2013高考英语二轮复习讲义 阅读理解及训练07 科普知识

2013高考英语二轮复习讲义（阅读理解）及训练07：科普知识（答案）小试牛刀---------阅读理解
It happened to me recently that I was telling someone how much I had enjoyed reading Barack Obama’s Dreams From My Father and how it had changed my views of the current US President． The person I was ta lking to agreed with me that it was, in his words,“a wonderfully written book ．”However, he then proceeded to talk about Mr Obama in a way that suggested he had no idea of his background at all． I sensed that I was talking to a book liar．
And it seems that he is not the only one． Clearly two thirds of people have lied about reading a book which they haven’t ． In The World Book Day survey, Dreams From My Father is at number 9． The survey lists top ten books, and various authors, which people have lied about reading．As I’m not one to lie too often, I’ll admit here and now that I haven’t read the entire ten books． But I am pleased to say that I have read the book at number one, George Orwell’s 1984．I think it’s absolutely outstanding．
Asked why they lied, the most common reason was to impress someone they were speaking to ． This could be difficult if the conversation became more in-depth !
The World Book Day survey also has some other interesting information in it． It shows that many people lie about having read classical works by Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters, Charles Dickens and so on. But when asked which authors they actually enjoy, they named JK Rowling, Jilly Cooper, and Stephen King (ah, the big sellers, in other words)． Forty-one percent of people asked admitted they turned to the back of the book to read the end before finishing the story．
So which books have you lied about reading—if any—and which is your favourite? 56．The main reason why people lie about reading is to
A．make fun of the listener B．impress the listener
C．please the listener D．interest the listener
57．The underlined word“proceeded”in the passage probably means“”
A．wanted B．happened C．continued D．stopped
58．What does The World Book Day survey show?
A．Nearly half of the people surveryed didn’t read through a whole classical book．B．People don’t like Dreams From My Father and George Orwell’s 1984
C．Few people lie about having read classical works by Jane Austen．
D．People usually enjoy reading books by Charles Dickens．
59．What is the best title for the passage?
A．Are You A Book Liar? B．Readers Are All Liars
C．World Book Day D．Dreams From My Father,
56—59、 BCAA
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【考点定位】 2013考纲解读和近几年考点分布
高考对说明文的考查多为科普说明文，它是阅读理解重要内容，也是高考考查难点。

科普类“阅读理解”题愈来愈受到命题者的青睐｡而科普类文章往往具有跨学科､行文逻辑性强等特点,要求考生能从文章的整体逻辑以及重要细节上全面把握｡
【试题特点】
① 注重学科渗透,行文逻辑性强,内容抽象｡
② 贴近学生的学习､生活实际,有利于激发学生的思维,对选拔优秀考生有一定的作用｡
③ 能全面地考查学生的综合阅读能力和运用所学知识去分析､解决实际问题的能力｡
(4)科学方法图示判断题
科普说明文常出现科学方法图示判断题，这种试题或以生物依赖关系为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的生物依赖关系；或以工艺流程为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的流程顺序，或以生产方法为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的生产方法；或以机械配制为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的机械配制。

解题时一定要认真阅读分析原文对生物依赖关系、发明创造诞生过程和工艺流程过程的介绍，并且边读边画简易草图，以提高理解准确率。

分析备选项时应对照原文介绍情况，找出各图不同之处，以便最终做出正确判断。

【考点pk】名师考点透析
考点一、细节事实理解。

一篇文章必然是由许多具体的细节、具体的内容构成的，所有这些信息以某种顺序（时间、空间、情感变化等）排列起来，来进一步解释或阐释主题，体现文章的主旨大意。

细节理解题目主要考查学生对文章具体事实和细节的理解能力，属于表层理解题范畴，难度较小，但在整个阅读理解题中所占比例最大，细节理解题多从文章的某个具体事实或细节出发来设计题目。

此类题通常根据文章具体内容来设问，也常使用下列方式来提问
1.Which of the following statements is(not) true/correct?
2.Which of the following is not mentioned?
3.All of the following are true except...
4.According to the passage,when/where/why/how/how/what/which,etc...？
1.直接事实题
在解答这类问题时要求学生抓住题干文字信息，采用针对性方法进行阅读，因为这类题的答案在文章中可以直接找到。

如：
A giant dam was built many years ago to control the Colorado River in the U.S.This dam was built to protect the land and houses around the river.
This huge dam is in the Black Canyon.It is possible to drive a car from one side of the river to the other on a road，which is on the top of the dam.This dam is so
big that there is an elevator inside.The elevator goes down forty-four stories from the road to the bottom.There is enough concrete in this dam to build a highway from New York to San Francisco.Thousands of people worked on this dam for five years.
This huge dam was called Boulder Dam when it was finished in ter it was renamed Hoover Dam in honor of a president of the United States.Hoover Dam，one of the highest dams in the world，is situated between the states of Arizona and Nevada.
Q：Hoover Dam lies______ .
A.between Arizona and Nevada
B.in the Black Canyon
C.between New York and San Francisco
D.both A and B
【解析】由第二段的第一句话和最后一段的最后一句话可得出正确答案是D项。

2.间接事实题
解答此类题，需要结合上下文提供的语境和信息进行简单的概括和判断或者要进行简单的计算。

Invited by Mr.Ye Huixian，host of the well-received TV programme“Stars Tonight”，Miss Luo Lin，Miss Asia of 1991，appeared as the guest hostess on the Shanghai TV screen last Sunday.
Born in Shanghai and taken to Hongkong when she was only six years old，Luo Lin has never dreamed of being Miss Asia.Her childhood dream wa s to be an air hostess.Before she took part in the competition，she had been an airhostess in Cathay Airline for seven years.However， it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage，dancing,singing,making-up and other proper manners，designed by the Asia TV Station.
“It’s really a hard job for me.I won’t enter for such competition any more.Anyhow，I am quite lucky.I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since I won the title.This time，in Shanghai，I’d love to make a deep impression on my TV audience，”said Luo Lin with a sweet smile.
Q：Which of the following is NOT true?
A.Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai.
B.Luo Lin moved to Hongkong with her parents.
C.Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991.
TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia.
【解析】A、C和D项都可在原文找到答案，而B项原文所给的是：taken to Hongkong 可判断不是moved to Hongkong with her parents，因此选B。

3、数据推算。

If you register both the VIEW qualification course and the Forum at the same time,you will save_______ .
二、此类题的设问方式
1.What would be the best title for the text?
2.What does the second paragraph mainly discuss?
3.What is the passage mainly about?
4.The main purpose of announcing the above events is__________.
考点三、推理推断。

推理题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理，推断出作者没有提到或者没有明说的事实或者可能发生的事实。

这类题旨在考查学生透过词语的字面意义去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力，属于深层理解题。

此类题的设问常常包括infer,imply,suggest,conclude 等词，这类题的设问方式主要有：
1.We can infer from the Passage that__________.
2.What can be inferred from the Passage?
3.Which of the following can be inferred from the Passage?
4.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that__________.
5.The author suggests in this paragraph that__________.
6.The writer implies that__________.
7.It can be inferred that__________.
8.It can be concluded from the Passage that__________.
9.On the whole,we can conclude that__________.
10.From the text we can conclude that__________.
11.After reading the Passage we may conclude that__________.
12.What conclusion can be drawn from the Passage?
13.The author is inclined to think that__________.
14.When the writer talks about,what he really means is that__________.
15.What’s the writer’s attitude/feeling towards...?
16.In the writer’s opinion,...
考点四、词义、句义猜测。

词义猜测阅读理解题考查对文中关键词语的理解。

在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据语境来判断。

此类题的设问方式主要有
1.The word “...”in Line...means/can be replaced by...
2.As used in the passage,the phrase “...”suggests...
3.From the passage,we can infer that the word/phrase “...” is/referred to...
4.The word “...” is closest in meaning to...猜词是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考中常用的题型。

它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。

我们要学会“顺藤摸瓜”，通过构词、语法、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、上下文等线索确定词义。

1.定义法。

如:
Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.
句子给予annealing 以明确的定义，即“退火”。

It will be very hard but also very brittle—that is,it will break easily.
从后面的解释中我们可以了解到brittle 是“脆”的意思。

The herdsman,who looks after sheep，earns about 650 yuan a year.
定语从句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的词义为“牧人”。

2.同位法。

如:
They traveled a long way and at last got to a castle,a large building in old times.
同位语部分a large building in old times 给出了 castle 的确切词义，即“城堡”。

We are on the night shift—from midnight to 8 a.m.—this week.
两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift 是“夜班”的意思。

3.对比法。

如:
She is usually prompt for all her class,but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.
but一词表转折，因此but 前后的意思正相反。

后半句的意思是“她今天第一节上了一
半才来”，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。

4.构词法(前缀、后缀、复合、派生等)。

如:
Perhaps,we can see some possibilities for next fifty years.But the next hundred?
possibility 是 possible 的同根名词,据此可以判断定 possibility 意思是“可能性”。

5.因果法。

如：
The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken.Sometimes the weakness was permanent.So the player could never play the sport again.
从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”中，可以推测 permanent 的意思为“永远的，永久”。

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