非谓语动词和定语从句总结~388CF

【定语从句】

?Who, whom指代人，who做主语、whom做宾语; which指物，做主语或者宾语。That调节两者，既可指物，又可指人，既可做主语，又可做宾语，但只用于限制性定语从句。如果调节两者，如下只用that：

1.who/which开头的疑问句；

2.先行词有人，又有物时；

3.先行词为all, few, little, none, some, any, every, each, no, anything, everything, nothing (something除外);

4.the

only / the very / the first/ the last + 先行词时；

4.“序数词/形容词最高级+先行词”时：He is the first customer that came to our supermarket today. He is one of the

most excellent students that got the best results in the contest.

5. 当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等词修饰时.

6. 当先行词是reason, way（方法）等词时，关系代词常用that代替in which, for which, why, 也常可省略。如：

She admired the way （that）they solved the questions.

?介词后只能用whom表示人，用which表示物。

?翻译和写作时，“…的某人或某物”中，“的”的前面如果发现比较长，或者有实义动词时，可以考虑用定语从句表达。如：他是每次我在困难的时候会想起的人。他是一个优秀的人。

?非限制中只能用whom做宾语，不可以用who替代。（限制性定语从句中，有时候用who替代whom做宾语）.

?限制句中，whom, who ,that, which做宾语时（包括做介宾）都可以省略，但是于介词后(做介词的宾语)不能省略：This is the person(whom)I am looking for. This is the person with whom I talked in the street yesterday.

?非限制中，不管从句宾语whom, which 是否前面有介词，都是不可以省略的。

?主句中的主语，宾语，介宾等都可以是先行词.先行词不一定就接在定语从句的前面：The teacher gave us an exciting speech who teaches in the Beijing University.

?The way ( in which / that ) + 定语从句:This is the way （in which/ that ）I solved the problem.

?“whose + 名词”和“the 名词of which”在名词是物时，可以互换。但是都应该紧跟在被修饰的词后面，中间可以有逗号隔开，可用于限制性、非限制性中。“介词+ whose 名词”的灵活运用如：They thanked T om, without whose support they could not have succeeded.| I want to buy the house whose window faces north. = I want to buy the house the window of which faces north.

?各种介词+which (物)/ whom(人) （without, in, on , at, by, with, over, under, above, below, beyond , against, besides, except, among, along, because of , from, to, before, after, since, for, towards…）

?形容词最高级/基数词/分数/百分比/代词如some, most/both/ most/the majority/the minority +of which (物)/ whom （人）:I like talking with my students some of whom are from abroad.

?As, which在非限制中都可以指代整个句子，但：as可以于句首句尾，但是which只能于主句后| as/ which（主语）+系动词，which(主语)+行为动词(如果接行为动词，只能用which;如果是连系动词，则两者都可以用) | as有“正如，正像”之意，which没有。| Jack is the richest man in the town, which / As is well known. As we all know, light runs fast than sound.

?…the reason why…

?when, where 和“on/in/at which”之间可以互换

?as指物和人，做从句主、宾。限制中，such /the same + 名词as…, so + adj.+ a 可数单数名词as…；非限制中，可代表整个主句，于主句前或后。

?one of + 复数名词+ 定语从句（动词用复数），the (only) one of + 复数名词+ 定语从句（单数谓语）

?介词+which+名词：He usually gets home at 11p.m,, at which hour his father locks all the doors and windows.

His wife got seriously ill, in which case he had to give up the chance of going abroad.

就以上知识点，运用定语从句造句（只能用一句话）：

【不定式】

?时态：to do (一般式，同时或之后)；to be doing（进行时，正在发生）；to have done(完成，之前)；

?语态：to be done; to being done ; to have been done.

?主语（常用it 做形式主语）/ 表语.

?宾语:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree , promise, prefer to do sth. 如果有补足语，用it 做形式宾语：Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.

?介宾：但是在except或but之前有实义动词do，则为不带to的不定式，否则带to: The old man’s son did nothing but play games. He wanted nothing but to stay there. He does nothing except play games all day.

?宾补带to：ask/want/wish/tell/order/beg/permit/help/advise/persuade/allow/prepare/cause/force/call on/wait for/invite 等+ 宾语+ to do sth.

?宾补不带to: Notice/observe/look at/ listen to/Make/let/see/watch/hear/feel/have + do ---->被动：to do

?介词宾语的补足语：With a lot of work to do, he didn’t go to the cinema.

?定语：于被修饰的词后。1）主谓关系：He was always the first（person）to come and last (person) to leave the office.

2) 动宾关系：The manager has too many things to do.

3）说明所修饰的词的内容：His failure to pass the examination surprised us. We have made a plan to finish the work.

4）“介词+which(物)/whom(人)+不定式（短语）”作定语：I must buy a hammer with which to nail down the box.| The employer has a lot of people from whom to select.

5）“不定式+介词”作定语：1>如果不定式不及物，或者所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，则需要加介词，但time, place或way可以省去：I need a pen to write with.| She is looking for a room to live in.| He had no place to live. This is the best way to solve this problem.

?状语：1）目的状语；I get up early to do morning exercise.

2）结果状语：1>用于learn/ find/see/hear/to be told/make（使得）等几个具有终止含义的动词，可以翻译为“…..，结果得知、看到、听到、被告知、使得”，表示主语未曾预料到的结果: Sam returned home to learn his son had gone to the countryside.| A few years later we came to our home to find that our home town had greatly changed.| Yesterday a street-beggar bought a lottery ticket purposelessly, to make him a millionaire overnight.

3)方式状语：由as if / as though引导：He opened his mouth as if to speak.

?独立成分：to be brief简言之to be exact确切地说, to be frank坦率地说,to be sure肯定地to begin with首先,to conclude最后,to tell you the truth, To make a long story short(长话短说)

?Too... to do sth. 太…以致于不能做某事；

?…enough to do sth. 足够…从而可以做某事；

?Such + 名词性短语+ as + to do sth. “…如此事情以至于…”：Baker can’t have done such a terrible thing as to keep you waiting for so long.

?so+形容词/副词+as+ to do sth.: She wouldn’t be so careless as to forget her luggage.

?在not, never, only, all ,but等后的“too…to…”结构中，“too”的含义为“very”，不定式没有否定含义: I’m only too pleased to help you.| It’s never too late to learn.

?anxious, delighted, eager, easy, glad, kind, pleased, ready, surprised, willing等在too…to…结构中没有否定，而是表示肯定：She was too surprised to see how angry her father was.

?动词不定式和only连用时，常表示未预料到的结果,“…，没有想到…”的意思：I went to see my friend only to learn he was in hospital.| He went to the station hurriedly only to find the train had left.| He survived the crash only to die in the desert.

?It is …of you to do sth. （赞扬指责）/ It is … for sb. to do sth.

?如果句子前面已出现过同样的动词，为了避免重复，常省去不定式动词，只保留不定式符号“to”：主要是以下动词或者形容词的后面：hate, hope, like, love, mean, plan, try, want, wish，glad, pleased，ought to, used to, need，be able to, be going to, have to：Did you get a ticket? No. I tried to. But there were not any left.| —Do you smoke?

—Not now, but I used to.| I wanted to go but I wasn’t able to.| —Have you fed the cat? —No, but I’m just going to.

?做表语时，如主语中有do的某种形式，应省略to: What you have to do tonight is (to) finish the work.

?连词but前有do的某种格式时，后面不定式的to省略：He never does anything but talk.光说不干

?疑问词（who，what，which，when，where，how，whether）+不定式:可以做句子的主语，表语，动词的宾语，介宾：They were concerned with how to solve the problem.| I have no idea of how to do it.

?用and连接几个时，只保留一个to;

?系表结构+ to do----> 主动表被动，主语是do的逻辑宾语：This is a difficult question to answer. |The thing is too small to see.| The car is rather difficult to repair.

?形容词补语：glad, sorry, sure, likely, able，afraid，anxious，careful，content，foolish，inclined，prepared，ready，slow, willing: The students are sorry to leave. I am very glad to see you.

?修饰的名词是不定式的动作承受者时，可用主动式（自己完成）或被动式（让别人完成）：There is nothing to do.(We have nothing to do now.)| There is nothing to be done. (We can do nothing now.) Have you got anything to send? Have you got anything to be sent?

?逻辑主语：如果句中没有合适的词作逻辑主语，可以借助for sb.的格式来做逻辑主语,翻译做“对于…来说”：For an old man to run fast is dangerous.

【过去分词】原形-ed

?做表语：形容词化，动作完成后所处的状态，常用一般现在时和一般过去时：closed, excited, interested, convinced, determined, covered, dressed , shut, broken, wounded, finished, completed, injured, lost, gone, frightened, shocked, surprised等。

?做定语：1>单个做定语一般前置，及物动词的过去分词具有被动和完成意义，不及物动词的过去分词具有主动和完成意义: planned economy, changed conditions| fallen leaves落叶, newly arrived goods新到的商品returned students

2>过去分词短语作定语时通常后置，其意义相当于一个定语从句: The concert given by the symphony was a great success. A drop of water seen through microscope is filled with living things.

3>以“名词+过去分词”或“副词+过去分词”组成的复合形容词作前置定语: state-owned enterprises 国有企业

a poverty-stricken place贫穷的地方quick-frozen food 速冻食品a much-needed reform 急需进行的改革

?做状语:1>时间：When heated, ice will be changed into water. (=when it is heated)

2>原因：Many of us, being so excited ,could not go to sleep that night. (=because we were so excited)

3>条件：Given better attention，the cabbages could grow even faster.

4>让步：Mocked at by everybody，he had my sympathy.| Although exhausted by the climb，he continued his journey.

5>方式：前面通常带有as(按照)，as if（仿佛，好像）等从属连词：I finished the work as requested.| As scheduled，the two friends met on May 10.| That fellow was walking with a limp as if injured.

6>伴随：He went to work，burdened with worries.| The headmaster went into the lab, followed by the foreign guests.

?独立结构：常用作状语，用来表示时间、条件、原因、伴随情况等，一般与句前，格式“独立主语+done(或短语)：He rushed into the room，his face covered with sweat.(伴随)| This done，we went home.（时间）| All our savings gone，the couple started looking for jobs.（原因）|That point settled，the speaker went on to the next one.（时间）?with/without+宾语+过去分词：表示伴随情况的独立结构：She went angrily away without a word spoken.| With different methods used，different results are obtained.

?做宾补：在感官动词（see, hear ,smell, expect, find , feel , notice , observe, watch等）和使役动词（have, get, leave ,want, make ,keep, set等）之后做宾补，其中have和get之后表示的动词往往是别人完成的：I don’t want my name linked with him.| I had my car repaired.| I had my hair cut.| We must get the television set repaired.| He had his window broken to pieces.

【现在分词】(not)+ doing（一般式）（not）+ having done（完成式）(not) + being done ( 进行时)

( not) having been done (完成时被动语态)

?作表语（实际上就是形容词）:interesting/exciting /delighting/disappointing /encouraging/ pleasing /puzzling /satisfying /surprising

?做定语：1.做表语的词都可以单个前置做定语：an interesting book 2.一些vi的现在分词前置：increasing demand/a booming town/developing countries/existing condition;3.短语后置，相当于一个定语从句：Do you know the number of people coming(=who are coming) to the party ? We are brothers sharing(=who share) sorrow and happiness. There are a few boys swimming(= who are swimming) in the pool. China stretches across a vast area covering(=which covers) the cold, temperate and tropical zones.

?:（任何一个现在分词的做状语的成分，都可以转换为一个相应的状语从句）

1.His parents were killed in the accident, leaving him an orphan.( 结果)| Turning around(=when she turned

around),she saw an ambulance driving up.(时间,可以加上when或者while等引导时间状语从句的连词，但是

伴随状态的用法就不能)| They got engaged（when）travelling in Europe.(时间)| Don’t mention it(while)talking to her.(时间)|

2.Not knowing her address(= As we didn’t know…),we couldn’t get in touch with her.(原因)|

They went on with their struggle, thinking theirs was a just cause.(原因)| Many of us, being so excited, could not fall asleep that night.(原因)|

3.和主句用逗号隔开，表示和主句动作同时发生的一个次要或者伴随动作：Following Tom, they started to climb. |

Mary walked around the town, looking at the sights.| The young man, carrying the heavy bag, rushed out of the room.| He rode away whistling. He sat in the sofa waiting for the guest. She was lying in bed crying.

Some left the hall still weeping. The girls are busy doing their homework. Thousands of people were gathered at the airport cheering the visiting president.

?固定用法：spend time / money / energy doing|（be）busy doing| have difficulty/trouble/a difficult time doing| keep doing| go doing

?做宾补,表示该动作正在发生：feel，hear，notice，observe，perceive，see，smell，watch，listen to，look at(感官动词)；get，have，keep, leave（使役动词）；catch，detect，discover，find，want + 宾语+ 现在分词（doing）?独立结构：独立的逻辑主语+现在分词,一般用做状语，表时间，原因，条件，方式，伴随等(如judging, considering, generally speaking, supposing):The dark clouds having dispersed，the sun shone again.| The question being settled，we went home.| The river having risen in the night，the crossing was impossible.| The night being dark, she was afraid to go there.| Weather permitt ing, we’ll have an outing tomorrow.| The teacher came in, his hand carrying a book.| He guiding her，they stumbled through the street.

?否定结构：由“not+现在分词”构成：Not knowing where to go, she went to the police for help.| Not being seen by anyone，the thief escaped.| Not having done it right，I tried again.

?一般式(doing)：与谓语动词的动作同时或者之后发生：She sat there reading a novel.| Going into the room，he shut the door.

?完成式(having done)：动作在谓语动词的动作之前完成。Having finished her homework, the little girl began to watch TV.

?被动式：逻辑主语为现在分词动作的承受者。有一般被动式（being done）和完成被动式(having been done)：The building being built is our library.| Having been warned by the teacher, the students didn’t make such mistakes.| Having been told many times, he still did not know how to do it.

【动名词】动词的-ing形式起名词作用时。“动词的格式，名词的意思”。

?做主语和表语：往往表示一般或抽象的多次行为，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的行为：Smoking is prohibited here .（抽象）It is not very good for you to smoke so much.（具体）。He is collecting stamps.（进行时）| His hobby is collecting stamps.（动名词）

?做定语：都在所修饰的名词之前，表示它所修饰的名词的目的，用途或场合，逻辑上没有主谓关系（有主谓关系的是现在分词作定语）：a reading room=a room for reading; a sleeping baby= a baby who is sleeping, a walking stick=a stick for walking

?以下句式一般只用动名词：It is no use (good), not any use ( good ) ,useless，fun doing sth. : It is no good learning English without practice.

?否定结构：not doing, not having done, not being done.

?复合结构：通常情况下，动名词的逻辑主语为谓语动词的主语。如果动名词动作的发出者不是谓语动词的主语时，则需要有自己的逻辑主语物主代词或名词所有格加动名词，这就是复合结构，可以做句子的主语和宾语。

1>逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词this/that/somebody/someone/nobody/none/anybody/anyone

时，只用普通格: She was woken up by somebody shouting outside.

2>逻辑主语是无生命名词时，通常只用名词普通格: Is there any hope of our team winning the match?

3>逻辑主语是有生命的名词作主语时，必须用名词或代词所有格，作宾语时（尤其在口语中），也可用名词普通格或人称代词宾格。如：Do you think my going there will be of any help?(代词所有格)| （名词所有格）| Do you mind my(me) smoking ?（代词所有格或人称代词宾格）| They insist on Mary’s (Mary) going wi th them there.（名词所有格或者名词普通格）

?时态和语态：1>被动语态：当动名词的逻辑主语是行为承受者时: He doesn’t mind having been criticized.| The meeting was put off without his having been consulted.

2>完成时态：动作或状态在谓语动词之前完成或结束：He regrets not having taken part in the work.

3>一般时态A：和谓语动词同时或者之后发生：His coming will be of great help to us.

4>一般时态B：感官动词或after, on, upon, for等介词之后，用一般时态替完成时：I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time.| On hearing that bad news , the mother couldn’t help c rying. | Excuse me for coming late.| Thank you for giving us so much help.

?做宾语：做动词宾语，短语动词宾语，介词宾语.若有宾补，用it做形式宾语：We found it no good making fun of others.

1.只能接动名词：admit, dislike, discontinue，face, forgive , include, appreciate, consider, delay, escape, enjoy, excuse, keep (on), mind, miss, practice, risk ,finish, imagine, suggest, give up, put off, set about, feel like,

insist on, object to , stick to, be/get used to, devote oneself to, be worth, look forward to… avoid, deny, fancy 想象,forbid, postpone: We’d better postpone discussing it till next week.

2.既可接动名词也可接不定式做宾语的动词：动名词在意义上比较一般和抽象概括，时间观念不强，不指某一次动作；不定式则常表示具体的动作，有将来时的意思。

1 >可以互换：Attempt/begin/can’t bear/ cease 停止continue/deserve值得hate /intend 打算learn

2>begin/start后只能接不定式的情形：begin/start为进行时；begin 和start 的宾语为没有进行时的静态动词：I

began/ started to understand his point of view.| It’s beginning /starting to rain.

3>当like 与should / would 连用表示愿望或选择时, to play games.

4>当prefer 与would 连用表示选择时，只能跟不定式

5>need, require 和want 后，主动语态的动名词表示被动意义，主动语态的不定式表示主动意义: The house needs

/ requires / want repairing (=to be repaired).

【只能用不定式做宾语】determine, decide, demand, expect , hope, long, manage, offer, promise, pretend, refuse, seem, want, wish, like

【接不定式和动名词意义不同】remember, forget, regret , try , mean（有意/故意做某事；意味着）, go on, stop , can’t help, like

Remember to do sth.

Remember doing sth.

技巧总结：

?固定用法：spend time / money / energy doing|（be）busy doing| have difficulty/trouble/a difficult time doing| keep doing| go doing

?以下句式一般只用动名词：It is no use (good), not any use ( good ) ,useless，fun doing sth. : It is no good learning English without practice.

? 1.只能接动名词：admit, dislike, discontinue，face, forgive , include, appreciate, consider, delay, escape, enjoy, excuse, keep (on), mind, miss, practice, risk ,finish, imagine, suggest, give up, put off, set about, feel

like, insist on, object to , stick to, be/get used to, devote oneself to, be worth, look forward to…

avoid, deny, fancy 想象,forbid, postpone: We’d better postpone discussing it till next week.

?只能接不定式：determine, decide, demand, expect , hope, long, manage, offer, promise, pretend, refuse, seem, want, wish, like. persuade （advise sb. to do sth. ）

?接不定式和动名词意义不同：remember, forget, regret , try , mean（有意/故意做某事；意味着）, go on, stop , can’t help, like

?Need/require/want + doing = to be done (用动名词表示被动不定式)，可以互换；

?Be afraid to do 不敢….（侧重指不敢做出的一种行为）；be afraid of doing sth. “担心…”（侧重强调害怕产生某种后果）：I was afraid to talk back to my customers because I was afraid of losing them.

定语从句与非谓语动词的转换

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非谓语动词难点、易错点(2)

必备英语非谓语动词难点、易错点一、动词被动语态 1． The 31st Olympic Games _______ in Rio de Janeiro of Brazil in 2016. A. is held B. will hold C. will be held D. is going to hold 【答案】C 【解析】【分析】句意：第31届奥运会将于2016年在巴西里约热内卢举行。举办奥运会，The 31st Olympic Games在句中作主语，用被动语态。2016年将要发生的动作，用一般将来时态。故选C。 2．— I enjoy walking on the clean streets in the morning. — You know they by the hard-working cleaners every day. A. clean B. are cleaned C. are cleaning D. will clean 【答案】 B 【解析】【分析】句意：——我喜欢早上在干净的街道上散步。——你知道他们每天都被辛勤工作的清洁工打扫。A一般现在时主动语态，B一般现在时被动语态，C现在进行时，D一般将来时，根据by the hard-working cleaners every day，可知是一般现在时被动语态，故选B。【点评】考查时态和语态，注意一般现在时被动语态的用法。 3．Over $30,000 ______ for a children's hospital by a British girl several months ago. A. is raised B. was raised C. will be raised D. has been raised 【答案】B 【解析】【分析】句意:几个月以前，一个英国女孩为一所儿童医院筹集了三万多美元。ago 多久以前，过去的时间，根据several months ago可知用一般过去时态;主语和谓语动词之间是动宾关系，所以用被动语态。所以选择一般过去时态的被动结构，故选B。

非谓语动词用法讲解

非谓语动词讲解 1. 动词不定式（1）动词不定式的构成：不定式的基本形式为：to+动词原形，有时可以不用to，这里的to是不定式符号，本身无词义，动词不定式的否定形式是not+(to+)动词原形。（2）动词不定式的句法功能： 1)不定式作主语动词不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语放在句末，其结构为：It + be + adj. +(for/of sb.)+动词不定式。如： To learn English well is useful．→It is useful to learn English well．

学好英语很有用。 It’s important for us to protect the environment．保护环境对我们来说很重要。注意：在kind，good，nice，clever等表示人的品质的形容词后，不用for而用of。如： It’s very kind of you to help me．你帮助我真是太好啦。 It’s very clever of you to do like that．你那样做真是太聪明啦! 2)不定式作宾语 ①一些谓语动词后只能用不定式作宾语，常见的这类词是表示命令、打算或希望的，如：would like，like，want，wish，hope，decide，plan，expect等。如：Would you like to see a film this evening? 你今晚想去看电影吗? ②在find，think后跟不定式作宾语时，常用it代替，而将真正的宾语放在句末。如：I find it easy to read English every day．我发现每天读英语很容易。 ③常见的一些不带to的动词不定式 why not do...，why don’t you do...，had better(not) do...，would rather do，could/would/will you please(not) do... 如：I would rather stay in the room．我宁愿待在房间里。 3)不定式作宾语补足语不定式作宾语补足语时与宾语有逻辑上的主谓关系。如：tell，ask，want，allow，get，would like，encourage 后常跟动词不定式作宾语补足语。如：Lucy asked him to turn down the radio．露西让他关小收音机。 My mother encourages me to learn Japanese．我妈妈鼓励我学日语。注意：还有一些使役动词和感官动词也用不定式作宾补，这时不定式要省略to。这些动词有：一感(feel)、二听(hear，listen to)、三让(let，make，have)、四看(look at，see，watch，notice)，但变被动语态时，必须加上to。如：My friends were made to work the whole night by the boss．老板让我的朋友们工作了一整夜。 4)不定式作定语

定语从句与非谓语动词

二．定语从句：定语从句三步：第一找出先行词（被修饰的那个名词或代词）；第二看从句缺少什么成份（如主语、宾语或状语）；第三选择合适的引导词。注意：引导词在介词后，指人只能用whom 指物只能用which 高考对定语从句的考查常涉及以下几个方面：【考点6】正确区别限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的结构；理解关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中的作用；特别注意指代整个主句内容的关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句，从意义上来说，是对主语的补充说明，从结构上来看，先行词和定语从句之间用逗号隔开，He makes great progress in his English learning, which makes his mother very happy. ⑧I shall never forget the day _____ Shenzhou V was launched, _____ has a great effect on my life. A. when; which B. that; which C. which; that D. when; that (2004北京东城) 【考点7】关系代词that，who，which以及as的用法区别。指人时常只用who不用that的情况；指物时只用which不用that的情况；只用that不用which的情况；关系代词as与which的用法区别； the same … that … 与the same … as …的区别: 1 其中that, who(whom)，都可以指人，那么他们在指人时有什么区别呢。[本条记忆技巧：用who 不用that 的情况 “there be” “one，ones，anyone，nobody, those ” 被分割。那里有(there)很多万(one)被那些人(those)分割。] <1>先行词为those, one, anyone, nobody 等词时，用who不用that,例如：The one who knows me well is Tom. <2>在分隔型定语从句中，若先行词是人，用who不用that, 例： A new teacher will come who will teach you German. 在本句中，先行词“teacher”和修饰限定它的从句“who will teach you German ”分离，所以我们用who 不用that。 <3>先行词为“there be”结构的主语时，例如 There is a man who wants to see you. 在本句子当中a man是There is a man 这句当中的主语，所以用who不用that 2其中，that 和which 都可以指物，它们在指物时的区别：用that不用which <1>先行词前有形容词最高级,序数词,all, every, little, no, any, much, the only, the very, the last 等修饰时，例如： I have read all the books that you gave me. <2>先行词为all, few, nothing, everything, little, much等不定代词时： He did all that he could do to help us. <3>主语以who或which开头时 Who is the man that just called you just now? <4>关系代词在从句中做表语时 China is not the country that is was. <5>既指人又指物时 He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited. 2, 先行词表示物时, 用which不用that 的情况 <1> 引导非限制性定语从句时,例如: She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart to her mouth. <2>当关系代词做介词宾语时,例如:

高三英语复习非谓语动词考点总结归纳讲义

非谓语动词考点总结归纳非谓语动词包括不定式，动名词和分词。它们是高中所学的基础语法，也是高考必考内容。既是高考的难点又是高考的热点。真正领悟非谓语动词的用法要具备以下基础知识： ①具有句子结构的知识，会分析句子成分。 ②具有简单句最基本的五种句型的知识，要分得清双宾语和复合宾语。 ③具有扎实而丰富的动词知识，要分得清及物动词和不及物动词。 ④具备各种复合句的知识，能够拆析复合句和长难句。 1．三种非谓语动词的构成及变化形式。 To ●过去分词 done （无变化） ●所有非谓语动词的否定形式都是把否定副词not,never放在非谓语动词的前面。 2. 三种非谓语动词形式句法功能比较

考点一：非谓语作主语。 1. 在很多情况下没有明显的不同. Seeing is believing.=To see is to believe. 2. 不定式做主语表示某一次具体的,特定的或有待实现的动作, 而动名词则表示通常的情况. eg:To tell him the truth would be the best. / Painting is an art. 动词不定式（短语）作主语时，另一种形式是在句首用先行代词it作形式主语，而将动词不定式（短语）移到谓语之后作真正主语。用于这种形式是一些特定形容词，动词和名词 1)形容词作表语It is adj/n.(for sb.) to do sth. （常见的形容词是：necessary,important,possible等） It is adj./n.(of sb.) to do sth. (常见的形容词是clever,stupid,foolish,wise,cruel等) 2)常见的动词有：require, cost, amuse, delight, annoy等 eg: It takes much time to do sth./ It didn’t occur to me to ask him to help me. 3)一些名词作表语 eg: It seems a pity to waste them./It is a great pleasure to do this./It is a good idea to think this way 动名词做主语时常用的句型有： It is nice doing sth./It’s foolish doing sth./It is useless doing that/It’s a waste of time doing this. /It’s worth one’s while doing sth./ It’s no good (use) doing that. It’s an awful job doing this. /It’s fun doing this. There is/ was no sense in doing/no point in doing 考点二：非谓语动词作宾语详细见5+3 P70-72页补充:1.begin和start在下列三种情况下, 通常跟不定式, 不跟动名词 1) 当begin和start的主语是无生命之物时. eg: Snow began to melt. 2) 当begin和start用于进行时时. eg: He is beginning to study English. 3) 当begin和start后面跟着一些表示心理状态的词时. eg: I began to believe his story. 2. be afraid to do 不敢去做…… be afraid of doing 害怕发生某事

非谓语动词和从句的转换

非谓语动词和从句的转换---- 一.不定式（短语）与从句的关系 1.不定式（短语）在句中作主语，其功能相当于一个主语从句，因此二者之间可以转换。 (1).To be able to help you is really an honor.(=That I’m able to help you) (2).He seemed to know the way.(=It seemed that he knew the way.) (3).Bush is said to have decided to attack North Korea. (= It is said that Bush has decided to attack North Korea.) 2.不定式（短语）在句中作宾语或宾补，相当于一个宾语从句 (1).We still don’t know when and where to build a school.(宾语) (=when and where we should build a school) (2).I advised him to go and see the doctor.(宾补)(=that he should go and see) (3).He thought it a great pity not to have invited her. .(宾语)(=That he hadn’t invited her.) 3不定式（短语）在句中作表语.，相当于一个表语从句 (1).My suggestion is for them to leave as soon as possible.(=that they should leave) (2).My chief purpose has been for them to get a good understanding. (=that they can get a good understanding) 4.不定式（短语）在句中作定语.，相当于一个定语从句 (1).The question will be discussed at the conference shortly to open in Beijing. (=that is shortly to open in Beijing) (2).All dead, I was the only one to grow up. (=that grew up) 5.不定式（短语）在句中作目的．结果状语.，相当于一个目的．结果状语从句 (１).He came to the area in order/so as to study the folk music there.(=in order/so that) (2).The lady was so excited as not to say a word.(=so excited that she couldn’t…)

复习专题非谓语动词难点汇总

复习专题非谓语动词难点汇总一、非谓语动词 1．—What should I do, doctor? —_____ healthy, you should do more exercise. A. Keep B. Keeping C. To keep D. To be kept 【答案】 A 【解析】【分析】句意：——我应该做什么，医生？——为了保持健康，你应该多锻炼。keep healthy，保持健康，固定搭配，排除D。多锻炼的目的是保持健康，所以用to do不定式表目的，故选C。【点评】考查to do不定式表目的，注意平时识记其用法，理解句意。 2．To my surprise, Daniel's parents allowed him ___________ Shanghai Disneyland with me. A. to visit B. visiting C. visit D. visits 【答案】 A 【解析】【分析】句意：让我吃惊的的，戴尔的父母允许他和我去上海迪士尼乐园。allow sb. to do sth.允许某人做某事，固定短语，故选A。【点评】此题考查动词不定式。注意固定短语allow sb. to do sth。 3．When you are tired, in the countryside is a wonderful experience. A. relaxing B. relaxed C. relax D. relaxes 【答案】 A 【解析】【分析】考查非谓语动词。句意：当你累的时候，在农村放松是一个奇妙的体验。所填动词在句中作主语，该用动名词形式，所以选A。 4．We should do what we can our English. A. improve B. improved C. to improve D. improving 【答案】 C 【解析】【分析】句意:我们应该做我们能做的事提高我们的英语。句子主语是we, 谓语是should do,宾语是what we can,后边的部分作目的状语，用不定式形式，故选C。 5．It was raining. My father asked me _______ a raincoat. A. take B. takes C. took D. to take 【答案】 D 【解析】【分析】句意：正下雨。我父亲要我带上雨衣。根据关键词 asked me，再结合选项，可判断出此处考查的是 ask sb. to do sth.的用法，故答案选 D。【点评】考查固定搭配ask sb. to do sth.。

高考英语非谓语动词用法总结(完整)

高考英语非谓语动词用法总结(完整) 一、单项选择非谓语动词 1．The rainforest is an amazing place, ________ with plants and animals that aren’t found anywhere else in the world. A．filling B．filled C．being filled D．to fill 【答案】B 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：热带雨林是一个令人惊讶的地方，充满了世界其他地方不能找到的动植物。固定词组：be filled with被……充满，此处place和fill之间是一种被动关系，所以用过去分词做伴随状态，故选B。 2．115．______ his love, Chris sent his mom a thank-you note on Mother’s Day. A．Expressing B．Expressed C．To express D．Having expressed 【答案】C 【解析】考查动词不定式。句意：为了表达他的爱，克里斯在母亲节那天给他的妈妈寄了一条感谢信。用不定式表目的，故选C。 3．After receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress, Anne Benedict went on all the people who had helped in her career. A．to thank B．thanking C．having thanked D．to have thanked 【答案】A 【解析】试题分析：句意：在获得奥斯卡最佳女配角后，Anne Benedict继续感谢所有帮助她演绎生涯的人。go on to do继续做不同的事情，所以选A。考点：考查不定式【名师点睛】不定式有一些具体的用法，可以做宾语，定语，状语。还有不定式的不同形式：to do；to be doing；to have done。这题要注意go on to do“继续做不同的事情”和go on doing“继续做相同的事情”的区别。结合语境是关键。 4．Pressed from his parents, and ____ that he has wasted too much time, the boy is determined to stop playing video games. A．realizing B．realized C．to realize D．being realized 【答案】A 【解析】试题分析：考查非谓语动词的用法。句意：被父母迫使同时自己也意识到他已经浪费了太多时间，这个男孩决定停止玩电脑游戏。首先要弄清楚本句中的and连接的成分是非谓语

非谓语动词用法详解

非谓语动词用法详解动词的非谓语形式有三种：不定式、动名词和分词 (一)不定式不定式由“to十动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to do”．不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化．不定式可作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语，但不能单独作谓语．不定式的逻辑主语有时用“for十名词或代词宾格”构成． 1．不定式的用法： l)作主语．不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语．例如： To see is to believe． It is right to give up smoking． 2)作宾语．不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语。往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语．例如： He wanted to go． I find it interesting to study work with him. 3)作宾语补足语．例如： He asked me to do the work with him. 注意：在feel，hear，listen to，look at，notice, observe，see，watch，have, let，make等词后的补足语中，不定式不带to．但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时，就必须带to．例如 I often hear him sing the song． He is often heard to sing the song．注意：不定式动词在介词but，except，besides后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to．如： She could do nothing but cry. What do you like to do besides swim? I have no choice but to go．动词help之后，带to或不带to都可以。 Will you please help me (to) take this suitcase? 请你帮我提一下这个衣箱好吗？She often helps her mother (to) clean their house. 她经常帮助她妈妈打扫房子。 4)作定语．例如： I have some books for you to read．注①作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词．例如： He is looking for a room to live in． There is nothing to worry about．

定语从句和非谓语做定语的转换

定语从句和非谓语做定语的转换非谓语做定语是定语从句的简化形式 Please replace the underlined part with relative clauses 1.The picture hanging on the wall is painted by my nephew. 2.The Olympic Games, held in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912. 3.The first text books written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. 4.Are you going to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow? 5. a developed/developing country 6.He is a student loved by all the teachers. 7.The building being built will be the third Teaching Building of our school. 8.She is always the first (one) to come and the last to leave. 9.Let's first find a room to live in / to put the things in. 10.We have nothing to worry about. 11.I have a lot of things to do today. 12.Have you got anything to say at the meeting? 总结：现在分词做定语从时态上表示_______ 或_________ 从语态上表示________;若表示被动；可以用_______ 过去分词做定语从时态上表示_____或______ 从语态上表示____________ 不定式做定语从时态上表示__________ 从逻辑上可以表示动词和先行词之间的_______ 同时要注意加上相应的介词，若先行词被________________________所以修饰，定语从句部分可以用不定式替代 Replace the underlined part with ing/ ed / to do 1. The computer center which was opened last year, is very popular among the students. in the school. 2. Most of the artists who were invited to the party were from South Africa. 3. There was a terrible noise which followed he sudden burst of light. 4. Do you know the boy who is lying under the big tree? 5. Are you going to attend the meeting which will be held tomorrow? 6. I like most of the books which are published in this publishing house. 7. This is one of the questions which are being discussed at the meeting now. 8. Would you please give me a piece of paper which I can write with ? 9. The next train which will arrive is from Washington. 非谓语动词作定语练习1 1. Here are some new computer programs _________ for home buildings. A. designing B. design C. designed D. to design 2. The price will save you one dollar for each dozen. A. reduce B. reducing C. reduced D. reduces 3. The wallet several days ago was found in the dustbin outside the building. A. stolen, hidden B. stealing, hiding C. stealing, hidden D. stolen, hiding 4. A person_______ a foreign language must be able to use the foreign language ___all about his own. A. to learn, to forget B. learning, to forget C. to learn, forgetting D.learning, forgetting 6. Many things__________ impossible in the past are very common today. A. consider B. considering C. considered D. be considered 7 What's the________ language in Germany A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak

非谓语动词难点汇总

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非谓语动词知识要点概括以及难点和考点分析 1.“非谓语动词”这个名称是什么意思在做非谓语动词题目之前，首先要搞清楚这个名称的意义。在英语中，很多语法名称在我们中国人的母语中是不存在的，所以，只有我们了解了这个语法的本质，或者说英语中使用这个语法的目的，才能更好的理解和运用这个语法知识。首先，英语句子从结构上说，大致和中文相差不多，基本上都是“主谓宾”这个顺序，但英语句子和中文句子最大的不同点在于，英语句子里只能有一个谓语动词，而且逗号不能作为分割句子的连词使用。比如这句话：他生病了，他不能来了。在中文中，这句话没有问题，但如果翻译成英语：He is ill, he is not coming.就错了，因为逗号后面没有连词，这句话里出现了两个谓语动词“is”，产生了冲突。如果要修改的话，可以加上连词so，也可以把逗号变成分号（分号等于连词，后面he的首字母还是要小写），也可以索性把逗号变成句号，变成两句话。当然，如果用英语中所特有的技巧来处理的话，可以使用从句，可以改为Because he is ill, he is not coming. 这样操作的话，就等于把一个谓语动词放入了从句中，它就不和主句里的另一个谓语动词形成冲突了。其实这也是“从句”------这个英语中所特有的语法现象存在的道理。这句话最后一种修改方法就是使用非谓语动词，可以改为“Being ill, he is not coming.”。所以各位现在就明白了，非谓语动词这个语法现象存在的意义就是为了使一句英语句子保持只有一个谓语动词。非谓语动词如果能灵活运用，在有些情况下能代替从句（非谓语动词做状语和定语时候，可以代替原来的状语从句和定语从句），可以让句子更加精简。 2.非谓语动词的形式非谓语动词主要可以分为三种形式：1. 分词 2. 动词不定式 3. 动名词。其中，分词又可以分为现在分词和过去分词。它们的具体形式如下：现在分词：being, doing, having done(现在分词表示主动) 过去分词: done, being done , having been done （过去分词表示被动）不定式: to do （表示主动）, to be done （表示被动）。某些题目中还会出现to have done/to have been done和to be doing等特殊形式，下面重点解析里会谈到。动名词：doing（表示主动），being done（表示被动）某些情况下having done和having been done也可以做动名词，下面重点解析里也会谈到。本质上说，非谓语动词是谓语动词变过来的，具体变化形式如下：主动被动谓语动词非谓语动词谓语动词非谓语动词 be being do doing be done done be doing doing be being done being done will do to do will be done to be done have done having done have been done having been done

考查非谓语动词还是定语从句

请看看这道选择题： Not far from the school there was a garden, _________ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon. A. its B. whose C. which D. that 【分析】此题很容易误选B，许多同学会认为句中逗号后是一个非限制性的定语从句，whose 在定语从句中用作定语修饰其后的名词 owner。此分析从表面上看，似乎天衣无缝，但实质上是错的，原因是空格后根本不是一个句子，因为没有谓语。尽管句中有两个动词，但它们都是非谓语动词。也许有的同学认为，其中的 seated 可视为谓语动词，但是注意，seat 用作动词时，它总是及物的，其后要么接宾语，要么它就用于被动语态，所以若在 seated 前加上助动词 is，则可以选择B（当然若将 seated 改为 sitting，也应选择B）。所以此题最佳答案选A。请再看一个类似的例子： (1)He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. that (2)He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. that 第(1)应选B，而不能选C，是因为句中的 translated 是过去分词(非谓语动词)，若选C，则该从句无谓语；第(2)应选C，因为句中有谓语 were translated。再请看下面一例： (3)He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were transla ted into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. that 【分析】此题与上面的第(2)题不同，两句间多了一个并列连词and，说明这是一个并列句，故应选B，则不能选C。请做做以下三题(答案均为B)：