英美文选资料复习
《英美文学选读》复习资料
《英美文学选读》复习指导资料《英美文学选读》复习指导资料一． 课程介绍：课程介绍：本课程由英国文学和美国文学两个部分组成。
主要内容包括英美文学发展史及代表作家的简要介绍和作品选读。
及代表作家的简要介绍和作品选读。
文学史部分从英美两国历史、文学史部分从英美两国历史、文学史部分从英美两国历史、语言、语言、语言、文化发文化发展的角度，简要介绍英美两国文学各个历史时代的主要历史背景、文学文化思潮、文学流派、社会政治、经济、文化等对文学发展的影响，主要作家的文学生涯，创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义等。
选读部分主要接选了英美文学史上各个时期重要作家的代表作品，包括诗歌、戏剧、小说、散文等。
戏剧、小说、散文等。
二． 《英美文学选读》的考核目标，按照识记，领会，应用规定应当达到的能力层次要求。
三个层次呈递进关系，其含义是：识记：识记： 有关的概念、定义、知识点等能够记住领会：领会： 在识记的基础上，能够把握基本概念、基本方法和彼此之间的关系和区别和区别应用了在领会的基础上，能运用本课程的基本理论，能运用本课程的基本理论，基本知识和方法来分析基本知识和方法来分析英美文学作品，并能用英语正确表达。
Part 1 English Literature An Introduction to Old and Medieval English Literature 一．重点：有关这部分的文学史内容一．重点：有关这部分的文学史内容1．古代英国文学和中世纪英国文学的起始阶段2．英国文学史上的第一部民族史诗----Beowulf 3．中世纪文学的主要文学形式-----Romance 4．Geoffrey Chaucer 的文学贡献的文学贡献二．练习：二．练习：1. Choose the best answer for each blank. 1). The period of ______ English literature begins from about 450 to 1066, the year of ______. A . Old----Renaissance A. Old----Renaissance B. Middle---- the Norman Conquest of England C . Middle ---- Renaissance C. Middle ---- Renaissance D. Old---- the Norman Conquest of England 2).. 2).. The The The Medieval Medieval Medieval period period period in in in English English English literature literature literature extends extends extends from from from 1066 1066 1066 up up up to to to the the ______ century. A . mid-13th A. mid-13th B. mid-14th C. mid-15th D. mid-16th 3). Beowulf, a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded today as the national ______ of the Anglo-Saxons. A . sonnet A. sonnet B. essay C. epic D. novel 4). 4). In The Canterbury Tales, ______ presented to In The Canterbury Tales, ______ presented to us us a comprehensive realistic a comprehensive realistic picture picture of of of the the the English English English society society society of of of his his his time time time and and and created created created a a a whole whole whole gallery gallery gallery of of of vivid vivid characters from all walks of life. A. A. Geoffrey Geoffrey Chaucer Chaucer B. B. William Shakespeare Shakespeare C. C. Francis Bacon D. William Langland 5). 5). For For For the the the Renaissance, Renaissance, Renaissance, ______ ______ ______ was was was regarded regarded regarded as as as the the the English English English Homer. Homer. His reputation reputation has has has been been been securely securely securely established established established as as as one one one of of of the the the best best best English English English poets poets poets for for for his his wisdom, humor and ______. A . Geoffrey Chaucer----wits A. Geoffrey Chaucer----wits B. William Shakespeare----wits C . Geoffrey Chaucer----humanity C. Geoffrey Chaucer----humanity D. William Shakespeare----humanity 6). After the conquest of 1066, three languages co-existed in England. They are ______, ______ and ______. A . Old English, Greek, Latin A. Old English, Greek, Latin B. Old English, French, Latin C . Old English, Greek, French C. Old English, Greek, French D. English, Greek, French 7). 7). Geoffrey Geoffrey Geoffrey Chaucer Chaucer Chaucer is is is the the the greatest greatest greatest writer writer writer of of of the the the Medieval Medieval Medieval period period period in in in English English literature. In “The Legend of Good Women”, he used for the first time in English the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter which is to be called later the ______. A . couplet A. couplet B. blank verse C. heroic couplet D. epic 8). 8). Thematically Thematically Thematically the the the poem poem poem “Beowulf” “Beowulf” “Beowulf” presents presents presents a a a vivid vivid vivid picture picture picture of of of how how how the the primitive people wage heroic struggle against the hostile forces of the ______ world under a wise and mighty ______. A. A. spiritual----hero B . B. natural----leader C. spiritual----god D. natural----monster 9). It can be said that though essentially still a medieval writer, Geoffrey Chaucer bore marks of humanism and anticipated a new ______ to come. A . man A. man B. theory C. doctrine D. era 10). 10). Geoffrey Geoffrey Geoffrey Chaucer Chaucer Chaucer introduced introduced introduced from from from France France France the the the rhymed rhymed rhymed stanzas stanzas stanzas of of of various various types to English poetry to replace the Old English ______ verse. A . rhymed A. rhymed B. alliterative C. social D. visionary 2. Explain the following literal terms. 1). Romance 2). Heroic Couplet 3). Epic 3. Answer the following questions. 1). How many groups do the Old English poetry poetry divided into? What divided into? What are they? Which group does Beowulf belong to? Why? 2). What is the contribution of Geoffrey Chaucer to English literature? Chapter1. The The Renaissance Period一．重点一．重点前言部分前言部分1． 文艺复兴的起源，起始时间，内容及特征2． 人文主义的有关主张及对文学的影响人文主义的有关主张及对文学的影响3． 文艺复兴时期的主要文学形式及其特征练习：练习：Renaissance Period 1. Choose the best answer for each blank. 1). 1). The The The Renaissance, Renaissance, Renaissance, in in in essence, essence, essence, is is is a a a historical historical historical period period period in in in which which which the the the European European ______ thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval medieval Europe, Europe, Europe, to to to introduce introduce introduce new new new ideas ideas ideas that that that expressed expressed expressed the the the interests interests interests of of of the the the rising rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church form the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church. A . Greek and Roman A. Greek and Roman B. humanist C. religious D. loyal 2). 2). Generally, Generally, Generally, the the the ______ ______ ______ refers refers refers to to to the the the period period period between between between the the the 14th 14th 14th and and and mid-17th mid-17th centuries. centuries. It It It first first first started started started in in in Italy, Italy, with with the the the flowering flowering flowering of of of painting, painting, painting, sculpture sculpture sculpture and and literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe. A. Medieval Period B . B. Renaissance C. Old English Period D . D. Romantic Period 3). ______ is is the the the essence essence of of the the the Renaissance. Renaissance. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and _______ are the best representatives of the English humanists. A. Humanity---- William Shakespeare B. Humanism-----Francis Bacon C. Humanity---- Geoffrey Chaucer D. Humanism----William Shakespeare 4). The Elizabethan ______ is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. The The most most most famous famous famous dramatists dramatists dramatists in in in the the the Renaissance Renaissance Renaissance England England England are are are Christopher Christopher Christopher Marlowe, Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and ______. A . novel--- Geoffrey Chaucer A. novel--- Geoffrey Chaucer B. poetry----Francis Bacon C . drama----Ben Jonson C. drama----Ben Jonson D. drama----Geoffrey Chaucer 5). Humanism sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique antique authors authors authors and and and is is is frequently frequently frequently taken taken taken as as as the the the beginning beginning beginning of of of the the the Renaissance Renaissance Renaissance on on on its its conscious, intellectual side, for the Greek and ______ civilization was based on such a conception that ______ is the measure of all things. A . Roman ---- moral A. Roman ---- moral B. French---- reason C. Roman---- man D. French---- God 6).One of the major result of the Reformation in England was the fact that the Bible in English was placed in every church and services were held in English instead of ______ so that people could understand. A. Latin B. French C. Greek D. Anglo-Saxon 7). 7). Wyatt, Wyatt, Wyatt, in in in the the the Renaissance Renaissance Renaissance period, period, period, introduced introduced introduced the the the Petrarchan Petrarchan Petrarchan ______ ______ ______ into into England, while Surrey brought in ______ verse. A. drama----free B . B. sonnet----blank C . C. terzarima----blank D. couplet----free 8). 8). In In In the the the early early early stage stage stage of of of the the the English English English Renaissance, Renaissance, Renaissance, poetry poetry poetry and and and ______ ______ ______ were were were the the most outstanding forms and they were carried on especially by William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson. A. fiction B. dramatic fiction C. poetic drama D. novel 9). 9). By By By emphasizing emphasizing emphasizing the the the dignity dignity dignity of of of human human human beings beings beings and and and the the the importance importance importance of of of the the present life, ______ voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. A. humanists B. Protestants C. Catholics D. playwrights 10). ______ was the first important English essayist. He was also the founder of modern science in England. A . A. A. Edmund Edmund Edmund Spenser Spenser B. B. Christopher Christopher Christopher Marlowe Marlowe C. C. Francis Francis Francis Bacon Bacon D. Ben Jonson 2. Explain the following literal terms. 1). the Renaissance Period 2). blank verse 3). Humanism 3. Answer the following questions. 1). 1). Make Make Make a a a comment comment comment on on on the the the influence influence influence of of of Italian Italian Italian literary literary literary works works works upon upon upon the the literature in the Renaissance England. 2). Make a comment on humanism 3). 3). What are the typical characteristics of literary works produced in Renaissance England? 文艺复兴时期的主要作家。
英美文学复习资料
2). What is the contribution of Geoffrey Chaucer to English literature?
Chapter1. The Renaissance Period
一．重点
前言部分
4). In The Canterbury Tales, ______ presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life.
A. spiritual----hero B. natural----leader C. spiritual----god D. natural----monster
二． 《英美文学选读》的考核目标，按照识记，领会，应用规定应当达到的能力层次要求。三个层次呈递进关系，其含义是：
识记： 有关的概念、定义、知识点等能够记住
领会： 在识记的基础上，能够把握基本概念、基本方法和彼此之间的关系和区别
应用了在领会的基础上，能运用本课程的基本理论，基本知识和方法来分析英美文学作品，并能用英语正确表达。
1． 文艺复兴的起源，起始时间，内容及特征
2． 人文主义的有关主张及对文学的影响
3． 文艺复兴时期的主要文学形式及其特征
练习：
Renaissance Period
1. Choose the best answer for each blank.
1). The Renaissance, in essence, is a historical period in which the European ______ thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church form the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.
英美文选总复习
Unit 1 Benjamin Franklin-writer, scientist, political economistLiterary worksStyleSignificanceLiterary worksPoor Richard’s Almanac---gives advice in maxims, that is proverbs with practical wisdom.Autobiography---most important work. It has lasting charm to those who are pursuing their American dream in America.Styleclear and even plainrather formal , but the organization is informal.full of his humor and satire.Significancethe first self-made man in Americaconsidered as the symbol of American dreamsymbol of America in the age of Enlightenmentbrought the colonial era to a close.a Jack of all tradesUnit2 Edgar Allan Poe-writer, poet and criticWorksCommentWorksTales of the Grotesque and the Arabesque 《奇异怪诞故事集》The Murders in the Rue Morgue 《毛格街杀人案》The Fall of the House of Usher《厄舍古屋的倒塌》The Masque of the Red Death 《红色死亡的化妆舞会》The Cask of Amontillado《一桶酒的故事》The Philosophy of Composition 《创作哲学》The Poetic Principle《诗歌原理》The Raven《乌鸦》CommentMaster of horror;the father of the detective story ;the first master of the short-story formadvocacy ―art for art’s sake‖.New England TranscendentalismTranscendentalismRalph Waldo EmersonHenry David ThoreauⅠ.Transcendentalismstarted in the early 19th century and flourished in New Englandsummit of American Romanticism.the first American intellectual movement, represented a new way of intellectual thinking in Americaleaded by Emerson with his book NatureTranscendentalismMajor features ---Spirit or Oversoul: the universe is composed of Nature and Soul. Spirit is everywhere.Individualism: the most important element in society, the divinity of individual.Nature: is a connecting link between God and man. It is a symbol of the Spirit.TranscendentalismInfluences---American: an ethical guide to life for a young nation ; stressed religious tolerance; helped to create the first American renaissanceAmerican culture: individualism; seclusion; morality; environmental protect; women movement; anti-slavery;American literature: Scarlet Letter; Moby Dick; Hackberry Finn; The A wakening;Ⅱ. Unit3 Ralph Waldo Emerson- essayist and poetSignificanceMain WorksInfluencesSignificancebrought back the influence of European Romanticism.founded a Transcendentalists' Club and published a journalbecame the most eloquent spokesman of Transcendentalism.his aesthetics brought about a revolution in American literature. It marked the birth of true American poetry.called for an independent cultureMain WorksEssays:Nature ★《论自然》American Scholar《论美国学者》3.Essays《论文集》4.Representative Men 《人类代表》Poems:1. Poems《诗集》2. May Day《五月节》InfluencesNature , the Bible of Transcendentalism“The American Scholar‖, regarded as ―Declaration of Intellectual Independence‖“Self-Reliance‖, the importance of cultivating oneself. ― believe yourself ‖ is his main point of ethicsⅢ. Unit 6 Henry David Thoreau-an essayist, philosopher and poetMain WorksPoints of viewEvaluationWaldenMain Works1. “On the Duty of Civil Disobedience”《论公民的不服从》2.Two very important works：Walden ★《沃尔登》A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River《在康科德与梅里马克河上一周》Points of view1. He did not like the way a materialistic America was developing.2. He hated the human injustices represented by the slavery system.3. Like Emerson, but more than him, Thoreau saw nature as a genuine restorative, healthy influence on man’s spiritual well-being.4. He has faith in the inner virtue and inward, spiritual grace of man.5. He was very critical of modern civilization.6. He preferred a simplified life.Evaluationinfluenced by Emerson and was Emerson’s man of actionregarded as a prophet of individualism in American literatureHis first major influence is his thought of nonviolent struggle expressed in his ―Civil Disobedience‖second major influence is his call of ―Back to Nature‖.Waldendescribed the author’s extremely simple lifeon self-culture and human perfectibilitycriticized the modern civilization and told people to leave the life of hurry and bustle and to sink themselves in natureSpiritual richness is real wealthUse metaphor, pun, allusionUnit 4 Nathaniel Hawthorne-novelist and short story tellerSignificanceMain WorksPoints of ViewThemeStyleThe Scarlet LetterSignificance1. He was a master of psychological insight.2. He was a very important moralist novelist in the 19th century.3. His original writing style profoundly influenced his contemporary writers and some otherAmerican writers after him.Main WorksThe Scarlet Letter ★《红字》Twice-Told Tales《故事重述》Mosses from an Old Manse《古宅青苔》The House of the Seven Gables《带有七个尖角阁的房子》The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》The Marble Faun《玉石雕像》Points of ViewHe disagrees with transcendentalism.He believes that evil educates.Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed down from generation to generation.Evil is at the core of human life. Hawthorne has a ―black‖ vision of life and human beings. Theme1. New England regional past and American past2. Secret guilt and evil3. Alienation and solitude4. Original sin and its influence5. Complexity of human psychology; ―interior of the heart‖Style1. The use of symbolism2. Revelation of character’s psychology3. The use of supernatural mixed with the actual4. Allegory—to teach or preach5. The use of ambiguity to keep the reader in the world of uncertaintyThe Scarlet Letterbest-known novelSocial life of Puritan in New England in 17th centurySymbolism: A = Adultery angel able\abilityCharacters:Hester Prynne: truth, love and beautyDimmesdale: a split personality, hypocrisyChillingworth: wickedness, darkness, hatred, evil, defect in human personalityPearl: hopeUnit 5 Herman Melville-novelist and poetReputationMain WorksReputationan adventure writerregarded as great as Whitman, and Faulknercreates the first American prose epic, Moby DickMoby Dick is recognized as one of the greatest American novelsMain Works1.Novels:Typee《泰比》Omoo《欧穆》Mardi《玛地》Redburn《雷得本》White Jacket《白外衣》Moby Dick ★《白鲸》—Melville’s masterpiece, a significant philosophical work on spiritual exploration PierreThe Confidence Man《骗子的化妆表演》2. Collections of Poems:（了解）Battle Pieces《战事集》Clarel《克拉瑞尔》John Marr and Other Sailors《约翰·玛尔和其他水手》Timoleon《梯摩里昂》The Backround of AmericanRealism时间：19世纪后半页，尤指19世纪70，80年代失去希望的美国人去了西部，人们变得更实际的面对生活因为国家的发展，渐渐有人失去了浪漫的想象逐渐转向务实。
英美文选复习资料.doc
1 .“Let it not be supposed by the enemies of the system, that during the period of his solitary incarceration, Oliver was denied the benefit of exercise, the pleasure of society, or the advantages of religious consolation."What do you think Charles Dickens intends to say in the above ironic statement taken from Oliver Twist?The sentence is a typical example of irony. What Dickens intends to say is just the opposite of the sentence s literal meaning.For the "benefit" of exercise, Oliver whipped every morning in a stone yard; for the “pleasure” of society, he was carried away every other day to the dinning hall and flogged as a public warning and example to the boys; as for the "advantages" of the religious consolation,he kicked out into apartment every evening at prayer time and listened to the boy s prayer tobe guarded against his sins and vices.The ironic statement is, in fact, a bitter denunciation and fierce attack at the brutal, inhuman treatment of the poor orphan by the workhouse authority.2. How is Romanticism different from Neoclassicism? Provide brief evidence from the literary works you know best? Neoclassicists upheld that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity, and thus, literary expressions should be of proportion, unity, harmony and grace.Alexander Pope s “An Essay on Criticism" advocated grace, wit (usually though satire / humor), and simplicity in language (and the poem itself is a demonstration of those ideals, too), Henry Fielding s Tom Jones helped establish the form of novel; Gray s Elegy Written in Country Churchyard displays elegance in style, unified structure, serious tone and moral instructions.Romanticists tended to see the individual as the very center of all experience, including art, and thus, literary work should be "spontaneous overflow of strong feelings”， and no matter how fragmentary those experiences are (Wordsworth s I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud or The Solitary Reaper or Coleridge s Keble Khan), the value of the work lied in the accuracy of presenting those unique feelings and particular attitudes.In a word, Neoclassicism emphasized rationality and form but Romanticism attached great importance to the individual s mind.3. English Romanticism is generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge s Lyrical Ballads. Why is Lyrical Ballads considered the milestoneto mark the beginning of English Romanticism? In this book, Wordsworth and Coleridge explored new theories and innovated new techniques in poetry wring. The preface to theLyrical Ballads acts as a manifesto for the new school. In the preface, Wordsworth defines poetry and poets.Wordsworth s poems in this book differ in marked way from his early poetry: simplicity of the language, sympathy for the poor, and expressions of inward states of mind.4. In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen explored three kinds of motivations of marriage the middle-class people had in the second half of the 18th century. Try to make a brief discussion about them with specific examples from the novel. Make comments on Austen s attitude towards these motivations.Motivation one: to pursue material wealth and social position through marriage. Wickham, Miss Bingley and Charlotte Lucas are examples of this kind.Motivation two: to seek sensual pleasure and beauty. Lydia and Mr. Bennet are examples of this kind.Motivation three: to search for true love and also take personal merits and financial positions into consideration. Elizabeth Bennet is a typical example of this kind.Austen celebrated the third kind of motivation of marriage while criticizing the first two motivations.5. “ My boy! said the old gentleman, leaning over the desk. Oliver started at the s ound. He might be excused for doing so, for the words were kindly said, and strange sounds frighten one. He trembled violently, and burst into tears.” (from Charles Dickens Oliver Twist) Explain why Oliver Twist started first, then trembled violently and burst into tears when the words were “kindly” said. The boy started at the words because kind words were not expected; it must be the first time in all his life that the boy Oliver Twist had ever “kindly” greeted, strange words may predict another suffering.6. Discuss the way symbolism is used in Melville s Moby-Dick.To Ahab, the whale is either an evil creature itself or the agent of an evil force that controls the universe, or perhaps both. The chase of the white whale symbolizes Ahab s pursuit of truth and fighting against the evil force.To Ishmael, the whale is an astonishing force, an immense power, which defies rational explanation due to a sense of mystery it carries. It also represents the tremendous organic vitality of the universe.To the reader, the whale can be viewed as a symbol of the physical limits that life imposes upon man. It may also be regarded as a symbol of nature.7. As a rule, an allegory is a story in verse or prose with a double meaning: a surface meaning, and an implied meaning. List two works as examples of allegory. What is the implied meaning an allegory is usually concerned with?Bunyan s Pilgrim s Progress and Spenser s The Faerie QueeneIt usually concerned with moral, religious, political, symbolic or mythical ideas.8. Take Mark Twain s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn as an example to illustrate the statement that Mark Twain was a unique writer in American literature.Mark Twain shaped the world s view of America and made the extensive combination of American folk humor and serious literature.The novel has become a great contribution to the legacy of American literature.The novel is written in a language that is totally different from the rhetorical language used by his contemporary writers such as Emerson, Poe and Melville. It is simple, direct, lucid and faith to the colloquial speech. This style of colloquialism is best described as vernacular.He successfully used local color and historical settings to illustrate and shed light on the contemporary society. That s why he is known as a local colorist.Mark Twain s humor is remarkable, too. Most of his works tend to be funny, containing some practical jokes, comic details, witty remarks, etc. some of them are typical of tall tales. And a great deal of his humor is characterized by puns, straight-faced exaggeration, repetition, and anti-climax. He uses his humor to criticize the social injustice and satirize the decayed romanticism.9. How do you philosophically define Transcendentalism?Transcendentalism has been defined philosophi cally as “the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the sense". Emerson once proclaimed in a speech, "Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind,^. Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant.10. Thomas Hardy is often regarded as a transitional writer. Some critics believe that he is emotionally traditional and intellectually advanced. How do you understand this idea?Living at the turn of the century, Hardy is often regarded as the transitional writer. In him we see the influence from both the past and the modern. As some people put it, he is intellectually advanced and emotionally traditional. In his Wessex novels, there is a nostalgic touch in his description of the simple and beautiful though primitive rural life, which wasgradually declining and disappearing as England marched into an industrial country. And with those traditional characters he is always sympathetic.On the other hand, the immense impact of scientific discoveries and modern philosophic thoughts upon the man is quite obvious, too. He read Darwin s The Origin Species and accepted the idea of "survival of the fittest". He was also influenced by Spenser s The First Principle, which led him to the belief that man s fate is predeterminedly tragic, driven by a combined force of “nature”，both inside and outside.11. Hemingway Code heroesIt refers to some protagonists in Hemingway s works. In the general situation of Hemingway s novels, life is full of tension and battles; the world is in chaos and man is always fighting desperately a losing battle. Those who survive in the process of seeking to master the code with the honesty, the discipline, and the restraint are Hemingway code heroes.12. Tn your rocking-chair, by your window dreaming, shall you long, alone. In your rocking-chair, by your window, shall you dream such happiness as you may never feel." (from Theodore Dreiser s Sister Carrie)What idea can you draw from the “rocking-chair”？The “rocking-chair” is a symbol standing for fate. It is like a cradle that makes one feel peaceful. It is also like a tide that ever goes on with life, the destiny of which is uncertain.。
英美文选资料复习.docx
二现实Twain,James,Emily Dickinson,Dreiser（自然主义,三代表，历险记,贵妇人，黛瓯三部曲，嘉丽）一:现实主义时期界定:The period ranging from 1865 to 1914 has been referred to as the Age of Realism • 二:历史文化背景:The American society after the Civil War provided rich soil for the rise and development of Realism .American had transformed itself from a Jeffersonian agrarian community into an industrialized and commercialized society .The burgeoning economy and industry stepped up urbanization .Polarization of the well・being started to show up ,with the poor poorer and the rich richer •三:文学特点:The Realistic period is actually a movement or tendency that dominated the spirit of American literature ,especially American fiction from the 1850sonwards .Realism was a reaction against Romanticism or a move away from the bias towards romance and self-creating fictions .四:现实主义与自然主义的异同:Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author's tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic .It is no more than a different philosophical approach to reality ,or to human existence • 五:自然主义:The impact of Darwin's evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of the 19th century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to yet another school of realism :American naturalism .Artistically naturalistic writings are usually unpolished in language Jacking in academic skills and unwieldy in structure .philosophically ,the naturalists believe that the real and true is always partially hidden from the eyes of the individual ,or beyong his control. 六:重要作家：①Mark Twain 马克吐温作品及内容：H.L.Mencken considered he"the true father foor our national literature^.His Roughing It describes a journey that works its way farther and farther west through Navada to San Francisco and then to Hawaii .Life on the Mississippi tells a story of his boyhood ambition to become a riverboat pilot ,this time up and down the Mississippi .The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is usually regarded as a classic book written for boys about their particular horrors and joys •里程ti卑Adventures of Huckleberry Finne is a boy's book written for the adults 5and Hemingway described it"all modem American literature comes：人物刻画及语言风格:Mark Twain is the most famous local colorist，jt concerned with the life of a small,well-defined region or province .his humor characterized by puns ,straight-faced exaggeration ,repetition ,and anti-climax Jet alone tricks of travesty and invective ,is remarkable .In Adventures of Huckleberry Finne 解析:Huck is polarized by the two opposing forces between his heart and his head .between his affection for Jim and the laws of the society against those who help slaves escape .Huck's final decision—to follow his own good-hearted moral impulse rather than conventional village morality •Setting :he used the Mississippi valley as his fictional kingdom .writing about the landscape and people ,the customs and the dialects of one particular region ,and is therefore known as a local colorist Characters :he creats life-like characters .especially the unconventional Huckleberry Finn，who runs away from civilization and stands opposite to conventional village morality ;Language ;it is the kind of colloquial language belong ing to the lower class ,the living local American English •②Henry James亨利詹姆斯:国际标准考虑职业，1876定居伦敦，1915加英国籍:His career is devided into three periods •代表作:The Portrait of A Lady ,which incarnates the clash between the Old World and the New in the life journey of an American girl in aEuropean culture environment •艺术特色:The typical pattern of the conflict between the two cultures would be that of a young American man or girl who goes to Europe and affronts his or her destiny .And his fictional world is concerned more with the inner life of human beings than with overt human actions ,so he is regarded as the forerunner of the 20th-century u steam-of-conscioueness55novels and the founder of psychologicalrealism .The literary techniques innovated by James to cater for this psychological emphasis is his narrative^point of view^.Outlook :it is both concerned with form and devoted to human values ,He also advocates the freedom of the artist to write about anything that concerns him ,even the disagreeable ,the ugly and the commonplace ,The artist should be able to^feel^the life ,tounderstand human nature ?and then to record them in his own art form .《黛西米勒》解析:Published in 1878,Daisy Miller has ever since become the American Girl in Europe ,a celebrated cultural type who embodies the spirit of the New World .However ^innocence ,the keynote of her character ,turns out to be an admiring but a dangerous quality and her defiance of social taboos in the Old World finally brings her to a disaster in the clash between two different c ultures •③Emily Dickinson 狄金森：文学生涯:She wanted to live simply as a complete independent being ,and so she did ,as a spinster •开始于in the early 1850s •共写了1775 首诗，但生前只有7首发表了o其余于1890年后相继出版.She called this stream of tiny ,aphoristic poems a continuous fragmented^letter to the world^^a way to bridgr her private world with the public 题结构及艺术特色:Her poems concerning death and immorality ganging over the rendering of the physical as well as the psychological and emotional aspects of death .Her poems have no titles ,hence are always quoted by their first lines ,there is a particular stress pattern jn which dashes are used as a musical device to create cadence and capital letters as a means of emphasis .The poetic idiom is famous for its laconic brevity .directn ess and plainness •④Theodore Dreiser 德莱塞的生平及作品:As one of America's literary naturalists ."欲望三部曲"The Financier ,The Titan and The Stoic are called u trilogy of Desire59.1945 年逝世前不久加入the Communist Party •创作思想，艺术特色及写作风格:Dreisefs style has been a point of heated discussion .The consensus that has been reached sa far seems to be that .although Dreisefs novels are formless at times and awkwardly written .and his characterization is found deficient and his prose pedestrian and dull ,yet his very energy proves to be more than a compensation .He is good at employing the journalistic method of reiteration to burn a central impression into the reader's mind .《嘉丽妹妹》解析:In Sister Carrie Dreiser expressed his naturalistic pursuit by expounding the purposelessness of life and attacking the conventional moralstandards .unsuccessfully ,to find meaning and purpose for their existence .Carrie ,as one of such one ,senses that she is merely a cipher in an uncaring world yet seeks to grasp the mysteries of life and thereby satisfies her desires for social status and material comfort •（Hurstwood,s 自杀）:When they live together ,Carrie becomes mature in intellect and emotion ,while Hurst wood ,away from the atmosphere of success on which his life has been based .steadily declines .So their relations become strained .At last ,she thinks him too great a burden and leaves him .After Carrie deserts Hurstwood ,he is in great despair .Feeble and penniless ,Hurstwood wanders in a cold winter night with no body trying to help .Extremely hopeless and totally devastated ,he turns the gas on in a cheaplodging-house and ends his life .By making that comment .Hurstwood seems to have realized that it is useless to continue to fight against fate •His fate is not controlled by his own efforts but by some social forces too strong for him to resist ,so he decides to give up •七:三代表:William Dean Howells ,Mark Twain ,Henry James :Mark Twain and Howells seemed to have paid more attention to the^life^of the Americans ・Howells focused his discussion on the rising middle class and the way they lived .Mark Twain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories .Henry James had apparently laid a greater emphasis on the^inner world^of man.。
英美文学选读复习资料
英美文学选读复习资料英美文学选读复习资料一、英国文学1、文艺复兴时期：莎士比亚的戏剧《哈姆雷特》、《李尔王》、《麦克白》等，以及弥尔顿的《失乐园》。
2、17世纪：约翰·多恩的玄学派诗歌，以及约翰·班扬的《天路历程》。
3、18世纪：启蒙时期，亨利·菲尔丁和理查逊的小说，以及亚历山大·蒲柏的讽刺诗歌。
4、19世纪：浪漫主义时期，包括拜伦、雪莱、济慈等人的诗歌，以及简·奥斯汀、爱米莉·勃朗特等的小说。
5、维多利亚时期：查尔斯·狄更斯、乔治·艾略特、托马斯·哈代等作家的小说，以及马修·阿诺德、约翰·罗斯金等人的诗歌。
二、美国文学1、浪漫主义时期：包括华盛顿·欧文的《睡谷传说》、爱伦·坡的短篇小说、以及纳撒尼尔·霍桑的《红字》。
2、现实主义时期：包括马克·吐温的《汤姆·索亚历险记》、亨利·詹姆斯的小说、以及艾米莉·狄金森的诗歌。
3、20世纪：包括F.斯科特·菲茨杰拉德的《了不起的盖茨比》、欧内斯特·海明威的《老人与海》、杰克·凯鲁亚克的《在路上》等文学作品。
三、文学术语和概念1、象征主义：通过象征性的符号或形象来表达某种思想或情感。
2、叙事视角：从特定的角度来描述故事，常见的有第一人称、第二人称、第三人称等。
3、意象主义：通过形象和比喻来表达情感和思想。
4、文艺复兴：欧洲历史上的一次文化运动，强调人文主义和古希腊罗马文化。
5、玄学派：17世纪英国的一种文学流派，强调诗歌中的哲学思考和神秘主义。
6、悲剧：一种戏剧类型，通常表现英雄人物的悲惨命运。
7、喜剧：一种戏剧类型，通常表现幽默、讽刺等轻松愉快的主题。
8、自然主义：一种文学流派，强调对自然和社会现实的客观描写。
9、超验主义：一种哲学思想，强调个人经验和直觉，反对传统权威。
英美文学选读复习资料
英国文学选读复习资料一.Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事 (英国文学史的开端)人文主义先驱，the father of English poetry..第一个用英语写作的诗人。
二. William Shakespeare1.The four great tragedies by William Shakespeare are _Hamlet_, _Othello_, _King Lear_, Macbeth. 四大喜剧是A Midsummer Night's Dream ;As you like it ;Twelfth Night ;The merchant of Venice .the period of Revolution and Restoration (17世纪) 资产阶级革命与王权复辟prose 散文1、文学特点：the Puritans(清教徒) believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals.清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离。
2、代表人物：1)、John Donne 约翰.多恩The founder of the“metaphysical”poets (玄学派诗人) 的代表人物代表作:Love lyrics:Songs and sonnets.The Flea.A Valediction: forbidding morning作品特点：① strike the reader in Donne’s extraordinary frankness and penetrating realism.(坦诚的态度和现实描绘)② novelty of subject matter an d point(新颖的题材和视角)③ novelty of its form.(新颖的形式)2)、John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿 a great poet 诗人（ poem 诗歌 blank verse ）was a _radical puritan in politics and religion. 激进清教徒分子。
英美文学选读复习资料
英美文学选读复习资料英美文学选读复习资料英美文学是指英国和美国的文学作品，包括小说、诗歌、戏剧等。
这些作品代表了英美文化的精髓，对于理解这两个国家的历史、社会和文化有着重要的意义。
在学习英美文学时，我们需要掌握一些重要的作品和作家，以及他们的主要思想和风格。
首先，我们来看看英美文学的起源。
英国文学可以追溯到中世纪，最早的英国文学作品是史诗《贝奥武夫》。
这部作品讲述了一个英雄的故事，强调了勇气、荣誉和忠诚的重要性。
这种史诗的传统在英国文学中一直延续到今天，影响了许多作家，如莎士比亚和狄更斯。
莎士比亚是英国文学的巅峰之作。
他的戏剧作品包括悲剧、喜剧和历史剧，涵盖了各种主题和情感。
莎士比亚的作品具有深刻的人物描写和复杂的情节，他的语言也非常美丽和富有表现力。
莎士比亚的作品对于理解人性和社会问题有着重要的启示，被广泛地研究和演出。
在美国文学方面，最早的作品可以追溯到殖民地时期。
这些作品主要是宗教文学，反映了殖民地居民的信仰和价值观。
其中最著名的作品是《普利茅斯植民者的历史》，它记录了普利茅斯植民者在美洲建立殖民地的经历。
这些作品对于理解美国的宗教和政治历史有着重要的意义。
美国文学的巅峰时期是19世纪，这个时期出现了许多重要的作家和作品。
其中最著名的是马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》。
这部小说以一个少年的视角描写了美国南方的奴隶制度和种族歧视，对于美国社会的问题提出了尖锐的批评。
这部小说被认为是美国文学的经典之作，对于后来的作家产生了重要的影响。
除了莎士比亚和吐温，还有许多其他重要的英美作家和作品。
例如，英国的狄更斯和奥斯汀，美国的海明威和福克纳。
这些作家的作品涉及了各种不同的主题和风格，从社会问题到个人成长，从浪漫主义到现实主义。
他们的作品代表了英美文学的多样性和丰富性。
在学习英美文学时，我们不仅需要了解这些作家和作品，还需要理解它们的背景和文化内涵。
英美文学反映了英国和美国的历史、社会和价值观，它们是这两个国家文化遗产的重要组成部分。
英美文学选读考前总复习中英文版
一.What is the theme of Beowulf?这首诗主题介绍了如何原始人工资在聪明和强大的领导之下的自然世界的敌对势力的英勇斗争的生动写照。
这首诗是自然界神话和英雄传说混合在一起的一个例子。
Thematically the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.The poem is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.二.莎士比亚（1）四个悲剧。
（二）四大悲剧的共同之处？3请简要总结每个英雄人性的弱点。
1.莎士比亚的四个最大的悲剧是：哈姆雷特、奥赛罗、李尔王、麦克白。
2.每个描绘了一些高尚的英雄，谁面临着人类生活的不公，陷入了一个困难的局面和他们的命运和整个国家的命运息息相关。
3.每一位英雄有他的弱点的性质；老国王李尔不愿意完全放弃他的权力；麦克白的权欲挑起他的抱负和他会导致无休止的罪行1.Shakespeare’s four greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth.2.Each portrays some noble hero, who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation.3. Each hero has his weakness of nature; the old king Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power; and Macbeth’s lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes三.试论莎士比亚的艺术的创作。
英美文学选读复习资料
英美文学期末复习资料1 (20%)题型为选择题。
参考邮箱课件后选择题。
英美文学选读期末复习资料2 (30%)题型为填空和名词解释Literature refers to writings that are valued as works of art, esp. fiction, drama and poetry.Beowulf, a typical example of Old English poetry with over 3,000 lines, is regarded today as the national epic of the english people.Romance which uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period. Popular subjects for romances: King Arthur of Britain and the knights of the Round Table.A sonnet is a lyric invariably of fourteen lines, usually in iambic pentameter , restricted to a definite rhyme scheme .The 14th century is called “Age of Chaucer”. His masterpiece is The Canterbury Tales.An extended metaphor is often called a conceit.Soliloquy is a speech in a play which the character speaks to himself or herself or to the people watching rather than to the other characters.Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy about two young “star-cross‘d lovers”whose deaths ultimately unite their feuding families.Francis Bacon introduced the essay as a literary form into the English language.John Donne is the leading figure of the“metaphysical school.”All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.In 1797 Wordsworth met Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and the two poets became very good friends. They collaborated on a book of poems entitled Lyrical Ballads, first published in 1798The poet Robert Southey as well as Coleridge lived nearby, and the three men became known as the “Lake Poets.”Jane Austen is the only important female author in the 18-19th century英美文学选读期末复习资料3 (30%)指出作者，作品名及选文大意To be，or not to be：that is the question：“To be” is to continue to live, or to take action. “not to be” is to die, or to do nothing but suffering, to end one’s life by self- destruction. It is a dilemma of trying to determine the meaning of life and deathIt is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.it briskly introduces the arrival of Mr. Bingley at Netherfield—the event that sets the novel in motion—this sentence also offers a miniature sketch of the entire plot, which concerns itself with the pursuit of “single men in possession of a good fortune”by various female characters. The preoccupation with socially advantageous marriage in nineteenth-century English society manifests itself here, for in claiming that a single man “must be in want of a wife,”the narrator reveals that the reverse is also true: a single woman, whose socially prescribed options are quite limited, is in (perhaps desperate) want of a husband.Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring ; for ornament , is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business.英美文学选读期末复习资料4 (10%)分析以下诗歌，见邮箱！Sonnet18Death Be Not PrideThe Sick RoseI Wandered Lonely as a Cloud英美文学选读期末复习资料5 (10%)分析以下小说Jane EyreAnalysis of the workThe work is one of the most popular and important novels of the Victorian age. It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e. g. the religious hypocrisy of charity institutions such as Lowood School where poor girls are trained, through constant starvation and humiliation, to be humble slaves, the social discrimination Jane experiences first as a dependent at her aunt's house and later as a governess at Thornfield, and the false social convention as concerning love and marriageAt the same time, it is an intense moral fable. Jane, like Mr. Rochester, has to undergo aseries of physical and moral tests to grow up and achieve her final happiness.The success of the novel is also due to its introduction to the English novel the first governess heroine.Analysis of the HeroineJane Eyre, an orphan child with a fiery spirit and a longing to love and be loved, a poor, plain, little governess who dares to love her master, a man superior to her in many ways, and even is brave enough to declare to the man her love for him, cuts a completely new woman image. She represents those middle-class working women who are struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being. The vivid description of her intense feelings and her thought and inner conflicts brings her to the heart of the audience.Robinson CrusoeCharacterizationRobinson is a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man, with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against the hostile natural environment. He is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist .Artistic FeaturesDefoe was a very good story-teller. Defoe had a gift for organizing minute details in such a vivid way that his stories could be both credible，and fascinating. His sentences are sometimes short, crisp and plain, and sometimes long and rambling, which leave on the reader an impression of casual narration. His language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular. There is nothing artificial in his language: it is common English at its best.注：以上只是仅供参考的复习资料，更全面的资料请自行下载本学期课件，邮箱ygwxxd@密码12345。
英美文学选读复习
英美文学选读复习英美文学选读复习1．莎士比亚的生平2．莎士比亚的戏剧创作生涯3．莎士比亚戏剧的代表作品及其故事梗概、情节结构、人物塑造、语言风格、思想意义（1）威尼斯商人4．莎士比亚的诗歌（1）叙事诗（2）十四行诗 185．莎士比亚戏剧的思想意义（1）对社会现实的批判（2）对人文主义的颂歌6．莎士比亚的艺术成就（1）人物塑造（2）情节结构（3）语言风格7．选读十四行诗 18 的主题、意象《威尼斯商人》的主题、人物性格、语言特点《哈姆雷特》的主题、人物性格、语言特点B约翰?弥尔顿1．弥尔顿的生平2．弥尔顿的文学创作3．《利西达斯》：挽歌及其特点4．选读史诗《失乐园》故事梗概、主题结构、人物塑造、语言风格、作品意义C亚历山大?蒲伯1．蒲伯的生平及创作生涯2．蒲伯的时代观与文学观3．蒲伯的主要作品介绍4．蒲伯的语言风格5．选读《论批评》第二部分（1）作品简介（2）作品体裁、结构、语言风格D丹尼尔笛福1．笛福的生平：个人事业和社会活动2．笛福的社会观3．笛福的主要作品介绍4．笛福的创作特点5．选读：《鲁滨逊漂流记》4故事简介作者的创作意义：时代精神的.写照1．华兹华斯的生平及创作生涯2．华兹华斯的诗歌创作主张3．华兹华斯的诗歌（1）抒情诗：《丁灯寺旁》4．华兹华斯诗歌的主要特点及思想意义5．华兹华斯诗歌的艺术成就6．华兹华斯的诗歌对同时代及后世英国文学的影响7．选读：《我孤独地漂泊犹如一片浮云》《作于西敏寺桥上》《她居住在人迹罕至的地方》《孤独的割麦女》主题思想、语言风格、艺术特色等F珀?比?雪莱1．雪莱的生平2．雪莱的诗歌创作主张3．雪莱的主要作品抒情诗：《西风颂》《云雀颂》诗剧：《解放了的普罗米修斯》4．雪莱诗歌的主要特点及思想意义5．雪莱的诗歌对同时代及后世英国文学的影响6．选读：《西风颂》：主题思想、语言风格、艺术特色G约翰?济慈1．济慈的生平及创作生涯2．济慈的美学思想3．济慈的主要诗作《夜莺颂》《希腊古瓮颂》《安底弥翁》《伊莎贝拉》4．济慈诗歌的主要特点及思想意义5．济慈的诗歌对同时代英国文学的影响6．选读：《希腊古瓮颂》主题思想、语言风格、艺术特色等H简?奥斯汀1．奥斯汀的生平及创作生涯2．奥斯汀的小说创作思想3．奥斯汀的小说《理智与情感》《诺桑觉寺》《曼斯菲尔德公园》《傲慢与偏见》《爱玛》《劝告》4．奥斯汀小说的主要特点及社会意义5．奥斯汀的小说对后世英国文学的影响6．选读：《傲慢与偏见》1 主要内容、人物性格、语言特点、表现手法等I查尔斯?狄更斯1．狄更斯的生平及创作生涯2．狄更斯作品中的批判现实主义思想与社会改良主义倾向3．狄更斯前期作品的思想与艺术特征4．狄更斯后期作品的思想与艺术特征5．狄更斯的创作特色与艺术成就（1）语言（2）3种人物的刻画（3）幽默与哀婉情感的交融6．狄更斯小说目录7．选读《雾都孤儿》第3章故事简介主题：济贫院J夏洛特?布朗蒂1．夏洛特的生平2．夏洛特的创作思想和主题3．选读《简?爱》第23章故事梗概作品的批判现实主义思想作品的社会意义作品女主人公的形象在逆境中求自我道德完善的主题K托马斯?哈代1．哈代的生平与创作2．哈代的创作倾向：传统观念与现代思想的并存3．哈代作品中的“宿命观”4．哈代作品中的批判现实主义思想5．哈代作品的艺术特色6．选读《德伯家的苔丝》19 故事梗概作品主题L威廉?勃特勒?叶芝1．叶芝的生平及文学生涯2．叶芝的诗歌创作思想3．叶芝诗歌的代表作品（1）早期诗歌：（2）中期诗歌（3）晚期诗歌4．叶芝诗歌的特点及思想意义5．叶芝诗歌的艺术成就6．叶芝的诗歌对当代英国文学的影响7．叶芝的戏剧创作8．选读：《茵纳斯弗利岛》《在阔叶柳花园旁边》M D．T．S．艾略特1．艾略特的生平几创作生涯2．艾略特的文学理论与文艺批评观点3．艾略特的主要诗歌作品（1）《普鲁弗洛克的情歌》（2）《荒原》4．艾略特诗歌的艺术特色及社会意义5．艾略特的戏剧6．艾略特的艺术成就7．艾略特的文学创作及文艺批评思想对当代英国的影响8．《荒原》主题、结构、神话、象征、语言特色及社会意义9．选读《普鲁弗洛克的情歌》主题结构、思想内容、语言特点、艺术手法等 N戴维?赫伯特?劳伦斯1．劳伦斯的生平及文学生涯2．劳伦斯的创作思想3．劳伦斯的主要小说（1）《儿子与情人》《虹》《恋爱中的女人》4．劳伦斯小说的主要艺术特色及社会意义5．劳伦斯的诗歌与戏剧6．劳伦斯的小说对现当代英国文学的影响7．《儿子与情人》的故事梗概、情节结构、人物塑造、语言风格、思想意义8．选读《儿子与情人》人物性格、语言特点、艺术手法等。
(精品)英美文学复习资料(全)
文学体裁：诗歌poem，小说novel，戏剧dramaOrigin起源：Christianity 基督教→ bible 圣经Myth 神话The Romance of king Arthur and his knights 亚瑟王和他的骑士（笔记）一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。
英美文学选读复习要点中英文对照
英美文学选读复习要点中英文对照Chapter2 The Neoclassical Period(1660-1798)新古典主义1. In short, it was an age full of conflicts and divergence of values.总之，这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。
2. The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason.英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义时代，或曰理性时代。
3. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of m odern philosophical and artistic ideas.运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界。
4. Enlighteners held that rationality or reason should be the only, the final cause of any human thought and activities. They called for a reference to order, reason and rules.启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。
他们大力提倡秩序，理性及法律。
5. As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and m oralizing, became a very popular means of public education.其实，当时的文学作品种充满了说教与道德理念，就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。
6. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those gre at writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and S ir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swi ft, Daniel Defoe, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Henry Fielding and Sam uel Johnson.英国著名的启蒙主义文学家有约翰.德莱顿，亚历山大.蒲柏，约瑟夫.艾迪森与理查.斯蒂尔（这两位是现代散文的先驱），乔纳森.斯威夫特，丹尼尔.迪福，理查.B.谢立丹，亨利.费尔丁和塞缪尔.约翰逊。
(完整word版)英美文学选读考前总复习
一.What is the theme of Beowulf?Thematically the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader。
The poem is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.二。
William Shakespeare （i）Name his four greatest tragedies。
（2)What are the characteristics of the four tragedies in common？（3）Briefly summarize each hero’s weakness of nature。
1.Shakespeare'sfourgreatest tragediesare：Hamlet，Othello,Kinglear,and Macbeth.2。
Eachportrays some noble hero，who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation.3.Each hero has his weakness of nature;the old king Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power;and Macbeth’s lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes三. try to discuss William Shakespeare ‘s art of creations。
英美文学选读复习要点中英文对照
Chapter2 The Neoclassical Period(1660—1798）新古典主义1。
In short，it was an age full of conflicts and divergence of values。
总之,这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期.2. The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlighte nment or the Age of Reason.英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义时代，或曰理性时代。
3. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas。
运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界。
4. Enlighteners held that rationality or reason should be the only，the fi nal cause of any human thought and activities. They called for a referen ce to order, reason and rules.启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由.他们大力提倡秩序，理性及法律。
5. As a matter of fact, literature at the time，heavily didactic and morali zing, became a very popular means of public education.其实，当时的文学作品种充满了说教与道德理念，就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。
6。
Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richa rd Steele，the two pioneers of familiar essays，Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe，Richard Brinsley Sheridan，Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson.英国著名的启蒙主义文学家有约翰.德莱顿，亚历山大。
{精品}英美文学选读 复习资料 重点知识点
一、名词解释1. Meter:Meter is the measured arrangement of words in the poetry, the rhythmic pattern of a stanza, determined by the kind and number of lines. It’s the beat of the poem and meter is an organized way to arrange unstressed and stressed syllables. The length of lines is described by the number of repeated meters in the line.1 meter,2 dimeter,3 trimeter,4 tetrameter,5 pentameter,6 hexameter,7 heptameter,8 octameter2. Stressed pattern:The most common stressed pattern in English is the iamb, which consists of 2 syllables and the 2nd one of which is accented. Another common stressed pattern is trochee (also 2 syllables, but with the 1st accented).Iamb: unstressed/ stressedTrochee: stressed/ unstressedAnapest: unstressed/ unstressed/ stressedDactyl: stressed/ unstressed/ unstressed• A line with three iambic feet is known as iambic trimester.• A line with six dactylic feet is known as dactylic hexamete r.•Shakespeare is famous for his use of the iambic pentameter.3. Rhyme:Rhyme is when the endings of the words sound the same.4. Rhyme Scheme:Rhyme Scheme is the pattern of rhyming word at the end of each line.Not all poetry has rhyme scheme. Poems of more than one stanza often repeat the same rhyme scheme in each stanza.5. AlliterationAlliteration is the repetition of the same sounds or the same kinds of sound at the beginning of words or in stressed syllables. Modern alliteration is predominantly consonantal.6. Assonance: 谐音，类韵Assonance is the relatively close succession of the same or similar vowel sounds, but with different consonants and it’s a kind of vowel rhyme.7. Consonance:尾韵Consonance is the relatively close succession of the same end consonants with different vowel sounds and it’s a kind of consonant rhyme.8. Repetition:Repetition is the repeating of a sound, word, or phrase for emphasis.10. Meaning devices:Diction is the writer’s choice of words. The words that a writer chooses to use may carry both denotative and connotative meanings. Denotative is the explicit definition as listed in a dictionary, while connotative is the association or set of associations that a word usually brings to mind.11. Figurative language:Figurative language is any language that goes beyond the literal meaning of words in order to furnish new effects or f resh insights into an idea or a subject.Whenever you describe sth.by comparing it with sth. else, you’re using figurative language.•Simile:A simile is a figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared,often in a phrase introd uces by “like” or “as”.•Metaphor:A metaphor is a figure of speech in which an implied comparison is made betweentwo unlike things that actually have sth. important in common.•Symbol:Symbol is an image that comes to stand for sth. (often an idea) beyond itself. •Pun:A pun occurs when a word is used in such a way as to have more than one meaning and in this way. It’s a kind of instant metaphor.•Imagery:Imagery is an appeal to the senses. The poet describes sth. to help you see, hear, smell, taste or touch the topic of the poem. It’s similar to descriptive writing only in poetry form.•Personification:Personification is a figure of speech, which gives the qualities of a person to an animal, an object or an idea. It’s a comparison, which the author uses to show sth.in an entirely new light, to communicate a certain feeling or attitude towards it and to control the way a reader perceives it.•Paradox:Paradox is a statement that on the surface seems to contradict itself and doesn’t make sense, but that at another level expresses a truth.12. English Romanticism<1>. It prevailed in English during the period of 1798—1832. The publication of Lyrical Ballads in 1798 marked its beginning and the death of Water Scott in 1832 marked its ending.<2>. Highlights of English RomanticismImagination is the supreme faculty of the mindIdealization of Nature: that Nature never did betray the heart that loved herIndividualism: man is an individual in a solitary state; the exploration and evaluation of the inner self.13. Point of view:Point of view is the vantage point from which a story is told.<1>. The First Person Point of View:A character from the story is telling the story; uses pronouns “he”, “she”, “they”.In the first-person point of view, the narrator is a character in the story; knows and can tell only what he or she thinks and feels; may be reliable and trustworthy or may be an unreliable narrator.<2>. Types of Third-Person Point of View:Third-person limited: the narrator knows the thoughts and feelings on only ONEcharacter in a story.Third-person omniscient: the narrator knows the thoughts and feeling of ALL the characters in a story.•Third-Person-Limited Point of View:In Third-person-limited point of view, the narrator plays no part in the story; he knows and can tell what a single character is thinking and feeling.•Omniscient point of view:In the omniscient point of view, the all-knowing narrator plays no part in the story;knows and can tell what any character is thinking and feeling; knows what is happening in all of the story’s settings.14. SettingSetting generally provides the time and place of a story;Setting can also include the mood of the time period, situation and event;Setting can be the social, political, environmental or emotional climate;Setting can also include the emotional state of a character.15. CharacterThe term character refers to a person or an animal in a story, play or other literary work. Characterization is the way a writer reveals the personality of a character.•The protagonist is the main character in a story and the story often revolves around this character.•The antagonist is the force that or character who opposes the protagonist. •Minor characters are present, generally named and have a role that in some way was highlights the protagonist.16. ThemeTheme is the general idea or insight about life that a work of literature reveals.Theme is a main idea or strong message tied to life.Theme threads itself through a story, chapter or scene to make a point about life, society or human nature.Theme is typically implied rather than explicit. The reader has to think about it.Generally, there’s one major theme in a piece of literature. Add itional themes can often be found in a piece of literature.17. Parts of a plotPlot is the sequence of events that happen in a story. Plot provides a story with structure, like a map of a story.•Exposition: introduction; This usually occurs at the beginning of a short story.Here the characters are introduced. We also learn about the setting of the story.Most importantly, we are introduced to the main conflict (problem).•Rising action: events that occur as result of central conflictThis part of the story begins to develop the conflicts. A building of interest or suspense occurs and leads to the climax. Complication arises.•Climax: highest point of interest or suspense of a storyThis is the turning point of the story. Usually the main character comes face witha conflict. The main character will change in some way and this is themostintense moment.•Falling action: tension eases; events show the results of how the main character begins to resolve the conflict.It’s the action that follows the climax a nd ultimately leads to the resolution. •Resolution: the conclusion; all loose ends are tied up; the conflict is solved Either the character defeats the problem, learns to live with the problem or the problem defeats the character.18. ConflictConflict is a problem that must be solved; it’s an issue between the protagonist and antagonist forces. It forms the basis of the plot and conflict can be external or internal. External conflict: exists when a character struggles against some outside force such as another character, group, society, nature, fate or a nonhuman obstacle.E.g. <1>. Man vs. Man is the conflict of one person against another person.<2>. Man vs. Nature is the conflict a person encounters with the forces of nature, and shows how insignificant one person can be when compared to the cosmic scheme of things<3>. Man vs. Society is the conflict of a person/ people and the views of society. Prejudice/Racism is a good example.Internal conflict exits within the mind of a character who is torn between different courses of action. E.g. Man vs. Himself is internal conflict. It’s those conflicts an individual has with his conscience.19. Special Techniques used in a Story<1>. Suspense: excitement, tension, curiosity<2>. Foreshadowing: hint or clue about what will happen in story<3>. Flashback: interrupts the normal sequence of events to tell about something that happened in the past<4>. Symbolism: use of specific objects or images to represent ideas<5>. Personification: when you make a thing, idea or animal do something only humans do<6>. Surprise Ending: conclusion that reader does not expect二、文学作品节选承上启下a connecting link between the preceding and the following1. A Rose for Emily --- William FaulknerThe narration shifts in time frequently and gives out bits of information about the main character Miss Emily in such a way that the reader has to piece them together by himself.Para.1 It tells us who is the main character and who is telling the story. The author chooses “we”, the people of the town, as the collective narrator. “We” represents the gossip of the town, they are observers of the events. But this collective narrator does not know everything. None of “us” have benn inside Miss Emily’s house until her death.•So inevitably there are gaps in the narration that are bound to cause confusion on the part of the readers or the listener of the story. Thatleaves a lot of room for reader participation.Para. 2 This paragraph provides details about the setting of the story --- the place and the time. From the descriptions of the appearance of Miss Emily’s house we learn something about her family and her character, and from the visible changes on the streets over the years we get to know something about the historical and social changes that were taking place then.Part 2.In this part time is shifted back to thirty years before the visit of the deputation. Three things took place during this period of time. There was a bad smell coming from Miss Emily’s house. Two years before that her father dies, and Emily behaved rather strangely by refusing to let the townspeople bury him. A short time after that she had a sweetheart, whom the townspeople believed deserted her.2. A Tale of Two Cities --- Charles Dickensantithesis对照/对仗，anaphora首语重复法，repetition, juxtaposition并列，oxymoron 矛盾3.Romeo and Juliet --- William Shakespeare4.Persuasion --- Jane Austen三、诗歌欣赏1. A Red Red Rose --- Robert Burns①A Red Red Rose is a ballad that written by Robert Burns.②It consists of 4 quatrains (four-line stanzas), in iambic tetrameter in first andthird lines, and iambic trimetersecond and fourth lines. The rhyme scheme isabcb.③The poem focuses on the theme of love. A man professes his true love for hisbeloved girl.④In the first stanzathe author describes her pretty appearance and praise he finedisposition. And he addresses the young lady as bonnie in second stanzas. Hepledges his eternal and faithful love in the next 3 stanzas from 3 dimensions:Depth, length and distance.The man vows to love her however far he may go.⑤There are four main figurative languages used in the poetry.In the first place, the author compares his beloved girl to a red rose which has recently blossomed in June by using simile. And he compares her to melodywhich is the beauty lives on abstraction. Those make the poetry vivid and live.In the second place, he uses hyperbole in the sentence “Till a’ the seas gang dry” to show that all is possible.Furthermore, the author repeat the sentence “Till a’ the seas gang dry” to show the permanent love. The repetition not only emphasizes his love but alsoaddsome musicality to the poetry.In addition, the author uses symbol to expresses his faithful love. Rosesymbolizes passionate love, and rock symbolizes staunch love, sands symbolizeseternal love, seas symbolizes deep love.2.I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud --- William Wordsworth①I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud is a lyric poem written byWilliam Wordsworth.②This poem presents the deep feelings and emotions of the poet rather thantelling a story or presenting a witty observation.③It consists of 4 six-line stanzas, in iambic tetrameter and an ABABCC rhymescheme.④Figurative language:Using personification, the author compares the cloud to a lonely human.By using simile, there is the c omparison of the speaker’s solitariness to that of acloud.Alliteration: lonely as a cloud(line 1)⑤Diction&Tone：Diction can be assumed as indifferent or melancholy in the firsttwo lines. The speaker is comparing himself to a cloud that floats carelessly andyet feels distant or separated from the world beneath himBy the third line“when all at once I saw a crowd” the poem shifts into ablithe/joyful attitude, an interest towards the gorgeous scene which he describesand keeps throughout the poem.-Fluttering/dancing/shine/twinkle/sprightly/dance/glee/gay/jocund/wealth/bliss/ pleasure fills⑥Analysis ：In the first stanzas, Wordsworth describes the scene when we wanders “as lonely as a cloud”.He compares himself to a single cloud that is floating over the valleys and the hills.The speaker feels distant and seperated from the world below. The poet says thathe is like a cloud. That’s a simile.Then he sees a “crowd” of golden daffodils which are under the trees and beside alake and are “fluttering and dancing in the breeze”. He uses calm and soft words.In the second stanza, the speaker makes a connection with the daffodils and the stars. This stanza is still full of imagery. He compares the daffodils to the shiningstars that sparkle in the Milky Way as the number of daffodils are near the riverseem to be thousands in number.In the third stanza, he again compares the waves of the lake to the waves of daffodils. He decides that even though the lake is “sparkling”, the daffodils win because they have more “glee.” He felt so happy and expressed his feeling as gay in such a jocund company. He looked at the scene for a long time ,but while he was there, he couldn’t understand what he had gained from his experience. The repetition of “gaze” tells us that he kept looking at the flowers for a long time.In the last stanza, he describes how that scene affected him because whenever he is at home and on his own “in the bliss of solitude,” he remembers the flowers that fills him with pleasure and his heart “dances with the daffodils”. Again the use of words like “bliss” show his happiness each time the memory of tho se flowers and the way theydanced that day comes back to him.⑦This is a beautiful but simple poem about the beauty of nature and how inspiring it can be. This poem was written so that you can visualize and image how it would look in your perspective. In most of this poem, he gave the flowers a human quality, like dancing. There are rhyming words at the end of every alternate line of the poem giving it both continuity and a sense of rhythm.3.Break, Break, Break --- Alfred Tennyson①Break, Break, Break isa lyric poem thatwritten by Alfred Tennyson.②The poem contains four quatrains with combined iambic and anapestic. Mostlines have three feet and some four. The rhyme scheme is abcb.③This poem expresses Tennyson’s grief after his friend died, the preciousness ofyouth and indifference of nature. Namely, the world continues to be busy andbeautiful, but the happy moments of one’s life never stay.④Hallam died of a stroke in 1833 when he was only 22. Nature, of course, doesnot stop to mourn the loss of anyone. Cold and indifferent, it carries on, thewaves of the ocean breaking against rocks along the seashore without pausingeven for a moment. The rest of the world carries on as well: the fisherman's boyhappily playing with his sister, the sailor merrily singing, the ship busily plyingthe waters of commerce. Downcast, isolated by his grief, the narrator yearns totouch the hand of his friend once more, to hear the sound of his voice. But, no,Hallam is gone forever; his "tender grace" will never again return.⑤The author use repetition in the title and the first line to emphasizes that theocean waves are going to keep breaking.Apostrophe (Lines 1 and 2): The narrator addresses the sea.Personification and metaphor also occur in Lines 1 and 2, forthe poet regards the sea as a human being.Alliteration (Line 8): boat on the bay(Lines 9-12): Stanza 3 uses this figure of speech as follows:And the stately ships go onTo their haven under the hill;But O for the touch of a vanished hand,And the sound of a voice that is still!Alliteration (Line 15): day that is deadRepetend: Line 13 repeats Line 1; Line 7 repeats the first twowords of Line 5.Paradox: Touch of a vanished hand (Line 11), sound of a voicethat is still (Line 12).4.Because I Could Not Stop for Death --- Emily Dickinson①Because I Could Not Stop for Death is written by Emily Dickinson.②It consists of 6 four-line stanzas, in iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter. Therhyme is not strict.③The poem focuses on the theme of death and immortality. The author’s puzzlingover death leading to ly, the arrival of death is not unpleasant.Death means eternity.④The author use simple and plain word to describe the world of living, and moresolemn and serious words to describe death and immortality.⑤In the first stanza is an angel of death, in the image of a kind person comes in acarriage for the sake of immortality and the poet. This stanza reveals Emily’s calm acceptable of death. Death is seen as kind and polite. The journey to her grave begins when death comes calling.In the second stanza, the drive symbolizes her physical leaving life. He drives her slowly, which could be an expression of his consideration for her. Having relinquished her labor and leisure for the ride, she gives death her respect a full attention.In the third stanza, using metaphor, Dickinson speaks about the different stages of her life. School and children at recess symbolizes her childhood. Gazing grain symbolizes her adulthood. The setting sun represents her final years and decent into death. And the atmosphere surrounding the ride begin to change when we see the setting sun.In fourth stanza, it is a shift that makes her getting closer to the death.In fifth stanza, she saw a house with small size, scarcely visible cornice in the ground, which was actually house of the death. The word “house” is used as a euphemism for a grave to indicate how comfortable she feels about death.In the last stanza, she finally realized that she had been dead and also she had already got eternity. The word “eternity” is the echo of the word “immortality ”in first stanza.⑥Tone: In the first place, the tone is light and pleasant, and then turns to serious.In final, it is meditative.5.Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening --- Robert Frost①Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening iswritten by Robert Frost②It consists of 4 four-line stanzas, in iambic tetrameter andanAABA-BBCB-CCDC-DDDDrhyme scheme.③As a traveler, the poet is fascinated by the beautiful scene in the woods. He stopsto enjoy it, but his mind urges him to go on, because there is still a long way ahead of him, an unfinished duty waiting for him. This poem stresses a central conflict between man's enjoyment of natural beauty and his responsibility in society.④The first stanza tells us that the man is stopping in front of the woods owned byanother person in the village--the village and the owner can both represent human society. Only the man is watching the woods being filled up with snow.The woods and snow can both hint at natural occurrences.The second stanza says the location is far from civilization (farmhouse), light (darkest evening) and warmth (frozen lake) that even the horse would think the man is queer to stop there.In the third stanza, there is the climax of the whole poem. The man is woken up by his horse and steps out of fantasy but he finds himself in acontradiction between reality and fantasy.The last stanza reveals the woods’ attractiontowards the man as it is “lovely, dark and deep”. It also shows the man’s determination to break away from suchaesthetic temptation because he has to take on worldly burdens andresponsibilities (“promises”).⑥There are four main figurative languages used in the poetry.In the first place, the author uses personification in the sentences “My little horse must think it queer” and “to ask if there is some mistake”.In the second place, there is the alliteration in words “sound”and “sleep”, ”dark” and “deep”Furthermore, the author repeat the sentence “and miles to go before I sleep”. The superficial meaning is that there is still a long distance before thespeaker. But there is an implied meaning is that there are still numerousresponsibilities before the speaker’s life comes to an end. The repetition alsoadds some musicality to the poetry.In addition, the author uses images in many lines. For example, the woods symbolizes the mystery of nature; the temptations in our life. The snowsymbolizes something of purity. Village & He (the owner of thewoods)—Human world & societyPromises--The unavoidable responsibilities & obligationsMiles--Long distance; the heavy duty of lifeSleep--Rest during night; the end of life (death)I am on my way--The journey of life四、散文1.Letter to Lord Chesterfield --- Samuel JohnsonFebruary 7th, 1755My Lord,I have been lately informed, by the proprietor经营者ofthe World,that two Papers两篇文章, in which my Dictionary is recommended to the Public, were written by your Lordship阁下. To be so distinguished, is an honour受到如此破格的垂青，是一份荣耀, which, being very little accustomed to favors from the Great很不习惯来自大人物的褒奖, I know not well how to receive, or in what terms to acknowledge用什么话来表达感激之情.When, upon some slight encouragement, I first visited your Lordship, I was overpowered深受感动, like the rest of Mankind其他人, by the enchantment of your address您富有魅力的言辞; and could not forbear to wish 奢望that I might boast夸口说myself Le vainqueur du vainqueur de la terre世界征服者的征服者, that I might obtain that regard 受到重视for which I saw the world contending争先，奋斗的; but I found my attendance拜访so little encouraged, that neither pride nor modesty谦逊would suffer me to continue it使我能够继续忍受下去. When I had once addressed your Lordship in public 当众向大人致意, I had exhausted all the art of pleasing which a retired and uncourtly scholar can possess我用尽了一个性情懒散，不善逢迎的书生所持有的所有手段以博取您欢心. I had done all that I could; and no Man is well pleased 高兴的to have his all neglected他的一切努力被忽视, be it ever so little无论多么微不足道.Seven years, My Lord, have now past已经过去七年了, since I waited in your outward Rooms, or was repulsed from your Door被拒之于门外; during which time I have been pushing on my work through difficulties在困难中推进我的工作, of which it is useless to complain, and have brought it, at last, to the verge of Publication快要出版了, without one Act of assistance, one word of encouragement, or one smile of favor. 没有的到一点帮助，没有得到一句鼓励，没有看到一个笑脸支持Such treatment I did not expect, for I never had a Patron before我不曾指望能有这样的待遇，因为我此前从未有权贵提携.The Shepherd in Virgil grew at last acquainted with Love, and found him a Native of the Rocks.维吉尔笔下的牧童最后终于和爱神相识，这才发现所谓爱神只不过是岩穴土人而已。
英美文学选读复习
英美文学选读复习Part 1 poem- appreciation1.Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summer's lease hath all too short a date:Questions:a.identify the poem and the poet.b.Why doe s the poet compare `thee` to a summer’s day?c.What picture have you got of English summer, and could you explain why?2.For oft, when on my couch I lieIn vacant or in pensive mood,They flash upon that inward eyewhich is the bliss of solitudeQuestions:a.What is the rhyme scheme?b.What is the poem about?c.Explain“ inward eye which is the bliss of solitude”.3. Till a’the seas gang dry, my dear,And the rocks melt wi’ the sun;And I will luve thee still, my dear,While the sands o’life shall run.Questions:a. Explain the last sentence.b. identify the poem and the poet.c. Explain or comment this stanza.4.Fare to the highlands, farewell to the North,The birthplace of Valour, the country of Worth;Wherever I wander, wherever I rove, The hills of the Highlands forever I love. Questions:a. identify the poem and the poet.b. Explain the second sentence.c. Explain or comment this stanza.5. Will no one tell me what she sings? Perhaps the plaintive numbers flowFor old, unhappy, far-off things,And battles long ago:Or is it some more humble lay. Familiar matter of to-day?Some natural sorrow, loss, or pain，That has been, and may be again?a. identify the poem and the poet.b. Explain or comment this stanza.6. On desperate seas long wont to roam, Thy hyacinth hair, thy classic face,Thy Naiad airs have brought me home To the glory that was Greece,And the grandeur that was Rome. Questions:a. Explain the first sentence.b. identify the poem and the poet.c. Explain or comment this stanza.7. He questioned softly Why I failed? "For Beauty", I replied --And I -- for Truth -- Themself are One -- We Brethren, are", He said -- Questions:a. identify the poem and the poet.b. Exp lain “Themself are One”.c. Explain or comment this stanza.答案很短Part 2 questions1. What does the novel Robinson Crusoe express?2. Comment on the character Mr. Bennet of Pride and Prejudice3. Discuss William Wordsworth4. Comment on the characteristics Heathcliff5. Comment on Jane Eyre6.What does the scarl et letter “A” symbolize？Part 3 Translation1.However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his firstentering a neighbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered as the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters.Comment on the sentence.2.When I came down from my apartment in the tree, I looked about me again, andthe first thing I found was the boat, which lay as the wind and the sea had tossed her upon the land, about two miles on my right hand.3. I was stiff with long sitting, and bewildered with the noise and motion of the coach: gathering my faculties, I looked about me. Rain, wind, and darkness filled the air; nevertheless, I dimly discerned a wall before me and a door open in it; through this door I passed with my new guide: she shut and locked it behind her. There was now visible a house or houses- for the buildingspread far- with many windows, and lights burning in some; we went up a broad pebbly path, splashing wet, and were admitted at a door; then the servant led me through a passage into a room with a fire, where she left me alone.4. You teach me how cruel you've been - cruel and false. Why do you despise me?Why did you betray your own heart, Cathy? I have not one word of comfort. You deserve this. You have killed yourself. Yes, you may kiss me, and cry, and wring out my kisses and tears; they'll blight you - they'll damn you. You loved me--then what right had you to leave me? What right--answer me--for the poor fancy you felt for Linton? Because misery, and degradation and death, and nothing that God or Satan could inflict would have parted us, you, of your own will, did it. I have not broken your heart--you have broken it; and in breaking it, you have broken mine5.To be, or not to be: that is the question:Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to sufferThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,And by opposing end them?To die: to sleep; No more;and by a sleep to say we endThe heart-ache and the thousand natural shocksThat flesh is heir to, 'tis a consummationDevoutly to be wish'd.To die, to sleep;To sleep: perchance to dream: ay, there's the rub;For in that sleep of death what dreams may comeWhen we have shuffled off this mortal coil,Must give us pause: there's the respectThat makes calamity of so long life;6 .Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in morse.7. On one side of the portal, was a wild rose-bush, covered , in this month of June, with its delicate gems, which might be imagined to offer their fragrance and fragile beauty to the prisoner as he went in, in token that the deep heart of Nature could pity and be kind to him.8. Her skeleton was small and spare; perhaps that was why what would have been merely plumpness in another was obesity in her. She looked bloated, like a body long submerged in motionless water, and of that pallid hue.9.读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。
英美文学选读资料
《英美文学选读》(课程代码00604)第一大题：单项选择题1、“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, / So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18 includes three stanzas according to the content with these last two lines as a（）, which completes the sense of the above lines.∙ A.prelude∙ B.couplet∙ C.epigraph∙ D.exposition2、“Therefore at this fair are all s uch merchandise sold, as houses, lands, trades, places, honors, preferments, titles, countries, kingdoms, lusts, pleasures, and delights of all sorts, as whores, bawds, wives, husbands, children, masters, servants…” The above sentences are taken from（）.∙ A.John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress∙ B.Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels∙ C.Henry Fielding’s Tom Jones∙ D.Dan iel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe3、As a lexicographer, he distinguished himself as the author of the first English dictionary—A Dictionary of the English Language. What is his name?（）.∙ A.Jonathan Swift∙ B.Samuel Johnson∙ C.Ben Jonson∙ D.John Milton4、The composition of “Kubla Khan”by S.T. Coleridge was based on （）.∙ A.a story∙ B.a dream∙ C.a dialogue∙ D.an experience5、“Tiger! Tiger! Burning bright/ In the forests of the night, / What immortal hand or eye / Could frame thy fearful symmetry?”(“The Tiger”by William Blake) The above lines（）.∙ A.describe the tiger’s fierce eyes and forceful hands at night∙ B.express the poet’s curiosity for the skillful creation of the tiger∙ C.express the poet’s surprise at the sight of the tiger’s well-proportioned body∙ D.express the poet’s terror at the sight of the tiger in the forest at night6、“It is a truth universally ack nowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a （）.”This quotation in Austen’s Pride and Prejudice sets the tone of the novel.∙ A.house∙ B.title∙ C.wife∙ D.fame7、In Hardy’s Wessex novels, there is an apparent（）touch in his description of the simple and beautiful though primitive rural life.∙ A.realistic∙ B.nostalgic∙ C.romantic∙ D.sentimental8、“If I’ve done wrong, I’m dying for it. It is enough! You left me too; but I won’t upbraid y ou! I forgive you. Forgive me!” These above lines are uttered by the heroine in（）.∙ A.Shapespeare’s Romeo and Juliet∙ B.Emily Bront ’s Wuthering Heights∙ C.Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles∙ D.Bernard Shaw’s Mrs. Warren’s Profession9、Modernism takes（）as its theoretical base.∙ A.the irrational philosophy∙ B.Darwin’s evolutionary theory∙ C.the French symbolism∙ D.Utilitarianism10、The beginning of “The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock”moves from a series of fairly concrete physical settings—a cityscape( the famous“patient etherized upon a table”)and several interiors (women’s arms in the lamplight, coffee spoons, fireplaces)—to a series of vague ocean images. It aims to convey（）.∙ A.Prufrock’s emotional distance from the world as he comes to recognize his second-rate status∙ B.Prufrock’s eagerness to meet his dating lover∙ C.Prufrock’s reluctance to meet his dating lover∙ D.Prufrock’s excitement about the modern world11、“North Richmond Street, being blind, was a quiet street except at the hour when the Christian Brothers’ School set the boy free. An uninhabited house of two storeys stood at the blind end, detached from its neighbours in a square ground. The other housesof the street, conscious of decent lives within them, gazed at one another with brown imperturbable faces.”The above passage is the first paragraph of Araby by James Joyce. It sets a(n)（）tone of the story.∙ A.optimistic∙ B.active∙ C.gloomy∙ D.serious12、In Young Goodman Brown by Hawthorne, the name of Goodman Brown’s wife is（）, which also contains many symbolic meanings.∙ A.Ruth∙ B.Hester∙ C.Faith∙ D.Mary13、The Romantic Period, one of the most important periods in the history of American literature, stretches from the end of __________ to the outbreak of ___________.（）∙ A.the 17th century…the American War of Independence∙ B.the 18th century…the A merican Civil War∙ C.the 17th century…the American Civil War∙ D.the 18th century…the U.S.-Mexican War14、“The apparition of these faces in the crowd; / Petals on a wet, black bough.” T his is the shortest poem written by（）.∙ A.E.E. Cummings∙ B.T.S. Eliot∙ C.Ezra Pound∙ D.Robert Frost15、Realism was a reaction against Romanticism or a move away from the bias towards romance and self-creating fictions, and paved the way to（）.∙ A.Cynicism∙ B.Modernism∙ C.Transcendentalism∙ D.Neo-Classicalism16、In（）, William Faulkner illuminates the problem of black and white in the American Southern society as a close-knit destiny of blood brotherhood.∙ A.Go Down, Moses∙ B.Light in August∙ C.The Marble Faun∙ D.As I Lay Dying17、The theme of Washington Irving’s Rip Van Winkle i s（）.∙ A.the conflict of human psyche∙ B.the fight against racial discrimination∙ C.the familial conflict∙ D.the nostalgia for the unrecoverable past18、Hemingway once described Mark Twain’s novel（）the one book from which “all modern American literature comes.”∙ A.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn∙ B.The Adventures of Tom Sawyer∙ C.The Gilded Age∙ D.The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg19、Which of the following historical events does not directly help to stimulate the rising of the Renaissance Movement?∙ A.The rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman culture.∙ B.The new discoveries in geography and astrology.∙ C.The Glorious revolution.∙ D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion.20、Which of the following statements best illustrates the theme of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18?∙ A.The speaker eulogizes the power of Nature.∙ B.The speaker satirizes human vanity.∙ C.The speaker praises the power of artistic creation.∙ D.The speaker meditates on man’s salvation.21、Romance, which uses narrative verse or prose to tell stories ofadventures or other heroic deeds, is a popular literary form in the medieval period.∙ A.Christian∙ B.Knightly∙ C.Greek∙ D.Primitive22、Among the great Middle English poets, Geoffrey Chaucer is known for his production of∙ A.Piers Plowman∙ B.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight∙ C.Confessio Amantis∙ D.The Canterbury Tales23、"Bassanio: Antonio, I am married to a wifeWhich is as dear to me as life itself;But life itself, my wife, and all the world,Are not with me esteem’d above thy life;I would lose all, ay, sacrifice them all,Here to the devil, to deliver you.Portia: Your wife would give you little thanks for that,If she were by to hear you make the offer."The above is a quotation taken from Shakespeare’s comedy The Merchant of Venice. The quoted part can be regarded as a good example to illustrate∙ A.dramatic irony∙ B.personification∙ C.allegory∙ D.symbolism24、The true subject of John Donne’s poem, "The Sun Risin g," is to∙ A.attack the sun as unruly servant∙ B.give compliments to the mistress and her power of beauty∙ C.criticize the sun’s intrusion into the lover’s private life∙ D.lecture the sun on where true royalty and riches lie25、Of all the 18th century novelists Henry Fielding was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a " in prose," the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.∙ A.tragic epic∙ ic epic∙ C.romance∙ D.lyric epic26、The Houyhnhnms depicted by Jonathan Swift in Gulliver’s travels are∙ A.horses that are endowed with reason∙ B.pigmies that are endowed with admirable qualities∙ C.giants that are superior in wisdom∙ D.hairy, wild, low and despicable creatures, who resemble human beings not only in appearance but also in some other ways27、Here are four lines from a literary work: "Others for language all their care express,/And value books, and women men, for dress." The work is∙ A.Thomas Gray’s "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard"∙ B.John Milton’s Paradise Lost∙ C.Alexander Pope’s Essay on Criticism∙ D.Shakespeare’s Midsummer Night’s Dream28、The phrase "to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and to seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils" may well sum up the implied meaning of∙ A.Gulliver’s Travels∙ B.The Rape of the Lock∙ C.Robinson Crusoe∙ D.The Pilgrim’s Progress29、William Wordsworth, a romantic poet, advocated all the following EXCEPT∙ A.the use of everyday language spoken by the common people∙ B.the expression of the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings∙ C.the use of humble and rustic life as subject matter∙ D.the use of elegant wording and inflated figures of speech30、Which of the following is taken from John Keats’"Ode on a Grecian Urn"?∙ A."I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!"∙ B."They are both gone up to the church to pray."∙ C."Earth has not anything to show more fair."∙ D."Beauty is truth, truth beauty."31、"If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?" is an epigrammatic line by∙ A.J. Keats∙ B.W. Blake∙ C.W. Wordsworth∙ D.P. B. Shelley32、"Ode on a Grecian Urn" shows the contrast between the of art and the of human passin. ∙ A.glory...ugliness∙ B.permanence... transience∙ C.transience ... sordidness∙ D.glory ... permanence33、In the statement "-oh, God! Would you like to live with your soul in the grave?" the term "soul" apparently refers to∙ A.Heathcliff himself∙ B.Catherine∙ C.one’s spiritual life∙ D.one’s ghost34、The typical feature of Robert Browning’s poetry is the∙ A.bitter satire∙ rger-than-life caricature∙ tinized diction∙ D.dramatic monologue35、The Victorian Age was largely and age of , eminently represented by Dickens and Thackeray.∙ A.poetry∙ B.drama∙ C.prose∙ D.epic prose36、is the first important governess novel in the English literary history.∙ A.Jane Eyre∙ B.Emma∙ C.Wuthering Heights∙ D.Middlemarch37、The major concern of fiction lies in the tracing of the psychological development of his characters and in his energetic criticism of the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist industrialization on human nature.∙ A.D. H. Lawrence’s∙ B.J. Galsworthy’s∙ C.W. Thackeray’s∙ D.T. Hardy’s38、Which is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare, and his representative works are plays inspired by social criticism.∙ A.Richard Sheridan∙ B.Oliver Goldsmith∙ C.Oscar Wilde∙ D.Bernard Shaw39、Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of Modernism?∙ A.To elevate the individual and inner being over the social being.∙ B.To put the stress on traditional values.∙ C.To portray the distorted and alienated relationships betweenman and his environment.∙ D.To advocate a conscious break with the past.40、The Romantic writers would focus on all the following issues EXCEPT the in the American literary history.∙ A.individual feelings∙ B.idea of survival of the fittest∙ C.strong imagination∙ D.return to nature41、Henry David Thoreau’s work, has always been regarded as amasterpiece of New England Transcendentalism.∙ A.Walden∙ B.The Pioneers∙ C.Nature∙ D.Song of Myself42、The famous 20-year sleep in "Rip Van Winkle" helps to constructthe story in such a way that we are greatly affected by Irvin g’s∙ A.concern with the passage of time∙ B.expression of transient beauty∙ C.satire on laziness and corruptibility of human beings∙ D.idea about supernatural manipulation of man’s life43、Walt Whitman was a pioneering figure of American poetry. His innovation first of all lies in his use of , poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.∙ A.bland verse∙ B.heroic couplet∙ C.free verse∙ D.iambic pentameter44、The literary characters of the American type in early 19th century are generally characterized by all the following features EXCEPT that they∙ A.speak local dialects∙ B.are polite and elegant gentlemen∙ C.are simple and crude farmers∙ D.are noble savages(red and white) untainted by society45、Hster Pryme, Dimmesdale, Cillingworth, and Pearl are most likely the names of the characters in∙ A.The Scarlet Letter∙ B.The House of the Seven Gablest∙ C.The portrait of a Lady∙ D.The Pioneers46、"This is my letter to the World" is a poetic expres sion of Emily Dickinson’s about her communication with the outside world.∙ A.indifference∙ B.anger∙ C.anxiety∙ D.sorrow47、With Howells, James, and Mark Twain active on the literary scene,became the major trend in American literature in the seventies and eighties of the 19th century.∙ A.Sentimentalism∙ B.romanticism∙ C.realism∙ D.naturalism48、After The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Twain gives a literary independence to Tom’s buddy Huck in a book entitled∙ A.Life on the Mississippi∙ B.The Gilded Age∙ C.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn∙ D.A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court49、However, the keynote of Daisy Miller’s character, turns out to be an admiring buta dangerous quality and her defiance of social taboos in the Old World finally brings her to a disaster in the clash between two different cultures.∙ A.experience∙ B.sophistication∙ C.worldliness∙ D.innocence50、Generally speaking, all those writers with a naturalistic approach to human reality tend to be∙ A.transcendentalists∙ B.idealists∙ C.pessimists∙ D.impressionists51、 Emily Dickinson wrote many short poems on various aspects of life. Which of the following is NOT a usual subject of her poetic expression?∙ A.Religion and immortality∙ B.Life and death∙ C.Love and marriage∙ D.War and peace52、In "After Apple- Picking," Robert Frost wrote: "For I have had too much / Of apple -picking: I am overtired/ Of the great harvest I myself desired." From these lines we can conclude that the speaker is∙ A.happy about the harvest∙ B.still very much interested in apple-picking∙ C.expecting a greater harvest∙ D.indifferent to what he once desired53、Chinese poetry and philosophy have exerted great influence over∙ A.Ezra Pound∙ B.Ralph Waldo Emerson∙ C.Robert Frost∙ D.Emily Dickinson54、The Hemingway Code heroes are best remembered for their∙ A.indestructible spirit∙ B.pessimistic view of life∙ C.war experiences∙ D.masculinity55、In The Emperor Jones and The Hairy Ape, O’Neill adopted the expressionist techniques to portray the of human beings in a hostile universe.∙ A.helpless situation∙ B.uncertainty∙ C.profound religious faith∙ D.courage and perseverance56、In Hemingway’s "Indian Camp", Nick’s night trip to the Indian village and his experience inside the hut can be taken as∙ A.an essential lesson about Indian tribes∙ B.a confrontation with evil and sin∙ C.an initiation to the harshness of life∙ D.a learning process in human relationship57、Which of the following statements about Emily Grierson, the protagonist in Faulkner’s story " A Rose for Emily," is NOT true?∙ A.She has a distorted personality.∙ B.She is physically deformed and paralyzed.∙ C.She is the symbol of the old values of the South.∙ D.She is the victim of the past glory.第二大题：简答作者姓名1、The Scarlet Letter2、The Sun Also Rises3、Hamlet4、David Copperfield5、The Waste Land6、Jane Eyre7、Sons and Lovers8、As I Lay Dying9、Indian Camp10、Leaves of Grass11、Moby-Dick12、Absalom, Absalom!13、The Old Man and the Sea第三大题：选读并回答作者、题目及主题意义1、Because I could not stop for Death,He kindly stopped for me;The carriage held but just ourselvesAnd Immortality. We slowly drove, he knew no haste,And I had put awayMy labor, and my leisure too,For his civility.2、“The woods are lovely, dark and deep,But I have promises to keep,And miles to go before I sleep,And miles to go before I sleep.”3、“Then I must go: --you have said it yourself.”“No: you must stay! I swear it—and the oath shall be kept.”“I tell you I must go!” I retorted, roused to something like passion. “ Do you think I can stay to become nothing to you? Do you think I am an automaton? –a machine without feelings? And can bear to have my morsel of bread snatched from my lips, and my drop of living water dashed from my cup? Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? –You think wrong!—I have as much soul as you—and full as much of heart!”4、I wandered lonely as a cloudThat floats on high o’er vales and hills,When all at once I saw a crowd,A host, of golden daffodils;Beside the lake, beneath the trees,Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.5、"Her eyes met his and he looked away. He neither believed nor disbelieved her, but he knew that he had made a mistake in asking; he never had known, never know, what she was thinking. The sight of her inscrutable face, the thought of all the hundreds of evenings he had seen her sitting there like that, soft and passive, but so unreadable, unknown, enraged him beyond measure."6、"And when I am formulated, sprawling on a pin,When I am pinned and wriggling on the wall,Then how should I beginTo spit out all the butt-ends of my days and ways."7、"God knows, ... I’m not myself-I’m somebody else-- ... and I’m changed, and I can’t tell what’s my name, or who I am."8、"I shall be telling this with a sighSomewhere ages and ages hence:Two roads diverged in a wood, and I---I took the one less traveled by,And that has made all the difference."9、"Whose woods these are I think I know.His house is in the village though;He will not see me stopping hereTo watch his woods fill up with snow10、Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st;Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st;So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.11、I lingered before her stall, though I knew my stay was useless, to make my interest in her wares seem the more real. Then I turned away slowly and walked down the middle of the bazaar. I allowed the two pennies to fall against the sixpence in my pocket. I heard a voice call from one end of the gallery that the light was out. The upper part of the hall was now completely dark.Gazing up into the darkness I saw myself as a creature driven and derided by vanity; and my eyes burned with anguish and anger.第四大题：名词解释题1、Lake Poets2、Robinson Crusoe3、Jazz Age4、The Lost Generation5、Stream-of-consciousness6、 Modernism7、The American Dream8、 The Industrial Revolution9、The Pilgrim Progress10、Neoclassicism11、Paradise Lost第五大题：问答题1、Define Romanticism and tell the feature of Romanticism.2、How is Romanticism different from Neoclassicism? Provide brief evidence from the literary works you know best.3、Summarize the story of William Faulkner’s A Rose for Emily in about 100 words, and comment on the theme of the novel.4、Define Modernism and tell the feature of Modernism.5、Summarize the story of Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn in about 100 words, and comment on the theme of the novel。
英美文学选读复习要点中英文对照
Chapter2 The Neoclassical Period(1660-1798)新古典主义1. In short, it was an age full of conflicts and divergence of values.总之，这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。
2. The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlighte nment or the Age of Reason.英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义时代，或曰理性时代。
3. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界。
4. Enlighteners held that rationality or reason should be the only, the fin al cause of any human thought and activities. They called for a reference to order, reason and rules.启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。
他们大力提倡秩序，理性及法律。
5. As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizi ng, became a very popular means of public education.其实，当时的文学作品种充满了说教与道德理念，就已经成为群众教育的良好工具。
6. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great wr iters like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defo e, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson.英国著名的启蒙主义文学家有约翰.德莱顿，亚历山大.蒲柏，约瑟夫.艾迪森与理查.斯蒂尔〔这两位是现代散文的先驱〕，乔纳森.斯威夫特，丹尼尔.迪福，理查.B.谢立丹，亨利.费尔丁和塞缪尔.约翰逊。
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二现实Twain,James,Emily Dickinson,Dreiser(自然主义,三代表,历险记,贵妇人,黛西,三部曲,嘉丽)一:现实主义时期界定:The period ranging from 1865 to 1914 has been referred to as the Age of Realism .二:历史文化背景:The American society after the Civil War provided rich soil for the rise and development of Realism .American had transformed itself from a Jeffersonian agrarian community into an industrialized and commercialized society .The burgeoning economy and industry stepped up urbanization .Polarization of the well-being started to show up ,with the poor poorer and the rich richer .三:文学特点:The Realistic period is actually a movement or tendency that dominated the spirit of American literature ,especially American fiction ,from the 1850sonwards .Realism was a reaction against Romanticism or a move away from the bias towards romance and self-creating fictions .四:现实主义与自然主义的异同:Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author's tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic .It is no more than a different philosophical approach to reality ,or to human existence .五:自然主义:The impact of Darwin's evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of the 19th century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to yet another school of realism :American naturalism .Artistically naturalistic writings are usually unpolished in language ,lacking in academic skills and unwieldy in structure .philosophically ,the naturalists believe that the real and true is always partially hidden from the eyes of the individual ,or beyong his control. 六:重要作家:①Mark Twain 马克吐温作品及内容：H.L.Mencken considered he“the true father foor our national literature”.His Roughing It describes a journey that works its way farther and farther west through Navada to San Francisco and then to Hawaii .Life on the Mississippi tells a story of his boyhood ambition to become a riverboat pilot ,this time up and down the Mississippi .The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is usually regarded as a classic book written for boys about their particular horrors and joys .里程碑Adventures of Huckleberry Finne is a boy's book written for the adults ,and Hemingway describedit“all modern American literature comes”.人物刻画及语言风格:Mark Twain is the most famous local colorist , ,it concerned with the life of a small ,well-defined region or province .his humor characterized by puns ,straight-faced exaggeration ,repetition ,and anti-climax ,let alone tricks of travesty and invective ,is remarkable .In Adventures of Huckleberry Finne 解析:Huck is polarized by the two opposing forces between his heart and his head ,between his affection for Jim and the laws of the society against those who help slaves escape .Huck's final decision--to follow his own good-hearted moral impulse rather than conventional village morality .Setting :he used the Mississippi valley as his fictional kingdom ,writing about the landscape and people ,the customs and the dialects of one particular region ,and is therefore known as a local colorist ;Characters :he creats life-like characters ,especially the unconventional Huckleberry Finn ,who runs away from civilization and stands opposite to conventional village morality ;Language ;it is the kind of colloquial language belonging to the lower class ,the living local American English .②Henry James亨利詹姆斯:国际标准考虑职业，1876定居伦敦，1915加英国籍:His career is devided into three periods .代表作:The Portrait of A Lady ,whichincarnates the clash between the Old World and the New in the life journey of an American girl in a European culture environment .艺术特色:The typical pattern of the conflict between the two cultures would be that of a young American man or girl who goes to Europe and affronts his or her destiny .And his fictional world is concerned more with the inner life of human beings than with overt human actions ,so he is regarded as the forerunner of the 20th-century“steam-of-conscioueness”novels and the founder of psychological realism .The literary techniques innovated by James to cater for this psychological emphasis is his narrative“point of view”.Outlook :it is both concerned with form and devoted to human values ,He also advocates the freedom of the artist to write about anything that concerns him ,even the disagreeable ,the ugly and the commonplace ,The artist should be able to“feel”the life ,tounderstand human nature ,and then to record them in his own art form .《黛西米勒》解析:Published in 1878,Daisy Miller has ever since become the American Girl in Europe ,a celebrated cultural type who embodies the spirit of the New World .However ,innocence ,the keynote of her character ,turns out to be an admiring but a dangerous quality and her defiance of social taboos in the Old World finally brings her to a disaster in the clash between two different cultures .③Emily Dickinson 狄金森：文学生涯:She wanted to live simply as a complete independent being ,and so she did ,as a spinster .开始于in the early 1850s .共写了1775首诗，但生前只有7首发表了。