最新英语文体学知识重点
英语文体学英语文体学5
Lexicalically
conversation
simple, Anglo-Saxon, monosyllabic words, phrasal verbs,
idioms and coloquialisms
vague terms,
example
get, go, eat, have do, know, etc.
Spoken English
interview, football commentary, sermon, lecture, inaugural speech, debate, daily conversation, etc.
Written English
letter, news report, advertisement, poem, novel, legal document, etc.
writing
Graphological devices punctuation,italics paragraphing,Pictures, tables,charts
Different types of formats
Non-fluncy
Father. So what have you been making Ro++ Romy. Well-I was ma- I’ve been making a mar-I’ve been making a market++ and I made it out of matchstics-and-em matchboxes-andat the bottom of the matchboexes-I I put-I put matches-for for four legs+and I put a roof at the top+em out of paper-and then I made little things to put on it-er-.
《英语文体学》前七章总结
《英语文体学》前七章总结第一章：关于文体学。
文体学是一门研究语言风格的学科，我们所讲的是现代文体学，其又分为一般文体学和文学文体学。
前者主要是各种文体的一般特征，后者是各种文学作品的特别特征，两者研究有重叠。
语言是人们进行社交的工具，包括：言语行为，言语事件和文本。
言语事件包括三要素：实体，形式和情境。
语言具有多样性，不同的场合使用不一样的语言，承担着不同的功能，如语言的指示功能，表达功能和文本功能。
风格，是个人或群体的语言使用习惯。
学习文体学使我们对不同的语言特色或风格有个系统的知识，熟悉不同文学题材的不同特点，深化我们对文学作品的理解力和欣赏力。
此外，文体学给翻译和语言教学也提供了有效地方法。
文体学作为一门学科并不是独立存在的，它与多个学科如修辞学，文学评论等有着密切的关系。
第二章：文体学学习的必要性。
文体学作为一门研究语言风格的学科，分析不同的语言特色。
系统学习文体学，有助于培养表达的准确感。
在不同的场合使用不同的语言。
这对学外语的学生尤为重要；文体学有助于提高我们对文学作品的理解力和欣赏力。
通过对文本的研究。
涉及到描写，理解文章体裁特点和艺术表现力，这一过程就是提高我们理解和欣赏的过程；文体学有助于翻译保有原作的原滋原味。
通过分析通篇的风格，包括词，句子的特征，修辞，陈述方式以及文章的主题译者可以更好的把握原文的特色，使得译文在思想上，风格上更贴近原文，有其韵味。
第三章：语言变体文体学把语言变体主要分为方言变体和语域变体。
前者是由于不同的地域风俗习惯形成的，而后者是由于场合的不同而形成的。
方言变体和语域变体是相互依存的。
方言变体又分为：个人习语，即个人用语习惯；短暂性方言，每个时代的有其特别的语言特点，语言是时代的烙印；地域方言，不同地域的不同方言，每个地方读有其不同的说话习惯；社会方言即社会不同阶层如富人和穷人，使用不同的语言；和标准方言，方言也有标准和不标准之分。
语域变体在文体学中，又包括语场，语式（说和写）和语旨。
英语阅读文体知识点总结
英语阅读文体知识点总结IntroductionReading is an essential skill in acquiring knowledge, expanding vocabulary, and understanding different cultures. It is also a gateway to the world, providing access to a wide range of information and ideas. In this summary, we will explore various knowledge points related to reading in the English language, including reading strategies, types of texts, and how to improve reading comprehension.I. Types of Texts1. FictionFictional texts are stories that are created from the author's imagination. They can be further divided into subgenres such as fantasy, science fiction, romance, historical fiction, and mystery. Fictional texts often aim to entertain, evoke emotions, and convey universal truths about human nature.2. Non-fictionNon-fictional texts are based on real events, experiences, or research. They include genres such as biographies, autobiographies, essays, articles, and reports. Non-fictional texts aim to inform, persuade, or educate the reader about a specific topic.3. PoetryPoetry is a form of literary art that uses language to evoke emotional responses through rhythm, sound, and imagery. Poems can be written in various forms such as sonnets, haikus, ballads, and free verse. Poetry often explores themes of love, nature, and the human experience.4. DramaDrama is a literary form that is written to be performed by actors on stage. It includes genres such as tragedy, comedy, farce, and historical plays. Drama often explores conflicts, relationships, and societal issues.II. Reading Strategies1. SkimmingSkimming is a reading strategy that involves quickly glancing through a text to get a general idea of its content. It is useful for identifying key points, main ideas, and the overall structure of a text.2. ScanningScanning is a reading strategy that involves searching for specific information within a text. It is useful for locating names, dates, statistics, and other details without reading the entire text.3. Active ReadingActive reading involves engaging with the text by asking questions, making connections, and summarizing key points. It helps improve comprehension and retention of the material.4. PredictingPredicting involves making educated guesses about what will happen next in a text based on clues and prior knowledge. It helps maintain interest and anticipation while reading.5. Context CluesContext clues are words or phrases that surround an unfamiliar word and provide hints about its meaning. Understanding context clues can help readers decipher unfamiliar vocabulary.III. Reading Comprehension1. Literal ComprehensionLiteral comprehension involves understanding the explicit meaning of a text, including facts, details, and events presented in the text.2. Inferential ComprehensionInferential comprehension involves making logical inferences and drawing conclusions based on implicit information presented in the text.3. Evaluative ComprehensionEvaluative comprehension involves critically analyzing and making judgments about the content, style, and purpose of a text.4. SummarizingSummarizing involves condensing the main ideas and key points of a text into a concise and coherent form.IV. Improving Reading Skills1. Vocabulary BuildingExpanding vocabulary is essential for improving reading comprehension. Reading a variety of texts, using a dictionary, and keeping a vocabulary journal can help build vocabulary skills.2. Reading FluencyReading fluency refers to the ability to read smoothly, accurately, and with expression. Practicing reading aloud, using audio resources, and timing reading sessions can improve fluency.3. Comprehension StrategiesDeveloping comprehension strategies such as visualizing, making connections, asking questions, and monitoring understanding can enhance reading comprehension.4. Reading for PleasureReading for pleasure can improve reading skills by fostering a love for reading, increasing exposure to different genres, and building background knowledge.V. ConclusionIn conclusion, reading is a multifaceted skill that involves understanding different types of texts, using various reading strategies, and improving reading comprehension. By applying the knowledge points discussed in this summary, readers can enhance their reading skills and derive greater enjoyment and benefit from reading in the English language.。
英语文体学教程
Chapter11, what is style in your opinion according to what we have studied in this chapter?Anwser1 , from the perspective of the content, the events and activities described ,style is saying different things in different ways ;from the perspective of the ways of expression used ,styled is same thing in different ways; from the perspective of the users of language ,style is different speakers using language in different ways; and from the perspective of the text ,style is the functions of texts for different purposes.Anwser2, the definition of style is the concept of style as choice .this definition can have at least too interpretations .one is that first we have a pre-existing thought ,and then we choice the appropriate type of expression to express it in language. The chosen expression is the style .another is that the choice refers to the choice of meaning. The choice of language is at the same time a choice of meaning and a choice of style .2,what is the significance of studying the style of language in learning and teaching English?Anwser, the answer is that if we want to use language appropriately in different situations , we need to study style .as foreign language learners, if we disregard the rules of using what variety of language in what occasion , or fail to obey them through ignorance , language can become instead a barrier to successful communication . Therefore its necessary to have a clear awareness of how language should be used in different types of situations especially in unfamiliar situations.3, what factors can result in differences in style ?Answer , 1, the different types of vocabulary create different images of the events in the re ader’s mind, so they can result in different styles.2,people living in different periods of time in history will also speak differently ,and that will result in a different style.Chapter21, explain the following terms1),foregrounding: the stylistically significant features have to be prominent and motivated ,that is ,foregrounded.2),incongruity: the linguistic features depart from the normal use of language ,breaking the rules grammar ,spelling ,pronunciation.3)deflection : the linguistic features don’t depart from the established grammatical, lexical and logical rules and principles ,but have an unexpected high frequency of occurrence.4),field; its concerned with what is happening ,including the subject matter,the events happenings,going-ons, the content ,etc5)tenor: its concerned with who is taking part in the exchange of meaning ----the relationship between the speaker and the listener ,their relative status,their attitude,and their role relations .6)mode: its concerned with how the interaction is conducted ,that is whether it is written or spoken ,or whether it is expressed by phonic substance or graphic substance.2,question for discussion2)in rhetorical series,the number of items can influence the stylistic effect.try to analyze the causes on the basis of social culture.Answer :different numbers of words can produce different stylistic effects in the appropriate contexts. Two items express assertion ,that is ,it is just this ,not that .In appropriate situations three items can produce ethic ,persuasive, and representative effect. Four or more items in a seriesstress a large number of the concrete things ,and these can produce an imagery in the mind of the reader that the large amount of things constitutes a significant situation in which certain aspect are highlighted. Another function of the rhetorical series is to use concrete items to highlight abstract concepts so that the abstract concept can be expressed in concrete ,lively and vivid way to enhance the aesthetic value of language.3)what factors affect the writer’s selection of words and styleAnswer : five criteria for the selection of words :whether they are familiar or not familiar, whether they are concrete or abstract, whether they are single or more ,whether they are short and simple. Or long. Whether they are Anglo –saxon words or latin words .field ,tenor ,mode affect the writer’s selection of style.4)what is the criterion used to classify wordsAnswer :we can use more systematic way to classify word according to register and dialect .register:field ,tenor , mode .dialect: regional dialect,such as London dialect;social dialect such as dialect of age, race,etc.temporal dialect such as od English .5)through what channels can words be used to achieve transferred meaning?Answer :simile :x is like Y, eg as busy as bee. Metaphor: X is Y ,eg he is a pig. Synecdoche eg many hands represent the people who work with their hands . Metonymy eg purse represent money.Chapter31,explain the following terms1),chiasmus:chiasmus is formed by inverting the word order of the second part of a parallel structure,so it forms a kind of antithetical structure. Eg:let us never negotiate out of fear,but let us never fear to negotiate.2)antistrophe: it is the repetition of the same items but in inverted order ,eg:what’s polly to me,or me to polly?3)epizeuxis:it is a continuous repetition for high lighting a particular feature.4)ploce: the repetition is not continuous , but intermittent or dispersed in the text.5)loose sentence: put the major idea first and than the illustration .such a sentence is easy to grasp .6)periodic sentence:a periodic sentence can be used to create suspense,or expectation, thus drawing the listener’s attention to the end of the sentence.it can be used to produce humorous and emphatic effect .2,question for discussion1),there are many types of syntactic deflection ,but they have one thing in common :recurrence of structures. How is syntactic deflection classified?Answer :there are two type of syntactic deflection :the unexpected high frequency of occurrence of a certain type of sentence; and the overregular occurrence of a particular pattern .2)the high frequency of occurrence of long and short sentence can create stylistic effect .apart from the difference in expressive meanings ,what are other characteristics of the two types of sentences?Answer : long sentences are good to provide the detailed descriptions ,and are good to reveal the mental activities of the speaker .so they are used to produce a vivid, rich, exuberant, luxuriousstyle. Short sentence：can produce direct ,terse ,concise ,clear effect or continuous ,compact ,swift effect ,so that it creates certain atmosphere , and leave a deep impression on the listeners.3) why do writers often violate the rule of grammar? What do we cal this violation?Answer: we call this violation syntactic incongruity .the violation of the grammatical rules can be used to produce certain stylistic effects. The so-called ungrammatical sentences are used to represent the different varieties of language according to register and dialect. In literary works, dialectical and personal features of speech are often used to depict the personality of the characters. In poetry, the poet often uses deviant grammatical structures to achieve special effects, makes lines terse and concise, to make it rich in meaning.4)what is the function of rhetorical questions?Answer: A rhetorical question is to use the form of a question in order to express a strong emotion or to emphasize a particular aspect. The function of inverted sentence is to make a declarative sentence more powerful, to attract the listener’s attention, or to induce others’ sympathy. Arranged in parallelism, rhetorical questions can express strong emotions and increase the persuasive power.A rhetorical question can also introduce the topic of the text.5) In what ways can we use inverted sentences to achieve emphatic effect?Answer: to change the normal word order can be used to produce some emphatic effect. What is put to the initial part of the sentence is usually the focus of information of the clause and also the theme of he clause. So it is highlighted.Chapter41 explain the following terms1)Synaesthesia: it refers to the fact that sounds s are attributed with certain values or estheticfeatures. It is very casual, and supported by situational features and meaning.2)Alliteration: refers to the repetition of the initial sound usually a consonant, or a vowel at firstposition, in two or more words that occur close together.3)Assonance: refers to the use of the same or related vowel sounds in successive words. It cancreate harmonious effect.4)Consonance: refers to the repetition of the last consonants of the stresses words at the end ofthe lines.2 questions for discussion1)What are the characteristic of spoken language and written language respectively?Answer: spoken language: 1 it can directly be accompanied by other non-linguistic means as the aid; 2 it is generally speaking not as formal as written language; 3 it permits errors in the process of production; 4 it uses a particular grammar, a grammar characteristics of spoken language. 5 homophones can be used for special stylistic effects, such as pun; 6 some implications are best represented by special sound features; 7 sound feature can represent the feature of regional dialect or social dialect.Written language:1 as written language communication is usually not a direct one, but is delayed in time and at different places, the writer generally has time to get well prepared and revise the text before he sends it out to the reader;2 as space is limited, it has special grammatical features so as to put more meaning in it .there are many nominalizations to make sentences into groups;3 written language is often used in a more formal situation; 4 as time is enough, it is usually writtenin a more detailed and logical way;5 as written language is more purposeful, and for a single specific goal, it is usually more constant and developed around a single subject.2)How many sound patterns do we have? What special stylistic effects can be achieved by them? Answer: these sound patterns include alliteration which can create harmony, connection and achieve special stylistic effects, assonance which can create harmonious effect, and consonance 3)What factors can influence graphological prominence? .Answer: there are three distinctive factors that can produce graphological prominence: marking, spacing and sequence. Marking refers to the use of written symbols to convey information; space is spacing arrangement departing from this normal way of spacing can be used to achieve stylistic effects.4 In modern English, punctuation marks are patterned and standardized. How can we use punctuation marks for special stylistic purpose?Answer: period typically occurs at the end of a declarative sentence. If period occurs in unexpected high frequency of occurrence, it often means that the text mainly functions to provide information; comma is used to mark the unit larger than a word, however, in Charles Dickens’ Dombey and Son, comma is used to indicate syllables; exclamation marks can be used to carry emotional coloring, a mark of expressing special feelings; parentheses are used for further explanation; the ellipsis of punctuation marks produces an illogical and non-sequential image. Chapter71 explain the following terms1）Guide: guide is the further explanation of the headline, it consists of six elements; location, character, event, mode, time, and cause.2）Nominalization: refers to a grammatical phenomenon in which the meaning which is normally expressed by a clause is here expressed by a phrase, so clause nominalization is normal. It is contracted.3）The highlighting method: from the productive point of view, the columnist can publish the whole story, or he can cut off some parts from the end. He can even cut off the main body.4）Meaning contraction: using the smallest form to get the most meaning.5）Journalese words: as new report requires the speaker to use the least form to get the most meaning, and it has to be fresh and attractive, so the words in news report is short and new.2 questions for discussion1) What are semantic features of news report?Answer:1 In terms of ideational meaning, apart from the semantic field of news report, it covers virtually all areas of meaning systems ;2 in terms of interpersonal meaning, it stresses objectivity;3 in terms of textual meaning, it has the feature of meaning contraction.3) Most of the headlines are elliptical sentences. Tell in what way ellipsis is best achieve in news report.Answer: most of the headlines are elliptical sentences. What is omitted is: (a) subject-predicate (b) predicate (c) link verb or auxiliary verb4) How is meaning contraction of news report embodied in grammar?Answer: one feature of news report is meaning contraction, that is using the smallest form to get the most meaning .its grammatical feature are as follows:(1) the nominalization of the processes (2)big noun phrases and complex modifications (3)as some of the pre-modifiers come from a separate clause, it is highly contracted .5）The concreteness contraction of news report is in contradiction to meaning contraction. Tell how this contradiction is revolved in news report.Answer: besides its authenticity and objectivity, news report should also emphasize concreteness and detailedness. Therefore, the writer often gives background information and details by using parenthesis. By doing so, the writer can provide concrete and detailed information and save space as well.6）What graphological means are used in news report? Analyze what effects are achieved by graphological means.Answer: grphological means are made in the typesetting, for example, headlines can be arranged in such ways: 1 flush-left(it is made into a square) 2dropped-line(the length of the line is the same, but dropped in a bit each time) 3 short line followed by a long tome 4 along line followed by a short line 5 concave form 6 convex form . They can increase esthetic value and become more attractive.7）What are lexical features of news report? Why are many nonce words used in news report? Answer: lexical feature: 1 short and new-fashioned such a “crisis” in “the UN faces crisis of credibility”. 2 short journalese phrase such as “key issue” in “jobless will be the key issue in 1993”. 3nonce words, often blends such as Euromarket=European market.8）Why is there so much use of direct speech in news report?Answer: the use of direct speech can enhance the credibility of news report. The directly quoted speech can be regarded as basis of facts.9）What prominent devices are used in headlines in news report?Answer: alliteration allusion suspense etc.Chapter61Explain the following terms1）time non-fluency :pauses in inappropriate positions within a phrase or groups position ,the use of um or er to delay the time ,the repetition of some expressions ,such as be said be said be said.,2）Quality non-fluency: often the speaker cannot find the appropriate words to express himself, and he is striving for words, so he uses many inexact expressions and even wrong expressions or wrong pronunciations to express himself.3） Adjacency pair: most of the sentences are declarative and interrogative sentences as they are mostly made up of questions and answers.4） Slot filling words: slot filling words are used to fill in the pauses when the speaker strives for meaning as words, or when he or she strives to be politeness or lessen the degree of imprudence.2 question for discussion1）What are the characteristics of conversation from the perspective of semantics, grammar, vocabulary and phonology?Answer :semantic features:(1)the inexplicitness of meaning (2)the randomness of subject matter, and a general lack of planning (3)the lack of fluency Grammatical features :(1)sentence complexity (2)verbal phrases(3)nominal phrases(4)the types of sentences (5)quoted elements. Lexical feature:(1)most of the words are short and simple Anglo-Saxon ones, (2)the choice of words is limited in scope or range (3)slang and colloquial words, taboo words ,exclamatory words are frequently used (4)some slot filling words ,such as you know ,I mean,etc.(5)use exaggerated words and expressions. Phonological features :(1)use more contractions for the unimportant information (2)the often try to express themselves in spite of the fact that the other is speaking (3)there are many emphatic ways of speech ,such as stress .2）How do you account for the inexplicitness of language in daily conversation?Answer: the inexplicitness of meanings manifested in the following aspects: (1)lots of exophoric expression such as “this “is the tendency (2)there ar e missing links between the utterances(3) a lot of background information missing.(4)many inexact expressions using general words for particular concepts(5)many incomplete expressions.3）What are the features spontaneous commentary from the perspective of semantics, grammar, vocabulary and phonology?Answer: from the perspective of semantic features, if the listeners could also see the event while the commentary is delivered, there will be a lot of meaning implied or simply presupposed; but in a commentary without visual support on the part of the listeners, the commentator has to provide all the necessary information. In terms of syntactic structure, the sentences and the clauses are usually short as the commentator has no time to give detailed description of the event, and the sentences contain fewer words than usual. From the perspective of lexical features, the words are mostly simple in structure, they are short and simple; they are mostly composed of verbs, and proper names; there might be specialized terms depending on the subject matter of the commentary. From the perspective of phonological features, it is very fast and fluent, but he has to pronounce every word clearly and loudly.4）What are the features of text structure of public speech?Answer: It consist of the following element :(1)a short introduction to the main issue or issues concerned (2)the declaration of one’s attitude and position in the matter (3)the listin g, reasoning, and explaining (4)conclusion5）How is it that in public speech there is much use of noun phrases with post modification? Answer: there are few pre-modifiers, but more post-modifiers such as “of phrase” and “which clauses” to give detailed and accurate description.Chapter81 explain the following termsLearned words: learned words are words that borrowed from Latin, Greek and French.Clichés: are words or expressions which have lost their originality or effectiveness because they have been used too often.Semantic features: correctness and completeness; conciseness and clearness; consideration and courtesy.Grammatical features: sentences structure; uses of voices; uses of affirmative sentences; inverted sentencesLexical features: concrete and natural words; technical terms and abbreviations; brief and common word s; avoid clichés (except business contracts)3 questions for discussion1）Why should business English be correct and complete?Answer: the content of business English should be correct and completely. First, the conveyed information should be correct; sometimes a small mistake would cause a great loss in a deal and even affect business relations between two parties. Second, the conveyed information should be complete. For example, if we order some commodities, we should state names of commodities, delivery dates, consignees, methods of payment, etc.2）In business English sometimes active voice is used, and sometimes passive voice is preferred. Point out what stylistic features can be achieved through using voices.Answer: In business English, both active voice and passive voice can be used, but there is a tendency towards preference of active voice in today’s business communication. Active voice is shorter in form and economic in words compared with passive voice. Thus active voice is more effective in stylistic effect than passive voice; besides, active voice can make style more familiar and less formal. But in some cases, passive voice is necessary. When we discuss something negative, we should avoid blaming the other party directly, in addition, passive voice can make business English style more formal, and the conveyed information more objective.3）Why should business letters be written in a way of consideration and courtesy?Answer: In business communication, in order to make it more efficient, we should be considerate of others and polite to others. “You- Atti tude”is very important principle in business communication, that is, we should think ourselves back into the shoes of others so as to cooperate sincerely. 4）The use of technical terms and abbreviations is one stylistic feature of business English. State the reason of this phenomenon.Answer: using technical terms and abbreviations can avoid long and tedious explanation, which is one lexical feature of business English. Such as L/C----letter of credit5）Why should we avoid clichés in business English?Answer: clichés are words or expressions which have lost their originality or effectiveness because they have been used too often. In old-fashioned business English there are a large number of clichés, which should be avoid in present-day business communication.Chapter91, explain the following terms2) Redundancy: in order to avoid opaqueness and ambiguity, it has express clearly what everyone knows and takes for granted. This makes the legal language redundant clumsy and hard to understand.3) Common words: many of the legal words come from ordinary language with the common core features especially those high-frequency words, such as prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc.4) specialized words: specialized words are necessary for two important aspects of legal language. The first is that for the field of law itself, and the second is that for many non-legal field concerned with legal affairs. There are two sources of specialized legal words: common words endowed with legal meanings and archaic words.2, question for discussion1)Why is legal English syntactically complex?Answer: syntactic Complexity: as its main function is to ensure preciseness and accuracy and block any leakage, the draftsmen of legal documents have to be very carful and scrupulous, and the legal texts have to be able to stand the text of time .therefore legal language is rich in modifications, circumlocutions, and complex logic relations.2）Legal English is very conservative in form. Explain it from a historical perspective.Answer: conservativeness: as the legal language is produced by careful phrasing and tested over a long time, nobody dares to alter the structure of legal English, so that its structures become old-fashioned and archaic. The representative legal language in such a way is English legal language.3) What is the reason that there are many legal words of French source?Answer: because after the Norman Conquest, French because the official language used for all state affairs including law in Great Britain. That is why many French loan words were found in law afterwards.4) What are the lexical features of legal English?Answer: legal vocabulary mainly comes from French. (2) Legal words can be divided into following three types: 1, common words2, specialized words3, Multi-register words.。
[英语学习]文体学1
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• Implication: (Assumptions) • A.Linguistics should be most helpful in analyzing and interpreting literary texts. • B) literature is a type of communicative discourse.
• The Purposes for study of stylistics • To appreciate the English literature works • To master some general knowledge about variations of English • To improve English level • To construct a critical view towards matter • To build a new way of thinking
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
• 1 Definition of Stylistics • Stylistics=style+ linguistics • STYLE: Chapter Two • Linguistics: the study of language in which theories on languages have been fully investigated • Take some language theories as example • Cooperative principles • Politeness principles • Ambiguity of languages
• Implication: stylistic features do not occur randomly in it but form patterns. And stylisticians can account for literary texts not just intrasententially but also intersententially, not only in terms of linguistic facts and theory but also in terms of sociolinguistic facts and theory.
英语文体学知识重点[1]教案资料
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英语文体学知识重点[1]Chapter 1 Introduction· What is the English Stylistics？It is a science that deals with the research for a wide variety of the styles of written and oral English in English language.· What are language functions?a) To deliver some infor to other peopleb) To communicate with each other in society·How do we express ourselves in a proper way?Several factors do work.a)Phoneticsb)Vocabularyc)Grammard)Some knowledge concerning English stylistics·The correctness in using the language can not replace the appropriateness in language communication. Why?Four examples:a) “ Hello ” and “ Hi ”b) “ Assist me! Assist me! ” and “ Aid! Aid! ”c) “That’s all right.” “That’s to say.” “It’s O.K..”d) See next paged) “ I am terribly sorry to hear that your husband has just died, but don’t let it upset you too much. You’re an attractive, young lady. I’m pretty sure it is very easy for you to find someone else soon. ”·The effects of language expressions are sometimes related to some non-linguistic factors. a) Sex ------ “ Oh, my God! ”b) Age ------ “ Cheers! ” and “ Bye for now. ”c) Vocation ------ “ Watch the birdie. ”d) Received education ------ “ go to W.C. ”e) Social station ------ “ What prompted you to apply for this job? ”·Why should we learn and study English stylistics?a) It will help us to express ourselves in English properly.b) It will help us to know something about language features of a variety of English written styles.c) It will help us to select a proper way for getting the best language effects and attaining our communicative purposes.d) It will help us to go at literary criticism.e) It will help us to do the translation work well.Chapter 2 Language Description & Stylistic Analysis·There are 4 phonetic means in English:1) stress 2) Intonation 3) pause 4) voice quality.·Stress has several apparent stylistic and grammatical functions.(1) The first function is for emphasis.(2) The second function is to change the meaning or the part of speech of some words, or both.(3) The third function is to differ some English words(4) The fourth function is to show someone’s surprise, anger, fear, doubt, pleasure, etc..·Intonation can be employed to express people’s happiness, sadness, certainty, hesitation, depression, etc. There are 5 pitches in phonetics:收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除(1) The falling pitch is used to show the meaning of definiteness, certainty and completeness.(2) The rising pitch is employed to show the meaning of indefiniteness, uncertainty and incompleteness.(3) The fall-rise pitch is used to give people some encouragement or give people a warning.(4) The rise-fall pitch is employed to give people a sincere praise or to show the feeling of shock.(5) The level pitch is used to give account on something happened in the past. ·Pause can be divided into two.a) voiced pause b) silent pause·Some useful rhetorical devices1. Period and inversion2. Parallelism and antithesis3. Climax and anti-climax4. RepetitionChapter 3 Oral Style and Written Style·Several occasions for using oral style:1. In literary masterpieces2. In everyday conversation3. In informal speeches·The differences between oral communication and written communication1. Use some gestures ( body language ) in oral communication2. Use a statement as a question in oral communication3. Use some pure oral words in oral communication· The comparison of language styles in oral style and in written style ·What can be used with oral style?1) slangs 2) vogue words 3) abbreviations 4) phrasal verbs 5) idioms ·What can be used with written style?1) Scientific English 2) Legal English 3) Religious English 4) Formal speech 5) Official documentsChapter 4 Formal Style & Informal Style·Five styles were advanced by Martin Joos in the book “ The Five Clocks ”1) Frozen Style: legal items, historic literature, the documents for international conferences, etc.2) Formal Style: This style is usually used to deliver some infor on formal occasions.3) Consultative Style: With this style people usually offer some background information. It is usually employed in business activities.4) Casual Style: People usually use it between friends, acquaintances, or insiders. Its main feature is that people usually employ ellipsis, slangs or cants with it.5) Intimate Style: It is usually used between husband and wife. Moreover it is employed in jargons sometimes.Chapter 6 Societal Deviation in English· What is societal deviation in English?收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除Societal deviation is something about societal dialects.·Black English Vernacular: (土语)urban black English·What are the reasons for you to know Black English Vernacular?⏹(1)It will help us to know the status que of AE.(2) It will help to readsome novels in American literature.⏹Chapter 7 Time Deviation in English· Three stages of the development of English language1) The 1st stage is from 449 to 1100 ( Old English ).(The verbs in Old English can be divided into two categories ------ one is strong verbs and another is weak verbs. The past tense forms of most of weak verbs are with the ending -cec, -ode, or -de after the original weak verbs.) 2) The 2nd stage is from 1100 to 1500 (Middle English).( At that time “ hw ” in Old English became “ wh ” and “ cw ” became “ qu ”. )3) The 3rd stage is from 1500 to present time (Modern English).(There are two remarkable features in Modern English. )(1)There are many loans in Modern English. from Japanese/from French/from Latin/ from Chinese.(2) There are some neologisms(新词) in Modern English.·The application of English archaic words（过时的词）in modern times1) In legal English 2) In religious English 3) In English poetry 4) In newspapers·Why use archaic words in modern times? formal/rhyme/show-off Chapter 8 Common Practical Styles·Three functions of English advertisements1) to attract readers’ attention 2) to arose customer interest 3) to erge customer to take actions as soon as possible.·Some features of English advertisements(1) More simple sentences(2) Less negative sentences ------ If people really want to express the negative meaning in advertisements, they may use “ nothing ” or “ no ” instead of “ not ”.(3) Frequent use of present tense(4) More and more imperative sentences(5) Far more elliptical sentences(6) More figures of speech(7) Some special adjectives(8) Some newly-created words·Journalistic English: News report/news story·two categories of newspapers1) quality paper大报 2) tabloid小报·Three requirements for news reports：Swift / objective / true·Some features of journalistic English1) Some journalistic jargons 2) Some acronyms 3) Some apocopation 4) Some aphoeresis 5) Some words with front and back clipping 6) Some收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除syncopations 7) Some neologisms 8) Some blends 9) Some nouns are used as verbs to make the headlines vivid.Scientific English·What can be written with scientific English?1) Scientific works and literature2) Academic theses3) Laboratory reports4) Product instructions·Some important features of scientific English1) Passive voice is high-frequently used in sentences.2) Present tense is quite often employed in sentences because scientific concepts and principles are usually described as truths.3) Long and complete sentences are often used to express meanings, ideas and concepts.4) There are some words which are from Latin.5) There is a simplicity in meaning for some words in scientific English.6) There are some useful prefixes and suffixes in scientific English. Chapter 9 Literary Style·The language features of English poetry1. The rhythm and the meter of English poetryRhythm is a regular succession of weak and strong stresses, accents, sounds, or movements in speech, music, poems, dancing, etc.·How is the rhythm formed in English poems?Stressed syllables and unstressed syllables which alternately appear in a stanza may produce rhythm in English poems. ·What is meter? Meter is the measur. The English poetic rhythm is based on meter.构成英诗节奏的基础是韵律，即“格律”。
第二讲 英文文体上的一些要点
These results are preliminary in nature.
→ These reቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱults are preliminary.
7. 同义反复比比皆是
其语法上并不存在任何语病，但在英语本族语者读来 却有语义重叠、拖沓冗长之感。 如 “大家一致认为” Everyone thinks unanimously that the procedure is feasible everyone feels已包含unanimously之意； feels已包含unanimously之意； “不切实际的幻想” impractical illusion等 illusion等 illusion已包含impractical之意 illusion已包含impractical之意 “甜言蜜语”、“平稳”、“差错”、“思想”、“千 姿百态”
4. Use the active voice whenever possible. 尽可能使用主动语态。 不合适的： It was observed that the solution turned red. 正确的： The solution turned red Or We observed that the solution turned red. 溶液变成了红色。或， 我们观察到溶液变成了红 色。
不合适的： this leads us to conclude that….. this observation leads us to conclude that……. 这个观察结果使我们推断出…… 这个观察结果使我们推断出……
3. Describe experimental results uniformly in the past tense. 描述实验结果一律要用过去时态。 不合适的： Addition of water gives product 正确的： Addition of water gave product 加水后生成产物
新编英语文体学教程
新编英语文体学教程
摘要：
1.新编英语文体学教程概述
2.英语文体学的重要性
3.新编英语文体学教程的主要内容
4.新编英语文体学教程的特点
5.新编英语文体学教程的应用和价值
正文：
1.新编英语文体学教程概述
《新编英语文体学教程》是一本关于英语文体学的专业教材。
它旨在帮助学生深入理解和掌握英语文体学的基本概念、原理和方法，从而提高他们的英语写作能力和跨文化交际能力。
2.英语文体学的重要性
英语文体学是研究不同类型英语文本的语言特征和结构规律的学科，对于提高英语写作水平、加深对英语语言的理解和应用具有重要的意义。
同时，英语文体学也是研究跨文化交际的重要工具，可以帮助我们更好地理解和适应不同的文化背景。
3.新编英语文体学教程的主要内容
《新编英语文体学教程》全面、系统地介绍了英语文体学的基本概念、原理和方法。
主要包括英语文体学的基本概念，英语文体学的历史和发展，英语文体学的主要理论和方法，以及英语文体学在实际应用中的案例分析等。
4.新编英语文体学教程的特点
《新编英语文体学教程》具有以下特点：首先，结构严谨，内容全面，既注重理论知识的讲解，又注重实践应用的分析；其次，采用最新的研究成果和实例，贴近实际，富有时代感；最后，编写风格简洁明了，易于理解和学习。
5.新编英语文体学教程的应用和价值
《新编英语文体学教程》不仅可以作为英语专业教材，也可以作为广大英语学习者的参考书。
文体学知识点梳理
Chapter 4Deep-structure Deviation: it refers to semantic deviation, which may be defined as “Linguistic effects involving something odd in the cognitive meaning of a certain linguistic unit, e. g., a word or phrase” (Leech, 1969; 131)”4.1 ContradictionContradiction is a type of semantic deviation which conveys self-conflicting information. It can be readily divided into two types which are termed in rhetoric oxymoron and paradox.4.1.1 OxymoronOxymoron is “the yoking together of two expressions which are incompatible, so that in combination they have no conceivable literal reference to reality” (Leech, 1969:132) Understanding：It is a figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction. The conjunction of words which, at first view, seem to be contradictory or incongruous, but whose surprising juxtaposition expresses a truth or dramatic effect, such as, cool fire, deafening silence, wise folly, etc. ...Example: Dudley Field Malene called my conviction a , “victorious defeat .”4.1.2 ParadoxA paradox is a statement which is absurd because it is self-evidently false.In brief, oxymoron and paradox are devices that allow the literary writer to express a certain truth or message through apparent falsehood.Understanding：It is a seemingly absurd or contradictory statement, even if actually well-founded. And it is a true statement or group of statements that leads to a contradiction or a situation which defies intuition. The term is also used for an apparent contradiction that actually expresses anon-dual truth.Example: His complaint is too funny not to be taken seriously.4.2 TransferenceTransference of meaning is the process whereby literary absurdity leads the mind to comprehension on a figurative plane. Transference in literature refers to such traditional figures of speech as synecdoche, metonymy and metaphor.4.2.1 SynecdocheSynecdoche is a type of transference of meaning which involves the substitution of a part for the whole.Understanding: a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa. And it involves the use of a narrower or a more general term to designate something, eg "a sail!" meaning "a ship!"Example: The case had erupted round my head.4.2.2 MetonymyMetonymy is another type of transference which involves substitution, and therefore has often been confused with synecdoche. However, metonymy is the substitution of a word referring to an attribute of the thing that is meant, rather than the substitution of a part for the whole, or the whole for a part.Understanding: It is the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another. Example: Mark Twain‟s pen would prove mightier than his pickax.4.2.3 MetaphorMetaphor, the figurative meaning is derived from the literal meaning or it is, as it were, the literal meaning. There are three elements in a metaphor.Ⅰ.tenor (for the literal meaning) Ⅱ. Vehicle (for the figurative meaning) Ⅲ. The ground (of comparison)Metaphor has been classified into types in different ways. There are five main types of metaphor, grouped partly in accordance with Chapman‟s organ ization. (1983:81-82)A.One type of sensory perception is expressed in terms of another,e.g.B. A non-human referent is given human attributes, e.g.C. A non-animate referent is given animate characteristics, e. g.D.An abstraction is treated as if it were animate, e.g.E. A human referent is treated either as an inanimate being or an animal or a bird, e.g. Understanding: Metaphors are comparisons that equate two entities to show that the two distinct entities are similar/comparable in one important way. Metaphors are a way to describe something. Authors use them to make their writing more interesting or entertaining.Unlike similes that use the words "as" or "like" to make a comparison, metaphors state that something is something else.Example: Her eyes were pools of water.4.3 DeceptionDeception simply refers to the deliberate use of overstatement, understatement and irony, each of which misrepresents the truth in some way.4.3.1 OverstatementOverstatement is termed hyperbole in traditional rhetoric. It distorts the truth by great exaggeration. It is usually used to emphasize strong feeling and to create a sentimental, satiric or comic effect.Understanding: Overstatement- making something seems more important than it really is. An overstatement is often metaphorical.Example: The trial that rocked the world.4.3.2 UnderstatementUnderstatement is the opposite of overstatement in that it misrepresents the truth by deliberately understating is as opposed to exaggerating it. There are two types of understatement, namely litotes and meiosis. Litotes is the most common and is marked by the use of a negative construction. It is employed to foreground a positive emphasis. Meiosis is merely understatement without the use of a negative construction, e.g.Understanding: Understatement is a form of speech which contains an expression of less strength than what would be expected. This is not to be confused with euphemism, where a polite phrase is used in place of a harsher or more offensive expression.Example: It's just a flesh wound.4.3.3 IronyVerbal irony achieves emphasis also by misrepresenting the truth. It takes the form of saying the opposite of what one feels to be the case.Understanding：This term derives from a character in a Greek comedy. In most of the modern critical uses of the term “irony”, there remains the root sense of dissembling or hiding what is actually the case; not, however, in order to deceive, but to achieve rhetorical or artisticeffects.Example：You get something for free and when it stops working, you go back to the shop and ask for your money back.4.4AmbiguityAmbiguity is the case of “more than one cognitive meaning for the same piece of language (Leech, 1969:205). In non-literary discourse, ambiguity is usually taken to be the opposite of clarity and is therefore normally considered a fault. In literature, however, it is regarded as a virtue, roughly correspondent to …richness‟ or …wit‟, for in literature we are ready to read extra-meanings.Ambiguity can be purely phonetic resulting from homophony, i.e. words that have the same pronunciation but differ in form and meaning.Understanding: Ambiguity means a word or phrase that suggests more than one connotation. Most cases of ambiguity are at the level of lexis, resulting from either homonymy or polysemy.Example: I can't recommend this book too highly.Chapter 5 Phonological Overregularity5.1Phonological Patterning5.1.1AlliterationAlliteration is the repetition of the initial consonant cluster in stressed syllables. It is frequently found in proverbial and idiomatic expressions, and these expressions in speech are emphatic in effect, though we may not be very conscious of them. It is also a feature of tongue twisters which can create humorous effects and may be used to practice certain sounds.5.1.2 RhymeRhyme is defined as “identity of sounds between words or verse lines extending back from the end to the last fully accented vowel and not further”.The general function of rhymes is to get the texts more organized and to bestow “music” to the texts. Like alliteration ,it may also be used to achieve more significant effects. Rhymes may also be used to bind lines which are closely associated in content.5.1.3Assonance 谐音Assonance is the repetition of identical vowel or diphthong in stressed syllables. It is found not only at the end of the lines but also within the lines. Its chiefy function to unify words and ideas.Example: Think from how many treesDead leaves are broughtTo earth on seed or wing(Vernon Watkins, The Compost Heap)In this poem, trees ,leaves, and seed are used in assonance. These words are stressed rhythmically in the lines. Assonance not only contributes to musical quality of a literary text, but also to its meaning.5.1.4Consonance 辅音韵Consonance is the repetition of the final consonant cluster in stressed syllables. It may beemployed to replace rhyme. The assonance in this poem functions to make the text more organized and at the same time adds to the musical quality of the poem.5.1.5Onomatopoeia 象声，拟声Firstly , it refers to the use of words formed in imitation of the natural sounds associated with the object or action involved.Secondly, it is relevant to our discussion may be phrased as the recurrence of phonemes ina text unit that suggests certain natural sounds which reinforce the meaning conveyed inthat text unit.The examples of Onomatopoeia are more significant than those in the prose passages, it can give a vivid description to the sounds.5.2 Rhythmic Patterning. 5.2.1. Stress5 .2.2 Metre 格律，韵律1,1）Iamb 抑扬格：unstressed +stressedExamples: In every cry of every manIn every infant‟s cry of fear(W.Blake, london)2)Trochee 扬抑格stressed +unstressedMen of England , wherefore ploughFor the Lords who lay yellow?(P.B. Shelly, Song to the Men of England )3)Anapaest 抑抑扬格unstressed +unstressed +stressedThe Assy rian came down like the wolf on the fold .(Byron, The Destruction of Sennacherib)4)Dactyl 扬抑抑格stressed +unstressed +unstressedSing me a song of a lad that is gone.(R.L. Stevenson)5)Spondee 扬扬格stressed + stressedSweet day , so cool , so calm , so bright(G.Herbert, Virtue)2 1)Monometer one foot2)Dimeter two feet3)Trimeter three feet4)Tetrameter four feet5)Pentameter five feet6)Hexameter six feet5.2.3 Metrical VariationMetrical Variation including : leaving one foot without a strong stress, putting two strong stresses in one foot, inverting any foot, putting a hypermetric syllable at the end of a line or having a catalectic foot (i.e. a foot having one or two syllables short),etc.They have a strong communicative function and can create great aesthetic effects, and help to avoid monotony which may arise when a rigid metrical pattern is adopted.Chapter 6 Syntactic Overregularity6.1 RepetitionIt is restricted to mean the case of exact copying of a certain previous unit in a text, such as a word, phrase or even a sentence.6.1.1 Immediate RepetitionIt means the repeated unit immediately follows the initial unit.Example:Gold! Gold! Gold! Gold!Bright and yellow, hard and coldMolten, graven, hammer‟d and roll‟dHeavy to get and light to hold.(Thomas Hood)6.1.2 Intermittent RepetitionIt is known as ploce in traditional rhetoricExample:O, how that name befits my composition,Old Gaunt indeed, and gaunt in being old.(Shakespeare, Richar dⅡ)6.2 Parallelism6.2.1 Large-scale Parallelism P135-P142It is consists of more than two juxtaposed(并列的) units.6.2.2 Small-scale Parallelism P142-P144It is consists of only two juxtaposed units.Chapter8 Speech Acts, The Cooperative Principle and Turn-taking8.1 Speech Act Theory P188-P1961)a locutionary act2) an illocutionary acta) Representativesb) Expressivesc)Verdictivesd)Directivese) Commissivesj) Declarations8.2 The Cooperative Principle1) The maxim of quantityMake your contribution as informative as is required. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.2) The maxim of qualityDo not say that for which you lack adequate evidence or which you believe to be false.3)The maxim of relationMake your contributions relevant to the purpose in hand.4)The maxim of mannerAvoid obscurity, ambiguity and unnecessary prolixity, and be orderly.8.3 Turn-takingIt means the participants in a conversation take turns in speaking.Politeness Principle (老师添加内容)1, Tact maxim 得体准则2, Generosity maxim 慷慨准则3,Approbation maxim 赞誉准则4,Modesty maxim 谦逊准则5,Agreement maxim 一致准则6, Sympathy maxim 同情准则。
英语文体学-第1-4讲
Lectures on Stylistics
• General stylistics concentrates solely on the general features of various types of language use. It studies the stylistic features of the main varieties of language, covering the functional varieties from the dimension of fields of discourse (different social activities), formal vs informal varieties from the dimension of tenors of discourse (different addresser-addressee relationships), and the spoken vs written varieties from the dimension of modes of discourse (different mediums).
Lectures on Stylistics
or writing), the setting (private or public), the relationship with the addressee (in terms of the degree of intimacy or social distance), the subject matter (technical or nontechnical), and the purpose (to inform, to persuade, etc.)”.
《英语文体学》1-7总结
第一章文体学相关研究内容文体学分为普通文体学和文学文体学，二者有重叠部分，但在此我们所研究的是普通文体学，文体学研究的是语言风格，对语言，人们的理解有很多种，但不管哪种说法，无可否认，语言都是人类表达思想、互相交流的手段，并且有很多具不同意旨的言语事件；风格是与说话人的语言习惯、时代背景相关的，是人门特有的表达方式，因人而异，对语言起到一定修饰作用并且关系到语言表达的有效性。
因此，文体学研究会涉及各种语言变体及相关特征、功用。
文体学对提高理解力和鉴赏水平有很大帮助。
此外，文体学还与语言学、修辞学及文学评论等相关联。
接下来的章节中将具体阐述相关内容。
第二章文体学研究的必要性学习文体学可以提高我们语言使用的精确性，犹如不能在婚礼上穿牛仔装一样，语言使用要合乎当时、当地的具体环境，这就涉及文体学中的言语事件；学习文体学有利于提高我们对文学作品的理解与鉴赏水平，因为文学创作中，作者不可避免会对作品的语言、风格做选择，在文学评论三部曲（描述、解读、评估）中会涉及相关内容；文体学对满足翻译适应性有很大帮助，翻译很难做到完全对应，但基本原则一致是必须的，如作品基调、作品体裁等一致。
以上文体学内容中都有涉及。
第三章语言变体在不同的社交场合，有不同的约定俗成的语体。
根据特定场合的语言习惯及其中特定说话人的语言使用，语言变体可以分为两种：方言变体和语域变体。
方言变体与不同的语言使用者相关，分为个人方言、时间方言、地域方言、社会方言和标准方言；语域变体与不同社交场合相关，其构成要素是语场、语式和语旨。
两种变体并非独立存在而是有一定的相关性，比如，在同一种族、同一领域或同一社会地位，为了增进了解，说话人可能会选择这一具某种共同特征人群的行内语言。
此外，从语言变体中，我们还可以获知说话人的某些相关信息，如职业、国家和说话意旨等。
第四章语言描述了解了语言变体，本章节探讨各种语言变体的具体表述问题，即具体语言表述。
在这个层面上，文体学提供了一种系统的分析方法，使我们对付各种文章轻而易举。
高中英语必修三《英语与文学》必备知识点整合
高中英语必修三《英语与文学》必备知识点整合本文将整合高中英语必修三《英语与文学》的必备知识点，帮助学生更好地理解和掌握这门课程。
Unit 1: Literature1. Literary Genres:- Fiction: includes novels, short stories, and plays.- Non-fiction: includes biographies, autobiographies, and essays.2. Elements of Fiction:- Characterization: the development of characters in a story.- Plot: the sequence of events in a story.- Theme: the main idea or message conveyed in a story.- Setting: the time and place in which a story takes place.- Point of View: the perspective from which a story is told.3. Literary Devices:- Personification: giving human qualities to non-human objects or ideas (e.g., "The wind whispered through the trees").Unit 2: Poetry1. Types of Poetry:- Sonnet: a 14-line poem with a specific rhyme scheme.- Haiku: a traditional Japanese poem consisting of three lines with a specific syllable pattern.- Free Verse: poetry without a regular rhyme or meter.2. Poetic Devices:- Rhyme: the repetition of similar sounds at the end of words.- Meter: the rhythmic pattern in poetry.- Alliteration: the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words.3. Poetic Forms and Structures:- Stanza: a group of lines in a poem.- Refrain: a repeated phrase or line in a poem.- Enjambment: the continuation of a sentence without pause beyond the end of a line.Unit 3: Drama1. Types of Drama:- Tragedy: a serious play with a tragic ending.2. Elements of Drama:- Dialogue: the conversation between characters in a play.- Stage Directions: instructions for actors and stage crew.- Monologue: a long speech by one character.3. Play Structure:- Acts: the major divisions of a play.- Scenes: smaller divisions within acts.这些知识点将帮助学生更好地理解和分析高中英语必修三《英语与文学》中的文学作品、诗歌和戏剧，为学习和阅读提供指导和帮助。
《英语文体学》总结
第一章文体学相关研究内容文体学分为普通文体学和文学文体学，二者有重叠部分，但在此我们所研究的是普通文体学，文体学研究的是语言风格，对语言，人们的理解有很多种，但不管哪种说法，无可否认，语言都是人类表达思想、互相交流的手段，并且有很多具不同意旨的言语事件；风格是与说话人的语言习惯、时代背景相关的，是人门特有的表达方式，因人而异，对语言起到一定修饰作用并且关系到语言表达的有效性。
因此，文体学研究会涉及各种语言变体及相关特征、功用。
文体学对提高理解力和鉴赏水平有很大帮助。
此外，文体学还与语言学、修辞学及文学评论等相关联。
接下来的章节中将具体阐述相关内容。
第二章文体学研究的必要性学习文体学可以提高我们语言使用的精确性，犹如不能在婚礼上穿牛仔装一样，语言使用要合乎当时、当地的具体环境，这就涉及文体学中的言语事件；学习文体学有利于提高我们对文学作品的理解与鉴赏水平，因为文学创作中，作者不可避免会对作品的语言、风格做选择，在文学评论三部曲（描述、解读、评估）中会涉及相关内容；文体学对满足翻译适应性有很大帮助，翻译很难做到完全对应，但基本原则一致是必须的，如作品基调、作品体裁等一致。
以上文体学内容中都有涉及。
第三章语言变体在不同的社交场合，有不同的约定俗成的语体。
根据特定场合的语言习惯及其中特定说话人的语言使用，语言变体可以分为两种：方言变体和语域变体。
方言变体与不同的语言使用者相关，分为个人方言、时间方言、地域方言、社会方言和标准方言；语域变体与不同社交场合相关，其构成要素是语场、语式和语旨。
两种变体并非独立存在而是有一定的相关性，比如，在同一种族、同一领域或同一社会地位，为了增进了解，说话人可能会选择这一具某种共同特征人群的行内语言。
此外，从语言变体中，我们还可以获知说话人的某些相关信息，如职业、国家和说话意旨等。
第四章语言描述了解了语言变体，本章节探讨各种语言变体的具体表述问题，即具体语言表述。
在这个层面上，文体学提供了一种系统的分析方法，使我们对付各种文章轻而易举。
新编英语文体学教程(董启明)第一章要点
第一章文体和文体学综述1.1引言母语使用者知道在什么地方选用什么样的词，而外语使用者就不知道，因为没有在相关的地方长大，因此需要培养一种风格，也就是文体。
文体学可以帮助我们在合适的地方选用合适的词，使我们的语言更加符合当地的语言特色；还可以帮助我们更加理解语言的变体，更好地使用它们；还可以帮助我们更好的翻译文学作品；还可以帮助我们理解和鉴赏文学作品。
1.2风格的定义把如何来定义风格呢？许多人给出的定义都各不相同，有人从修辞学的角度来解读它，强调它的“有效使用”；有人从结构语言学的角度来解读它，强调语言系统内各语言单位之间的关系；还有人从转换成语言学的角度来看待它，强点不同层次语言结构转换所产生的文体效应；韩立的对风格的定义是以他的系统功能语言学为基础的。
而本书中使用的风格定义是一个通用的、面向语言的定义：表现出现显著的语言特征、装置或模式的方式，大多数（或至少）经常出现在特定语言的特定文本中。
1.3文体学的定义说完了文体，我们来说说文体学，有人说文体学就是研究文体的学科，这是不准确的。
文体学在本书中所使用的定义是：文体学语言学的一个分支，他研究不同层次的语言的不同变体的礼貌、语言特征的系统的研究方法。
1.4文体学的发展史下面我们来了解一下文体学的发展史。
文体学首先来自于古代的修辞学，来自于亚里斯多德的修辞论。
现代文体学创始人是法国文体学家巴利（索绪尔的学生）。
1.4.1西方的文体学发展史先谈一谈西方的文体学发展。
西方文体学的研究可上溯到古希腊、罗马的修辞学研究，早在公元100年就出现了德米特里厄斯的《论文体》这样集中探讨文体问题的论著。
但在20世纪之前，对文体地讨论一般不外乎主观印象式的评论，而且通常出现在修辞学研究、文学研究或语法分析之中，文体研究没有自己相对的地位。
20世纪初以来，在采用现代语言方法之后，文体分析方法逐渐深入和系统化、科学化。
现代文体学创始人是法国文体学家巴利（索绪尔的学生），他借用索绪尔的结构主义语言学反思传统修辞学，力图将文体学作为语言学的一个分支建立起来，使文体分析更为科学化和系统化。
新编英语文体学教程
新编英语文体学教程摘要：一、引言1.英语文体学的概念与重要性2.新编英语文体学教程的目的和适用对象二、英语文体学的基本原理1.语言的定义与功能2.语言的结构与系统3.语言的变化与演化三、文体学的主要研究内容1.文体与风格2.语体与语境3.文体分析的方法与技巧四、英语文体学的实际应用1.写作与翻译2.口语与听力3.阅读与教学五、英语文体学教程的学习建议1.注重基础知识的掌握2.加强实践训练3.培养跨文化交际能力正文：在新编英语文体学教程中，我们首先探讨了英语文体学的概念以及它在我们日常英语学习和应用中的重要性。
英语文体学作为语言学的一个重要分支，关注的是英语在不同语境下的运用与表达，以及英语语言在使用过程中的变化与发展。
教程的第一部分重点介绍了英语文体学的基本原理。
在这一部分，我们首先明确了语言的定义，即人类为了表达思想和进行沟通而采用的一种符号系统。
随后，教程详细讲解了语言的结构与系统，包括语音、词汇、语法等组成部分，以及它们之间的关系和作用。
最后，教程简要介绍了语言的变化与演化，包括语言的起源、发展、地域差异和时代变迁等方面。
在教程的第二部分，我们深入探讨了文体学的主要研究内容。
首先，教程详细解释了文体与风格的区别与联系，以及如何通过文体和风格来表达意义和传递信息。
接着，教程介绍了语体与语境的概念，强调了在实际交际中，要根据不同的语境选择合适的语体。
最后，教程讲解了文体分析的方法与技巧，包括如何运用这些方法和技巧来分析英语文本，以揭示其深层次的意义和结构。
在教程的第三部分，我们着重讨论了英语文体学的实际应用。
首先，教程介绍了写作与翻译中如何运用文体学的知识和技巧，以提高写作和翻译的质量。
其次，教程讲解了口语与听力中如何运用文体学的原理，以提高口语表达和听力的水平。
最后，教程从阅读和教学的角度，阐述了如何运用英语文体学的知识来提高英语阅读能力和教学效果。
在教程的最后部分，我们提出了英语文体学教程的学习建议。
英语中的文体学与修辞知识点
英语中的文体学与修辞知识点文体学和修辞学是研究语言运用和艺术表达的重要分支。
它们涉及到英语语言的不同风格和用法，以及如何通过修辞手法来提升表达的艺术性和效果。
本文将介绍英语中的文体学和修辞，包括其定义、应用和常见的知识点。
一、文体学1. 定义：文体学是研究语言表达风格和特点的学科，包括不同文体之间的差异和特征。
2. 应用：文体学可以帮助我们理解不同文本的特点，如小说、诗歌、散文和新闻报道等。
3. 知识点：- 叙述文体：用于描述事件、故事或经历的文体，如小说和传记。
- 说明文体：用于解释、阐述观点或提供事实的文体，如科学论文和说明书。
- 议论文体：用于陈述和辩论观点的文体，如论文和演讲稿。
- 描写文体：用于描绘人物、地点或对象的文体，如诗歌和旅行报道。
- 敌对文体：用于抨击和讽刺的文体，如讽刺小说和政治漫画。
二、修辞学1. 定义：修辞学是研究修辞手法和表达方式的学科，它通过运用各种修辞手法来增强语言的表达力。
2. 应用：修辞学可以用于文学作品、演讲和写作等领域，使语言更生动、美观和有说服力。
3. 知识点：- 比喻：通过对两个不同事物的比较，以便更好地理解和描绘。
- 拟人：将非人事物赋予人的特性和行为，增加描写的生动性。
- 夸张：通过夸大手法来强调某种观点或感觉。
- 反问：用问句的形式提出观点，以引发读者思考和关注。
- 排比：通过并列结构反复使用相同的词或短语，以产生韵律感和强调。
- 对偶：通过相似的句子结构和表达方式来增加语言的节奏感。
通过掌握英语中的文体学和修辞知识，我们可以更好地理解和运用英语语言，让我们的表达更加生动、有趣和具有说服力。
文体学可以帮助我们理解不同文本的特点和风格，而修辞学则可以通过运用各种修辞手法来提升语言的艺术性和表达效果。
希望本文的介绍能够对你有所启发，让你在英语学习和应用中更加得心应手。
高三英语文科考试必考知识点概括
高三英语文科考试必考知识点概括（经典版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制单位：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文，如演讲稿、总结报告、合同协议、方案大全、工作计划、学习计划、条据书信、致辞讲话、教学资料、作文大全、其他范文等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, this shop provides you with various types of classic sample essays, such as speech drafts, summary reports, contract agreements, project plans, work plans, study plans, letter letters, speeches, teaching materials, essays, other sample essays, etc. Want to know the format and writing of different sample essays, so stay tuned!高三英语文科考试必考知识点概括单词是英语复习大厦的“砖头”,是英语学习的基础.单词,需要经常记忆.在基础复习上,别给下学期留下遗憾.考生必须坚持每天记单词.给自己制定一个计划,对单词进行归纳、记忆.以下是本店铺给大家整理的高三英语文科考试必考知识点概括，希望大家能够喜欢!高三英语文科考试必考知识点概括1虚拟语气在一些特殊词中的使用或含蓄条件句1.wish后的宾语从句。
高二英语文科必修书的掌握知识点
高二英语文科必修书的掌握知识点高二英语文科必修书的掌握知识点1重点短语1. defend against保卫…以免受2.intruduce sb tosb 向某人介绍某人3.kiss sb on somepart亲吻某人的某个部位4.in defence 防御，保障5.together with 与某人一起6.be likely to 很可能…;有希望…7.reach one’s hand out to sth 把手伸出来取某物8.on the contrary 相反9.nod at sb 向某人点头10.greet sbwith/by 通过…向某人问候11.express one’s feelings表达某人的感情12. in general 总的来说;通常13.at a job fair 在求职会上14.be nervousabout 对…感到紧张15. at ease 舒适;快活;自由自在16. lose face丢脸17.turn one’s back to 背对;背弃18.turn one’s head away 把头转过去19.be willing to 渴望…. , 愿意….20. look upsetabout sth 对.. 感到沮丧重点句型1. I saw several young people enter thewaiting area looking around curiously.我看见几个年轻人走进了等候区，好奇地向四周张望。
2. The firstperson to arrive was Tony Garcia from Colombia, closely followed by Julia Smithfrom Britain.第一个到达的是从哥伦比亚来的托尼?加西亚，随后紧跟着的是英国的茱莉亚?史密斯。
3. She steppedback appearing surprised and put up her hands, as if in defense.她后退了几步，看上去有些吃惊，并举起了手，好像是在自卫。
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Chapter 1 Introduction·What is the English Stylistics？It is a science that deals with the research for a wide variety of the styles of written and oral English in English language.·What are language functions?a) To deliver some infor to other peopleb) To communicate with each other in society·How do we express ourselves in a proper way?Several factors do work.a)Phoneticsb)Vocabularyc)Grammard)Some knowledge concerning English stylistics·The correctness in using the language can not replace the appropriateness in language communication. Why?Four examples:a) “ Hello ” and “ Hi ”b) “ Assist me! Assist me! ” and “ Aid! Aid! ”c) “That’s all right.” “That’s to say.” “It’s O.K..”d) See next paged) “ I am terribly sorry to hear that your husband has just died, but don’t let it upset you too much. You’re an attractive, young lady. I’m pretty sure it is very easy for you to find someone else soon. ”·The effects of language expressions are sometimes related to some non-linguistic factors.a) Sex ------ “ Oh, my God! ”b) Age ------ “ Cheers! ” and “ Bye for now. ”c) Vocation ------ “ Watch the birdie. ”d) Received education ------ “ go to W.C. ”e) Social station ------ “ What prompted you to apply for this job? ” ·Why should we learn and study English stylistics?a) It will help us to express ourselves in English properly.b) It will help us to know something about language features of a variety of English written styles.c) It will help us to select a proper way for getting the best language effects and attaining our communicative purposes.d) It will help us to go at literary criticism.e) It will help us to do the translation work well.Chapter 2 Language Description & Stylistic Analysis·There are 4 phonetic means in English:1) stress 2) Intonation 3) pause 4) voice quality.·Stress has several apparent stylistic and grammatical functions.(1) The first function is for emphasis.(2) The second function is to change the meaning or the part of speech of some words, or both.(3) The third function is to differ some English words(4) The fourth function is to show someone’s surprise, anger, fear, doubt, pleasure, etc..·Intonation can be employed to express people’s happiness, sadness, certainty, hesitation, depression, etc. There are 5 pitches in phonetics:(1) The falling pitch is used to show the meaning of definiteness, certainty and completeness.(2) The rising pitch is employed to show the meaning of indefiniteness, uncertainty and incompleteness.(3) The fall-rise pitch is used to give people some encouragement or give people a warning.(4) The rise-fall pitch is employed to give people a sincere praise or to show the feeling of shock.(5) The level pitch is used to give account on something happened in the past. ·Pause can be divided into two.精品文档a) voiced pause b) silent pause·Some useful rhetorical devices1. Period and inversion2. Parallelism and antithesis3. Climax and anti-climax4. RepetitionChapter 3 Oral Style and Written Style·Several occasions for using oral style:1. In literary masterpieces2. In everyday conversation3. In informal speeches·The differences between oral communication and written communication1. Use some gestures ( body language ) in oral communication2. Use a statement as a question in oral communication3. Use some pure oral words in oral communication·The comparison of language styles in oral style and in written style·What can be used with oral style?1) slangs 2) vogue words 3) abbreviations 4) phrasal verbs 5) idioms·What can be used with written style?1) Scientific English 2) Legal English 3) Religious English 4) Formal speech 5) Official documentsChapter 4 Formal Style & Informal Style·Five styles were advanced by Martin Joos in the book “ The Five Clocks ”1) Frozen Style: legal items, historic literature, the documents for international conferences, etc.2) Formal Style: This style is usually used to deliver some infor on formal occasions.3) Consultative Style: With this style people usually offer some background information. It is usually employed in business activities. 4) Casual Style: People usually use it between friends, acquaintances, or insiders. Its main feature is that people usually employ ellipsis, slangs or cants with it.5) Intimate Style: It is usually used between husband and wife. Moreover it is employed in jargons sometimes.Chapter 6 Societal Deviation in English·What is societal deviation in English?Societal deviation is something about societal dialects.·Black English Vernacular: (土语)urban black English·What are the reasons for you to know Black English Vernacular?(1)It will help us to know the status que of AE.(2) It will help to read somenovels in American literature.Chapter 7 Time Deviation in English·Three stages of the development of English language1) The 1st stage is from 449 to 1100 ( Old English ).(The verbs in Old English can be divided into two categories ------ one is strong verbs and another is weak verbs. The past tense forms of most of weak verbs are with the ending -cec, -ode, or -de after the original weak verbs.)2) The 2nd stage is from 1100 to 1500 (Middle English).( At that time “ hw ” in Old English became “ wh ” and “ cw ” became “ qu ”. )3) The 3rd stage is from 1500 to present time (Modern English).(There are two remarkable features in Modern English. )(1)There are many loans in Modern English. from Japanese/from French/from Latin/ from Chinese.(2) There are some neologisms(新词) in Modern English.·The application of English archaic words（过时的词）in modern times1) In legal English 2) In religious English 3) In English poetry 4) In newspapers ·Why use archaic words in modern times? formal/rhyme/show-off精品文档Chapter 8 Common Practical Styles·Three functions of English advertisements1) to attract readers’ attention 2) to arose customer interest 3) to erge customer to take actions as soon as possible.·Some features of English advertisements(1) More simple sentences(2) Less negative sentences ------ If people really want to express the negative meaning in advertisements, they may use “ nothing ” or “ no ” instead of “ not ”.(3) Frequent use of present tense(4) More and more imperative sentences(5) Far more elliptical sentences(6) More figures of speech(7) Some special adjectives(8) Some newly-created words·Journalistic English: News report/news story·two categories of newspapers1) quality paper大报2) tabloid小报·Three requirements for news reports：Swift / objective / true·Some features of journalistic English1) Some journalistic jargons 2) Some acronyms 3) Some apocopation 4) Some aphoeresis 5) Some words with front and back clipping 6) Some syncopations 7) Some neologisms 8) Some blends 9) Some nouns are used as verbs to make the headlines vivid.Scientific English·What can be written with scientific English?1) Scientific works and literature2) Academic theses3) Laboratory reports4) Product instructions ·Some important features of scientific English1) Passive voice is high-frequently used in sentences.2) Present tense is quite often employed in sentences because scientific concepts and principles are usually described as truths.3) Long and complete sentences are often used to express meanings, ideas and concepts.4) There are some words which are from Latin.5) There is a simplicity in meaning for some words in scientific English.6) There are some useful prefixes and suffixes in scientific English.Chapter 9 Literary Style·The language features of English poetry1. The rhythm and the meter of English poetryRhythm is a regular succession of weak and strong stresses, accents, sounds, or movements in speech, music, poems, dancing, etc.·How is the rhythm formed in English poems?Stressed syllables and unstressed syllables which alternately appear in a stanza may produce rhythm in English poems.·What is meter? Meter is the measur. The English poetic rhythm is based on meter.构成英诗节奏的基础是韵律，即“格律”。