2006,2009年上海大学研究生入学考试人类学试题

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2016人类学上海大学考研真题

人类学概论
简答题（90分，每题15分）
1、从人类学的角度怎样看待全球化和文化本真性
2、人类学视野下的“文化”与“自然”
3、简述一次你参加过的仪式，并分析其社会文化功能
4、性别的社会建构
5、请举例民族中心主义
6、（忘了。

）
论述题（60分）
一、“平”与“公平”（总计30分，每问15分）
1、现在有些学者提出一个理论，“世界是平的”，请针对这个观点谈谈你的看法（请指出你的理论基础）。

2、请针对我国目前的民族政策，谈谈你对社会是“公平”与“不公”的理解（请指出你的理论基础）。

二、宗教与人类学（总计30分，每问15分）
1、请结合自己看过的资料（视频、文本，声音等）浅谈你对“先信仰后理解”和“先理解才信仰”这句话的理解，并说出对人类学的启示
2、如果你是一位非信仰的人类学者，你将怎样进行一次宗教调查研究
人类学理论与方法
名词解释（60分）
1、金枝
2、本尼迪克特
3、马歇尔·萨林斯
4、林耀华
5、莫斯
6、主位观点
简答题
1、简述格尔茨的主要工作
2、简述长时间调查
3、简述布尔迪厄的实践理论
4、怀特的主要观点
5、缺失（遗忘）
论述题
1、马凌诺夫斯基和布朗功能理论的异同
2、当代人类学田野工作方法的转向。

《人类学(2)》2022-2023期末试题及答案

《人类学(2)》2022-2023期末试题及答案人类学(2) 2022-2023期末试题及答案试题1. 什么是文化人类学？2. 解释人类学中的实地调查方法。

3. 描述文化相对主义的概念。

4. 讨论人类学家在研究中存在的伦理问题。

5. 解释文化人类学家如何应用视觉材料进行研究。

6. 什么是语言人类学并举例说明其应用。

7. 研究性人类学是什么？请提供一个研究性人类学项目的例子。

8. 描述人类学与其他社会科学领域的关系。

9. 解释折衷主义的概念，并讨论其在人类学研究中的应用。

10. 分析全球化对人类学的影响。

答案1. 文化人类学是一个研究人类文化的学科。

它探索了人类文化的各个方面，包括价值观、、行为方式、艺术形式等，以理解和解释人类社会的多样性。

2. 实地调查是人类学中常用的研究方法之一。

它涉及到研究者亲身前往研究对象所在的社区或场所进行观察、访谈和参与式观察等活动，从而获取详细的文化信息和了解。

3. 文化相对主义认为文化是相对于特定社会和历史背景的，不同文化有其独特的特征和价值观。

这意味着没有一个文化可以被视为优越或普遍的标准，人们应该尊重和理解不同文化之间的差异。

4. 人类学家在研究中常常面临伦理问题，例如如何处理研究对象的隐私和保密性，如何尊重其文化传统和，以及如何确保研究结果的准确性和可信度。

5. 文化人类学家可以使用各种视觉材料，如照片、电影、艺术作品等，来帮助记录、展示和解释文化现象。

这些视觉材料可以为观众提供直观的了解和感受，丰富人们对文化的理解。

6. 语言人类学是研究人类语言的学科。

它探索了语言的结构、演化和使用，并研究语言与文化之间的关系。

例如，通过研究不同社会的语言使用方式，可以了解其文化价值观和社会结构。

7. 研究性人类学是一种将人类学方法应用于解决实际问题的实践。

例如，在社会发展项目中，人类学家可以通过了解当地文化和社区需求来制定更有效的政策和项目。

8. 人类学与其他社会科学领域有许多联系。

人类学考试试题

人类学考试试题
1. 请简述人类学的定义、研究对象和研究方法。

2. 什么是文化？文化的特征有哪些？请举例说明。

3. 人类学家通过哪些途径来了解人类社会和文化的发展？
4. 请简要介绍人类学中的几种研究方法，如实地调查、田野调查等。

5. 人类学中的文化相对主义观念是什么？对于文化相对主义，不同
的人类学家有哪些不同的看法？
6. 人类学如何与其他社会科学如社会学、心理学等区分开来？它们
之间有何联系和区别？
7. 请谈谈文化冲突在当今社会中的现象及影响，以及人类学可以发
挥的作用。

8. 人类学研究的价值和意义是什么？如何应用人类学的研究成果来
促进社会发展和人类进步？
9. 人类学中的反思性和批判性思维对于研究的重要性是什么？如何
运用反思性和批判性思维来进行人类学研究？
10. 结合现实案例，探讨人类学在解决社会问题和促进跨文化理解
方面的作用和意义。

以上是人类学考试试题，请根据试题中的要求进行回答和论述。

祝
您顺利通过考试！。

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试真题加答案

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer‘s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they‘ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That‘s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we‘ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I‘ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think19. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. ―Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,‖ William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word ―habit‖ carries a ne gative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don‘t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they‘re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.―The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,‖ says Dawna Markova, author of ―The Open Mind‖ and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Part ners. ―But we are taught instead to ‗decide,‘ just as our president calls himself ‗the Decider.‘‖ She adds, however, that ―to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.‖A ll of us work through problems in ways of which we‘re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to2approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. ―This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,‖ explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book ―This Year I Will...‖ and Ms. Markova‘s business partner. ―That‘s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you‘re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.‖ This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.‖ ruts‖(in li ne one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova‘s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ? A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he‘s the kid‘s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.3Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family‘s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, ―There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,‖ says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father‘s line or mito chondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don‘t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK‘s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one‘s b irth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.4[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It‘s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry‘s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don‘t force it. After all, that‘s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn‘t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity‘s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced5economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn‘t const rain the ability of the developing world‘s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn‘t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was ―So much6important attached to intellectual pursuits ‖ Accord ing to many books and articles, New England‘s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans‘ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read th e magical words: ―come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.‖ One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many se ttles had slighter religious commitments than Dane‘s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . ―Our main end was to catch fish. ‖36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations738. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .8Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the ―survival of the fittest,‖ in which weaker races and societies must eventu ally be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people‘s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children‘s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery9making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section & Writing10Part A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. ―White pollution ‖is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1)give your opinions briefly and2)make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)11。

人类学考试题目及答案

人类学考试题目及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 人类学的研究对象不包括以下哪一项？A. 人类社会B. 人类文化C. 人类生物学D. 人类心理学答案：D2. 人类学的主要研究方法不包括以下哪一项？A. 田野调查B. 文献研究C. 实验研究D. 比较研究答案：C3. 以下哪一项不是人类学的主要分支？A. 社会人类学B. 语言人类学C. 生物人类学D. 环境人类学答案：D4. 人类学中的“文化相对主义”观点认为：A. 所有文化都是平等的，没有优劣之分B. 所有文化都有其独特的价值和意义C. 所有文化都应该被尊重和保护D. 所有文化都是由相同的基本元素构成的答案：A5. 人类学中的“进化论”观点认为：A. 人类社会和文化是不断进化的B. 人类社会和文化是静态不变的C. 人类社会和文化是随机发展的D. 人类社会和文化是倒退的答案：A6. 以下哪一项不是人类学研究中常用的概念？A. 文化B. 社会结构C. 种族D. 基因答案：C7. 人类学中的“功能主义”理论认为：A. 社会和文化的每个部分都有其特定的功能B. 社会和文化的每个部分都是随机的C. 社会和文化的每个部分都是相互独立的D. 社会和文化的每个部分都是相互冲突的答案：A8. 以下哪一项不是人类学研究中常用的田野调查方法？A. 参与观察B. 深度访谈C. 问卷调查D. 实验研究答案：D9. 人类学中的“结构主义”理论认为：A. 社会和文化是由不同的结构组成的B. 社会和文化是由不同的功能组成的C. 社会和文化是由不同的元素组成的D. 社会和文化是由不同的个体组成的答案：A10. 以下哪一项不是人类学研究中常用的分析方法？A. 比较分析B. 历史分析C. 统计分析D. 实验研究答案：D二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）11. 人类学的主要研究领域包括以下哪些？A. 人类起源B. 人类进化C. 人类文化D. 人类社会答案：ABCD12. 人类学中的“文化”概念包括以下哪些方面？A. 物质文化B. 非物质文化C. 社会结构D. 语言答案：ABD13. 人类学中的“社会结构”概念包括以下哪些方面？A. 家庭B. 宗教C. 经济D. 政治答案：ABCD14. 人类学中的“进化论”观点包括以下哪些理论？A. 社会达尔文主义B. 文化进化论C. 多线进化论D. 单线进化论答案：BCD15. 人类学中的“功能主义”理论的主要代表人物包括以下哪些？A. 马林诺夫斯基B. 埃文斯-普里查德C. 拉德克利夫-布朗D. 列维-斯特劳斯答案：ABC三、判断题（每题2分，共20分）16. 人类学是一门综合性的学科，涉及生物学、社会学、心理学等多个领域。

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试教育学专业基础综合试题及答案

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试教育学专业基础综合试题一、单项选择题：1-45小题，每小题2分，共90分。

下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。

1．19世纪末20世纪初德国教育家梅伊曼和拉伊创立的教育学说是A．实验教育学 B．文化教育学C．批判教育学 D．科学教育学2．人的发展总是受到社会的制约，这意味着A．教育要坚持社会本位的价值取向B．教育要充分考虑社会发展的需要C．教育目的的确定不应从个人出发D．教育要为社会生活做准备3．人力资本理论认为，人力资本是经济增长的关键，教育是形成人力资本的重要力量。

这一理论的主要缺陷是A．忽视了教育的其他社会功能B．有教育万能论的倾向C．忽视了劳动力市场中的其他筛选标准D．夸大了教育对人力资本的作用4．联合国教科文组织在《教育--财富蕴藏其中》中提出面向21世纪教育的四大支柱是学会认知、学会做事、学会共同生活和A．学会关心 B．学会生存 C．学会创造 D．学会交往5．马克思主义经典作家关于人的全面发展的基本涵义是A．人的劳动能力的全面发展 B．德智体全面发展C．人的独立个性全面发展 D．人的身心全面发展6．小明的爷爷当年就读于半工半读学校，半天读书，半天劳动，既学到了系统的文化知识，又掌握了劳动技能。

他接受的教育属于A．正规教育 B．半正规教育C．非正规教育 D．业余教育7．18一19世纪的西欧，在社会政治、经济发展及特定历史文化背景下，逐渐形成了带有等级特权痕迹的双轨学制。

其“双轨”是指A．公立学校系统与私立学校系统B．职业学校系统与普通学校系统C．大学一中学系统与小学一初等职业学校系统D．义务教育系统与非义务教育系统8．班主任在与小明谈话时说：“根据前段时间你的表现，虽然学习效果不很理想，但非常努力，如果注意改进学习方法，相信成绩会不断提高。

”其中的评价属于A．配置性评价 B．形成性评价C．终结性评价 D．鉴定性评价9．学科课程分科过细，偏重书本知识，同实际生活距离较远，不能照顾到儿童的需要和兴趣，难以发挥学生的主动性。

名校人类学考研真题汇总

中山大学1．谈谈语言发展的原因？2．为什么说语言是一种社会现象？3．请评述你读过的一本人类学论著1．你为什么报考本专业的研究生，入学后的学习计划怎样？2．试论宗教的社会功能？1．简述克罗式亲属称谓制。

2．简述文化人类学的参与观察法。

3．为什么说语言是一种特殊的社会现象。

4．怎么样理解劳动创造了语言？1．结合中国改革开放以来的实际，论述你对涵化的理解。

2．试论语言与文化的关系。

1．简述怀特的新进化论。

2．简论文化相对论3．简述哈里斯的文化唯物论1．评述你所读过的一本人类学名著（20分）2．试举例说明文化变迁与文化适应（25分）2.1什么是体质人类学？2.2试述文化相对论？2.3什么是亲属称谓？2.4试述现代人类的体制特征。

2.5简论新进化论代表人物怀特的能量进化理论。

2.6简论刘易斯的“匮乏文化”。

3.1试论文化涵化理论并举事例说明。

3.以中国民族志材料说明婚姻家庭演变的各个阶段的特点（17）4.试述文化与民族的关系（17）1.萨皮尔-沃尔夫假说的基本内容是什么？你对其作何评价？（10）2.试述斯图尔德的文化生态学。

（10）3.什么是体质人类学？试述体质人类学所包括的主要内容。

（10）4.试论文化人类学研究的特色及你对中国人类学发展的见解。

（20）1.简述美国历史学派人类学的基本观点2.简述萨皮尔-沃尔夫假说3.简述格尔兹的文化解释学基本观点1.现在许多人喜欢选择吉祥数字，试运用人类学的理论分析这一现象。

（25）2.评述你所读过的一本费孝通先生的人类学著作。

（25）3.试述高原气候对人类健康的影响以及人类对高原气候的生理调节机制。

1.简述“中华民族多元一体格局”的主要观点（15）2.试对海南黎族的“合亩制”与1950年代中国大陆的“互助组”进行比较（25）3.以中国民族的材料论述民族宗教与民族文化的关系（25）4.请您联系实际论述当代中国民族的社会文化变迁（25）1、简述Frederick Barth的族群边界理论2、简要评述中国都市人类学的发展3、评述Clifford Geertz的阐释人类学。

上海大学考研真题314文化人类学

上海大学2005年硕士研究生入学考试大纲考试科目：文化人类学适用专业：人类学一、复习要求：要求考生熟悉人类学的学科领域，掌握文化人类学的基本理论、方法，了解文化人类学各主要分支学科的基本内容。

二、主要复习内容：1、绪论：人类学的学科属性与内容，人类学是什么，人类学的领域与学科关系，人类学的研究方法，文化的概念及其解释。

2、文化理论轨迹：进化论时期，实证——结构论时期，理解——相对论时期，论争与共识。

3、体质人类学：什么是体质人类学，人体的观察层次，生物进化机制，人类在自然界的位置，人类进化的过程和阶段，生存环境与人类变异。

4、经济人类学：生产、交换和消费，地区经济与全球化，经济人类学理论简介。

5、生态人类学：生态人类学的概念，生态人类学的理论，生态人类学的方法。

6、认知与文化：认知人类学的历史发展，认知与符号意义，认知与结构，认知与行动，认知人类学：新的综合。

7、心理人类学：文化与人格，文化与自我。

8、田野工作：田野工作概论，田野工作的研究角度和具体方法，民族志访谈艺术。

9、婚姻、家庭与亲属制度：婚姻，亲属称谓制，家庭和家庭演化的问题，继嗣群和居住群。

10、人类学的人口研究：人类学与人口学，前苏联和中国的民族人口研究，出生、死亡与迁移研究，其他一些研究。

11、族群：族群概念，族群认同理论。

12、人类政治体制与社会控制：政治人类学的形成与发展，人类的政治制度，社会控制形态，人类学的比较法律研究。

13、宗教人类学：宗教的类别，宗教的特征，宗教的内涵及阐释，宗教与社会。

14、教育人类学：教育人类学的人本研究，教育人类学的文化研究，人类学与中国教育。

15、历史人类学：人类学与历史，历史人类学的原则。

16、社会性别研究：女性主义与人类学，各个时期的主要研究课题，近来的主要理论研究，中国人类学女性研究。

17、医学人类学：医学人类学的主要来源，医学人类学的发展历程，病患，医疗。

18、影视人类学：人类学的影视表现，照片的利用，民族志电影，中国民族志电影，人类学原则与摄制。

各大高校人类学民族学考研试题

中山大学1998年试题：科目：人类学概论专业：民族学一．名词解释（每题5分，共30分）1．系谱分类法 2 民族共同语 3 游群（band） 4 参与观察 5 交表婚 6 双系继嗣二．简答题（每题10分，共30分）1．谈谈语言发展的原因？2．为什么说语言是一种社会现象？3．请评述你读过的一本人类学论著三．问答题（每题20分，共40分）1．你为什么报考本专业的研究生，入学后的学习计划怎样？2．试论宗教的社会功能？1998年科目：中国民族学概论专业：民族学一．名词解释（每题5分，共30分）1．萨满 2 俚人 3 瑶老制 4 民族学 5 女书 6 姑爷种和丈人种二．论述（共70分）1．请分别说明人类六种生产类型的特点（15分）2．试述中国民族的主要丧葬形式。

（20分）3．试论中国民族识别的原则和意义。

（35分）中山大学1999年试题：科目：中国民族学概论专业：人类学一．名词解释（每题5分，共30分）1．图腾崇拜 2 蛋民 3 瑶老制 4 民族区域自治 5 凿齿 6 家长奴隶制二．论述（共70分）1．试论述小乘佛教（12分）2．以汉民族的形成为例，评述民族的四个基本特征（23分）3．试论述我国民族婚姻家庭的发展（30分）1999年科目：人类学概论专业：人类学一．名词解释（每题4分，共20分）1 民族共同语2 语义3 文化区4 毕摩二．简答题（每题10分，共40分）1．简述克罗式亲属称谓制。

2．简述文化人类学的参与观察法。

3．为什么说语言是一种特殊的社会现象。

4．怎么样理解劳动创造了语言？三．论述题（每小题20分，共40分）1．结合中国改革开放以来的实际，论述你对涵化的理解。

2．试论语言与文化的关系。

中山大学2000年试题：科目：中国民族学概论专业：人类学一．名词解释（每题6分，共36分）1．田野调查方法 2 死文字 3 萨满教 4 民族间事实上的不平等 5 百越 6图腾崇拜二．问答题（共64分）1．简述民族学研究婚姻家庭的意义（10分）2．以中国民族志资料来说明古代农业从刀耕火种、锄耕到犁耕的发展。

上海大学考研试题及答案详解

上海大学考研试题及答案详解模拟试题：上海大学考研试题及答案详解一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列哪项不是上海大学的主要教学特色？A. 国际化B. 研究型C. 工程化D. 文科主导答案：D2. 上海大学成立于哪一年？A. 1922年B. 1949年C. 1983年D. 2000年答案：C3. 上海大学的校训是什么？A. 求实创新B. 厚德载物C. 自强不息D. 知行合一答案：A4. 上海大学下列哪个学院不属于其主要学院？A. 经济学院B. 法学院C. 医学院D. 材料科学与工程学院答案：C5. 上海大学提供的研究生教育中，以下哪项不是其主要研究方向？A. 纳米科学与技术B. 人工智能C. 文化遗产保护D. 航空航天工程答案：D二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）6. 上海大学在以下哪些领域有显著的研究成果？A. 材料科学B. 机械工程C. 生物医药D. 环境科学答案：A, B, C7. 上海大学提供的研究生课程包括哪些类型？A. 全日制B. 非全日制C. 在线课程D. 函授课程答案：A, B8. 下列哪些是上海大学研究生入学考试的科目？A. 政治理论B. 外国语C. 业务课一D. 业务课二答案：A, B, C, D9. 上海大学研究生招生时，以下哪些因素会被考虑？A. 学术成绩B. 面试表现C. 推荐信D. 个人陈述答案：A, B, C, D10. 上海大学对于研究生的培养注重哪些方面？A. 理论知识B. 实践能力C. 创新思维D. 团队合作答案：A, B, C, D三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）11. 简述上海大学研究生教育的特点。

答案：上海大学研究生教育的特点包括：- 强调国际化视野，与多个国家和地区的高校建立了合作关系。

- 重视研究能力的培养，鼓励学生参与前沿科研项目。

- 采用多元化的教学方法，结合理论学习和实践操作。

- 强调跨学科学习，鼓励学生在不同领域进行知识融合。

12. 上海大学研究生招生过程中，面试环节主要考察哪些方面？答案：面试环节主要考察以下方面：- 学生的学术背景和专业知识掌握程度。

上海大学2006-2016年民俗学真题

上海大学2006年《民俗学》一、名词解释1.抓周2.冥婚3.宗族4.《歌谣》周刊5.A T分类法6.民俗志二、简答题1.民俗有哪些社会功能？2.我国民族服饰体现的观念有哪几个主要方面？3.北方秧歌主要有几种？各有什么特点？4.我国民居四合院有哪些特点？5.什么是非物质文化遗产？三、论述题（从下面三题中选做二题）1.在民俗学发展史上，各学派对“民”的认识是不同的，请做简要介绍，然后谈谈你自己对“民”的理解。

2.民俗研究的一般方法有哪几种？请结合一个民俗研究个案，具体分析一种民俗研究方法的运用。

3. 风水术又称堪舆，在我国有着悠久的历史，近年在中国大陆又有盛行态势。

请结合实际谈谈你对风水术及其盛行原因的认识。

上海大学2007年《民俗学》一、名词解释1、民间信仰2、笑话3、童养婚4、岁时节日5、神话6、五服7、民俗志8、民间游戏9、儿歌10、文人《竹枝词》二、简答题1、民俗的基本特征是什么？2、什么是成年仪礼？它有哪些类型？3、为什么说民间语言是民俗的重要载体？4、工匠民俗有哪些特点？5、民族服饰所体现的社会观念有哪几个方面？三、论述题1、请结合具体的民俗活动事例，论述民俗的社会功能。

2、结合顾颉刚、钟敬文等人的学术活动，谈谈中国现代民俗学发展史。

一、名词解释：1物质民俗2民俗志3重阳节4成年礼5民俗信仰6幻想故事7俗语8历史地理研究方法二、简答题：1民俗学与社会学的关系2传统节日的特点3什么是图腾？举例说明图腾的作用4巫的职能包括那些5 小戏的种类三、论述题1 以汉族的现世的婚俗为例，谈民俗的稳定性和变异性。

2 我国对非民俗节日的五一黄金周三天假期改为一天，分别在清明，端午，中秋放假一天，请说明保护我国民俗节日的意义。

2009年上海大学《民俗学》一、名词解释1.民俗学2.民间故事3.五服4.人生礼仪5.岁时节日6.民俗志二、简答题1.民俗有哪些社会功能？2.什么是民间信仰？我国民间信仰有什么特点？3.我国民居四合院有哪些特点？4.神话与传说有哪些区别和联系？5.民间叙事诗的主要特征是什么？它分为哪几类？三、论述题1.结合你所知道的一两个非物质文化遗产项目，谈谈你对当前非物质文化遗产保护运动的认识。

#2006年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题(A卷)答案和评分标准

海南大学2006年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（A卷）答案及评分标准学科专业：世界经济考试科目：综合考试（含宏、微观经济学）考生注意：1、请在答题纸上答题，在试题上答题不给分。

2、试题和答题纸同时交回，否则成绩无效。

一、名词解释（每小题5分，共40分）1、需求曲线需求是指在一定时期内，消费者在所有可能的价格水平上愿意并且能够购买的某种商品的数量。

而需求曲线则指在其它条件不变的情况下，把需求量与商品价格之间的函数关系用图形表示出来就是需求曲线。

（3分）一条向右下方倾斜的需求曲线体现了市场需求法则，即价格上升，需求量减少；价格下降，需求量上升。

当商品价格保持不变时，影响需求的其它因素（如消费者收入、消费者偏好、其它相关商品价格等）发生变动，会引起需求曲线的上下移动。

（2分）2、等产量曲线等产量曲线表示其他条件不变时，为生产一定的产量所需投入的两种生产要素之间的各种可能组合的轨迹。

（3分）等产量曲线具有斜率为负、两两不能相交、凸向原点等特征，并且，离原点越远，代表的产量越高。

其中，斜率为负表明要素合理投入区应是一种要素在生产中可以替代另一种要素，体现了要素的边际技术替代率递减。

（2分）3、科斯定理科斯认为，如果产权是明晰的且市场交易成本为零，则在有外部影响的市场上，交易双方总能通过协商达到某一帕累托最优配置而不管产权归那一方所有。

这就是著名的科斯定理。

（3分）西方一些学者根据科斯定理认为，外部影响之所以导致资源配置失当是由于产权不明确。

如果产权明确，且得到充分保障，有些外部影响就不会发生。

也就是说，在解决外部影响问题上不一定要政府干预，只要产权明确，市场会自动解决外部性的问题。

科斯定理的问世，被认为是对传统经济学的重要补充。

（2分）4、支出法计算国内生产总值支出法是根据一定时期内购买各项最终产品的支出来计算国内生产总值的方法。

（3分）最终产品是指不需要经过再加工而直接供人们使用的产品。

一国经济在购买最终产品上的支出总额称为总支出。

上海师范大学2006年硕士研究生入学考试试题

上海师范大学2006年硕士研究生入学考试试题专业名称语言学及应用语言学（050102）科目名称（代码）现代汉语（329）（注意：答案必须写在统一印制的答题纸上，否则不给分）一、解释题（12分，每题3分）1、客家方言2、“一”的变调3、单纯词4、笔画的组合关系二、选择题（20分，每题1分）01、元音和辅音的根本区别在于（）。

A、声带是否振动B、气流是否受到阻碍C、气流强弱不同D、共鸣器形状不同02、辅音声母m和n发音时（）。

A、气流不从口腔通过，从鼻腔通过B、一部分气流从口腔通过，一部分气流从鼻腔通过C、发m时气流从鼻腔通过，发n时气流同时从口腔和鼻腔通过D、发n时气流从鼻腔通过，发m时气流同时从口腔和鼻腔通过03、下面说法中正确的是（）。

A、普通话声母都是清音B、普通话声母都是浊音C、普通话声母m、n、l、r是清音，其他都是浊音D、普通话声母m、n、l、r是浊音，其他都是清音04、属于二合后响复韵母的是（）。

A、ai ei ao ou uoB、ia ie ua uo ueC、ia ie ua uo ouD、ao ai ia ie ua05、音位是某一语音系统中能够区别意义的最小的语音单位。

它与（）。

A、音素具有一致关系B、音标具有一致关系C、字母具有一致关系D、字母有时具有一致关系，有时无一致关系06、古代汉字中，“见”和“袋”分别是（）。

A、指事字形声字B、会意字会意字C、象形字形声字D、会意字形声字07、选择一组没有错别字的词（）。

A、清晰粉碎B、跋涉案排C、树稍对峙D、题纲供献08、在“了、谁、习、员、性、牧、电、可”中属于定位语素的是（）。

A、了、谁、员、性B、了、习、员、可C、了、员、性、可D、了、习、牧、电09、合成词的构成都是（）。

A、两个汉字B、两个音节C、一个词根一个词缀D、两个或两个以上语素10、下列句子通顺正确的是（）。

A、我们要耐心教育孩子，不要伤害他们的自尊心。

B、我们要耐心教育孩子，不要损害他们的自尊心。

名校人类学考研真题汇总

名校人类学考研真题汇总人类学这门学科，听起来就充满了神秘和探索的魅力。

对于那些想要在人类学领域深造，报考名校研究生的小伙伴们来说，真题可真是“宝贝”。

今天咱们就来好好汇总一下名校人类学考研的真题，给大家支支招！我还记得有一次参加学术研讨会，遇到一个正在准备人类学考研的学生。

他那紧张又充满期待的眼神，让我想起了自己曾经为梦想拼搏的日子。

他不停地向我请教各种问题，手里紧紧握着一本笔记，上面密密麻麻地写满了他对知识点的总结和思考。

咱们先来看看北京大学的人类学考研真题。

有一年出了这样一道题：“请结合实例，阐述文化相对论在当代社会中的应用和挑战。

”这可不仅仅是考察对理论的理解，更是要看你能不能把理论与实际结合起来，分析出其中的深层逻辑。

再瞧瞧清华大学的真题，“论述田野调查在人类学研究中的重要性，并举例说明如何进行有效的田野调查。

”这就要求考生不仅要熟知田野调查的方法和流程，还得能从实际的案例中总结出经验和教训。

复旦大学也不甘示弱，“从人类学的角度，分析全球化对少数民族文化的影响。

”这道题呀，一下子就把视野拉到了全球的大背景下，考验大家的宏观思维和对多元文化的敏感度。

南京大学曾经出过这样的题目：“解释人类学中的主位研究和客位研究方法，并分析它们在具体研究中的优缺点。

”这就需要考生对研究方法有清晰的认识，并且能够辩证地看待它们的作用。

浙江大学的真题也很有特色，“以某个特定的民族为例，探讨其宗教信仰与社会结构的关系。

”这不仅要对民族文化有深入的了解，还得能构建起宗教信仰和社会结构之间的逻辑联系。

这些名校的真题，虽然各有侧重，但都有一个共同的特点，那就是注重考查考生的综合能力和创新思维。

不是死记硬背就能应付得了的，得真正理解人类学的精髓，能够灵活运用所学的知识去分析问题、解决问题。

就像我遇到的那个学生，他后来跟我说，准备考研的过程就像是一场艰苦的探险，每一道真题都是一个关卡，需要他不断地思考、探索、总结。

但也正是在这个过程中，他对人类学的热爱愈发深厚，对未来的研究方向也越来越清晰。

上海大学数学分析历年考研真题

上海大学2000年度研究生入学考试试题数学分析1、设122(1)n n x x nx y n n +++=+，若lim n n x a →∞=，证明：（1）当a 为有限数时，lim 2n n ay →∞=；（2）当a =+∞时，lim n n y →∞=+∞.2、设()f x 在[]0,1上有二阶导数（端点分别指左、右导数），(0)(1)0f f ==，且[]0,1min ()1f x =-证明：[]0,1max ()8f x ''≥3、证明：黎曼函数[]1, x= (0,,)()0,10,p q p q q q R x ⎧>⎪=⎨⎪⎩当为互质整数在上可积当x 为无理数. 4、证明：12210()lim (0),t tf x dx f t x π+-→=+⎰其中()f x 在[]1,1-上连续.5、设()1ln 11n n p a n ⎛⎫=+- ⎪⎝⎭，讨论级数2n n a +∞=∑的收敛性.6、设()f x dx +∞⎰收敛且()f x 在[]0,+∞上单调，证明：01lim ()()h n h f nh f x dx ++∞+∞→==∑⎰.7、计算曲面2222x y z a ++=包含在曲面22221(0)x y b a a b+=<≤内的那部分的面积.8、将函数()f x x =在[]0,2π上展成Fourier 级数,并计算级数1sin k kk +∞=∑的值. 上海大学2001年度研究生入学考试试题数学分析1、计算下列极限、导数和积分:(1) 计算极限1lim();xx x +→ (2) 计算2()()x x f t dt ϕ=⎰的导数()x ϕ',其中()f x 2,(1).1,(1)t t t t ≤⎧=⎨+>⎩ (3) 已知)211sin x x '⎤=⎥+⎦,求积分2011sin I dx x π=+⎰. (4) 计算()()22222()0x y z t f t xyz dxdydz t ++≤=>⎰⎰⎰的导数()f t '(只需写出()f t '的积分表达式).2、设()f x 在[],a b 上连续，在(),a b 上可导，若()()0f a f b >且()02a bf +=，试证明必存在(),a b ξ∈使得()0f ξ'=. 3、令(),1y F x y y xe =+-(1)、证明:111311,0,,;,0,,.2121221212F x x F x x ⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫⎡⎤<∈->∈- ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎢⎥⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎣⎦(2)、证明:对任意的11,1212x ⎛⎫∈- ⎪⎝⎭,方程(),0F x y >在13,22y ⎛⎫∈ ⎪⎝⎭中存在唯一的解()y x . (3)、计算(0)y '和(0)y ''. 4、一致连续和一致收敛性(1)、函数2()f x x =在[]0,1上是一致连续的,对210ε-=,试确定0δ>,使得当1201x x ≤<≤,且12x x δ-<时有3321210x x --<.(2)、设[]2231(),0,1,1,2,,2n n x f x x n n x+=∈=+证明: ()n f x 在[]0,1上是内闭一致收敛的,但不是一致收敛的.5、曲线积分、格林公式和原函数. (1)计算第二型曲线积分()221,2L xdy ydxI x y π-=+⎰其中L 是逐段光滑的简单闭曲线,原点属于L 围成的内部区域,(L)的定向是逆时针方向.(2) 设(),p x y ,(),q x y 除原点外是连续的,且有连续的偏导数,若<a>()(),,0,0p q x y y x∂∂=≠∂∂ <b>()0,L pdy qdx c +=≠⎰其中(L)的参数方程cos ,(02)sin x tt y tπ=⎧≤≤⎨=⎩ 证明：存在连续可微函数()()(),,,0,0F x y x y ≠，使得()()2222,,,22F c y F c xp x y q x y x x y y x yππ∂∂=+=-∂+∂+. 上海大学2002年度研究生入学考试题数学分析1、求α和β使得当x →+∞等价于无穷小量x βα.2、求椭圆2221Ax Bxy Cy ++=所围成的面积S ,其中20,0,,,A AC B A B C >->均为常数.3、试给出三角级数01(cos sin )2n n n a a nx b nx ∞=++∑中系数的计算公式(不必求出具体值),使得该级数在[]0,1上一致收敛到2x ,并说明理论依据。

人类学考研真题答案解析

人类学考研真题答案解析人类学考研真题答案解析人类学是一门研究人类的学科，它关注人类的文化、社会和生物学方面的各个方面。

对于考研人类学的学生来说，了解真题的答案解析是提高考试成绩的关键。

本文将对人类学考研真题的答案进行解析，帮助考生更好地准备考试。

首先，我们来看一道关于人类学理论的问题。

题目是：“人类学理论的发展过程中，‘文化相对主义’和‘文化普遍性’的争论是一个重要的话题。

请问文化相对主义和文化普遍性的观点分别是什么？”文化相对主义是人类学理论中的一个重要观点，它认为文化是相对的，没有绝对的标准来评判一种文化的优劣。

文化相对主义强调每种文化都有其独特性和内在的逻辑，应该尊重和理解不同文化之间的差异。

相对于文化相对主义，文化普遍性的观点认为人类共有一些普遍的文化特征和价值观念。

文化普遍性强调人类文化的共性，认为在不同的文化中，人们都有类似的社会结构、价值观念和行为规范。

接下来，我们来看一道关于人类学研究方法的问题。

题目是：“在人类学研究中，实地调查是一种常用的研究方法。

请问实地调查的优点和局限是什么？”实地调查是人类学研究中的一种重要方法，它通过直接观察和参与研究对象的生活，获取真实的数据和信息。

实地调查的优点在于可以获得详细和全面的数据，研究结果更加准确可靠。

此外，实地调查还可以促进研究者与研究对象的互动和交流，有助于理解和解释研究对象的行为和文化。

然而，实地调查也存在一些局限性。

首先，实地调查需要大量的时间和精力，对研究者来说是一项耗费力量的工作。

其次，实地调查的结果可能受到研究者主观因素的影响，研究者的态度和观察能力可能会对研究结果产生影响。

此外，实地调查还可能受到研究对象的影响，他们可能会改变自己的行为以适应研究者的观察。

最后，我们来看一道关于人类学应用的问题。

题目是：“人类学在当代社会中有着广泛的应用。

请举例说明人类学在某个领域的应用，并分析其意义。

”人类学在当代社会中有着广泛的应用，其中一个重要的领域是跨文化交流和跨文化管理。