第二讲 sat 代词指代

代词指代一．概述代词指代的概念：在英语表达中，为避免用词重复和使句子简洁，经常使用一个代词指代前面出现过的名词（先行项）。

代词分为8类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词、关系代词和相互代词1.2. 指示代词：this, those, that, those, one, it3. 疑问代词：what, who, whose, whom, which, whatever, whichever ,whoever, whomever4. 不定代词：some（something，somebody，someone），any（anything，anybody，anyone），no（nothing，nobody，no one），every（everything，everybody，everyone），all，each，both，much，many，（a）little，（a）few，other（s），another，none，one，either，neither5. 相互代词：each other，one another6. 关系代词：关系代词用来引导定语从句。

它代表先行词，同时在从句中作一定的句子成分。

二．记牢四点：1、代词与其先行项保持“数”的一致：代词的单复数由其先行项决定，同单同复。

如：Some teenagers adore computer games , so others condemn it as an utter waste time.2、代词与其先行项要保持“性”的一致：代词的“性别”由其先行项的“性别”决定，同男同女。

如：When Lucy visited the restaurant, he noticed that the menu had changed.3、代词与其先行项要保持“人称”的一致：代词的人称形式由其先行项的人称形式决定，同我同你同他。

如：Because each year our children spending increasingly more time in front of computer monitors , you need to limit their viewing hours and encourage them to go outdoors and play.4、注意代词的格代词的“格”是指代词的主格、宾格和所有格。

代词用什么“格”看它指代的先行项在句中是什么成分。

三、代词指代一致必须注意以下几个原则和规律：1、邻近和靠近原则在either … or，neither…nor，not only…but (also)中，如果两个先行词在数或性上不一致，人称代词一般与邻近的先行词在数和性上保持一致。

Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her.Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination .If either David or Janet comes, he or she will want a drink .2.当不定代词作主语时候，其相应的代词一般用第三人称单数形式。

如：Everyone talks at the top of his vo0ice.Everything is ready, isn’t it?3.当主语为复数形式，后跟each作同位语时，如果each位于动词之前，其后的代词或相应的限定词用复数形式;如果each位于动词之后，其后的代词或相应的限定词用单数形式。

如：We are each responsible for his own family .4.由and连接两个先行词，代词用复数如：The tourist and businessmen lost their luggage in the accident .注：1. Sat不接受前面出现两个名词（同为女性、男性或复数人称，即使指代的对象很明确）Mary told her mom that she was pregnant.After years of research on the dogs and wolves, scientists are confident that their resemblance is obvious.2.sat不接受“暗示指代”They say Mary is a nice girl.3.普通文法中，Which可指代前面整个句子（前加逗号），但sat不接受Mary came home late last night, which upset us a lot.练习I. Improving Sentences1.The more you run at high altitudes, the more our bodies and lungs will acclimate to changingelevations.A The more you run at high altitudesB The more we run at high altitudesC The more high altitudes runD As the running at high altitudes increasesE As people run more at high altitudes2.Although Mike is very much interested in music, he does not play an instrument and hasnever attended a musical.A he does not play an instrument and has never attended a musicalB it is without being able to play an instrument or having attended a musicalC he does not play an instrument and has never seen itD he does not play an instrument and nor has never seen itE it is without being able to play an instrument or having seen it3.When someone picks up the phone, you will be using one of the greatest inventions of themodern age.A you will be usingB it is usingC you will useD he or she usesE it uses4.Jean Valentine’s daughter has said that she had decided to write another book, although nopublication date was given.A she had decided to write another bookB the decision was that her mother would write another bookC her mother had decided to write another bookD she decided that she will write another bookE it was decided about her writing another book5.The government imposed sanctions on a renegade nation last month after they violated theterms of a worldwide arms-control agreement.A imposed sanctions on a renegade nation last month after they violatedB imposed sanctions on a renegade nation last month after it was violatingC has imposed sanctions on a renegade nation last month after they violatedD imposed sanctions on a renegade nation last month after that nation violatedE imposed sanctions on a nation of renegades last month after they violated6.Before being widely collected for its artistic drawings and interesting stories, comic bookswere purchased cheaply by little boys across America.A Before being widely collected for itsB Until having been widely collected for itC Up to them being widely collected for itD Before they were widely collected for theirE Until they have been widely collected for their7.The Internet startup, often using unorthodox methods, quickly made their service the mostpopular on the market.A The Internet startup, often using unorthodox methods, quickly made theirB The Internet startup was often unorthodox methods for quickly making itsC Using methods that were often unorthodox, the Internet startup, in quickly making itsD Unorthodox methods were often used by The Internet startup while it was quicklymaking itsE Often using unorthodox methods, the Internet startup quickly made its8.When someone listens to a current pop or rock song, you hear music influenced by decades ofmusicians and genres including gospel and country.A you hearB it hearsC you will hearD he or she hearsE they hear9.Professor Schonle’s son told the magazine that he had decided not to accept the new position,even though the current chairman had already resigned.A he had decided not to accept the new positionB the decision was that his father would not accept the new positionC his father had decided not to accept the new positionD he decided that he will not to accept to be placed in the new positionE it was decided about his not accepting the chairman’s position10. During the labor dispute, barrels of potatoes were emptied across the highway, and they thereby blocked it to all traffic.(A) highway, and they thereby blocked it to all traffic(B) highway and therefore blocking it to all traffic(C) highway, by which all traffic was therefore blocked(D) highway, and therefore this had all traffic blocked(E) highway, thereby blocking all traffic11. David, Jason and Isaac were hiking when, stumbling over a rock, he fell down a steepembankment.(A) when, stumbling over a rock, he fell down a steep embankment(B) and then he fell down a steep embankment after he stumbled over a rock(C) when Isaac fell down a steep embankment after stumbling over a rock(D) when Isaac fell down a steep embankment, since he stumbled over a rock(E) and, since he stumbled over a rock, he fell down a steep embankmentII. Identifying Sentence Error1.When (A) one reads Shakespeare, we(B) can easily see how dramatically (C) the Englishlanguage has changed (D) in the last 400 years. No error(E)2.Thomas repeated his perspective that (A) the student, if given (B) sufficient time for (C)preparation, would finish this (D). No error(E)3.Even though (A) only parts of clay vessels may be (B) recovered, these pottery shards areinvaluable to (C) the archaeologist because it is (D) virtually indestructible. No error (E)4.The quality of multivitamin tablets is determined (A) by how long (B) its (C) potency can beprotected (D) by the manufacturer’s coating material. No error (E)5.My colleague and myself (A) received an award for (B) our paper on the accuracy with which(C) a polygraph measures (D) physiological process. No error (E)6.Although (A) one likes to believe (B) that your own (C) children are beautiful, intelligent, andwell behaved, what one believes is not always the case(D). No error (E)7.Candy manufactures applauded the discovery by (A) researchers that the students which (B)smell chocolate while studying and again while taking (C) a test are able to (D) recall more material than students not exposed to. No error (E)8.The office manager and his coworker, Ms. Andrews, received (A) equal pay for the companyuntil (B) she (C) got a raise for helping (D) to increase productivity. No error (E)。