英汉笔译,词汇
英语二级笔译-英译汉
前不久，科学家们对深海生物还知之甚少，也不太相信它们正 受到威胁。现在，随着深海探测技术的发展，研究人员发现 660 多英尺，即 200 米深的海底生存着大量多种多样的物种。但与此 同时，捕鱼人员也可以依靠技术到达比以前更深的地方，进行海底 拖网捕捞，而此种深海捕捞则可在几分钟内就把大自然几百年乃至 几千年的积累毁灭。
Байду номын сангаас
Part Ⅱ The Introduction of a Book
The invitation to me from the British Broadcasting Corporation was to present the development of science in a series of television programmes to match those of Lord Clark on Civilisation. Television is an admirable medium for exposition in several ways: powerful and immediate to the eye, able to take the spectator bodily into the places and processes that are described, and conversational enough to make him conscious that what he witnesses are not events but the actions of people. The last of these merits is to my mind the most cogent, and it weighed most with me in agreeing to cast a personal biography of ideas in the form of television essays.
翻译资格高级笔译汉译英精选
翻译资格高级笔译汉译英精选翻译资格高级笔译汉译英精选雨后，院里来了个麻雀，刚长全了羽毛。
它在院里跳，有时飞一下，不过是由地上飞到花盆沿上，或由花盆上飞下来。
看它这么飞了两三次，我看出来：它并不会飞得再高一些。
，它的左翅的几根长翎拧在一处，有一根特别的长，似乎要脱落下来。
我试着往前凑，它跳一跳，可是又停住，看着我，小黑豆眼带出点要亲近我又不完全信任的神气。
我想到了：这是个熟鸟，也许是自幼便养在笼中的。
所以它不十分怕人。
可是它的左翅也许是被养着它的或别个孩子给扯坏，所以它爱人，又不完全信任。
想到这个，我忽然的很难过。
一个飞禽失去翅膀是多么可怜。
这个小鸟离了人恐怕不会活，可是人又那么狠心，伤了它的翎羽。
它被人毁坏了，而还想依靠人，多么可怜!它的眼带出进退为难的神情，虽然只是那么个小而不美的小鸟，它的举动与表情可露出极大的委屈与为难。
它是要保全它那点生命，而不晓得如何是好。
对它自己与人都没有信心，而又愿找到些倚靠。
它跳一跳，停一停，看着我，又不敢过来。
我想拿几个饭粒诱它前来，又不敢离开，我怕小猫来扑它。
可是小猫并没在院里，我很快地跑进厨房，抓来了几个饭粒。
及至我回来，小鸟已不见了。
我向外院跑去，小猫在影壁前的花盆旁蹲着呢。
我忙去驱逐它，它只一扑，把小鸟擒住!被人养惯的小麻雀，连挣扎都不会，尾与爪在猫嘴旁搭拉着，和死去差不多。
As soon as the rain stopped, a little sparrow, almost full-fledged, flew into the courtyard. It hopped, fluttered, darting up to the edge of flower pots and back to the ground again. Watching it move up and down a couple of times, I realized drat it could not fly any higher as the plumes on its left wing had got twisted with one sticking out as if about to come off. When I made an attempt to move closer, it jumped off a hit and stopped again, staring back at me with its small, black and bean-like eyes that had a mixed look of wanting to be friends with me and not being certain that I was trustworthy. It occurred to me that this must be a tame bird, having been caged since it was hatched perhaps. No wonder it was not much scared of my presence. Its left wing might have been impaired by some kid and that was why there was distrust in its look though it showed some intimacy with man. Suddenly I was seized with sadness. How miserable it was for a bird to lose its wings! Without someone taking care of it this small thing could not survive. But man had injured its wing. How cruel he was! Injured as it was, it still wanted to rely on man. How pitiable! The look in its eyes showed that She little creature wasof two minds. It was small and by no means pretty, yet its gestures and expressions revealed that it had been wronged and landed in a difficult situation. It was anxious to keep its delicate life out of danger, but it did not know what to do. It had little confidence in itself and less trust in man, but it needed someone to rely on. It hopped and stopped, looking at me but too shy to come over. I thought of fetching some cooked rice to attract it, but I dared not leave it alone test it should be attacked by the kitten. As the kitten was not around at the moment, I hurried to the kitchen and cause back with a few grains only to find the bind missing. I ran to the outer yard and saw the kitten crouching by a flower pot in front of the screen wall. I hastened to drive her away but, with a quick jump, she caught hold of the bird. The tame sparrow, with its tail and claws dangling from the kitten’s mouth, did not even know how to struggle. It looked more dead than alive.翻译技巧:英语谚语汉译方法知多少两种语言和文化间的切换和译介，从来就不是容易的事情。
英汉笔译—转性译法
Chinese character: not inflective in form not definite in part of speech when taken separately
Classification of Parts of Speech
Sameness nouns; verbs; modifiers as adjectives or adverbs; forewords as prepositions and conjunctions; Differences articles（冠词），relative pronouns（关系代 词），relative adverbs（关系副词）， participles（分词），gerunds (动名词）and infinitives（不定式） don’t exist in Chinese.
transformation of adjective into verb
Transformation
Definition: "By transformation，we mean that in translation a word in one language belonging to a certain part of speech is not necessarily to be turned into one of the same part of speech in another language." (Eugene A.Nida language, Culture and Translating) Aim: aimed at seeking equivalence and achieving the maximal expressiveness
2016年英语翻译资格考试笔译初级英译汉6
Meanwhile, the young man had slung on to his person a decidedly shabby upper garment, and, erecting himself before the blaze, looked down on me from the corner of his eyes, for all the world as if there were some mortal feud unavenged between us. I began to doubt whether he were a servant or not: his dress and speech were both rude, entirely devoid of the superiority observable in Mr. and Mrs. Heathcliff; his thick brown curls were rough and uncultivated, his whiskers encroached bearishly over his cheeks, and his hands were embrowned like those of a common labourer: still his bearing was free, almost haughty, and he showed none of a domestic's assiduity in attending on the lady of the house. In the absence of clear proofs of his condition, I deemed it best to abstain from noticing his curious conduct; and, five minutes afterwards, the entrance of Heathcliff relieved me, in some measure, from my uncomfortable state. 同时，那个年青⼈披上⼀件⾮常破旧的上⾐，站起来⾛到⽕炉前，⽤他的斜着眼睛看我。
Catti三级笔译（英译汉）
A Part of Utah Built on Coal Wonders What Comes NextPRICE, Utah —For generations, coal has been the lifeblood of this mineral-rich stretch of eastern Utah. Mining families proudly recall all the years they toiled underground. Supply companies line the town streets. Above the road that winds toward the mines, a soot-smudged miner peers out from a billboard with the slogan “Coal = Jobs.”But recently, fear has settled in. The state’s oldest coal-fired power plant, tucked among the canyons near town, is set to close, a result of new, stricter federal pollution regulations.As energy companies tack away from coal, toward cleaner, cheaper natural gas, people here have grown increasingly afraid that their community may soon slip away. Dozens of workers at the facility here, the Carbon Power Plant, have learned that they must retire early or seek other jobs. Local trucking and equipment outfits are preparing to take business elsewhere.“There are a lot of people worried,” said Kyle Davis, who has been employed at the plant since he was 18.Mr. Davis, 56, worked his way up from sweeping floors to managing operations at the plant, whose furnaces have been burning since 1954.“I would have liked to be here for another five years,” he said. “I’m too young to retire.”But Rocky Mountain Power, the utility that operates the plant, has determined that it would be too expensive to retrofit the aging plant to meet new federal standards on mercury emissions. The plant is scheduled to be shut by April 2015.“We had been working for the better part of three years, testing compliance strategies,” said David Eskelsen, a spokesman for the utility. “None of the ones we investigated really would produce the results that would meet the requirements.”For the last several years, coal plants have been shutting down across the country, driven by tougher environmental regulations, flattening electricity demand and a move by utilities toward natural gas.This month, the board of directors of the Tennessee Valley Authority, the country’s largest public power utility, voted to shut eight coal-powered plants in Alabama and Kentucky and partly replace them with gas-fired power. Since 2010, more than 150 coal plants have been closed or scheduled for retirement.The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that the stricter emissions regulations for the plants will result in billions of dollars in related health savings, and will have a sweeping impact on air quality.In recent weeks, the agency held 11 “listening sessions” around the country in advance of proposing additional rules for carbon dioxide emissions.“Co al plants are the single largest source of dangerous carbon pollution in the United States, and we have ready alternatives like wind and solar to replace them,” said Bruce Nilles,director of the Sierra Club’s Beyond Coal campaign, which wants to shut all of the nation’s coal plants.“We have a choice,” he said, “which in most cases is cheaper and doesn’t have any of the pollution.”Coal’s downward turn has hit Appalachia hardest, but the effects of the transition toward other energy sources has started to ripple westward.Mr. Eskelsen said Rocky Mountain Power would place some of the 70 Carbon facility employees at its two other Utah coal plants. Other workers will take early retirement or look for different jobs.Still, the notion that this pocket of Utah, where Greek, Italian and Mexican immigrants came to mine coal more than a century ago, could survive without it, is hard for people here to comprehend.“The attack on coal is so broad-reaching in our little community,” said Casey Hopes, a Carbon County co mmissioner, whose grandfather was a coal miner. “The power plants, the mines —they support so many smaller businesses. We don’t have another industry.”Like others in Price, Mr. Hopes voiced frustration with the Obama administration, saying it should be investing more in clean coal technology rather than discarding coal altogether. Annual Utah coal production, though, has been slowly declining for a decade according to the federal Energy Information Administration.Last year, mines here produced about 17 million tons of coal, the lowest level since 1987, though production has crept up this year.“This is the worst we’ve seen it,” said David Palacios, who works for a trucking company that hauls coal to the power plants, and whose business will slow once the Carbon plant closes. Mr. Palacios, president of the Southeastern Utah Energy Producers Association, noted that the demand for coal has always ebbed and flowed here.“But this has been two to three years we’re struggling through,” he said.Compounding the problem, according to some mining experts, is that until now, most of the state’s coal has been sold and used within the region, rather than being exported overseas. That has left the industry here more vulnerable to local plant closings.Cindy Crane, chairwoman of the Utah Mining Association, said demand for Utah coal could eventually drop as much as 50 percent. “For most players in Utah coal, this a tough time,” said Ms. Crane, vice president of PacifiCorp, a Western utility and mining company that owns the Carbon plant.Mr. Nilles of the Sierra Club acknowledged that the shift from coal would not be easy on communities like Carbon County. But employees could be retrained or compensated for lost jobs, he said, and new industries could be drawn to the region.Washington State, for example, has worked with municipalities and utilities to ease the transition from coal plants while ensuring that workers are transferred to other energy jobs or paid, if nearing retirement, Mr. Nilles said.“Coal has been good to Utah,” Mr. Nilles said, “but markets for coal are drying up. Y ou need to get ahead of this and make sure the jobs don’t all leave.”For many here, coal jobs are all they know. The industry united the area during hard times, too, especially during the dark days after nine men died in a 2007 mining accident some 35 miles down the highway. Virtually everyone around Price knew the men, six of whom remain entombed in the mountainside.But there is quiet acknowledgment that Carbon County will have to change —if not now, soon.David Palacios’s father, Pete, who worked in the mines for 43 years, has seen coal roar and fade here. Now 86, his eyes grew cloudy as he recalled his first mining job. He was 12, and earned $1 a day.“I’m retired, so I’ll be fine. But these young guys?” Pete Palacios said, his voice trailing off.NARSAQ, Greenland —As icebergs in the Kayak Harbor pop andhiss while melting away, this remote Arctic town and its culture are alsodisappearing in a changing climate.Narsaq’s largest employer, a shrimpfactory, closed a few years ago after the crustaceans fled north to coolerwater. Where once there were eight commercial fishing vessels, there is nowone.As a result, the population here,one of southern Greenland’s major towns, has been halved to 1,500 in just adecade. Suicides are up.“Fishing is the heart of this town,”said Hans Kaspersen, 63, a fisherman. “Lots of people have lost theirlivelihoods.”But even as warming temperatures areupending traditional Greenlandic life, they are also offering up intriguing newopportunities for this state of 57,000 — perhaps nowhere more so than here inNarsaq.V ast new deposits of minerals andgems are being discovered as Greenland’s massive ice cap recedes, forming thebasis of a potentially lucrative mining industry.One of the world’s largest depositsof rare earth metals —essential for manufacturing cellphones, wind turbinesand electric cars — sits just outside Narsaq.It has long been known thatGreenland sat upon vast mineral lodes, and the Danish government has mappedthem intermittently for decades. Niels Bohr, Denmark’s Nobel Prize-winningnuclear physicist and a member of the Manhattan Project, visited Narsaq in 1957because of its uranium deposits.But previous attempts at miningmostly failed, proving too expensive in the inclement conditions. Now, warminghas altered the equation.Greenland’s Bureau of Minerals andPetroleum, charged with managing the boom, currently has 150 active licensesfor mineral exploration, up from 20 a decade ago. Altogether, companies spent$100 million exploring Greenland’s deposits last year, and several are applyingfor licenses to begin construction on new mines, bearing gold, iron and zincand rare earths. There are also foreign companies exploring for offshore oil.The Black Angel lead and zinc mine,which closed in 1990, is applying to reopen this year, said Jorgen T.Hammeken-Holm, who oversees licensing at the country’s mining bureau, “becausethe ice is in retreat and you’re getting much more to explore.”The Greenlandic government hopesthat mining will provide new revenue. In granting Greenland home rule in 2009,Denmark froze its annual subsidy, which is scheduled to be decreased further inthe coming years.Here in Narsaq, a collection ofbrightly painted homes bordered by spectacular fjords, two foreign companiesare applying to the government for permission to mine.That proximity promises employment,and the company is already schooling some young men in drilling and in English,the international language of mine operations. It plans to build a processingplant, a new port and more roads. (Greenland currently has none outside ofsettledareas.) Narsaq’s tiny airport, previously threatened with closure fromlack of traffic, could be expanded. A local landlord is contemplatingconverting an abandoned apartment block into a hotel.“There will be a lot of peoplecoming from outside and that will be a big challenge since Greenlandic culturehas been isolated,” said Jasper Schroder, a student home in Narsaq fromuniversity in Denmark.Still, he supports the mine andhopes it will provide jobs and stem the rash of suicides, particularly amonghis peers; Greenland has one of the highest suicide rates in the world. “Peoplein this culture don’t want to be a burden to their families if they can’tcontribute,” he said.But not all are convinced of thebenefits of mining. “Of course the mine will help the local economy and willhelp Greenland, but I’m not so sure if it will be good for us,” said Dorotheaodg aard, who runs a local guesthouse. “We are worried about the loss ofnature.”It didn’t take long for Manuel García Murillo, a bricklayer who took over as mayor here last June, to realize that his town was in trouble. It was 800,000 euros, a little more than $1 million, in the red. There was no cash on hand to pay for anything — and there was work that needed to be done.But then an amazing thing happened, he said. Just as the health department was about to close down the day care center because it didn’t have a proper kitchen, Bernardo Benítez, a construction worker, offered to put up the walls and the tiles free. Then, Maria José Carmona, an adult education teacher, stepped in to clean the place up.And somehow, the volunteers just kept coming. Every Sunday now, the residents of this town in southwest Spain —young and old — do what needs to be done, whether it is cleaning the streets, raking the leaves, unclogging culverts or planting trees in the park.“It was an initiative from them,” said Mr. García. “Day to day we talked to people and we told them there was no money. Of course, they could see it. The grass in between the sidewalks was up to my thigh. “Higuera de la Serena is in many ways a microcosm of Spain’s troubles. Just as Spain’s national and regional governments are struggling with the collapse of the construction industry, overspending on huge capital projects and a pileup of unpaid bills, the same problems afflict many of its small towns.But what has brought Higuera de la Serena a measure of fame in Spain is that the residents have stepped up where their government has failed. Mr. García says his phone rings regularly from other town officials who want to know how to do the same thing. He is serving without pay, as are the town’s two other elected officials. They are also forgoing the cars and phones that usually come with the job.“We lived beyond our means,” Mr. García said. “We invested in public works that weren’t sensible. We are in technical bankruptcy.” Even some money from the European Union that was supposed to be used for routine operating expenses and last until 2013 has already been spent, he said.Higuera de la Serena, a cluster of about 900 houses surrounded by farmland, and traditionally dependent on pig farming and olives, got swept up in the giddy days of the construction boom. It built a cultural center and invested in a small nursing home. But the projects were plagued by delays and cost overruns.The cultural center still has no bathrooms. The nursing home, a whitewashed building sits on the edge of town, still unopened. Together, they account for some $470,000 of debt owed to the bank. But the rest of the debt is mostly the unpaid bills of a town that was not keeping up with its expenses. It owes for medical supplies, for diesel fuel, for road repair, for electrical work, for musicians who played during holidays.Higuera de la Serena is not completely without workers. It still has a half-time librarian, two half-time street cleaners, someone part-time for the sports complex, a secretary and an administrator, all of whom are paid through various financing streams apart from the town. But the town once had a work force twice the size. And when someone is ill, volunteers haveto step in or the gym and sports complex — open four hours a day — must close.For more than 30 years, I have been wondering about L.R. Generson.On one of our first Christmases together, my husband gave me a complete set of Dickens. There were 20 volumes, bound in gray cloth with black corners, old but in good condition. Stamped on the flyleaf of each volume, in faded block letters, was the name of the previous owner: "L.R. Generson, M.D., Bronx, NY."That Dickens set is one of the best presents anyone has ever given me. A couple of the books are still pristine, but others - “Bleak House,’’ “David Copperfield,’’ and especially “Great Expectations’’ - have been read and re-read almost to pieces. Over the years, the character kept me company. And so, , has L.R. Generson.，in his silent enigmatic way.Did he love the books as much as I do? Who was he? On a whim, I Googled him. There wasn’t much - a single mention on a veterans’ website of a World War II captain named Leonard Generson. But I did find a Dr. Richard Generson, an oral surgeon living in New Jersey. Since Generson is not a common name, I decided to write to him.Dr. Generson was kind enough to write back. He told me that his father, Leonard Richard Generson, was born in 1909. He lived in New Y ork City but went to medical school in Basel, Switzerland. He spoke 10 languages fluently. As an obstetrician and gynecologist, he opened a practice in the Bronx shortly before World War II. His son described him as “an extremely patriotic individual’’; right after Pearl Harbor he closed his practice and enlisted. He served throughout the war as a general surgeon with an airborne special forces unit in Europe, where he became one of the war’s most highly decorated physicians.Leonard Generson’s son didn’t remember the Dickens set, though he told me that there were always a lot of novels in the house. His mother probably “cleaned house’’ after his father’s death in 1977 - the same year my husband bought the set in a used book store.I found this letter very moving, with its brief portrait of an intelligent, brave man and his life of service. At the same time, it made me question my presumption that somehow L.R. Generson and I were connected because we’d owned the same set of books. The letter both told me a little about him, and told me that I would never really know anything about him - and why should I? His son must have been startled to hear from a stranger on such a fragile pretext. What had I been thinking?One possible, and only somewhat facetious, answer is that I’ve read too much Dickens. In the world of a Dickens novel, everything is connected to everything else. Orphans find families. Lovers are joined (or parted and morally strengthened). Ancient mysteries are solved and old scores are settled. Questions are answered. Stories end.Leonard Generson’s life touched mine only lightly, th rough the coincidence of a set of books. But there are other lives he touched more deeply. The next time I read a Dickens novel, I will think of him and his military service and his 10 languages. And I will think of the hundreds of babies he must have delivered, who are now in the middle of their own lives and their own stories.格陵兰岛纳萨克——随着皮艇港(Kayak Harbor)的冰山在融化过程中发出嘶嘶的响声，这座偏远的北极小镇和它的文化，也正在随着气候变化而消失。
笔译常用词汇
笔译常用词汇（文化<汉译英〉）除夕Chinese New Year’s Eve八卦 Eight Trigram风水 fengshui/geomancy华表 cloud pillar; ornamental column还愿 redeem a wish兼爱 discriminate love礼制 ethical codes农历 Chinese lunar calendar气节 moral integrity谥号 temple title姻缘 prefixed fate of marriage五经 Five Classics中和 harmony《国策》Discourses of the States《史记》Records of the Historian《离骚》Sorrow after Departure《左传》The Spring and Autumn Annals八股文 eight-legged; official stereotyped writing本命年one’s animal year道德观 moral outlook端午节 Dragon Boat Festival翰林院 Imperial Academy和为贵 harmony is most precious礼之本 essence of the rites年夜饭 family reunion dinner仁之本 the foundation of harmony文化界 cultural circles孝与敬 filial piety and reverence压岁钱 red envelope/money given to children as a lunar New Year gift中山装 Chinese tunic suit/Mao suit重阳节 the Double Ninth Festival《道德经》Tao Te Ching/Classic of the Way of Virtue《弟子规》Disciples Regulation《百家姓》 Pamphlet of Chinese Surnames/Book of （China’s) Family Names《战国策》Strategies of the Warring States道法自然 Tao models itself after nature博大精深 broad and profound出土文物 unearthed relics传统美德 traditional virtues传统文化 traditional culture风土人情 local conditions and customs刚柔并济 combination of softness and hardness和谐文化 harmonious culture厚德载物 great virtue promotes growth皇城根儿 the foot of the imperial city精神文明 spiritual civilization; advanced culture and ethics敬老慈幼 respect the old and love the young孔孟之道 Confucius-Mencius doctrines孔子学院 Confucius Institute礼乐文化 rites and music culture礼仪之邦 a land of ceremony and decorum礼义廉耻 Courtesy， Justice， Integrity and Sense of Shame 龙的传人 the generation of dragon民本思想 populist ideas民间文化 folk culture民俗庙会 temple fair of folk custom民族文化 national culture民族自豪 national pride墨家学派 the Mohist school内外兼修 whole care隋唐佛学 The Buddhist philosophy during Sui and Tang dynasties天干地支 Heavenly Stems and Earthy Branches天人合一 unity of man and nature天下为公 the world or country for all文化宝藏 cultural treasures文化产业 cultural industry农耕文化 farming culture善养浩气 skillful in nourishing virtual force慎言敏行 diligent in duties and careful in speech十二生肖 Chinese Zodiac思维方式 the way of thinking文化创新 cultural innovation文化视点 cultural perspective文化需求 cultural needs文化摇篮 cradle of culture文化遗迹 cultural relics文化重建 cultural reconstruction文化自觉 cultural awareness无为而治 letting nature take its own course/govern by noninterference乡土文化 native culture炎黄子孙 a Chinese descendant/the Chinese nation以德行仁 practice humanity with virtue源远流长 have a long history中国意识 Chineseness中国元素China’s elements中庸之道 doctrine of the mean二十四节气 24 solar terms民间工艺品 fold arts and crafts文化多样性 cultural diversification文化软实力 cultural soft power传统文化知识 traditional cultural know-how对外文化贸易 international cultural trade思想道德建设 raise ideological and ethical standards《四库全书》Complete Works of Chinese Classics文化产业基地 cultural industrial base文化传播渠道 channels of cultural transmission文化创意产业 cultural creative industry文化体制改革 reform of cultural administrative system；cultural restructuring骨干文化企业 leading/key cultural enterprises文化资源整合 integration of cultural resources新兴文化业态 emerging cultural formats改造落后的文化 transform the backward culture世界文化遗产地 world cultural heritage site弘扬民族优秀文化 advance and enrich the fine cultural heritage of the nation文化下乡长效机制 long—term mechanism for developing culture in rural areas重大文化产业项目 major cultural industrial projects国家一类文物保护单位 cultural relics (units） under first-grade state吸收外国文化有益成果 absorb the achievements of foreign cultures修身、齐家、治国、平天下 self—cultivation， a well-managed family， and the abilityto administer the state and to bring peace to the nation 中华民族的传统文化、博大精深，源远流长。
笔译实务 英译汉
2011 11笔译实务英译汉第一篇Study Finds Hope in Saving Saltwater Fish研究发现希望拯救盐水鱼Can we have our fish and eat it too? An unusual collaboration of marine ecologists and fisheries management scientists says the answer may be yes.我们可以吃鱼好吗?一个不寻常的合作海洋生态学家和渔业管理科学家称,答案可能是是的。
In a research paper in Friday’s issue of the journal Science, the two groups, long at odds with each other, offer a global assessment of the world’s saltwater fish and their environments.在一篇研究论文在星期五出版的科学杂志上的两个组,长别扭,互相提供一个全球评估世界的盐水鱼类和它们的环境。
Their conclusions are at once gloomy — overfishing continues to threaten many species — and upbeat: a combination of steps can turn things around. But because antagonism between ecologists and fisheries management experts has been intense, many familiar with the study say the most important factor is that it was done at all.他们的结论是在阴暗的- - - - - -一旦过度捕捞继续威胁许多物种——乐观:结合步骤可以把身边的事物。
catti三笔词汇
catti三笔词汇随着我国对外交流与合作的不断加深，翻译行业需求日益旺盛，CATTI （全国翻译专业资格（水平）考试）成为了衡量翻译人才能力的重要标准。
CATTI分为三个等级，分别为一笔、二笔和三笔。
本文将重点介绍CATTI三笔词汇的相关内容，帮助大家更好地备战该考试。
一、CATTI三笔简介CATTI三笔，全称为全国翻译专业资格（水平）考试三级笔译，主要测试应试者在英汉、汉英两种语言之间的笔译能力。
通过CATTI三笔考试，证明了应试者具备一定的翻译实践能力，可以胜任一般性的翻译工作。
二、CATTI三笔词汇考试内容与难度CATTI三笔词汇考试分为两部分，分别是英汉翻译和汉英翻译。
考试内容包括政治、经济、文化、科技、社会等各个领域。
词汇难度方面，CATTI三笔要求应试者掌握较高级的词汇，并能熟练运用词汇搭配、短语及习惯用法。
三、CATTI三笔词汇学习方法1.扩大词汇量：CATTI三笔要求应试者具备较高级的词汇量，因此平时要多阅读英文文章、书籍，积累各类词汇。
2.学习词汇搭配：搭配是英语表达的关键，可以通过学习词汇搭配书籍、查阅词典等方式，掌握常用搭配。
3.注重实践：通过翻译实践，将所学的词汇和搭配运用到实际翻译中，提高翻译能力。
4.学习短语和习惯用法：了解各类短语和习惯用法，提高翻译的准确性和地道性。
四、CATTI三笔词汇备考策略1.制定学习计划：根据自己的实际情况，合理安排学习时间，确保学习效果。
2.分类整理词汇：将词汇按照领域和难度进行分类，便于记忆和查找。
3.模拟试题练习：通过做历年真题，了解考试题型和难度，提高应试能力。
4.及时复习：学习过程中要不断复习，巩固所学词汇。
五、推荐词汇学习资源1.词典：如《牛津高阶英汉词典》、《剑桥英语词典》等，可随时查阅词汇及其用法。
2.词汇书籍：如《英语词汇的奥秘》、《新东方·词汇》等，系统地学习词汇搭配、短语和习惯用法。
3.在线学习平台：如可可英语、沪江网校等，可进行在线学习、测试，提高学习效果。
英汉汉英口笔译常识(句法对比)
从属与并列 ( subordinate vs. Coordinate )
The doorway lay at least 12 umbrellas of all sizes and colors. 门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有12把， 五颜六色，大小不一。 There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met. 我访问了一些地方，遇到了不少人。 要谈起来，奇妙的事儿可多着呢。
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静态与动态 ( Static vs. Dynamic )
I am afraid of your misunderstanding me. 我担心 担心你会误解 误解我。 担心 误解 Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. 火箭已经用来探索 用来探索宇宙。 用来探索 I used to be a bit of a fancier myself. 过去我也常常有点胡思乱想 胡思乱想。 胡思乱想
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2.英语被动句译为汉语主动句。 英语被动句译为汉语主动句。
The glass is broken. 玻璃杯破了。 The house is surrounded by trees. 房子周围都是树。 Last night I was covered up with two quilts. 昨晚我盖了两条被子。
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Thank you!
Байду номын сангаас
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4.英语被动句译成汉语无主句。 英语被动句译成汉语无主句。
英语笔译常用词汇3-经济
economic and technological development zone
27.经济结构战略性调整
strategic restructuring of the economy
28.经济开发区
economic development zone
29.经济圈和经济带
economic rim and belt
成本收益分析
11.cost-of-living index
生活费指数
12.cross-border takeover
跨国并购
13.currency depreciation\appreciation
通货贬值、升值
14.domestic funds
国内配套资金
15.E-commerce\E-business
随行就市
27.gross output value of industry and agriculture
工农业总产值
28.2-hour economic zone
两小时经济圈
29.import\export quota
进出口配额
30.investment in fixed assets
固定资产投资
application of scientific and technological achievements in production
39.可支配收入
disposable income
40.扩大内需，刺激消费
increase domestic demand and stimulate consumption
30.经济实力
economic strength
英汉对照全译大全
英汉对照全译大全全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：英汉对照全译是指将英语原文逐字逐句地翻译成中文，以保留原文的语言风格和表达方式，同时也让读者更容易理解原文的含义。
英汉对照全译不仅可以帮助中文读者学习英语，还可以让熟练掌握英语的读者更加深入地理解原文的含义和细节。
下面将为大家制作一份关于【英汉对照全译大全】的文章，通过英汉对照的方式，为大家提供更多学习和阅读的机会。
1. Hello, how are you? 你好，你好吗？2. I’m fine, thank you. 我很好，谢谢你。
3. What’s your name? 你叫什么名字？4. My name is Lisa. 我的名字是丽莎。
6. I am from China. 我来自中国。
8. Yes, I like reading very much. 是的，我非常喜欢读书。
10. My favorite book is "Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen. 我最喜欢的书是简·奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》。
12. I am twenty years old. 我二十岁了。
13. What do you do for a living? 你是做什么工作的？14. I am a teacher. 我是一名教师。
16. I enjoy listening to music and watching movies. 我喜欢听音乐和看电影。
17. Have you ever traveled abroad? 你有没有去过国外旅行？21. Do you have any siblings? 你有兄弟姐妹吗？22. Yes, I have one brother and one sister. 是的，我有一个哥哥和一个妹妹。
23. Are you married? 你结婚了吗？26. I plan to further my education and travel around the world. 我计划继续教育并环游世界。
笔译常用词汇(外贸金融)英译汉
笔译常用词汇（外贸金融）英译汉absorb idle fund 吸引游资a business incubator 企业孵化器accounting fraud 财务作假案；假案accumulated deficit 累计赤字after-sale service 售后服务after-tax profit 税后利润anti-inflation measures 制止通货膨胀措施anti-monopoly law 反垄断法auditing sacandals 假账丑闻bank discount 票据贴现Black Monday 黑色星期一blue chip 绩优股bonded area 保税区bottom wholesale price 批发底价business cycle 商业周期business lending 商业贷款cargo handing capacity 货物吞吐量cash dividend 现金股利cash on delivery (COD) 货到付款ceiling price 最高限价chamber of commerce 商会clearance sale 清仓销售closing price 收盘价common stock 普通股compensation trade 补偿贸易concessionary loans 优惠贷款corporate bond 公司债券corporate identity 企业标识cost of living index 生活成本指数currency appreciation 货币升值customs barrier; tariff waff关税壁垒Doha Round 多哈回合dot-com boom 高科技公司（股票）引起的繁荣double-digit inflation 两位数通货膨胀率（指一个国家的通货膨胀年率超过10%）double –entry budget 复式预算Dow-Jones Industrial Average 道琼斯工业股票平均指数downstream product 下游产品durable goods 耐用产品export customs declaration 出口申报export incentives 出口刺激export licensing system 出口许可证制度favorable balance of trade/trade surplus 贸易顺差financial (industry/sector) rescue plan 金融救援计划financial statement 财务报表foreign exchange reserve 外汇储备Goldman Sachs 高盛（集团）公司（美）government securities 公债holding company 控股公司hot money from abroad 国际游资import quota 进口配额imports of merchandise and services 商品和劳务进口inflation-proof deposit保值储蓄inflation-ridden country通货膨胀居高不下的国家insurance broker保险经纪人intangible assets无形资产interest-free loan 无息贷款international financial center 国际金融中心investment ratio 投资比例IPO (Initial Public Offerings) 发行原始股junk bond 垃圾债券line of business 业务范围listed company 上市公司listed shares (stock) 上市股票market access/entry市场准入merger and acquisition (M&A) 并购money laundering 洗钱money supply 货币供应量National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation (NASDAQ) 美国纳斯达克指数National Council for US-China Trade 美中贸易委员会New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) 纽约证券交易所online share trading 在线股票交易portfolio investment 证券投资port of destination 目的口岸preferential loan 优惠贷款preferred stock 优先股price-curbing policy 抑价政策primary goods 初级商品property dividend 财产股利protective tariff 保护性关税ration-free goods 敞开供应的商品reciprocal trade 互惠贸易retaliatory tafiff 报复性关税return on investment 投资回报risk capital 风险投资shock method 休克疗法Standard & Poor’s Index （美国证券）标准普尔指数stock market crash 股市暴跌stock market quotation 股市行情stock option 认股权stock sinks below the IPO price 破发subprime mortgage 次级房贷supply-demand imbalance 供求失衡switch trade 转手贸易tax-free zone 免税区time deposit 定期存款toll-free service 免费服务total volume of imports and exports 进出口总额trade dispute 贸易争端trade in goods 货物贸易trade in services 服务贸易trade liberatlization 贸易自由化trade partner 贸易伙伴trade protectionism 贸易保护主义trade protocol 贸易议定书transnational corporation 跨国公司transnational operation 跨国经营unfavorable balance of trade/trade deficit 贸易逆差upstream product 上游产品US Federal Reserve Board 美国联邦储备委员会US Securities and Exchange Commission 美国证券交易委员会venture capital 风险资本voucher of clearing 结算凭证Wall Street magnate 华尔街财阀warranty period 商品保修期win the bid/tender 中标World Economic Forum 世界经济论坛（达沃斯会议）year-end report 年终报告zero tariff treatment 零关税待遇。
2019年英语翻译资格高级笔译旅游英译汉词汇(2)
2019年英语翻译资格高级笔译旅游英译汉词汇(2)接待游客人数 tourism arrivals久负盛誉 long-cherished fame离开旅馆 check out from a hotel历史文化名城 historical and cultural city历史遗产 historical heritage两日游 2-day tour龙门石窟 Longmen Grottoes露天博物馆 open-air museum露营车与旅宿汽车 campervans and motor homes for hire驴友 frequent travelers旅馆行李员 hall porter旅客登记簿 hotel register旅行结婚 honeymoon trip旅行社 travel agency/service旅行团 tourist group旅行支票traveller’s check旅游巴士包租、游览服务 charter bus and coach services and tour旅游城市 tourist city旅游淡季 slack season for tourism旅游定点商店/餐厅 officially designated shop/restaurant旅游景点 attraction for tourists旅游签证visitor’s visa旅游热潮 tourism bloom旅游收入 tourist revenue乱收费 impose unjustifiable charges每位游客消费额 consumption per arrival美食节 gourmet festival美术馆 art gallery免税商品 duty-free goods庙会 temple fair民俗景观 ethnic cultural park民俗旅游 folklore tour民俗文化村 folk culture village名特产品 famous special local products盘山公路 skyline drive配套服务设施 supporting service facilities汽车旅馆 motel全国重点文物保护单位 a major historical monument under state protection全聚德烤鸭 Quanjude Peking Roast Duck人文景观 human landscape如画的风景 picturesque landscape入境游客 in-bound visitors散客旅游 independent tour山清水秀 beautiful hall of ethnic customs商务中心 business center少数民族风俗陈列馆 exhibition hall of ethnic customs生态旅游 ecotourism湿地自然保护区 wetland natural preservation zones水乡泽国 water resort水族馆 aquarium四合院 quadrangle/courtyard dwellings寺院 Buddhist temple特产商店 specialty store天文馆 planetarium亭，台，楼，阁 pavilion, stage, building and multistoried pavillion同仁堂 Tongrentang Chinese Medicine徒步旅行 walking tour途中休息停车 comfort stop文化遗址 site of ancient cultural remains文物保护 preservation of cultural relics饭店 star-rated hotels严禁触摸/手扶Don’t touch/Hands off严禁携带物品 prohibited checked articles野生动物保护 wildlife conservation游乐园 amusement park游山玩水 tour scenic spots鱼米之乡 land of fish and rice中国文明的摇篮 the cradle of Chinese civilization中国优秀旅游城市 the Chinese Outstanding Tourism City 中华老字号 China Long-Standing Shop住进旅馆 check in a hotel自行车旅游 travel by bike自助游 private travel。
英汉翻译笔译练习参考译文
英汉翻译笔译练习参考译文Chapter 19四、英汉翻译练习题参考答案1. 有些国家失业现象普遍。
2. 那里的雇主使用了暴力手段。
3. 玛丽说话时脸上露出了拘谨的神色。
4. 丽娜姨听见了家庭的困难情况后，同意去找工作。
5. 他的话有些道理。
6. 不要乱想。
7. 我连他的模样也记不清楚了。
8. 他还问我别后的情况。
9. 我们的衷心愿望是建立世界持久和平。
10. 工人对那个新组织抱着很大希望。
11. 拷打、审讯彻夜不停，搜捕彻夜不停。
12. 我是挪威轮船公司派来和贵方商谈运输问题的。
13. 他保证他广告中所登的东西都能“永久”使用。
14. 我的前三十年是在美国西部度过的。
15. 判断一个人要看他对集体服务得怎样，但是集体也要重视个人的生活和才能。
16. 吉姆非常不高兴，因为他不能去游泳。
17. 他和他的过去断绝了一切联系，和旧社会的各个方面也断绝了一切联系。
18. 接着他谈到了慈善事业的兴起和教育的普及，特别谈到了财富和工作面的扩大。
19. 语法论述语言的结构，英语语法论述英语的结构，法语语法论述法语的结构，等等。
20. 他们谈到了他们所渴望的那些东西——谈到了肉类，谈到了热汤，谈到了黄油的丰富营养。
21. 她抬起眼来的时候，眼睛显得很大，很特别，很动人。
22. 大家庭有大家庭的难处。
23. 谁工作努力，谁就会受到尊重。
24. 生于社会，不能脱离社会。
25. 这个城市是个小城市，看上去跟其他与它大小相仿的城市没有什么两样，但是其他城市却很少有这么多的天然优越条件。
26. 一年又一年，一世纪又一世纪，月亮盈亏变化，周而复始。
27. 来得容易去得快。
28. 不下苦功就没有收获。
29. 他在情况危急时，态度从容，镇定自若。
30. 据他看来，这次审判是绝对公平合理的。
31. 她是一个非常愚昧无知的女人。
32. 他象他的朋友一样，虽然头脑里有许多美妙的想法，却只有少数付诸实施。
33. 我们能测量罐内的水量，但不能测量水的热度，我们还没有这种仪器。
CATTI三级笔译考试经典复习资料
1. 英译汉Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic nature so Marx discovered the law of development of human history, the simple fact , hitherto concealed by an overgrowth of ideology, that mankind must first of all eat, drink, have shelter and clothing before it can pursue politics, science, art, religion, etc; that, therefore the production of the immediate material means of subsistence and consequently the degree of economic development attained by a given people during a given epoch form the foundation upon which the state institutions, the legal conceptions, art, and even the ideas on religion, of the people concerned have been evolved, and in the light of which they must, therefore, be explained, instead of vice versa, as had hitherto been the case.英译汉：正如达尔文发现有机自然界的发展规律一样，马克思发现了人类历史的发展规律，即历来繁茂芜杂的意识形态所掩盖着的一个简单事实：人们首先要吃、要喝、要穿、要住，然后才能从事政治、科学、艺术、宗教等等;所以，生产直接与生活有关部门的物质用品，会为一个民族或一个时代带来一定的经济发展，这两者又构成了国家制度、法律观念、艺术以及宗教思想的基础。
catti二级笔译单词
catti二级笔译单词CATTI（中国翻译协会翻译资格考试）二级笔译涉及的单词范围广泛，包括一些常见的日常用词和专业术语。
以下是一些可能与CATTI 二级笔译相关的单词：政治与国际关系：diplomacy 外交summit 峰会treaty 条约negotiation 谈判alliance 联盟consensus 共识经济与贸易：GDP (Gross Domestic Product) 国内生产总值inflation 通货膨胀trade deficit 贸易逆差market economy 市场经济fiscal policy 财政政策economic reform 经济改革法律与司法：jurisdiction 司法管辖权litigation 诉讼legal precedent 法律先例plaintiff 原告defendant 被告verdict 裁决科技与环境：sustainable development 可持续发展renewable energy 可再生能源climate change 气候变化biotechnology 生物技术artificial intelligence 人工智能cyber security 网络安全文化与社会：cultural diversity 文化多样性social inequality 社会不平等cultural exchange 文化交流cultural heritage 文化遗产gender equality 性别平等social justice 社会公正医学与健康：pandemic 大流行病vaccine 疫苗healthcare system 医疗体系epidemic 流行病public health 公共卫生genetic engineering 基因工程这些词汇只是其中的一小部分，具体的考试内容可能因时间而有所不同。
建议考生在备考过程中注意积累和熟悉相关领域的词汇。
英译汉翻译方法与技巧归纳
吴老师翻译工作室英译汉翻译技巧归纳一、词汇方面㈠.词义选择：大多数英语词汇是多义的，翻译时必须选择正确的词义。
词义选择的方法有五：根据词类选择、根据上下文的语境选择、根据词的搭配选择、根据词的专业领域选择、根据词的语法特征选择。
㈡.词义转换在理解英文词汇的原始意义基础上，翻译时根据汉语的习惯选择词的褒贬色彩，词的引伸义、或是进行抽象词与具体词的转换。
㈢.词性转换根据英语的静态语言的特点，将英语中很多由动词转化而成的名词、形容词、介词、副词以及动名词、非谓语动词等，汉译时可将它们转换成动词。
㈣.增补词是指原文已有某种含义但未用词汇直接表达，译文中需将这些含义补充进去，这样才更通顺易读，如：语义增补、语法增补、修辞增补。
㈤.省略是指原文中某些词在译文中省略不译，译后完全不影响译文意义的完整性。
如代词省略、冠词省略、连词省略、介词省略、某些动词的省略、某些名词复数的省略以及根据汉语语言的表达习惯的省略。
㈥.并列与重复英语在表达重复含义的并列结构中常采用共享（承前省或拖车）、替代、转换等形式来避免重复，而汉语却经常有意重复表达以加强文字的力度，故有同词重复和异词重复的翻译对策。
二、句子结构方面句子结构方面的翻译技巧，主要有三种类型：语序类、组合类和转换类。
㈠.语序类1. 顺译法与逆译法英语在表达原因、条件、时间、说明等定语从句、状语从句时位子很灵活，既可以先述也可以后述。
而汉语表达往往是按时间或逻辑或评论的顺序进行的，因此，顺译法也罢逆译法也罢，其实都是为了与汉语的习惯相一致。
英语表达与汉语一致的就顺译，相反的则逆译。
当然，有的时候顺译法与逆译法，两者皆可，依译者的爱好而定。
2. 前置法英语中较短的限定性定语从句、表身份特征或较短等的同位语在译成汉语时，往往可以提到先行词的前面。
3. 分起总叙与总起分叙长句子和句子嵌套现象在英语中比较普遍，这是因为英语的连词、关系代词、关系副词等虚词比较活跃、生成能力强，可构成并列句、复合句以及它们的组合形式。
英汉笔译期末“短句翻译”温习提纲
1. Today the electronic computer is widely used in solving mathematical problems having to do with weather forecasting and putting satellites into orbit.译文：今天, 电子计算机普遍地运用于解决一些数学问题, 这些问题与天气预报、把卫星送入轨道有关。
2. No reference books are to be taken out of the reading-room without permission译文：本阅览室的任何参考书都不得擅自带出。
3. Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind. It is the freshness of the deep springs of life.译文：青春不是人生的一个阶段，而是一种心境。
青春是生命深处的一泓清泉。
4. The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media.译文：因为距离远，又缺乏交通工具，农村社会是与外界隔间的。
这种隔间状态由于通信工具不足，就变得加倍严重了。
5. You can fool all the people some of the time and some of the people all the time, but you cannot fool all the people all the time.译文：骗人一夕一事易，欺众一生一世难。
6.Care should be taken at all times to protect these sophisticated instruments fromdust and damp.译文：应当始终注意保护这些精密仪器，不使其沾染尘埃，不让他们受潮。
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A brief introduction of literal translation10英师4班郭菲 2012200992摘要:本文主要探讨的是翻译方法中的直译。
通过讨论直译的概念，特点以及如何正常地使用直译。
直译是一个不错的选择，它保持了原文的形式，使原语言意思更直观、细腻，保留形式。
但是直译并不是一字一字地翻译。
有些句子不应该从字面上翻译。
因为这些句子包含一些成语或不符合语言习惯。
所以在翻译中能够直译就尽量直译。
关键词：直译意译逐字翻译源语言目标语言Definition of literal translationLiteral translation, as a notion at the heart of most translation controversies for many centuies,has been given different definitions.Defined by dictionary of translation studies, Literal translation id the direct transfer of a source language text(SLT) into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate target language text(TLT) (shuttleworth & cowie 2004;95) according to Barkhudarov(1969;10),a literal translation can be defined in linguistic terms as a translation “made on a level lower than is sufficient to convey the content unchanged while observing TL norms”. Catford put literal translation between word-for-word translation and free translation. In China, translators and scholars also have various interpretation of this translation approach. As an advocator of literal translation, Lu Xun definedit as:literal translation means faithfulness and expressivness. It must contain two aspects: 1) being easy to understand 2)retaining the manner of the SLT(Zhang Jin&Zhang Ning,2005;322) Xu Chongxin explained literal translation from the perspective of sentence structure. He regarded sentences as the basic units. For example, if the original text consists of one sentence only, the target text should should be one sentence as well. Profeeor Liu Zhongde defines literal translation in a relatively complete way,”in the pross of translation, literal translation treats sentences as basic units and meanwhile takes the whole passage into consideration; a translator who attaches great importance to literal translation does his or her best to reproduce the ideas and writing style of original work, retaining in the version as many rhetorical devices and sentence structures of the original as possible”(Tan Weiguo,2005;15) Considering all these scholars’ definitions together, I’d like to define literal translation in a few sentences. Literal translation, as the most common and most important translation approach, treats sentences as basic units and meanwhile takes the whole text into consideration. Literal translation preserves in the version both the original form and content,including sentence structures, rhetorical devices, writing style and the basic tone, as well as implicit and explicit meaning of the source language text.1．Significance of literal translationLiteral translation preserves the original intent of the text; it keeps the original use of language, syntax and diction. However, it can confuse the reader sometimes because there are differences between languages, and it would seem silly if everything is translated literally.Literal translation can also denote a translation that represents the precise meaning of the original text but does not attempt to convey its style, beauty, or poetry. Charles Singleton's translation of The Divine Comedy (1975) is regarded as a literal translation.That is to say, it is necessary for translators to study and master interference elements ofaffecting literal translation in English-Chinese translation. Translators are guided to translate academic works and make a contribution in literal translation field. For beginners, having known these interference elements, you will make the fewer mistakes, enrich your knowledge and prepared for your further study.2.the use of literal translation2.1 Translate literally, if possible.Why translate, if possible? What is the advantage of literal translation? Generally, rhetoric is often used in a passage to make the passage lively. Literal translation retains the rhetoric of the original, so it is lively as the original. But free translation only expresses the general idea of original, lively rhetoric of the original disappeared. So generally speaking, literal translation is a good choice in translation. For example:1) For Kino and Juana this was the meaning of morning of their lives, comparable only to the day when the baby had been born. Literal translation: 在Kino和Juana看来,这是他们一生中最了不起的早晨,只有宝宝出生的那一天,才可以与之媲美. Free translation: Kino和Juana以为,这一天非常重要. Free translation of examples 1) only expresses the general idea of the original sentences. It is too simple. Metaphor and description of the original sentences have disappeared. After free translation, it was inferior and dull. So it is undesirable. But the literal translation of example 1) is clearer than the free translation. Actually, literal translation is the chief way of translation. It is close to the original, lively and natural. It is acceptable. Acceptability is very important in translation.. Translation not only does express the idea and style of the original message, but also need to accord with the culture and customs of the target language, so that the translation can easy be accepted by target language readers. Because the differences of two languages, sometimes it is difficult to retain the idea and style of the source language. The advantage of literal translation is that almost retain the idea and style of the original. So most of translators tend to use literal translation. From all above, that is the reason of "translate literally, if possible."2.2 Literal translation≠word-for-word translation.At first, which kind of translation is word-for-word translation? Word-for-word translation is that: When translating, consider every word. Every words of source language is translated coordinately. For example: 1) Many of his ideas are especially interesting to modern youth. Word-for-word translation: 他的许多思想对当代青年特别有趣. From the example 1), we know word-for-word translation does not do any changes to source language. The form is close to the original, but it does not express the meaning of the source language. Strictly speaking, it is not translation. Nevertheless, some translation which did some change to source language and the structure of target language is also the same as source language, the translation is smooth, but the meaning and the style are far from the original, usually, target language readers did not know what it said. This is also word-for-word translation. For example: 2) Every atom of your flesh is as dear to me as my own: in pain and sickness it would still be dear. Word-for-word translation: 你的肉中的每一个原子，对我来说，都像我自己一样亲；即使在病痛中，仍然是亲的. Translation of example2）are smooth. But they do not accord with the expressive way of Chinese. It is word-for-word translation. From all above, word-for-word translation is so starchy, goes after the form of source language that it never think of the effect of target language. Because word-for-word translation does not accord with the expressive way of target language, it is hard to understand it even makes target language readers did not know what does translator want to express. Word-for-word translation makes target language readers confused. It is unqualifiedtranslation. Literal translation also keeps the general form of source language, and keeps the structure and the metaphor of the original. But literal translation does make some necessary adjustment, make target language smooth, clean and acceptable. After reading, target language readers can have almost the same feeling as the source language readers. But word-for-word translation only translate word by word, it is stiff and unintelligible. Quality of literal translation is good. Word-for-word translation is inferior. Literal translation and word-for-word translation can give different feeling to target language readers. All translation which is hard to accept, which have bad effect, which message is indistinct, which meaning is far from the original is word-for-word translation. This kind of translation is abortive. Some translation that completely keeps the form of the original is literal translation. That is erroneous. They confuse the conception of literal translation with word-for-word translation. These translators translate like this: first, they look up the meaning of every word of source language in dictionary. Then, they combine the meaning of every word, never do any change. They do not know what translation is, so word-for-word translation emerges. But excellent translators know the meaning of the original. When translating, they do some necessary adjustment, make target language clearer, smooth and acceptable. They know the difference between word-for-word translation and literal translation. They can use literal translation properly, it is a skill of translation. All in all, literal translation is not word-for-word translation. Literal translation is acceptable and nimble.2.3 Some sentences should not translate literally.Some source language sentences are very difficult to translate literally. translate it literally, the result is unintelligible and indistinct. Some sentences do not accord with expressive way in target language. Different country has different culture,different language, different custom and different way to express the same meaning, different language has different way about metaphors, and has different idioms. In China, people usually use some idioms to describe an event or a person. So do in abroad. But Chinese idioms are unintelligible in western countries. In these suituations, if translate literally, usually, it would have bad effect and be unacceptable. When target language readers read, they could not know the exact meaning of source language. Because the message which target language express was vague. For example: 1) Our son must go to school. He must break out of the pot that hold us in. Literal translation: 我们的儿子一定得进学校，他一定得打破这个把我们关在里面的罐子. Free translation: 我们的儿子一定要上学，一定要出人头地. From the example, literal translation is unintelligible even absurd. But after had translated it freely, translation became cleaner, smooth, acceptable and accord with the culture of target language. But in which suituation translators should not translate literally? How to use literal translation correctly? Any source language which does not accord with the expressive way of target language should not use literal translation. For example: In example 1), "Break out the pot that hole us in", it is an English idiom, it means do something successful. But how to translate it into Chines?There is also an idiom in China. It almost has the same meaning as"Break out of the pot that hold us in". It is "出人头地".ConclusionFrom all above, literal translation is a basic skill of translation. it is calculated that about 70% sentences should be transmitted with this method. So it is widely adopted by translators. It keeps the form of source language, including construction of sentences, mataphor. Sometimes it should do some neccessary change to the original, make the translation accord with the expressiveway of target language. So make the translation acceptable. A translation which translated literally is close to the original. But literal translation is not omnipotent. Some sentences should not translate literally, because these sentences contained idioms which are different in source language and target language. Translators should have extensive knowledge. Comprehened source language message correctly and thoroughly, enhance acceptability of translation. If translators want to use literal translation properly and skillfully, they must comprehened all above, and have some practice. After all, practise is the most important aspect in translation.Bibliography1，Mark Shuttleworth, Moira Cowie著，【M】谭载喜主译。