to statistics, if we can decrease the time for having the television on by one hour each day, we can deduce the amount of carbon emission by 4. 71 kilogram each month。
(NEW)戴淑芬《管理学教程》(第4版)配套题库【名校考研真题+课后习题+章节题库+模拟试题】
益活动，例如支持公益事业等。
6．信息 答：信息是数据经过加工处理后的结果。信息被用来反映客观事物 的规律，从而为管理工作提供依据。但信息和数据的区别不是绝对的。 信息的生成过程如图1所示。
图1 从数据转化为信息的过程 信息具有如下特征：① 价值的不确定性；② 内容的可干扰性；③ 形式和内容的更替性。
① 制度分权是在详细分析、认真论证的基础上进行的，因此具有一 定的必然性。
② 制度分权是将权力分配给某个职位，因此，权力的性质、应用范 围和程度的确定，需根据整个组织结构的要求。
③ 分配给某个管理职位的权力，如果调整的话，不仅影响该职位或 部门，而且会影响与组织其他部门的关系。因此，制度分权是相对稳定 的。除非整个组织结构重新调整，否则制度分权不会收回。
目 录
第一部分 名校考研真题 2016年华中科技大学614管理学考研真题及详解 2015年华南理工大学869管理学考研真题及详解 2014年北京科技大学824管理学与经济学基础（管理学部分）考研真 题及详解 2013年北京科技大学824管理学与经济学基础（管理学部分）考研真 题及详解 2013年北京科技大学621管理学原理考研真题及详解
④ 授权主要是领导者在管理上工作中的一种领导艺术，一种调动下 属积极性、充分发挥下属作用的方法。
CET6-201306真题试卷(第1套)
2013年6月英语六级考试真题试卷（第1套）Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this party you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on theremark "Good habits result from resisting temptation." You can cite examples to . You shouldwrite at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A) , B) , C) and D) . For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.A Nation That's Losing Its ToolboxThe scene inside the Home Depot on Weyman Avenue here would give the old-time American craftsman pause.In Aisle 34 is precut plastic flooring, the glue already in place. In Aisle 26 are prefabricated windows. Stacked near the checkout counters, and as colorful as a Fisher-Price toy, is a not-so-serious-looking power tool: a battery-operated saw-and-drill combination. And if you don't want to do it yourself, head to Aisle 23 or Aisle 35, where a help desk will arrange for an installer. It's all very handy stuff, I guess, a convenient way to be a do-it-yourselfer without being all that good with tools. But at a time when the American factory seems to be a shrinking presence, and when good manufacturing jobs have vanished, perhaps never to return, there is something deeply troubling about this dilution of American craftsmanship.This isn't a lament (伤感) - or not merely a lament - for bygone times. It's a social and cultural issue, as well as an economic one. The Home Depot approach to craftsmanship - simplify it, dumb it down, hire a contractor - is one signal that mastering tools and working with one's hands is receding in America as a hobby, as a valued skill, as a cultural influence that shaped thinking and behavior in vast sections of the country.That should be a matter of concern in a presidential election year. Yet neither Barack Obama nor Mitt Romney promotes himself as tool-savvy (使用工具很在行的) presidential timber, in the mold of a Jimmy Carter, a skilled carpenter and cabinet maker.The Obama administration does worry publicly about manufacturing, a first cousin of craftsmanship. When the Ford Motor Company, for example, recently announced that it was bringing some production home, the White House cheered. "When you see things like Ford moving new production from Mexico to Detroit, instead of the other way around, you know things are changing," says Gene Sperling, director of the National Economic Council.Ask the administration or the Republicans or most academics why America needs moremanufacturing, and they respond that manufacturing gives birth to innovation, brings down the trade deficit, strengthens the dollar, generates jobs, arms the military and brings about a recovery from recession. But rarely, if ever, do they publicly take the argument a step further, asserting that a growing manufacturing sector encourages craftsmanship and that craftsmanship is, if not a birthright, then a vital ingredient of the American self-image as a can-do, inventive, we-can-make-anything people.Traditional vocational training in public high schools is gradually declining, stranding thousands of young people who seek training for a craft without going to college. Colleges, for their part, have since 1985 graduated fewer chemical, mechanical, industrial and metallurgical (冶金的) engineers, partly in response to the reduced role of manufacturing, a big employer of them.The decline started in the 1950s, when manufacturing generated a sturdy 28% of the national income, or gross domestic product, and employed one-third of the workforce. Today, factory output generates just 12% of G.D.P. and employs barely 9% of the nation's workers.Mass layoffs and plant closings have drawn plenty of headlines and public debate over the years, and they still occasionally do. But the damage to skill and craftsmanship- that's needed to build a complex airliner or a tractor, or for a worker to move up from assembler to machinist to supervisor - went largely unnoticed."In an earlier generation, we lost our connection to the land, and now we are losing our connection to the machinery we depend on," says Michael Hout, a sociologist at the University of California, Berkeley. "People who work with their hands," he went on, "are doing things today that we call service jobs, in restaurants and laundries, or in medical technology and the like."That's one explanation for the decline in traditional craftsmanship. Lack of interest is another. The big money is in fields like finance. Starting in the 1980s, skill in finance grew in importance, and, as depicted in the news media and the movies, became a more appealing source of income.By last year, Wall Street traders, bankers and those who deal in real estate generated 21% of the national income, double their share in the 1950s. And Warren Buffett, the good-natured financier, became a homespun folk hero, without the tools and overalls (工作服)."Young people grow up without developing the skills to fix things around the house," says Richard Curtin, director of the Thomson Reuters/University of Michigan Surveys of Consumers. "They know about computers, of course, but they don't know how to build them."Manufacturing's shrinking presence undoubtedly helps explain the decline in craftsmanship, if only because many of the nation's assembly line workers were skilled in craft work, if not on the job then in their spare time. In a late 1990s study of blue-collar employees at a General Motors plant (now closed) in Linden, N. J., the sociologist Ruth Milkman of City University of New York found that many line workers, in their off-hours, did home renovation and other skilled work."I have often thought," Ms. Milkman says, "that these extracurricular jobs were an effort on the part of the workers to regain their dignity after suffering the degradation of repetitive assembly line work in the factory."Craft work has higher status in nations like Germany, which invests in apprenticeship (学徒) programs for high school students. "Corporations in Germany realized that there was an interest to be served economically and patriotically in building up a skilled labor force at home; we never had that ethos (风气)," says Richard Sennett, a New York University sociologist who has written about the connection of craft and culture.The damage to American craftsmanship seems to parallel the steep slide in manufacturingemployment. Though the decline started in the 1970s, it became much steeper beginning in 2000. Since then, some 5.3 million jobs, or one-third of the workforce in manufacturing, have been lost.A stated goal of the Obama administration is to restore a big chunk of this employment, along with the multitude of skills that many of the jobs required.As for craftsmanship itself, the issue is how to preserve it as a valued skill in the general population. Ms. Milkman, the sociologist, argues that American craftsmanship isn't disappearing as quickly as some would argue - that it has instead shifted to immigrants. "Pride in craft, it is alive in the immigrant world," she says.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
北京科技大学研究生英语考试真题
2004/6 Listening Comprehension1. A. No women were allowed to take part in it.B.Women were only allowed to watch the Games.C.Unmarried girls were allowed to compete with men.D.Unmarried women were allowed to watch itsomewhere.2. A. She needs to buy new clothes.B.She cares a lot about what to wear.C.The man doesn't work hard enough.D.The man should buy some new ties.3. A. Takes a hot bath. B. Takes a long walk.C. Has a few drinks.D. Has more coffee.4. A. They have a very close relationship.B.They don't spend much time together.C.They are getting along with each other better.D. They are generally pretty cold to each other.5. A. His sixth sense told him.B.He is unskillful with his present job.C.His present job pays too little.D.His present job is too demanding.6. A. The accident caused injury or loss of life.B.Seven people were killed in the accident.C.Many people from other cars came to help.D. A lot of vehicles were involved in the accident.7. A. 2754201. B. 2645310.C. 2745301.D. 2654310.8. A. She had no chance to speak.B.She was speechless.C.She talked a lot to the star.D.She saw too many people around the star.9. A. Because it tells the truth most of the time.B.Because it provides a lot of information.C.B ecause it is the top one on the list of newspapers.D. Because it is an inside newspaper.10. A. Because other scientists had raised questionsabout these claims.B.Because some of its scientists had made falseclaims before.C.Because the claims were very important to thestudy of physics.D.Because some of its scientists published too manypapers a year.11. A. He made up false data in the experiment tosupport his new findings.B.He used information from previous work tosupport his new findings.C.He denied other scientists' involvement in hisexperiments.D.He was not productive in writing scientific papers.12. A. They dismissed all Mister Schon's publications.B.They asked Mister Schon to apologize to thepublic.C.They recalled Mister Schon's title as a Nobel Prizewinner.D.They removed Mister Schon from his position.13. A. The winner should write a report to the committeeof the foundation.B.The winner should report to the committee beforethey spend the money.C.The winner should not be a government official.D.The winner should be nominated by thefoundation's directors.14. A. For her achievements in environmental protection.B.For her achievements in developing computersoftware.C.For her achievements in developing warships.D.For her achievements in developing robots.15. A. He was recognized as a genius by the foundation'sdirectors.B.He helped the developing countries to fightagainst earthquakes.C.He helped the third world countries to developquickly.D.He ran a non-profit international organization.16.What did the several hundred college studentscompete to build recently in Washington D.C.? 17.Which department in the United States organized thecompetition?18.How many teams took part in the competition?19.How much did each team spend on equipment andother materials?20.What is the purpose of the competition?Transcript (Jun 20, 2004)1.A: I heard no women were allowed to take part in theOlympic Games in ancient Greece. Is that true? B: But somewhere unmarried girls were allowed to watch or even compete in the Games in those days.They could compete in a separate festival.Q: From this conversation what do we learn about Olympic Games in ancient Greece?1. A. No women were allowed to take part in it.B.Women were only allowed to watch the Games.C.Unmarried girls were allowed to compete with men.D.Unmarried women were allowed to watch itsomewhere.2.A: Now you are in the new company, you may needto buy some new clothes.B: As long as I work hard, nobody cares what I wear.But you may rethink your ties.Q: What does the woman mean?2. A. She needs to buy new clothes.B.She cares a lot about what to wear.C.The man doesn't work hard enough.D.The man should buy some new ties.3.A: What do you usually do when you feel tired?B: I usually listen to some classical music, or take a long hot bath. What about you?A: I usually relax with a few drinks or drink more coffee to keep myself going.Q: What does the woman usually do when she feels tired?3. A. Takes a hot bath. B. Takes a long walk.C. Has a few drinks.D. Has more coffee.4.A: How do you get along with your partner?B: Generally our relationship is pretty good but we both are aware of the importance of spending timealone.Q: What is the relationship between the man and his partner like?4. A. They have a very close relationship.B.They don't spend much time together.C.They are getting along with each other better.D.They are generally pretty cold to each other.5.A: It seems to me that you will switch to another job. B: How do you know?A: My sixth sense told me.B: You are actually right. I'm fed up with working anunskilled job for a minimum wage.Q: Why did the man want to change his job?5. A. His sixth sense told him.B.He is unskillful with his present job.C.His present job pays too little.D.His present job is too demanding.6.A: Did you watch the report about the accident indowntown?B: No. Where was it?A: It was on seventh street. It was a huge wreck and I saw a lot of ambulances at the scene.Q: What do we learn about the accident?6. A. The accident caused injury or loss of life.B.Seven people were killed in the accident.C.Many people from other cars came to help.D. A lot of vehicles were involved in the accident.7.A: Hello. My name is Nathaniel Mumford. I'm astudent of Professor Cohen's. May I speak to himplease?B: Oh, Professor Cohen is at a conference at the moment, but if you leave your phone number hemay call you back when he returns.A: My phone number is 2745301. Thank you for you help.Q: What is the phone number of the student?7. A. 2754201. B. 2645310.C. 2745301.D. 2654310.8.A: Did you speak to the famous star?B: I wanted to, but I was unable to speak when I wasface to face with him.A: Well, many people do that. Before they meet their favorite star they seem to have a lot to say. But when they actually meet them, they can't say anything. Q: What happened to the woman when she met the famous star?8. A. She had no chance to speak.B.She was speechless.C.She talked a lot to the star.D.She saw too many people around the star.9.A: Why are you so keen on this newspaper?B: It's really informative and it is the top one among those offering inside stories.Q: Why does the man like the newspaper?9. A. Because it tells the truth most of the time.B.Because it provides a lot of information.C.B ecause it is the top one on the list of newspapers.D.Because it is an inside newspaper.Mini-Talk OneInvestigators from Bell Labs Murray Hill, New Jersey have found that claims made by some scientists at the laboratory were not based on fact. The investigators dismissed results from a number of studies published between 1998 and 2001. Bell Labs appointed a committee to investigate the wrongdoing after other scientists raised questions about the claims. Some of the claims were once said to be major developments in the study of physics. They included a claim that scientists had created the smallest device to carry electric current ever made.The committee identified at least sixteen examples of scientific wrongdoing. It placed the blame on one Bell Labs physicist, Jan Hendrik Schon. Mr. Schon told the committee that he had no written records of the laboratory experiments. He also said much of the information in his computer had been destroyed.The investigators found that Mr. Schon used information from earlier work to support his findings. They said his did this without the knowledge of the other scientists involved in the experiments. The investigators noted that Mr. Schon and his group produced an average of one scientific paper every eight days. For most scientists, a few papers a year is considered productive.After the committee's report was released, Bell Labs immediately dismissed Jan Hendrik Schon from his position. He was once thought to be a future Nobel Prize winner. After his dismissal, Mr. Schon admitted he had made mistakes in his scientific work. He said he regretted those mistakes.10.Why did Bell Labs appoint a committee to investigatesome of the claims made by its scientists?10. A. Because other scientists had raised questionsabout these claims.B.Because some of its scientists had made falseclaims before.C.Because the claims were very important to thestudy of physics.D.Because some of its scientists published too manypapers a year.11.What did the committee find out when theyinvestigated Mr. Schon?11. A. He made up false data in the experiment tosupport his new findings.B.He used information from previous work tosupport his new findings.C.He denied other scientists' involvement in hisexperiments.D. He was not productive in writing scientific papers.12.What did Bell Labs do after the committee's reportwas released?12. A. They dismissed all Mister Schon's publications.B. They asked Mister Schon to apologize to the public.C. They recalled Mister Schon's title as a Nobel Prizewinner.D.They removed Mister Schon from his position.Mini-Talk TwoThe MacArthur Fellowship is a program that honors individual men and women for their creativity. American businessman John MacArthur used his own money to establish the MacArthur Foundation in 1970. It began to operate after he died eight years later.To be considered for the award, a person must be nominated. And they should not hold an elective or an appointed office in government.Each year, several hundred people are appointed to propose nominations. A twelve-member committee studies information about those nominated to identify the great creativity in their work and proposes winners to the foundation's directors. The foundation does not require or expect reports from individual winners. It also does not ask them how the money will be used.Six hundred and thirty-five MacArthur Fellows have been named since the program started in 1981. Between 20 and 30 winners are named each year.The twenty-four winners this year work in many different areas. They include scientists, writers, and musicians. Daniela Ruth is a professor in Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. She is a computer scientist who develops robots that change shape to deal with changes in their environment.Brian Tucker from California is another winner. Mr. Tucker is an earthquake expert. He is the president of a non-profit group called GeoHazards International. His group works for local officials in developing countries to make their areas safer against earthquakes. Mr. Tucker says that being recognized as a MacArthur Fellow will make a huge difference for his company.13.Which of the following is one of the requirements fora MacArthur Fellowship winner?13. A. The winner should write a report to the committeeof the foundation.B. The winner should report to the committee beforethey spend the money.C. The winner should not be a government official.D.The winner should be nominated by thefoundation's directors.14.Why was Daniela Ruth awarded this year'sMacArthur Fellowship?14. A. For her achievements in environmental protection.B. For her achievements in developing computersoftware.C. For her achievements in developing warships.D.For her achievements in developing robots.15.Why was Brian Tucker given this year's MacArthurFellowship?15. A. He was recognized as a genius by the foundation'sdirectors.B. He helped the developing countries to fight againstearthquakes.C. He helped the third world countries to developquickly.D.He ran a non-profit international organization.Section CExperts say in the near future, many houses in the United States will be powered by energy from the sun. Many people in Washington D.C., recently were able to see what some of those homes might look like. Several hundred college students from across the country took part in a competition to see who could build the best solar-powered house. The United States Department of Energy organized the competition.Students from fourteen colleges and universities took part in this Solar Home Competition. Student teams competed in a series of ten contests to see who could design, build and operate the best house powered only by the sun. The solar homes were built on the National Mall, the grassy open area between the United States Capitol building and the Washington Monument. The solar houses were set up in the middle.Each team included at least twenty students of design, architecture and building sciences. The students gained the money to buy equipment and materials for their house.Each house cost as much as $250,000 to build.A solar-powered house has a roof designed to take in the heat of the sun and change it to energy. That power is then stored in a battery bank which supplies power to the whole house.As part of the competition, the teams were expected to spend most of the day in their homes doing normal activities. The activities used electricity powered by the sun. For example, the students cooked food, used computers, operated lights and washed clothes in machines. They even drove around the solar village in electric cars powered by a solar battery. The competition is designed to show Americans that solar energy works, because the use of solar energy in the United States is less than in other parts of the world. Only about 20,000 American homes are solar-powered.。
【北京科技大学2012年考研专业课真题】基础英语2012
北京科技大学2012年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题============================================================================================================= 试题编号： 618 试题名称：基础英语（共 10 页）适用专业：外国语言文学（包括外国语言学及应用语言学和英语语言文学）说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效;请用蓝色或黑色钢笔或签字笔答题。
=============================================================================================================Part Ⅰ Vocabulary (30 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Section ADirections:There are fifteen incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence.1. No one appreciated his work during his lifetime, but it is clear that he was a great artist.A. in the aftermathB. by the timeC. in retrospectD. in this eventuality2. He was facing charges on forgery in a court of law but he hired a good attorney to .A. get offB. get throughC. get byD. get away3. The campers their tent in a sheltered valley.A. establishedB. installedC. pitchedD. fixed4. This is work. It calls for a good eye and a steady hand.A. preciseB. precisionC. exactD. exactness5. I’m rather concerned how he will take his school.A. onB. upC. offD. to6. I don’t doubt the plan will be well received.A. thatB. whichC. ifD. whether7. Over a very large number of trials, the probability of an event is equal to the probability that it will not occur.A. occurringB. occurredC. occursD. occur8. We will not be held responsible for any damage which results rough handling.A. fromB. offC. inD. to9. Now a single cell phone is able to store a large of information about an individual life.A. dealB. numberC. amountD. account10. The long service of decades of the to-be-retired with the company was a present each from the President.A. confirmed byB. recorded inC. acknowledged withD. appreciated for11. Buildings in the southeast of the UK are going to have to be constructed those in Scotland if the report findings are correct.A. asB. likeC. likelyD. are like12. We cannot see any possibility of business your price is on the high side of theprevailing market trend.A. whichB. sinceC. thatD. though13. If out successfully, the plan will completely change the traffic conditions in the city.A. carriedB. is carriedC. having been carriedD. to carry14. We are conscious of the extent work provides the psychological satisfaction that can make the difference between a full and empty life.A. to whichB. in whichC. at whichD. by which15. This book is about how these basic beliefs and values affect important of American life.A. fashionsB. frontiersC. facetsD. formatsSection BDirections:There are ten sentences in this section with one word or phrase underlined in each sentence. From the four choices given, choose one that best explains or defines the underlined part in each sentence.16. So engrossed in his efforts would Gaugin become that he barely noticed the passing of time.A. delighted inB. frustrated byC. expanded byD. involved in17. Rain abates in the fall throughout most of the Appalachian Mountain region.A. poursB. accumulatesC. lessensD. evaporates18. When a hurricane is about to occur, the National Weather Bureau issues a warning.A. adjacentB. giganticC. perilousD. imminent19. Relaxation therapy teaches one not to fret over small problems.A. worry aboutB. get involved inC. get angry aboutD. look for20. Mark Anthony’s eulogy of Caesar at his funeral is memorably recorded in a play by Shakespeare.A. prayerB. praiseC. biographyD. denunciation21. We regret being unable to entertain your request for providing free boarding to 15 sportsmen for two weeks.A. receiveB. complyC. coincideD. consider22. The ancient Jewish people regarded themselves as the salt of the earth, the chosen few by God to rule the world.A. outcastB. eliteC. nomadD. disciple23. Soon comics were so prevalent as to attract the attention of serious critics.A. successfulB. prosperousC. widespreadD. persuasive24. The progress of civilization itself can be measured by its range of mathematics.A. consideredB. decidedC. assessedD. found out25. The artist spent years on his monumental painting, which covered the whole roof of the church, the biggest in the country.A. archaicB. sentimentalC. outstandingD. entireSection CDirections:Each of the following five sentences below has two blanks, each blank indicating that something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are four lettered sets of words. Choose the setof words for the blanks that best fit the meaning of the sentence.26. To list Reilly’s achievements in a fragmentary way is , for it distracts our attention from the themes of her work.A. unproductive … disparateB. misleading … integratingC. pragmatic … comprehensiveD. logical … important27. That many of the important laws of science were discovered during experiments designedto other phenomena suggests that experimental results are the of inevitable natural forces rather than of planning.A. analyze … foundationsB. disprove … predecessorsC. alter … adjunctsD. illuminate … consequence28. The availability of oxygen is an essential for animal life, while carbon dioxide is equally for plant life.A. choice … optionalB. duplication … selectiveC. conversion … exchangeableD. condition … necessary29. Old beliefs die hard: even when jobs became , the long-standing fear that unemployment could return at a moment’s notice .A. vacant … perishedB. easier … changedC. plentiful … persistedD. protected … subsided30. Politeness is not a attribute of human behavior, but rather a central virtue, one whose very existence is increasingly being by the faddish requirement to ―speak one’s mind.‖A. superficial … threatenedB. pervasive … undercutC. worthless … forestalledD. precious … affectedPart ⅡProofreading and error correction (20 minutes, 20 points, 2 points each) Directions: The following passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proof-read the passage and correct it in the following way.For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blankprovided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧‖ sign and writethe word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at theend of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross out the unnecessary word with a slash ―/‖ and put the wordin the blank provided at the end of the line.ExampleWhen∧art museum wants a new exhibit, 1. anit never buys things in finished form and hangs 2. neverthem on the wall. When a natural history museumwants an exhibition, it must often build it. 3. exhibitThe Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of the averagechange over time in the prices paid by urban consumers for a marketbasket of consumer good and services. The CPI affects nearly all 1.Americans because of the many ways which it is used. Its three major 2.uses are: Firstly, as an economic indicator, the CPI is the most widelyused measurement of inflation and is sometimes viewed as an indicator 3.of the effectiveness of government economic policy. It providesinformations about price changes in the nation’s economy to 4.government, business, labor, and other private citizens, and is used bythem as a guide to make economic decisions. Secondly, as a deflator 5.of other economic series. The CPI and its components are used toadjusting other economic series for price changes and to translate 6.these series into inflation-free dollars. An interesting example ofthese is the use of the CPI as a deflator of the value of the consumer’s 7.dollar to find its purchasing power. The purchasing power ofthe consumer’s dollar measures the change in the value to the consumerof goods and services that a dollar will buy at different dates.By other words, as prices increase, the purchasing power of the 8.consumer’s dollar declines. Third, as a means of adjusting dollar 9.values. The CPI is often used to adjust consumer’s income payments; 10.to adjust income eligibility levels for government assistance;and to automatically provide cost-of-living wage adjustments tomillions of American workers.Part III Reading Comprehension (50 minutes, 40 points, 2 points each)Directions:There are four passages in this part. Read each passage carefully and answer the questions following each passage as you are required.Passage One―What does the middleman do but add to the price of goods in the shops?‖ Such remarks are aimed at the intermediate operations between manufactures and final customers. This practice usually attracts a lot of attention from the public and the press and the operation most talked about is what is often called wholesaling.The wholesaler buys goods in large quantities from the manufacturers and sells them in smaller parcels to retailers, and for this service his selling price to the retailer is raised several percent higher. But his job is made more difficult by retail demand not necessarily running level with manufacturers’production. Because he adjusts or regulates the flow of goods by holding stock until required, he frees the manufacturer, to some extent, from the effect on production of changing demand and having to bear the whole risk.The manufacturer can then keep up a steady production flow, and the retailer has no need to hold heavy stocks, who can call on the wholesaler for supplies any time. This wholesale function is like that of a valve in a water pipe. The middleman also bears part of the risk that would otherwise fall on the manufacturer and also the retailer.The wholesaler provides a purely commercial service, for which he is too well rewarded. But the point that is missed by many people is that the wholesaler is not just someone adding to the cost of goods. It is true one could eliminate the wholesaler but one would still be left with hisfunction: that of making sure that goods find their way to the people who want them.1. ―Middleman‖ in the passage almost equals to all the following in meaning except .A. go-betweenB. intermediaryC. manufacturerD. wholesaler2. The wholesaler obtains higher selling prices for .A. small parcels he sellsB. goods he buys in bulkC. the service he providesD. the information he offers3. A middleman’s work may become difficult because .A. manufactures run their production on a much higher levelB. market demand may not be the same as industrial productionC. retailers are not necessary in running their retailing businessD. retailers demand lower levels than those demanded by manufacturers4. What function of the wholesaler is compared to a valve?A. Controlling the flow of goods.B. Pushing up demand from retailers.C. Bearing part of the risk for manufacturers.D. Selling goods to retailers.5. The author quite possibly believes that the function of the wholesaler is .A. good but too costlyB. necessary but harmfulC. removable but necessaryD. acceptable but unnecessaryPassage TwoEvery group has a culture, however uncivilized it may seem to us. To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist, there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages.People once thought of the languages of backward groups as undeveloped. While it is possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of ―backward‖languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex. They differ from Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this aspect, two things are to be noted. First, all languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion, either by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own system. Second, the objects and activities requiring names and distinctions in ―backward‖languages, while different from the West, are often surprisingly numerous and complicated. A Western language distinguishes merely between two degrees of remoteness (―this‖ and ―that‖ ) . But some languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker, or to the person addressed, or removed from both, or out of sight, or in the past, or in the future.6. Every group of human beings has .A. its own set of ideas, beliefs and ways of lifeB. an extremely complex and delicate languageC. its own elegant music, literature, and other artsD. the process of growing crops or raising animals7. To the professional linguists, .A. there is no intrinsic superiority of culturesB. there is no intrinsic hierarchy of languagesC. all languages came from grunts and groansD. all languages are most severe and standard8. According to this passage, to learn a foreign language would require one to .A. do more activitiesB. learn about a new cultureC. meet more peopleD. need more names9. The author’s attitude shown in this passage toward ―backward‖ languages is .A. restrainedB. subjectiveC. objectiveD. resolute10. This passage is on the whole .A. narrativeB. instructiveC. prescriptiveD. argumentativePassage ThreeIs test anxiety destructive? Can we make test anxiety work for us? The answer to both of these questions is yes. Test anxiety often interferes with student performance but this same test anxiety, if channeled correctly, can help improve performance.In order to lessen the destructive elements of test anxiety, the approach should be to develop improved confidence and knowledge. As your knowledge of the course material increases, your confidence in your ability to succeed will increase. As your confidence increases, your anxiety will go down, allowing your knowledge to come through more efficiently. The way you prepare for a test can reduce anxiety during the test.You will be surprised how confident you will feel if you know the material. Studies of memory show if you want to be able to recall information from text or lecture you have to review that material several times. It is important to know your own abilities and operate accordingly. If you know that you learn best by listening, prepare a tape of significant material and listen to the tape.Study partners or study groups are often useful for self-testing. Experience in stressful situations tends to lessen anxiety in those situations. One way to help yourself retrieve material is through the use of mnemonic codes. Learn a code that lets you remember complex material. Developing an outline for an essay question that you know will be on the test or memorizing a formula are forms of code development.Students are often frustrated by the sheer volume of material that has to be studied in college. Many instructors conduct reviews, give hints, identify what is important to study, use handouts or overhead transparency outlines. These materials should be at the top of your study list. If the instructor took the time to identify them, you should assume that they will play an important part of the test. While knowledge acquired during test preparation can help reduce anxiety, it is another thing to take the test itself. Following are a few suggestions to help reduce anxiety during the test.When I arrive at a test, I often find students flipping test pages at the last minute trying to cram it all in at the end. You would be better off trying to relax, meditating a little, and clearing your mind to allow yourself the ability to concentrate on the question that are coming.As soon as the instructor gives you the signal to start, dump out formulas, codes, outlines from your memory onto the test answer sheets so that you will not have to worry about whether you will remember the codes long enough until you get to the appropriate test question.You can build your confidence if you go through the test and answer all of the questions that you know first. Go back and work on those questions that need greater analysis, or that need to be worked out or need to be guessed at and your anxiety will not kick in until later in the test.For those of you whose anxiety increases as study and preparation increase, your goal should be to start concentrating on things that take your mind off the test, i.e., television, books, hobbies, movies, etc. Meditation and aerobic exercise have proven to be very useful methods for reducing undesirable effects of stress.The solution to reducing the destructive influences of stress is to plan to study. Map out a schedule of when you will study each day. Identify the specific topics that you will study each day. Identify the areas of the material that you have had problems with and study those. Your plan should include reading the text material, reviewing notes and homework assignments, identifying the material that needs further explanation, developing codes for memory material and testing yourself. Once you have studied adequately, your confidence will be fairly high, your knowledge will be satisfactory to do well on the test and the stomach butterflies will help you focus on the task at hand.I’d wish you good luck on finals, but you and I both know that the more effectively you study, the luckier you will get.11. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned as a good side of the test anxiety?A. It can help improve performance if channeled correctly.B. It motivates us to study and prepare for exam.C. It can help us to concentrate.D. It can always ensure a good score in the test.12. Which of the following test preparation ways cannot help one reduce anxiety during the test?A. You should know your own abilities and operate accordingly and learn as much as you can.B. Study partners or study groups are useful for self-testing.C. You can retrieve materials by using mnemonic codes.D. You should pay more attention to the materials identified by the teacher.13. What should be at the top of your study list when you prepare a test?A. The most complex materials.B. The questions asked by students.C. The materials reviewed and hints given by the teacher.D. The materials mastered by most students.14. The suggestions to help reduce anxiety during the test are .A. relaxing, mnemonic codes and easy questions firstB. relaxing, dumping and easy questions firstC. relaxing, easy questions first and extreme anxietyD. aerobic exercise, relax and dumping15. According to the passage, useful means for reducing undesirable effects of stress are .A. knowledge and confidenceB. learning ability and instructor’s hintsC. meditation and aerobic exerciseD. rest and meditationPassage FourNo revolutions in technology have as visibly marked the human condition as those in transport. Moving goods and people, they have opened continents, transformed living standards, spread diseases, fashions and folk around the world. Yet technologies to transport ideas and information across long distances have arguably achieved even more: they have spread knowledge, the basis of economic growth.The most basic of all these, the written word, was already ancient by 1000. By then China had, in basic form, the printing press, using carved woodblocks. But the key to its future, movable metal type, was four centuries away. The Chinese were hampered by their thousands of ideograms. Even so, they quite soon invented the primitive movable type, made of clay, and by the 13th century they had the movable wooden type. But the real secret was the use of an easily cast metal.When it came, Europe –aided by simple Western alphabets –leapt forward with it. One reason why Asia’s civilizations, in 1000 far ahead of Europe’s, then fell behind was that they lacked the technology to reproduce and diffuse ideas. On Johannes Gutenberg’s invention in the 1440s were built not just the Reformation and the Enlightenment, but Europe’s agricultural and industrial revolutions too.Yet information technology on its own would not have got far. Literally: better transport technology too was needed. That was not lacking, but there the big change came much later: it was railways and steamships that first allowed the speedy, widespread dissemination of news and ideas over long distances. And both technologies in turn required people and organizations to develop their use. They got them: for individual communication. The postal service: for wider publics, the publishing industry.Throughout the 19th century, the postal service formed the bedrock of national and international communications. Crucial to its growth had been the introduction of the stamp, combined with a low price, and payment by the sender. Britain put all three of these ideas into effect in 1840.By then, the world’s mail was taking off. It changed the world. Merchants in America’s eastern cities used it to gather information, enraging far-off cotton growers and farmers, who found that the New Yorkers knew more about crop prices than they did. In the American debate about slavery, it offered abolitionists a low-cost way to spread their views, just as later technologies have cut the cost and widened the scope of political lobbying. The post helped too to integrate the American nation, tying the newly opened west to the settled east.Everywhere, its development drove and was driven by those of transport. In Britain, travelers rode by mail coach to posting inns. In America, the post subsidized road-building. Indeed, argues Dan Schiller, a professor of communications at the University of California, it was the connection between the post, transport and national integration that ensured that the mail remained a public enterprise even in the United States, its first and only government-run communications medium, and until at least the 1870s, the biggest organization in the land.The change has not only been one of speed and distance, though, but of audience. About 200 years ago, a man’s words could reach no further than his voice, not just in range but in whom they reached. But, for some purposes, efficient communication is mass communication, regular, cheap,quick and reliable. When it became possible, it transformed the world.16. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?A. Transporting goods and people is the most important technology in the history of mankind.B. Technology in transporting goods and people has changed human conditions more than anything else.C. Technology in spreading information has changed human conditions more than transportation technology.D. Technology in spreading information can’t change the ec onomic development of society.17. Johannes Gutenberg’s invention probably refers to .A. printing technologyB. transportation technologyC. the Reformation and the EnlightenmentD. industrial revolution18. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the postal service?A. American abortionists were not happy about it.B. The stamp was invented in Britain.C. It helped the independence of America.D. In the 1840s it was the major means of national communications in Britain.19. In the United States, the postal service belongs to .A. a private companyB. the governmentC. road-building enterprisesD. national integration20. Which of the following statements is NOT true about mass communication?A. It can reach no further than human voice.B. It can reach a large audience.C. It is rapid and efficient.D. It can be trusted.Part ⅣTranslation (40 minutes, 30 points, 15 points each)Directions: There are two passages here. Put the underlined part in the first one into Chinese and the underlined part in the second one into English.[1] It may seem an exaggeration to say that ambition is something that can hold many of the society’s disparate elements together, but it is not an exaggeration by much. Remove ambition and the essential elements of society seem to fly apart. Ambition, as opposed to mere fantasizing about desires, implies work and discipline to achieve goals, personal and social, which society cannot survive without. Ambition is intimately connected with family, for men and women not only work for themselves, but partly for their families; husbands and wives are often ambitious for each other, but harbor some of their most ardent ambitions for their children. Yet to have a family nowadays —with birth control readily available, and inflation a good economic argument against having children — is nearly an expression of ambition in itself. Finally, though ambition was once the domain chiefly of monarchs and aristocrats, it has, in more recent times, increasingly become the domain of the middle class. Ambition and futurity —a sense of building for tomorrow —are inextricable. Working, saving, planning —these, the daily aspects of ambition —have alwaysbeen the distinguishing marks of a rising middle class. The attack against ambition is not incidentally an attack on the middle class and what it stands for.[2] 世界是千变万化的，疑问是层出不穷的，答案是丰富多彩的，对问题评述的标准不同，答案就不同。
2013年北京科技大学830普通教育学考研真题
北 京 科 技 大 学
20120133年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
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试题编号：试题编号： 830830 试题名称：试题名称： 普通教育学普通教育学 （共（共 1 页）页） 适用专业：适用专业： 教育经济与管理教育经济与管理 专业专业 说明：说明： 所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。
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一、 简答题简答题（（每个小题20分，共计80分）
1、 简述现代化工业生产力为现代教育所提供的物质技术基础及其作用表现
2、 简述现代教育的社会生产力功能
3、 科学技术对社会生产发展和经济的价值是什么？
4、人的全面发展必须具备的社会条件是什么？
二、 论述题论述题（（每个小题35分，共计70分）
1、试论科层管理理论的主要思想及其对教育管理的影响
2、您认为现代校长怎样才能实施有效的学校管理。
2013年6月英语六级考试真题与答案(第1套)
2013年6月英语六级考试真题试卷（第1套）Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this party you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the remark "Good habits result from resisting temptation." You can cite examples to illustrator your point. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words._______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上作答。
Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A) , B) , C) and D) . For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.A Nation That's Losing Its ToolboxThe scene inside the Home Depot on Weyman Avenue here would give the old-time American craftsman pause.In Aisle 34 is precut plastic flooring, the glue already in place. In Aisle 26 are prefabricated windows. Stacked near the checkout counters, and as colorful as a Fisher-Price toy, is a not-so-serious-looking power tool: a battery-operated saw-and-drill combination. And if you don't want to do it yourself, head to Aisle 23 or Aisle 35, where a help desk will arrange for an installer.It's all very handy stuff, I guess, a convenient way to be a do-it-yourselfer without being all that good with tools. But at a time when the American factory seems to be a shrinking presence, and when good manufacturing jobs have vanished, perhaps never to return, there is something deeply troubling about this dilution of American craftsmanship.This isn't a lament (伤感) - or not merely a lament - for bygone times. It's a social and cultural issue, as well as an economic one. The Home Depot approach to craftsmanship - simplify it, dumb it down, hire a contractor - is one signal that mastering tools and working with one's hands is receding in America as a hobby, as a valued skill, as a cultural influence that shaped thinking and behavior in vast sections of the country.That should be a matter of concern in a presidential election year. Yet neither Barack Obama nor Mitt Romney promotes himself as tool-savvy (使用工具很在行的) presidential timber, in the mold of a Jimmy Carter, a skilled carpenter and cabinet maker.The Obama administration does worry publicly about manufacturing, a first cousin of craftsmanship. When the Ford Motor Company, for example, recently announced that it was bringing some production home, the White House cheered. "When you see things like Ford moving new production from Mexico to Detroit, instead of the other way around, you know things are changing," says Gene Sperling, director of the National Economic Council.Ask the administration or the Republicans or most academics why America needs more manufacturing, and they respond that manufacturing gives birth to innovation, brings down thetrade deficit, strengthens the dollar, generates jobs, arms the military and brings about a recovery from recession. But rarely, if ever, do they publicly take the argument a step further, asserting that a growing manufacturing sector encourages craftsmanship and that craftsmanship is, if not a birthright, then a vital ingredient of the American self-image as a can-do, inventive, we-can-make-anything people.Traditional vocational training in public high schools is gradually declining, stranding thousands of young people who seek training for a craft without going to college. Colleges, for their part, have since 1985 graduated fewer chemical, mechanical, industrial and metallurgical (冶金的) engineers, partly in response to the reduced role of manufacturing, a big employer of them.The decline started in the 1950s, when manufacturing generated a sturdy 28% of the national income, or gross domestic product, and employed one-third of the workforce. Today, factory output generates just 12% of G.D.P. and employs barely 9% of the nation's workers.Mass layoffs and plant closings have drawn plenty of headlines and public debate over the years, and they still occasionally do. But the damage to skill and craftsmanship- that's needed to build a complex airliner or a tractor, or for a worker to move up from assembler to machinist to supervisor - went largely unnoticed."In an earlier generation, we lost our connection to the land, and now we are losing our connection to the machinery we depend on," says Michael Hout, a sociologist at the University of California, Berkeley. "People who work with their hands," he went on, "are doing things today that we call service jobs, in restaurants and laundries, or in medical technology and the like." That's one explanation for the decline in traditional craftsmanship. Lack of interest is another. The big money is in fields like finance. Starting in the 1980s, skill in finance grew in importance, and, as depicted in the news media and the movies, became a more appealing source of income. By last year, Wall Street traders, bankers and those who deal in real estate generated 21% of the national income, double their share in the 1950s. And Warren Buffett, the good-natured financier, became a homespun folk hero, without the tools and overalls (工作服)."Young people grow up without developing the skills to fix things around the house," says Richard Curtin, director of the Thomson Reuters/University of Michigan Surveys of Consumers. "They know about computers, of course, but they don't know how to build them."Manufacturing's shrinking presence undoubtedly helps explain the decline in craftsmanship, if only because many of the nation's assembly line workers were skilled in craft work, if not on the job then in their spare time. In a late 1990s study of blue-collar employees at a General Motors plant (now closed) in Linden, N. J., the sociologist Ruth Milkman of City University of New York found that many line workers, in their off-hours, did home renovation and other skilled work."I have often thought," Ms. Milkman says, "that these extracurricular jobs were an effort on the part of the workers to regain their dignity after suffering the degradation of repetitive assembly line work in the factory."Craft work has higher status in nations like Germany, which invests in apprenticeship (学徒) programs for high school students. "Corporations in Germany realized that there was an interest to be served economically and patriotically in building up a skilled labor force at home; we never had that ethos (风气)," says Richard Sennett, a New York University sociologist who has written about the connection of craft and culture.The damage to American craftsmanship seems to parallel the steep slide in manufacturing employment. Though the decline started in the 1970s, it became much steeper beginning in 2000.Since then, some 5.3 million jobs, or one-third of the workforce in manufacturing, have been lost.A stated goal of the Obama administration is to restore a big chunk of this employment, along with the multitude of skills that many of the jobs required.As for craftsmanship itself, the issue is how to preserve it as a valued skill in the general population. Ms. Milkman, the sociologist, argues that American craftsmanship isn't disappearing as quickly as some would argue - that it has instead shifted to immigrants. "Pride in craft, it is alive in the immigrant world," she says.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
2013年北京科技大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2013年北京科技大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. 词语翻译 2. 英汉互译词语翻译英译汉1．Producer Price Index(PPI)正确答案：生产者物价指数2．Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)正确答案：政府间气候变化专门委员会3．cap and trade正确答案：限量及交易4．middle income trap正确答案：中等收入陷阱5．electoral college正确答案：选举团(各州选出总统与副总统的选举)6．glass ceiling正确答案：玻璃天花板7．Engle Coefficient正确答案：恩格尔系数汉译英8．停火协议正确答案：Cease-Fire Agreement9．摇摆州正确答案：swing state10．单位国内生产总值能源消耗正确答案：energy consumption per unit of gross domestic product11．扩大内需正确答案：to expand domestic demand12．高速铁路正确答案：high-speed railway13．转变经济发展方式正确答案：to transform the pattern of economic development14．资源节约型、环境友好型社会正确答案：a resource-conserving and environment-friendly society15．循环经济正确答案：recycling economy英汉互译英译汉16．As China’s economy has boomed over the past 30 years, the number of young people going into private business has grown accordingly. “Diving into the sea”of commerce, or xia hai as it is known, became accepted as the way to make money and get ahead, and interest in government jobs declined. Over the past decade, though, in an extraordinary reversal, young jobseekers have been applying in droves for government posts, even as the economy has quadrupled in size.On November 25th the national civil-service examinations will take place, and about 1. 4m people will sit them, 20 times more than a decade ago. Of that number, only 20, 800 will be hired by government(millions more sit the equivalent provincial exams with similarly long odds of being hired). This increase is due in part to a surge in the number of university students entering an intensely competitive market for jobs—nearly 7m graduated this year, compared with 1. 5m a decade ago. It is also thanks to health, pension and(sometimes)housing benefits, which are seen as generous and permanent in asociety with an underfunded safety net—a modern version of the unbreakable Maoist “ iron rice-bowl” of state employment.正确答案：过去三十年以来，随着中国经济的快速发展，越来越多的年轻人在求职时走向了私营企业。
北京科技大学考博英语真题及其解析
北京科技大学考博英语真题及其解析SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points) As former colonists of Great Britain,the Founding Fathers of the United States adopted much of the legal system of Great Britain.We have a“common law”,or law made by courts1a monarch or other central governmental2like a legislature.The jury,a3of ordinary citizens chosen to decide a case,is an4part of our common-law system.Use of juries to decide cases is a5feature of the American legal system.Few other countries in the world use juries as we do in the United States.6the centuries,many people have believed that juries in most cases reach a fairer and more just result7would be obtained using a judge8,as many countries do.9a jury decides cases after “10”，or discussions among a group of people,the jury’s decision is likely to have the11from many different people from different backgrounds,who must as a group decide what is right.Geng duo yuan xiao zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.Juries are used in both civil cases,which decide12among13 citizens,and criminal cases,which decide cases brought by the government14that individuals have committed crimes.Juries areselected from the U.S.citizens and15.Jurors,consisting of16 numbers,are called for each case requiring a jury.The judge17to the case18the selection of jurors to serve as the jury for that case.In some states,19jurors are questioned by the judge;in others,they are questioned by the lawyers representing the20under rules dictated by state law.1.[A]other than[B]rather than[C]more than[D]or rather2.[A]agency[B]organization[C]institution[D]authority3.[A]panel[B]crew[C]band[D]flock4.[A]innate[B]intact[C]integral[D]integrated5.[A]discriminating[B]distinguishing[C]determining[D]diminishing6.[A]In[B]By[C]After[D]Over7.[A]that[B]which[C]than[D]as8.[A]alike[B]alone[C]altogether[D]apart9.[A]Although[B]Because[C]If[D]While10.[A]deliberations[B]meditations[C]reflections[D]speculations11.[A]outline[B]outcome[C]input[D]intake12.[A]arguments[B]controversies[C]disputes[D]hostilities13.[A]fellow[B]individual[C]personal[D]private14.[A]asserting[B]alleging[C]maintaining[D]testifying15.[A]summoned[B]evoked[C]rallied[D]assembled16.[A]set[B]exact[C]given[D]placed17.[A]allocated[B]allotted[C]appointed[D]assigned18.[A]administers[B]manages[C]oversees[D]presides19.[A]inspective[B]irrespective[C]perspective[D]prospective20.[A]bodies[B]parties[C]sides[D]unitsSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40points)Text OneIt’s plain common sense—the more happiness you feel,the less unhappiness you experience.It’s plain common sense,but it’s not true.Recent research reveals that happiness and unhappiness are not really two sides of the same emotion.They are two distinct feelings that,coexisting,rise and fall independently.People might think that the higher a person’s level of unhappiness,the lower their level of happiness and vice versa.But when researchers measure people’s average levels of happiness and unhappiness,they often find little relationship between the two.The recognition that feelings of happiness and unhappiness can co-exist much like love and hate in a close relationship may offer valuable clues on how to lead a happier life.It suggests,for example, that changing or avoiding things that make you miserable may well make you less miserable,but probably won’t make you any happier.Thatadvice is backed up by an extraordinary series of studies which indicate that a genetic predisposition for unhappiness may run in certain families.On the other hand,researchers have found happiness doesn’t appear to be anyone’s heritage.The capacity for joy is a talent you develop largely for yourself.Psychologists have settled on a working definition of the feeling—happiness is a sense of subjective well-being.They have also begun to find out who’s happy,who isn’t and why.To date,the research hasn’t found a simple formula for a happy life,but it has discovered some of the actions and attitudes that seem to bring people closer to that most desired of feelings.Why is unhappiness less influenced by environment?When we are happy,we are more responsive to people and keep up connections better than when we are feeling sad.This doesn’t mean,however,that some people are born to be sad and that’s that.Genes may predispose one to unhappiness,but disposition can be influenced by personal choice. You can increase your happiness through your own actions.21.According to the text,it is true that[A]unhappiness is more inherited than affected by environment.[B]happiness and unhappiness are mutually conditional.[C]unhappiness is subject to external more than internal factors.[D]happiness is an uncontrollable subjective feeling.22.The author argues that one can achieve happiness by[A]maintaining it at an average level.[B]escaping miserable occurrences in life.[C]pursuing it with one’s painstaking effort.[D]realizing its coexistence with unhappiness.23.The phrase“To date”(Para.4)can be best replaced by[A]As a result.[B]In addition.[C]At present.[D]Until now.24.What do you think the author believes about happiness and unhappiness?[A]One feels unhappy owing to his miserable origin.[B]They are independent but existing concurrently[C]One feels happy by participating in more activities.[D]They are actions and attitudes taken by human beings.25.The sentence“That’s that”(Para.5)probably means:Some people are born to be sad[A]and the situation cannot be altered.[B]and happiness remains inaccessible.[C]but they don’t think much about it.[D]but they remain unconscious of it.Text TwoWhat are the characteristics of a mediator?Foremost,the mediator needs to be seen as a respected neutral,objective thirdparty who is capable of weighing out fairness in the resolution of a conflict.The mediator must be trusted by both parties to come up with a solution that will protect them from shame.While the central issue is justice,the outcome needs to be win-win,no losers.The abilities to listen impartially,suspend judgment,and accurately gather and assess information are other important characteristics. Finally,to function effectively the mediator must have power (financial,status,position),so that both parties will take seriously and abide by the mediator’s judgment.If one party refused to cooperate,he or she should fear the possibility of being shamed and losing face before the mediator and the whole community.If that real possibility does not enter the minds of both parties,the mediator will be ineffective.In several countries mediators are still used to find a bride for a ually this is a job for the parents,and they in turn employ the services of a mediator.Because this event takes much planning, the parents will try to identify the mediator well in advance.Since these services sometimes require reward,money must be saved.Or in some cases parents try to do a number of favors for the mediator so that he or she will feel indebtedness and perform the service as a kind of repayment.The parents will try to get the most influential mediator possible, to boost their chances of being approved by the potential bride’s parents.The young woman’s parents will not want to risk shame byturning down a request from such an important person—so the reasoning goes.Of course,the higher-ranked the mediator,the higher the cost of the services.Complicating the process is the fact that turning down the mediator is also a slight of the potential groom and his parents,which will likely generate conflict between the families.If the parties are not careful,the entire community can take sides.One way to alleviate this eventuality is for the young woman’s family to identify a flaw that would make her a less desirable prospect.They might say,“She is sickly.”or“She may not be able to bear children.”Although none of these statements may be true,and probably everyone knows they aren’t,they do provide a way for the young man’s parents to withdraw their request for a perfectly legitimate reason.Everyone saves face,at least at the surface,and peace is preserved.26.The characteristics of a mediator include all of the following except[A]unbiased judgment of arguments.[B]hard prudence in decision-making.[C]impartial treatment to a conflict.[D]remarkable insight into controversies.27.The author deems it important for a mediator[A]to be quite wealthy and considerate.[B]to be powerful to shame either party.[C]to justify the solution of a conflict.[D]to have high status to fear arguers.28.In some courtiers,young people’s marriage[A]is independent of their parents’will.[B]needs careful valuation in advance.[C]costs a small fortune of their family.[D]is usually facilitated by a mediator.29.The request of the groom’s parents may be turned down unless[A]they manage to hire a qualified mediator.[B]they make their best choice at all risks.[C]the young woman’s parents want to lose face.D]the bride’s parents dare to offend the mediator.30.It may be the best way to resolve a conflict for[A]the entire community to offer support.[B]a mediator to be identified by both sides.[C]the outcome of mediation to be acceptable.[D]a valid excuse to spare both sides’blushes.Text ThreeThe Internet,like its network predecessors,has turned out to be far more social than television,and in this respect,the impact of the Internet may be more like that of the telephone than of TV. Our research has shown that interpersonal communication is the dominant use of the Internet at home.That people use the Internet mainly for interpersonal communication,however,does not imply thattheir social interactions and relationships on the Internet are the same as their traditional social interactions and relationships,or that their social uses of the Internet will have effects comparable to traditional social activity.Whether social uses of the Internet have positive or negative effects may depend on how the Internet shapes the balance of strong and weak network ties that people maintain.Strong ties are relationships associated with frequent contact,deep feelings of affection and obligation,whereas weak ties are relationships with superficial and easily broken bonds,infrequent contact,and narrow focus.Strong and weak ties alike provide people with social support. Weak ties including weak online ties,are especially useful for linking people to information and social resources unavailable in people’s closest,local groups.Nonetheless,strong social ties are the relationships that generally buffer people from life’s stresses and that lead to better social and psychological outcomes.People receive most of their social support from people with whom they are in most frequent contact,and bigger favors come from those with stronger ties.Generally,strong personal ties are supported by physical proximity.The Internet potentially reduces the importance of physical proximity in creating and maintaining networks of strong social ties.Unlike face-to-face interaction or even the telephone, the Internet offers opportunities for social interactions that do notdepend on the distance between parties.People often use the Internet to keep up with those with whom they have preexisting relationships. But they also develop new relationships on-line.Most of these new relationships are weak.MUDs,newsgroups,and chat rooms put people in contact with a pool of new groups,but these on-line“mixers”are typically organized around specific topics,or activities,and rarely revolve around local community and close family and friends.Whether a typical relationship developed on-line becomes as strong as a typical traditional relationship and whether having on-line relationships changes the number or quality of a person’s total social involvements are open questions.Empirical evidence about the impact of the Internet on relationships and social involvement is sparse.Many authors have debated whether the Internet will promote community or undercut it.Much of this discussion has been speculative and anecdotal,or is based on cross-sectional data with small samples.31.The text is mainly about[A]the dominance of interpersonal communication.[B]strong and weak personal ties over the Internet.[C]the difference between old and modern relationships.[D]an empirical research on the Internet and its impact.32.It is implied in the text that[A]the Internet interactions can rival traditional ones.[B]television is inferior to telephone in social effect.[C]strong links are far more valid than weak ones.[D]the Internet features every home and community.33.The word“buffer”(Para.2)can probably be replaced by[A]deviate.[B]alleviate.[C]shield.[D]distract.34.According to the author,the Internet can[A]eliminate the hindrance of the distance.[B]weaken the intimate feelings among people.[C]provide people with close physical contacts.[D]enhance our ability to remove social stresses.35.From the text we can infer that[A]the evidence for the effect of the Internet seems abundant.[B]the social impact of the Internet has been barely studied enough.[C]some discussions are conclusive about the function of the Internet.[D]random samples have witnessed the positive influence of the Internet.Text FourLeadership is hardly a new area of research,of course.For years, academics have debated whether leaders are born or made,whether a person who lacks charisma(capacity to inspire devotion and enthusiasm)can become a leader,and what makes leaders fail.Warren G.Bennis,possibly the possibly the world’s foremost expert on leading,has,together with his co-author,written two best-sellerson the topic.Generally,researchers have found that you can’t explain leadership by way of intelligence,birth order,family wealth or stability,level of education,race,or sex.From one leader to the next,there’s enormous variance in every one of those factors.The authors’research led to a new and telling discovery:that every leader,regardless of age,had undergone at least one intense, transformational experience—what the authors call a“crucible”(severe test).These events can either make you or break you.For emerging leaders,they do more making than breaking,providing key lessons to help a person move ahead confidently.If a crucible helps a person to become leader,there are four essential qualities that allow someone to remain one,according to the authors.They are:an“adaptive capacity”that lets people not only survive inevitable setbacks,heartbreaks,and difficulties but also learn from them;an ability to engage others through shared meaning or a common vision;a distinctive and compelling voice that communicates one’s conviction and desire to do the right thing;and a sense of integrity that allows a leader to distinguish between good and evil.That sounds obvious enough to be commonplace,until you look at some recent failures that show how valid these dictums(formal statements of opinion)are.The authors believe that former Coca-Cola Co.Chairman M.Douglas Ivester lasted just28months because“his grasp of context was sorrowful.”Among other things,Ivesterdegraded Coke’s highest-ranking African-American even as the company was losing a$200million class action brought by black employees.Procter&Gamble Co.ex-CEO Durk Jager lost his job because he failed to communicate the urgent need for the sweeping changes he was making.It’s striking,too,that the authors found their geezers(whose formative period,as the authors define them,was1945to1954,and who were shaped by World War II)sharing what they believed to be a critical trait—the sense of possibility and wonder more often associated with childhood.“Unlike those defeated by time and age,our geezers have remained much like our geeks (who came of age between1991and2000,and grew up“virtual,visual, and digital”)—open,willing to take risks,hungry for knowledge and experience,courageous,and eager to see what the new day brings”, the authors write.36.The text indicates that leadership research[A]has been a controversial study for years.[B]predicts how a leader comes to be.[C]defines the likelihood to be a leader.[D]probes the mysteries of leadership.37.According to Bennis,the trait shared by leaders consists of[A]top levels of intelligence and education and devotion.[B]remarkable ability to encourage people with loyalty and hope.[C]striking qualities of going through serious trials andsufferings.[D]strong personalities that arouse admiration and confidence.38.The favorable effect of a crucible depends on whether a leader[A]proves himself/herself to be a newly emergent one.[B]accepts it as a useful experience for progress.[C]shrinks back from tiring and trying experiences.[D]draws important lessons for his/her followers.39.A leader can hardly maintain his/her position unless he/she[A]fulfils all necessary quality requirements.[B]helps people to prevent defeats and sorrows.[C]fails to attract people with common concerns.[D]lacks appealing and strength of character.40.The authors’dictums can be justified by the fact that[A]Douglas Ivester defeated a highest-ranking black employee in a suit.[B]Durk Jager was dismissed owing to his poor communicating ability.[C]Geezers couldn’t erase the brands stamped in childhood.[D]Geeks are sensible enough to meet dangers and challenges.Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph(41-45).The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered.There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)[A]Physical Changes[B]Low Self-Esteem[C]Emerging Independence and Search for Identity[D]Emotional Turbulence[E]Interest in the Opposite Sex[F]Peer Pressure and ConformityThe transition to adulthood is difficult.Rapid physical growth begins in early adolescence—typically between the ages of9and 13—and thought processes start to take on adult characteristics. Many youngsters find these changes distressing because they do not fully understand what is happening to them.Fears and anxieties can be put to rest by simply keeping an open line of communication and preparing for change before it occurs.The main issues that arise during adolescence are:(41)__________A child’s self worth is particularly fragile during adolescence. Teenagers often struggle with an overwhelming sense that nobody likes them,that they’re not as good as other people,that they are failures, losers,ugly or unintelligent.(42)__________Some form of bodily dissatisfaction is common among pre-teens. If dissatisfaction is great,it may cause them to become shy or very easily embarrassed.In other cases,teens may act the opposite—loudand angry—in an effort to compensate for feelings ofself-consciousness and inferiority.As alarming as these bodily changes can be,adolescents may find it equally distressing to not experience the changes at the same time as their te maturation can cause feelings of inferiority and awkwardness.(43)__________Young people feel more strongly about everything during adolescence.Fears become more frightening,pleasures become more exciting,irritations become more distressing and frustrations become more intolerable.Every experience appears king-sized during adolescence.Youngsters having a difficult adolescence may become seriously depressed and/or engage in self-destructive behavior. Often,the first clue that a teenager needs professional help is a deep-rooted shift in attitude and behavior.Parents should be alert to the warning signs of personality change indicating that a teenager needs help.They include repeated school absences,slumping grades, use of alcohol or illegal substances,hostile or dangerous behavior and extreme withdrawal and reclusiveness.(44)__________There is tremendous pressure on adolescents to conform to the standards of their peers.This pressure toward conformity can be dangerous in that it applies not only to clothing and hairstyles;it may lead them to do things that they know are wrong.(45)__________Adolescence marks a period of increasing independence that often leads to conflict between teenagers and parents.This tension is a normal part of growing up—and for parents,a normal part of the letting-go process.Another normal part of adolescence is confusion over values and beliefs.This time of questioning is important as young people examine the values they have been taught and begin to embrace their own beliefs.Though they may adopt the same beliefs as their parents,discovering them on their own enables the young person to develop a sense of integrity.Although adolescence will present challenges for young people and their parents,awareness and communication can help pave the way for a smooth transition into this exciting phase of life.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10points)Culture shock might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad.Like most ailments,it has its own symptoms and cure.Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse.Those signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situation of daily life:when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people,when and how to give tips,how to makepurchases,when to accept and when to refuse invitations,when to take statements seriously and when not.46)These cues,which may be words, gestures,facial expressions,customs,or norms,are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept.47)All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we do not carry on the level of conscious awareness.Now when an individual enters a strange culture,all or most of these familiar cues are removed.He or she is like a fish out of water.48)No matter how broad-minded or full of goodwill you may be,a series of props(支柱)have been knocked from under you,followed by a feeling of frustration and anxiety.People react to the frustration in much the same way.First they reject the environment which causes the discomfort.“The ways of the host country are bad because they make us feel bad.”49)When foreigners in a strange land get together to grouse about the host country and its people,you can be sure they are suffering from culture shock.Another phase of culture shock is regression.The home environment suddenly assumes a tremendous importance.To the foreigner everything becomes irrationally glorified.All the difficulties and problems are forgotten and only the good things back home are remembered.It usually takes trip home to bring one back to reality.Individuals differ greatly in the degree in which culture shock affects them.Although not common,there are individuals who cannotlive in foreign countries.Those who have seen people go through a serious case of culture shock and on to a satisfactory adjustment can discern steps in the process.During the first few weeks most individuals are fascinated by the new.They stay in hotels and associate with nationals who speak their language and are polite and gracious to foreigners.This honeymoon stage may last from a few days or weeks to six months depending on circumstances.50)If one is a very important person he or she will be taken to the show places,will be pampered and petted,and in a press interview will speak glowingly about progress,goodwill,and international friendship.If he returns home may well write a book about his pleasant if superficial experience abroad.SectionⅢWriting51.Directions:Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay to1)describe the drawing,2)deduce the purpose of the painter of the drawing,and3)suggest counter-measures.You should write about160—200words neatly ANSWER SHEET2.(20 points)答案详解：Section I答案及解析答案详解1.【解析】[B]逻辑衔接题。
北京科技大学2013年240单独考试英语 考研试卷
北京科技大学2013年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题============================================================================================================= 试题编号： 240 试题名称单独考试英语（共 14 页）适用专业：全校各专业单独考试考生说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。
============================================================================================================= Part I: Vocabulary (20 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Section ADirections: There are 10 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.1. Psychological studies show that some people are quick-tempered .A．at heart B. on purpose C. in person D. by nature2. If a person talks about his weak points，his listener is expected to say something in the way of .A．assures B. encouragement C. persuasion D. confirmation3. He was high school and college instructors trying to teach him how to think to use the "scientific method" rather than teaching him the structure of the subject.A．put up with B. given way to C. fallen back on D. fed up with4. The film was 'Cezanne'，a 50-minute on the painter and his work.A．mediation B. medication C. meditation D. metrication5. You can't work for six hours without a single break ―it's impossible!A. continuouslyB. continuallyC. frequentlyD. often6. The humour of the play was too for the young audience and they rarely laughed.A. detailedB. feebleC. subtleD. slender7. It is well known that a child does not reach emotional security a good many years after physical maturity.A．for B. during C. as long as D. until8. Man's understanding and his mastering of matter and energy his claim to superiority；provide him with the basis for enriching and deepening human experience.A．designate B. deserve C. justify D. illustrate9. They to investigate the circumstances at the time of the accident and it is now too late to prove anything.A．ignored B. intended C. neglected D. disregarded10.People that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do theairliners of today.A. convincedB. anticipatedC. resolvedD. assuredSection BDirections: In this section, there are ten sentences with one word or phrase underlined each. Choose one of the four choices marked A, B, C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word.11. She didn't openly attack the plan，but her opposition was implicit in her failure to say anythingin support of it.A．explicit B. obvious C. decisive D. underlying12. We will shortly be arriving in King's Cross Station. May I remind all passengers to take theirluggage with them.A．immediately B. directly C. soon D. later13. Act according to what the laws prescribe and you'll have no trouble.A．say B. impose C. decide D. define14.The matter has been gone into very thoroughly, and we find there are no grounds for theallegations.A. investigatedB. explainedC. describedD. stated15. The test comprises four sections，namely，Listening，Reading，V ocabulary and Compositionwith a time limit for each.A．consists of B. involves C. indicates D. composes of16. Being infamous for his dishonesty in business matters，the man had few friends.A．fresh B. immediate C. notorious D. famous17. Some people persist in the practice of some very old customs or traditions just because theyenjoy doing so.A．endure B. support C. stick to D. continue in18. Many local authorities realize the need to make provisions for elderly people in their housingprogrammes.A．assistance B. rooms C. conditions D. supplies19. He was very careful in whatever he did lest something unfavourable might be written into hisrecord.A．if only B. for fear that C. unless D. otherwise20. The story was given a prominent position in the front page.A．obvious B. clear C. apparent D. noticeablePart II Cloze Test(20 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the choices given below. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet by drawing with a pencil a short bar across the corresponding letter in the brackets.It is difficult to imagine what life would be like without memory. The meanings of thousands of everyday perceptions, the bases ____21____ the decisions we make, and the roots of our habits and skills are to be ____22____ in our past experience, which are brought into the present ____23____ memory.Memory can be defined as the capacity to keep ____24____ available for later use. It includes not only "remembering" things like arithmetic or historical facts, but also any change inthe way an animal typically behaves. Memory is ____25____ when a rat gives up eating grain because he has sniffed something suspicious in the grain pile. Memory is also involved when a six-year-ole child learns to swing a baseball bat.Memory ____26____ not only in humans and animals but also in some physical objects and machines. Computers, for example, contain devices for storing data for later use. It is interesting to compare the memory-storage capacity of a computer ____27____ that of a human being. The instant-access memory of a large computer may hold up to 100 000 "words"--ready for ____28____ use. An average American teenager probably recognizes the meanings of about 100 000 words of English. However, this is but a fraction of the total ____29____ of information which the teenager has stored. Consider, for example, the number of facts and places that the teenager can recognize on sight. The use of words is the basis of the advanced problem-solving intelligence of human beings. A large part of a person's memory is in terms of words and ____30____ of words.21. A. of B. to C. for D. on22. A. keep B. found C. sought D. stored23. A. by B. from C. with D. in24. A. experiences B. bases C. observations D. information25. A. called B. taken C. involved D. included26. A. exists B. appears C. affects D. seems27. A. to B. with C. against D. for28. A. progressive B. instructive C. instant D. protective29. A. deal B. number C. mount D. amount30. A. combinations B. connections C. co-ordinations D. collectionsPart III Reading Comprehension (60 minutes, 40 points)Section A (30 points, 1.5 points each)Directions:In this part there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers. Choose the one you think is the best answer and mark your choice on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneQuestions 31-35 are based on the following passage:The need for solar electricity is clear. It is safe, ecologically sound, efficient, continuouslyavailable, and it has no moving parts. The basic problem with the use of solar photovoltaic devices is economics, but until recently very little progress had been made toward the development of low-cost photovoltaic devices. The larger part of research funding has been devoted to study of single-crystal silicon solar cells, despite the evidence, including that of the leading manufacturers of crystalline silicon, that the technique holds little promise. The reason for this pattern is understandable and historical. Crystalline silicon is the active element in the very successful semiconductor industry, and virtually all of the solid state devices contain silicon transistors and diodes. Crystalline silicon, however, is particularly unsuitable to terrestrial solar cells.Crystalline silicon solar cells work well and are successfully used in the space program, where cost is not an issue. While single-crystal silicon has been proven in extraterrestrial use with efficiencies as high as 18 percent, and other more expensive and scare materials such as gallium arsenide can have even higher efficiencies, costs must be reduced by a factor of more than 100 to make them practical for commercial use. Besides the fact that the starting crystalline silicon is expensive, 95 percent of it is wasted and does not appear in the final device. Recently, there have been some imaginative attempts to make polycrystalline and ribbon silicon, which are lower in cost than high-quality single crystals; but to date the efficiencies of these apparently lower-cost arrays have been unacceptably small. Moreover, these materials are cheaper only because of the introduction of disordering in crystalline semiconductors, and disorder degrades the efficiency of crystalline solar cells.This dilemma can be avoided by preparing completely disordered or amorphous materials. Amorphous materials have disordered atomic structure as compared to crystalline materials: that is, they have only short-range order rather than the long-range periodicity of crystals. The advantages of amorphous solar cells are impressive. Whereas crystals can be grown as wafers about four inches in diameter, amorphous materials can be grown over large areas in a single process. Whereas crystalline silicon must be made 200 microns thick to absorb a sufficient amount of sunlight for efficient energy conversion, only 1 micron of the proper amorphous materials is necessary. Crystalline silicon solar cells cost in excess of $100 per square foot, but amorphous films can be created at a cost of about 50 per square foot.Although many scientists were aware of the very low cost of amorphous solar cells, they felt that they could never be manufactured with the efficiencies necessary to contribute significantly to the demand for electric power. This was based on a misconception about the feature which determines efficiency. For example, it is not the conductivity of the materials in the dark which is relevant, but only the photoconductivity, that is, the conductivity in the presence of sunlight. Already, solar cells with efficiencies well above 6 percent have been developed using amorphous materials, and further research will doubtless find even less costly amorphous materials withhigher efficiencies.31. What's the major obstacle to the wide use of solar electricity?A. Solar photovoltaic devices are too expensive.B. Little research has been done to study solar cells.C. Solar electricity is neither safe nor efficient.D. The leading manufacturers only produce crystalline silicon for extraterrestrial use.32. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of crystalline silicon?A. It can be found in nearly all solid state devices in the form of transistors and diodes.B. It is successfully used in the space program with high efficiency.C. It is unsuitable to terrestrial solar cells as it is limited to military use.D. Its use is not economical with a high percentage wasted.33. The author's attitude toward attempts to make polycrystalline and ribbon silicon can best bedescribed as ________.A. enthusiasmB. optimismC. doubtD. disapproval34. In Para. 3, the author focuses primarily on ________.A. presenting two types of materials for solar cellsB. discussing the advantages of amorphous materials over crystalline siliconC. pointing out the feasibility of using amorphous materials in extraterrestrial programsD. outlining the specific reasons why a problem in solar cells has not yet been solved35. Which of the following was true of many scientists?A. They felt amorphous materials were too costly.B. They were doubtful whether they could develop amorphous solar cells with higherefficiencies.C. They realized that it was the conductivity in the presence of sunlight that was relevant toefficiency.D. They were optimistic about the future use of amorphous materials with higher efficiencies.Passage TwoQuestions 36-40 are based on the following passage:My hands are sweating, my face is breaking out, my heart is pounding, my temper is short. Am I having a heart attack? Am I having a nervous breakdown? No! Final exams are coming up and I am experiencing test anxiety.Is test anxiety destructive? Can we make test anxiety work for us? The answer to both of these questions is yes. Test anxiety often interferes with student performance but this same test anxiety, if channeled correctly, can help improve performance.The good side of test anxiety is that it causes us to attend to the problem. It motivates us to want to study and prepare for the exam. Without this catalyst we might never be concerned about preparing for a test. Thus, a little anxiousness shouldn't worry you. Those of us who speak publicly know that a few butterflies in the stomach just prior to a speech means that we will probably do a good job, that we will focus on our speech and block out extraneous material.However, when stress interferes with your ability to concentrate, then it has reached the destructive state. In order to lessen the destructive elements of test anxiety, the approach should be to develop improved confidence and knowledge. These two factors go hand in hand. As your knowledge of the course material increases, your confidence in your ability to succeed will increase. As your confidence increases, your anxiety will go down, allowing your knowledge to come through more efficiently. The way you prepare for a test can reduce anxiety during the test.36. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of test anxiety?A. Hands are sweating.B. Face is breaking out.C. Heart is pounding.D. Heart attack.37. According to the passage, test anxiety can benefit us in all of the following ways except thatit________.A. motivates us to make good preparation for the testB. helps us to concentrateC. can ensure us a good score in the testD. can help improve performance if channeled correctly38. Which of the following statement is TRUE about the relationship between test anxiety and confidence and knowledge?A. As your knowledge of the course material increases, your confidence in your ability tosucceed will increase.B. As your confidence increases, your anxiety will go down.C. As your anxiety increases, your knowledge will increase more efficiently.D. Both A) and B)39. What might be discussed in the following part of the article?A. Some specific recommendations for reducing test anxietyB. The negative effects of anxiety on students who take testsC. only poor students have the problem of test anxietyD. only if you are hard-working, you will not have the problem of test anxiety40. What is the best title for the passage?A. How to prepare tests?B. Knowledge and preparation for testsC. Test Anxiety: Friend or Foe?D. Is test anxiety destructive?Passage ThreeQuestions 41-45 are based on the following passage:Like her white friends Eleanor Roosevelt and Aubrey Williams, Mary Bethune believed in the fundamental commitment of the New Deal to assist the black American's struggle and in the need for blacks to assume responsibilities to help win that struggle. Unlike those of her white liberal associates, however, Bethune's ideas had evolved out of a long experience as a "race leader." Founder of a small black college in Florida, she had become widely known by 1935 as an organizer of black women's groups and as a civil and political rights activist. Deeply religious, certain of her own capabilities, she held a relatively uncluttered view of what she felt were the New Deal's and her own people's obligations to the cause of racial justice. Unafraid to speak her mind to powerful whites, including the President, or to differing black factions, she combined faith in the ultimate willingness of whites to discard their prejudice and bigotry with a strong sense of racial pride and commitment to Negro self-help.More than her liberal white friends, Bethune argued for a strong and direct black voice in initiating and shaping government policy. She pursued this in her conversations with PresidentRoosevelt, in numerous memoranda to Aubrey Williams, and in her administrative work as head of the National Youth Administration's Office of Negro Affairs. With the assistance of Williams, she was successful in having blacks selected to NY A posts at the national, state, and local levels. But she also wanted a black presence throughout the federal government. At the beginning of the war she joined other black leaders in demanding appointments to the Selective Service Board and to the Department of the Army; and she was instrumental in 1941 in securing Earl Dickerson's membership on the Fair Employment Practices Committee. By 1944, she was still making appeals for black representation "all public programs, federal, state, and local," and "in policy-making posts as well as rank and file jobs."Though recognizing the weakness in the Roosevelt administration's response to Negro needs, Mary Bethune remained in essence a black partisan champion of the New Deal during the 1930s and 1940s. Her strong advocacy of administration policies and programs was predicated on a number of factors: her assessment of the low status of black Americans during the Depression; her faith in the willingness of some liberal whites to work for the inclusion of blacks in the government's reform and recovery measures; her conviction that only massive federal aid could elevate the Negro economically; and her belief that the thirties and forties were producing a more self-aware and self-assured black population. Like a number of her white friends in government, Bethune assumed that the preservation of democracy and black people's "full integration into the benefits and the responsibilities" of American life were inextricably tied together. She was convinced that, with the help of a friendly government, a militant, aggressive "New Negro "would emerge out of the devastation of depression and war, a "New Negro" who would "save America from itself," who would lead America toward the full realization of its democratic ideas.41. What was the common belief held by Mary Bethune and her white friends?A. For blacks who wanted to achieve equality there was a long way to go.B. It was the responsibility of both government and blacks to fight for racial justice.C. Racial prejudice was too deep-rooted to overcome.D. It was the cause of blacks to struggle for equal rights.42. Which of the following was true of Mary Bethune?A. She graduated from a small black college in Florida.B. She founded a black women's group in 1935.C. She was active in civil and political rights movement.D. She was unwilling to express her views directly to powerful whites.43. Bethune talked to President Roosevelt and wrote countless letters to Aubrey William in orderto ________.A. have blacks selected to important government postsB. let them hear direct black voiceC. be appointed to the Department of the ArmyD. appeal to them to support her campaign44. The word "instrumental" (Line 8, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to ________.A. insistentB. inspirationalC. importantD. intelligent45. What was Mary Bethune's response when she realized the Roosevelt administration didn't takestrong actions to improve the Blacks' conditions?A. She lost hope in the New Deal and began to attack it.B. She continued to support the New Deal so as to win its help in return.C. She looked forward to a more friendly white government.D. She believed only a militant, aggressive black government could save blacks.Passage FourQuestions 46-50 are based on the following passage:The exclusive emphasis on economics is yielding to an appreciation of politics. After all, before free market can thrive you need political stability. Technology is still seen as a powerful tool, but one that can have harmful as well as beneficial consequences (as Osama bin Laden has brutally shown). Most important, the global trading system is becoming more democratic, with countries like India, China and Brazil demanding a voice in the shape of trade negotiations. This too could be for the best. If a few concessions and delays mean that the free-trade system will have greater legitimacy in the developing world, it is a price well worth paying.Even September 11 could be even more beneficial. In the past four months the world has seen what American political leadership and power can do when it is ambitious, energetic and internationally minded. It is time for American economic leadership to be similarly active and visionary. Treasury Secretary Paul O'Neill's speech at the forum was an interesting beginning. O'Neill talked about changing the loans-and-grants system to developing countries to help them help themselves. He talked about insisting on internal legal and political reforms. He pointed out that foreign aid rarely works. His critiques of the current system was sharp, but anyone cancriticize. The point is to fix things. He should take this opportunity to present a series of broad American initiatives that would broaden and deepen globalization.Washington should lead the developed world by responding to the legitimate demands of the developing world on trade-that means agriculture and anti-dumping. Hormats argues for a reform of the major international economic groups and institutions. A new system of effective foreign aid could have massive economic and political benefits for the whole world.In the wake of World War II, the Truman administration set up the global economic institutions that have secured and steered the world economy ever since. Throughout the cold war, America pushed for free trade as part of an overall strategy to combat communism and shore up the free world. Making globalization work better and for more people is not simply smart economics. It is a vital part of a new national-security strategy for America.46. Which of the following is more emphasized now after September 11?A. Domestic economy.B. Politics.C. National Security.D. Global unity in fighting terrorism.47. What does Hormats argue for?A. The developing countries have to help themselves.B. A new system of effective foreign aids will work well.C. The USA pushed and will push free trade world widely to combat communism.D. The foreign aids rarely work.48. What makes the author's opinion different from O'Neill's?A. The author thought that O'Neill's talk was not to the point.B. The author didn't like the talker personally.C. O'Neill should have presented what to do to improve the economic globalization.D. The author thought what O'Neill said was precise, but not workable.49. What does the author intend to say through the last paragraph?A. The Americans should follow Truman's global economic policy.B. The author suggests that the USA should have done more.C. The USA should pursue to combat the communism in economic competition.D. The Americans may live in luxurious and quiet surroundings under the conditions of theglobalization.50. The topic that best fits the passage is ___________.A. The National Security Strategy of the USAB. The Globalization of Economy and National Security Strategy of the USAC. The World Economic ForumD. International Economic GlobalizationSection B (10 points, 2 points each)Directions: Read the following passage and complete the sentences with the information from the passage in NO MORE THAN 10 words for each sentence.Starting to write is like setting out on a sea voyage. You experience certain queasiness until you get your sea legs. To get your sea legs in writing, you need a firm grasp on what you hope to accomplish in the work you plan to write. In other words, you need to discover your purpose before you can begin to write effectively. As self-evident as finding your purpose would seem to be, it is easily overlooked. Although writing is a major part of my professional life, I find I often set out to write without thinking about my purpose at all. But then, when I become queasy, I say to myself, "Just what is it I really want to do here? What do I really want to say?" In answering these questions I usually manage to get the project launched; and so the technique of asking yourself such questions is one I heartily recommend to you.Answering "What do I really want to do?" requires deciding exactly what response you want your words and ideas to evoke in those who will read them. For instance, you might want a business letter to move your correspondent to offer a job interview, or an essay to dazzle your history professor into giving you an "A". More often your aim will be less personal: you want your reader to understand your subject and to find your approach to it acceptable.In all your planning, writing, and revising, your first consideration should be how your words will affect your readers. To find out, put yourself in their place-be your own reader-and think how the words would affect you. Convincing and satisfying your readers is the whole point of writing effectively.Answering the question "What do I really want to say?" pinpoints the matter you want your readers to understand, the idea you want to convince them is valid or worth their while. In expository writing, discovering what you want to say involves finding your thesis and the means to support it. The thesis is the heart of expository writing.Although you may find the term "expository writing" unfamiliar, it describes the most familiar of all writing. It is the sort of writing found in textbooks and other works of nonfiction, in magazines, in many newspaper articles, the type of writing you are called upon to produce for college exams and business reports, the workaday, useful writing that makes the world's intellectual wheels to go around. With expository writing you expound, explain, and set forth information and ideas. It is distinguished from narrative writing, the other major type of prose, by its organization. Narrative writing, which tells a story, is structured chronologically: "and then this happened, and then that happened." Expository writing, which makes a statement, is organized to start its point, its thesis, most effectively.The essence of what you mean to get across in a given work is called the thesis. It summarizes what your reader should come to believe. It is also the organizational focus of expository writing. Conventionally, some statement of the thesis is placed toward the end of the introductory portion of a piece of expository prose and/ or somewhere in the concluding segment. Sometimes the thesis is not stated in so many words, and occasionally it is only implied; but there can be no good expository writing without it. Without a thesis, expository writing is, literally, pointless.51. What is often overlooked by people when they start to write?52. According to the passage, what is your first consideration in your writing process?53. What is the most important part of expository writing?54. What is the difference between expository writing and narrative writing?55. What is the thesis in expository writing?Part IV Translation (40 minutes, 20 points )Section ADirections:Translate the following passage from English into Chinese.The Olympic Games are a display of international goodwill. The ceremonies, with their emphasis upon both nationalism and internationalism, are a thrilling sight to see. At the start, the king or president of the country in which the Olympic Games are being held is presented. The national anthem of his country is sung. Then follows a parade of all the contestants, each bearing his country's flag and shield. This march is accompanied by a fanfare of trumpets. When the Olympic flag is raised, guns fire a salute. Doves, symbols of peace, are released. Finally the sacred fire is lit. The Olympic flame is set alight by a torch that has been carried by relay runners all the way from。
2013年北京科技大学877综合考试考研真题【圣才出品】
2013年北京科技大学877综合考试考研真题
北京科技大学
2013年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
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试题编号：877试题名称：综合考试
适用专业：民商法学、经济法学
说明：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。
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一、名词解释（每题5分，共计50分）
1．法律凋整
2．特殊司法协助
3．法律规范
4．不要式合同
5．先合同义务
6．不安抗辩权
7．提存
8．植物新品种
9．证明商标
10．地理标志
二、简答题（每题10分，共计40分）
1．简述个别性调整和规范性调整的优缺点。
2．简述民事公益诉讼的特征。
3．简述交叉强制许可的主要内容。
4．从理论上划分诉讼证据包括哪几类并简要阐述。
三、论述题（每题20分，共计60分）
1．试述确认调解协议案件。
2．试述法的体系和法的部门。
3．试述合同自由原则在我国《合同法》中的体现。
大学英语六级卷一真题2013年6月_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
大学英语六级卷一真题2013年6月(总分710, 做题时间120分钟)Part I Writing (30 minutes)1.Directions: For this party you are allowed 30 minutes to write an**menting on the remark "Good habits result from resisting temptation." You can cite examples to illustrate your point. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI分值: 142答案:Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions attached to the passage. For questions 1-7, mark：Y (for YES)A Nation That's Losing Its ToolboxThe scene inside the Home Depot on Weyman Avenue here would give the old-time American craftsman pause.In Aisle 34 is precut plastic flooring, the glue already in place. In Aisle 26 are prefabricated windows. Stacked near the checkout counters, and as colorful as a Fisher-Price toy, is a not-so-serious-looking power tool: a battery-operated saw-and-**bination. And if you don't want to do it yourself, head to Aisle 23 or Aisle 35, where a help desk will arrange for an installer.It's all very handy stuff, I guess, a convenient way to be a do-it-yourselfer without being all that good with tools. But at a time when the American factory seems to be a shrinking presence, and when good manufacturing jobs have vanished, perhaps never to return, there is something deeply troubling about this dilution of American craftsmanship.This isn't a lament (伤感) - or not merely a lament - for bygone times. It's a social and cultural issue, as well as an economic one. The Home Depot approach to craftsmanship -simplify it, dumb it down, hire a contractor - is one signal that mastering tools and working with one's hands is receding in America as a hobby, as a valuedskill, as a cultural influence that shaped thinking and behavior in vast sections of the country.That should be a matter of concern in a presidential election year. Yet neither Barack Obama nor Mitt Romney promotes himself as tool-savvy (使用工具很在行的) presidential timber, in the mold of a Jimmy Carter, a skilled carpenter and cabinet maker.The Obama administration does worry publicly about manufacturing, a first cousin of craftsmanship. When the Ford Motor Company, for example, recently announced that it was bringing some production home, the White House cheered. "When you see things like Ford moving new production from Mexico to Detroit, instead of the other way around, you know things are changing," says Gene Sperling, director of the National Economic Council.Ask the administration or the Republicans or most academics why America needs more manufacturing, and they respond that manufacturing gives birth to innovation, brings down the trade deficit, strengthens the dollar, generates jobs, arms the military and brings about a recovery from recession. But rarely, if ever, do they publicly take the argument a step further, asserting that a growing manufacturing sector encourages craftsmanship and that craftsmanship is, if not a birthright, then a vital ingredient of the American self-image as a can-do, inventive, we-can-make-anything people.Traditional vocational training in public high schools is gradually declining, stranding thousands of young people who seek training for a craft without going to college. Colleges, for their part, have since 1985 graduated fewer chemical, mechanical, industrial and metallurgical (冶金的) engineers, partly in response to the reduced role of manufacturing, a big employer of them.The decline started in the 1950s, when manufacturing generated a sturdy 28% of the national income, or gross domestic product, and employed one-third of the workforce. Today, factory output generates just 12% of G.D.P. and employs barely 9% of the nation's workers. Mass layoffs and plant closings have drawn plenty of headlines and public debate over the years, and they still occasionally do. But the damage to skill and craftsmanshipthat's needed to build a complex airliner or a tractor, or for a worker to move up from assembler to machinist to supervisor - went largely unnoticed."In an earlier generation, we lost our connection to the land, and now we are losing our connection to the machinery we depend on," says Michael Hout, a sociologist at the University of California, Berkeley. "People who work with their hands," he went on, "are doing things today that we call service jobs, in restaurants and laundries, or in medical technology and the like."That's one explanation for the decline in traditional craftsmanship. Lack of interest is another. The big money is in fields like finance. Starting in the 1980s, skill in finance grew in importance, and, asdepicted in the news media and the movies, became a more appealing source of income.By last year, Wall Street traders, bankers and those who deal in real estate generated 21% of the national income, double their share in the 1950s. And Warren Buffett, the good-natured financier, became a homespun folk hero, without the tools and overalls (工作服)."Young people grow up without developing the skills to fix things around the house," says Richard Curtin, director of the Thomson Reuters/University of Michigan Surveys of Consumers. "They know**puters, of course, but they don't know how to build them." Manufacturing's shrinking presence undoubtedly helps explain the decline in craftsmanship, if only because many of the nation's assembly line workers were skilled in craft work, if not on the job then in their spare time. In a late 1990s study of blue-collar employees at a General Motors plant (now closed) in Linden, N. J., the sociologist Ruth Milkman of City University of New York foundthat many line workers, in their off-hours, did home renovation and other skilled work."I have often thought," Ms. Milkman says, "that these extracurricular jobs were aneffort on the part of the workers to regain their dignity after suffering the degradation of repetitive assembly line work in the factory."Craft work has higher status in nations like Germany, which investsin apprenticeship (学徒) programs for high school students. "Corporations in Germany realized that there was an interest to be served economically and patriotically in building up a skilled labor force at home; we never had that ethos (风气)," says Richard Sennett, a New York University sociologist who has written about the connection of craft and culture.The damage to American craftsmanship seems to parallel the steepslide in manufacturing employment. Though the decline started in the 1970s, it became much steeper beginning in 2000. Since then, some 5.3 million jobs, or one-third of the workforce in manufacturing, have been lost. A stated goal of the Obama administration is to restore a big chunk of this employment, along with the multitude of skills that many of the jobs required.As for craftsmanship itself, the issue is how to preserve it as a valued skill in the general population. Ms. Milkman, the sociologist, argues that American craftsmanship isn't disappearing as quickly as some would argue - that it has instead shifted to immigrants. "Pride in craft, it is alive in the immigrant world," she says.Sol Axelrod, 37, the manager of the Home Depot here, fittingly learned to fix his own car as a teenager, even changing the brakes.Now he finds immigrant craftsmen gathered in abundance outside his store in the early morning, waiting for it to open so they can buy supplies for the day's work as contractors. Skilled day laborers, also mostly immigrants, wait quietly in hopes of being hired by the contractors.Mr. Axelrod also says the recession and persistently high unemployment have forced many people to try to save money by doing more themselves, and Home Depot in response offers classes in fixing water taps and other simple repairs. The teachers are store employees, many of them older and semi-retired from a skilled trade, or laid off."Our customers may not be building cabinets or outdoor decks; we try to do that forthem," Mr. Axelrod says, "but some are trying to build up skill so they can do more for themselves in these hard times."SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.How did the author feel looking at the scene inside the Home Depot?A He felt proud that he was a do-it-youselfer himself.B He was inspired by the way the wares were displayed.C He felt troubled about the weakening of American craftsmanship.D He was happy to see the return of the do-it-yourself spirit in America.分值: 7.1答案:CSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.What does the author think of mastering tools and working with one's hands?A It shapes people's thinking and behavior.B It is no longer important in modern times.C It helps politicians connect with workmen.D It is essential to advanced manufacturing.分值: 7.1答案:ASSS_SINGLE_SEL3.How did the White House respond to Ford's announcement to bring some production back to America?A It worried publicly.B It felt much relieved.C It made no comment.D It welcomed the decision.分值: 7.1答案:DSSS_SINGLE_SEL4.How does the author view manufacturing?A It encourages craftsmanship.B It is vital to national defense.C It can change the self-image of workers.D It represents the nation's glorious past.分值: 7.1答案:ASSS_SINGLE_SEL5.What do we learn about America's manufacturing in the 1950s?A It generated just 12% of the gross national income.B It constituted 28% of the gross domestic product.C It was the biggest employer of American workers.D It was the most active sector of American economy.分值: 7.1答案:BSSS_SINGLE_SEL6.What does the author say is a factor contributing to the decline in traditional craftsmanship?A Automation makes it unnecessary to employ too many skilled workers.B People can earn more money in fields other than manufacturing.C Many people now tend to look down upon working with hands.D Young people no longer look upon skill as an important asset.分值: 7.1答案:BSSS_SINGLE_SEL7.In Ruth Milkman's opinion, many assembly line workers did home renovation and other skilled work in their off-hours in order to_______.A save moneyB relieve boredomC regain their dignityD improve their living conditions分值: 7.1答案:CSSS_TEXT_QUSTI8.Compared with that in America, the status of craft work in Germany is ______________.分值: 7.1答案:higherSSS_TEXT_QUSTI9.According to Ruth Milkman, American craftsmanship, instead of disappearing, is being taken up by _______________.分值: 7.1答案:immigrantsSSS_TEXT_QUSTI10.According to Mr. Axelrod of Home Depot, people are trying to ride out the recession by ________________.分值: 7.1答案:building up skillListening Comprehension (35 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation anSSS_SINGLE_SEL11.A Why his phone had been disconnected.B Why she could not get through to him.C Why he didn’t leave her a message.D Why he refused to answer her call.分值: 7.1答案:B[听力原文]W: What's wrong with your phone, Gary? I tried to call you all night yesterday.M: I'm sorry. No one was able to get through yesterday. My telephone was disconnected by the **pany.Q: What does the woman ask the man about?[解析] 女士问男士他的电话出什么问题了，她昨天打了一晚上男士的电话。
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北 京 科 技 大 学20120133年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题============================================================================================================================试题编号：试题编号： 618618 试题名称：试题名称： 基础英语基础英语 （共（共 1010 页）页） 适用专业：适用专业： 外国语言文学（包括外国语言学及应用语言学和英语语言文学） 说明：明： 所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试题或草稿纸上无效。
============================================================================================================================Part Vocabulary Ⅰ(30 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Section ADirections: There are fifteen incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence.1. In my opinion, he’s the most imaginative of all the contemporary poets.A. in allB. at bestC. for allD. by far2. The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.A. andB. asC. butD. or3. She is a musician than her brother.A. much ofB. much asC. more ofD. more as4. my family’s consistent encouragement I wouldn’t have accomplished my graduate study.A. But forB. But withC. Except forD. As are5. Just as there are occupations that require college or even higher degrees, occupations for which technical training is necessary.A. so too there areB. so also there areC. so there are tooD. so too are there6. In such desperate strains did he find himself that he was reduced to the violin in the streets.A. playB. playingC. be playingD. having played7. Those twins are so alike that it is next to impossible to distinguish .A. who is whoB. which is whichC. one and the otherD. one another8. He is determined to prove his innocence, he has to go to the highest court.A. even thoughB. even asC. even ifD. even so9. When the young man realized that the police had spotted him, he made the exit as quickly as possible, only to find that two policemen were waiting outside.A. offB. fromC. towardsD. for10. The stark reality is that our education system people, but industry does not find them useful.A. turns outB. produces outC. churns outD. bring out11. On that rainy night, John told his father that the lock on the door loose.A. was feltB. felt likeC. was feelingD. felt12. Critics charge that this is partly because Europe is still moving slowly to government stimulus programs and right its own ailing financial system.A. roll backB. roll downC. roll inD. roll out13. when she started complaining.A. Not until he arrivedB. No sooner had he arrivedC. Hardly had he arrivedD. Scarcely did he arrive14. Noise pollution generally receives less attention than air pollution.A. doesB. it doesC. receivesD. it does over15. corn is usually believed to be the American favorite vegetable, broccoli is actually the favorite vegetable, according to the poll done.A. ActuallyB. HoweverC. WhileD. DespiteSection BDirections:There are ten sentences in this section with one word or phrase underlined in each sentence. From the four choices given, choose one that best explains or defines the underlined part in each sentence.16. Scientific evidence from different disciplines demonstrates that for most humans the left half of the brain controls language.A. fields of studyB. groups of expertsC. seminarsD. regulations17. Your analogy was not a good one because the two situations are not similar.A. comparisonB. categorizationC. classificationD. cognition18. The conquerors stole not only the gold and silver that were needed to replenish the badly depleted treasury but also the supplies that were vital to the nation.A. substituteB. recollectC. restockD. resume19. Whenever he goes, he readily accommodates to new circumstances.A. finds a lodging inB. makes a close study ofC. provides lodging forD. adapts himself to20. Even after ten years her name conjures up such beautiful memories.A. covers upB. revealsC. brings to mindD. makes up21. Many of his arguments have no pertinence to the subject under discussion.A. significanceB. valueC. enlightenmentD. relevance22. The graduate committee must be in full accord in their approval of a dissertation.A. indecisiveB. sullenC. vocalD. unanimous23. We regret being unable to entertain your request for providing free boarding to 15 sportsmen for two weeks.A. receiveB. complyC. coincideD. consider24. The artist spent years on his monumental painting, which covered the whole roof of the church, the biggest in the country.A. archaicB. sentimentalC. outstandingD. entire25. The ancient Jewish people regarded themselves as the salt of the earth, the chosen few by God.A. outcastB. eliteC. nomadD. discipleSection CDirections:Each of the following five sentences below has two blanks, each blank indicating that something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are five lettered or sets of words. Choose the word or set of words for each blank that best fits the meaning of the sentence.26. Eric was frustrated because, although he was adept at making lies sound when telling the truth, he the power to make himself believed.A. plausible…lackedB. convincing…heldC. honest… foundD. true… acquired27. The techniques now available to livestock breeders will continue to be but will probably be by new ones under development.A. fruitful… reversedB. refined… upgradedC. inconvenient… reassessedD. used… supplemented28. Any population increase beyond a certain level necessitates greater vegetable foods; thus, the ability of a society to choose meat over cereals always arises, in part, from the number of people.A. production of … estimatingB. spending on … concealingC. recourse to … limitingD. attention to… varying29. Since 1813 reaction to Jane Austen’s novels has oscillated between and condescension; but in general later writers have esteemed her works more highly than did most of her literary .A. dismissal…admirersB. adoration… contemporariesC. disapproval…readersD. indifference…followers30. The actual of Wilson’s position was always by his refusal to compromise after having initially agreed to negotiate a settlement.A. outcome…foreshadowedB. logic…enhancedC. rigidity…betrayedD. uncertainty… alleviatedPart ⅡProofreading and error correction (20 minutes, 20 points, 2 points each) Directions: The following passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proof-read the passage and correct it in the following way.For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blankprovided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧” sign and writethe word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at theend of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross out the unnecessary word with a slash “/” and put the wordin the blank provided at the end of the line.ExampleWhen∧art museum wants a new exhibit, 1. anit never buys things in finished form and hangs 2. neverthem on the wall. When a natural history museumwants an exhibition, it must often build it. 3. exhibitIn his 1988 best seller A Brief History of Time, Stephen Hawkingmade readers wonder: if the universe is expanding, where is it expandingto?Now Hawking has teamed up his daughter, Lucy Hawking, to write (1) George’s Secret Key to the Universe, the first in a trilogy of novels directedat the fertile minds of children. In an interview on e-mail, Hawking (2) explains: “The aim of the book is to encourage children’s sense of wonderat the universe. We want them to look up outward only then will they (3)be able to make the right decisions to safeguard the future of the humanrace.”George’s Secret Key to the Universe, aimed 9-11-year-olds, (4)tells the story of a young boy, George, and a cheery astrophysicist,Eric, who talking computer opens a portal to the unknown universe. The (5)duo make spacesuits and use the portal to search for planets to whichhumanity can escape the irreversible warming of the earth. Along the way, (6)George and the reader learn from the basics of astrophysics and astronomy (7)through illustrations and captioned photographs. “You don’t needactual secret key to explore the universe, ” George ultimately discovers. (8) “There’s one that everyone can use. It’s called physics.”The Hawkings portray the universe as harmony and largely benign. (9)But our present knowledge of the universe suggests that is, in fact, adesolate and often violent expanse place in which humankind plays an (10) inconsequential role.Part III Reading Comprehension (50 minutes, 40 points, 2 points each)Directions:There are four passages in this part. Read each passage carefully and answer the questions following each passage as you are required.Passage OneModern industrial society grants little status to old people. In fact, such a society has a system of built-in obsolescence. There is no formal system for continuing our education throughout ourgrown obsolete, we are treated exactly like those who have never gained an education or job skills and are not encouraged or given the opportunity to begin anew.As a society becomes more highly developed, the overall status of older people diminishes. Improved health technology creates a large pool of old people, who compete for jobs with the young. However, economic technology lowers the demand for workers and creates new jobs for which the skills of the aged are obsolete, forcing older people into retirement. At the same time, young people are being educated in the new technology and are keeping pace with rapid changes in knowledge. Finally, urbanization creates age-segregated neighborhoods. Because the old live on fixed incomes, they must often live in inferior housing. All these factors —retirement, obsolete knowledge and skills, inferior standards of living —lower the status of the aged in society.A century ago, when one could expect to live only to 50 or so, the life span more or less coincided with the occupation and family cycle. But today the average life span allows for fifteen to twenty years of life after these cycles. It appears that our life span is outpacing our usefulness in society.1. By “a system of built-in obsolescence” the author means .A. no formal system exists in modern industrial societyB. old people have no status in modern industrial societyC. young people have chances in modern industrial societyD. knowledge changes rapidly in modern industrial society2. The more highly developed a society is, .A. the more advanced technology will beB. the larger the number of people will beC. the more diminished old people’s status will beD. the lower the overall status of the old people will be3. Which of the following statement is NOT true?A. Retired people could only live on fixed incomes.B. Retired people are more skillful than young people.C. Young people are educated in the new technology.D. Young people are keeping pace with rapid changes.4. The sentence “our life span outpaces our usefulness” means we can live longer .A. and make progressB. and do more workC. but move slowlyD. but become useless5. The author’s attitude toward the aged is .A. realisticB. optimisticC. pessimisticD. sympatheticPassage Two“First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, then you win.” Mahatma Gandhi probably never said these words, despite claims to the contrary, but they perfectly describe the progress of open-source software over the past 15 years or so. Such software, the underlying recipe for which is created by volunteers and distributed free online, was initially dismissed as the plaything of nerdy hobbyists. Big software firms derided the idea that anyone would put their trust in free software written by mysterious online collectives. Was it really secure? Whom would you call if it went wrong?At the time, selling software to large companies was sometimes likened to drug dealing, because once a firm installed a piece of software, it had to pay a stream of licence fees for upgrades, security patches and technical support. Switching to a rival product was difficult and expensive. But with open-source software there was much less of a lock-in. There are no licence fees, and the file formats and data structures are open. Open-source software gained ground during the dotcom boom and even more so afterwards, as a way to cut costs.Microsoft, the world’s biggest software company, went from laughing at the idea to fighting it, giving warning that there might be legal risks associated with using open-source software and even calling it a “cancer” that threatened to harm the industry. Yet the popularity of open-source programs such as the Linux operating system continued to grow. The fact that Google, the industry’s new giant, sits on a foundation of open-source code buried the idea that it was not powerful or reliable enough for heavy-duty use. One by one the industry’s giants embraced open source. Even Microsoft admits that drawing on the expertise of internet users to scrutinize and improve software has its merits, at least in some cases.The argument has been won. It is now generally accepted that the future will involve a blend of both proprietary and open-source software. Traditional software companies have opened up some of their products, and many open-source companies have adopted a hybrid model in which they give away a basic version of their product and make money by selling proprietary add-ons. The rise of software based on open, internet-based standards means worries about lock-in have become much less of a problem.But now there is the danger of a new form of lock-in. “Cloud computing”—the delivery of computer services from vast warehouses of shared machines—enables companies and individuals to cut costs by handing over the running of their e-mail, customers databases or accounting software to someone else, and then accessing it over the internet. There are many advantages to this approach for both customers (low cost, less complexity) and service providers (economies of scale). But customers risk losing control once again, in particular over their data, as they migrate into the cloud. Moving from one service provider to another could be even more difficult than switching between software packages in the old days. For a foretaste of this problem, try moving your MySpace profile to Facebook without manually retyping everything.The obvious answer is to establish agreed standards for moving data between clouds. An industry effort to this effect kicked off in March. But cloud computing is still in its infancy, and setting standards too early could hamper innovation. So buyers of cloud-computing services must take account of dangers of lock-in, and favour service providers who allow them to move data in and out of their system without too much hassle. This will push providers to compare on openness from the outset—and ensure that the lessons from the success of open-source software are not lost in the clouds.6. Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude towards the open-source software?A. SkepticalB. ContemptuousC. SupportiveD. Enthusiastic7. Why would the author describe software selling as drug dealing?A. It is illegal.B. It costs huge “running money” after first time purchasing.C. It is hard to stick to software.8. Which of the following facts is not the reason for Microsoft to change its view on open-source software?A. Linux uses open-source software.B. Google is based on open-source code.C. Open-source software is proved to be reliable for heavy-duty running.D. The number of open-source program is increasing.9. Which of the following statements is true about the future of open-source software?A. It will transform into a private owned property which can be better protected.B. Traditional software can only earn money from value-added services.C. Users may be less worried about the losing of data by using open-based program.D. Open-source program is always free of charge.10. Which of the following statements is true about “cloud computing”?A. It is an online program such as Facebook or Myspace.B. It may hamper innovation.C. It intends to provide a third party database for data owner and service provider.D. It may cause data losing in the cloud.Passage ThreeThe Roman language served as the first model for answering the question. Even to someone with no knowledge of Latin, the similarities among Roman languages would have made it natural to suggest that they were derived from a common ancestor. On the assumption that the shared characteristic of these languages came from the common ancestor, it would have been possible to reconstruct many of the characteristics of the original common language. In much the same way it became clear that the branches of the Indo-European family could be studied and a hypothetical family tree constructed, reading back to a common ancestor.This is the tree approach. The basic process represented by the tree model is one of divergence: when languages become isolated from one another, they differ increasingly, and dialects gradually become different until they become separate languages.Divergence is by no means the only possible tendency in language evolution. Johannes Schmidt introduced a “wave” model, in which linguistic changes were like waves, eventually leading to convergence; that is, growing similarity among languages that were initially quite different.Today, however, most linguists think primarily in terms of family trees. It is necessary to construct some models of how language change might occur according to a process-based view. There are four main classes of models.The first is the process of initial colonization, by which an uninhabited territory becomes populated; its language naturally becomes that of the colonizers. Second are processes of divergence, such as the linguistic divergence arising from separation or isolation mentioned above in relation to early models of the Indo-European languages. The third group of models is based on processes of linguistic convergence. The wave model, formulated by Schmidt in the 1870’s, is an example, but convergence methods have not generally found favor among linguists.Now, the slow and rather static operation of these processes is complicated by another factor:of the world the languages initially spoken by the indigenous people have come to be replaced, fully or partially, by languages spoken by people coming from outside. Were it not for this large complicating factor, the world’s linguistic history could be faithfully described by the initial distribution of Homo Sapiens, followed by the gradual workings of divergence and convergence. So linguistic replacement also has a key role to play in explaining the origins of the Indo-European languages.11. The characteristics of the original common language can be described on the basis of .A. the similarities among Roman languagesB. the hypothetical family treeC. the process known as divergenceD. the common features of Roman languages12. According to Johannes Schmidt, .A. languages change on a large scale like wavesB. divergence is not the only possible tendency in language changeC. language evolution can be explained in terms of divergence and convergenceD. different languages will become increasingly similar until they develop into one language13. It can be inferred from paragraph 4 that .A. there doesn’t exist any satisfactory model of language changeB. most linguists explain language change only in terms of divergenceC. most linguists generally don’t accept the idea of language convergenceD. the first process in language evolution is colonization, followed by divergence14. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A. Linguistic replacement can be ignored for the linguistic history to be fully described.B. Linguistic replacement cannot be ignored in explaining where the Indo-European languages come from.C. Because of linguistic replacement, the other three models prove to be incorrect.D. Compared with the other models, linguistic replacement is the most important model.15. This passage is primarily written to .A. discuss the importance of linguistic replacementB. introduce the origin of the Indo-European languageC. explain the divergence of the Indo-European languagesD. introduce models concerning the origin of the Indo-European languagesPassage FourHaving reached the highest point of our route according to plan, we discovered something the map had not told us. It was impossible to climb down into the Kingo valley. The river lay deep between mountain sides that were almost vertical. We couldn’t find any animal tracks, which usually show the best way across country, and the slopes were covered so thickly with bushes that we could not see the nature of the ground. We had somehow to break through to the river which would give us our direction out of the mountains into the inhabited lowlands.Our guide cut a narrow path through the bushes with his long knife and we followed in single file. Progress was slow. Then, when we thought we had really reached the river, we foundourselves instead on the edge of a cliff with a straight drop of 1000 feet to the water below. We climbed back up the slope and began to look for another way down. We climbed, slipped, sweated and scratched our hands to pieces and finally arrived at the river. Happily we strode downhill along its bank without having to cut our way. However, after a few miles the river entered a steep-sided gap between rocks and suddenly dropped thirty-five feet over a waterfall. There was no path alongside it and no way round it.Then one of the guides saw a way of overcoming the difficulty. There was a fallen tree lying upside down over the waterfall with its leafy top resting on the opposite bank below the falls. Without hesitation he climbed down the slippery trunk to show us how easy it was. Having got to the fork of the tree, he moved hand over hand along a branch for four or five feet with his legs hanging in space, then he dropped onto the flat bank on the other side, throwing his arms in the air like a footballer who had scored a goal, and cheerfully waving us on.16. Having reached the highest point on their route, the travelers expected to be able to .A. track animals to the riverB. put away the maps they had been usingC. approach the river from different directionD. get down to the river without much difficulty17. The travelers wanted to get to the river because .A. it would lead them to the waterfallB. it would show them which way to goC. it was the only possible route out of the mountainsD. it was a quicker route18. One reason why it took the travelers so long to get to the river was that .A. it was too hot to move quicklyB. there was no proper pathC. they all tried to go in different waysD. they could not follow the animal tracks19. The travelers were happy when they reached the river because .A. they had a sense of achievementB. the going was much easier thenC. they were eager to see the waterfallD. they knew they were near their destination20. To get past the waterfall, the guide had to .A. use a fallen tree as a kind of bridgeB. cross the river above the waterfallC. slide down a steep river bankD. swing across the river from a high branchPart ⅣTranslation (40 minutes, 30 points, 15 points each)Directions: There are two passages here. Put the underlined part in the first passage into Chinese and the second passage into English.[1] It is simple enough to say that since books have classes — fiction, biography, poetry— we should separate them and take from each what it is right that each should give us. Yet few people ask from books what books can give us. Most commonly we come to books with blurred and divided minds, asking of fiction that it shall be true, of poetry that it shall be false, of biography that it shall be flattering, of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices. If we could banish all such preconceptions when we read, that would be an admirable beginning. Do not dictate to your author: try to become him. Be his fellow-worker and accomplice. If you hang back, and reserve and criticize at first, you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible, then signs and hints of almost imperceptible fineness, from the twist and turn of the first sentences, will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other. Steep yourself in this, acquaint yourself with this, and soon you will find that your author is giving you, or attempting to give you, something far more definite. The thirty-two chapters of a novel— if we consider how to read a novel first— are an attempt to make something as formed and controlled as a building: but words are more impalpable than bricks; reading is a longer and more complicated process than seeing. Perhaps the quickest way to understand the elements of what a novelist is doing is not to read, but to write; to make your own experience with dangers and difficulties of words. Recall, then, some event that has left a distinct impression on you— how at the corner of the street, perhaps, you passed two people talking. A tree shook; an electric light danced; the tone of the talk was comic, but also tragic; a whole vision, an entire conception, seemed contained in that moment.[2] 从古至今多少诗人赞美过窗子，多少歌手歌唱过窗子，多少情人的眼睛凝望过窗子……窗子的变化，是值得人们考察一番的。