关联翻译理论
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• Sperber和Wilson认为，语言交际是这样的 一个过程：由负责接受语言刺激信号的单 元接收外界语言信号，然后把它们传输到 中心系统，由中心系统进行运算和破译。 • 交际不仅涉及编码、转换和解码过程，更 关键的是推理过程。话语的语义内容是静 态的，而解释、推理的语境是动态的。
Example:
Translation Practice
Practice of Relevance–theoretic Translation Theory refers to some field, such as tourism, davertisement , literature and so on.
Tourism Translation
关联程度的强弱取决于两个因素之间的关系， 即所获得的语境效果(contextual effect)和处理 话语时所付出的努力(processing effort)。 •在同等条件下，语境效果越大，关联性越强。 •在同等条件下，处理努力越小，关联性越强。
Example ：
• I have met a former classmate by the name of John Smith whom I had not seen for many years. I want to share the information with a friend of mine who had been a classmate of John’s together with me. I say to my friend: • I met John Smith today. • My friend would find it difficult to work out which John Smith I was referring to, because John Smith is very common. In this situation I could increase the relevance of my utterance by saying like: • Do you remember John Smith, the fellow we used to tease way back in our school days? I met him today.(Gutt,2004)
• Translation is an act of communication rather than a text genre. • Translation is communication between translator and target audience.
(Gutt, 2004)
• 翻译是一个译者对原语进行阐释的明示—推理的 动态过程。 • 翻译是与大脑机制（brain mechanisms）密切联 系的推理过程，而不是语段本身或语段产生的过 程。 • 翻译不仅涉及语码，更重要的是根据动态的语境 进行动态的推理，而推理所依据的就是关联性。 • 在对源语理解和翻译的过程中，人们对语码的选 择所依赖的也是关联性。
Relevance Theory
• Relevance Theory is, roughly, the theory that the aim of an interpreter is to find an interpretation of the speaker's meaning that satisfies the presumption of optimal relevance. An input is relevant to an individual when it connects with available contextual assumptions to yield positive cognitive effects.
Example 1:
春晓
唐·孟浩然
春眠不觉晓， 处处闻啼鸟。 夜来风雨声， 花落知多少。
• 这是一首惜春诗。描绘 了雨后春天早晨的景色 ，表现了春天里诗人内 心的喜悦而后惋惜的心 情。
•
• • • •
• • • • •
译文一：
A Spring Morning
I awake light hearted this morning of spring. Everywhere, round me the singing of birds. But now I remember the night, the storm. And I wonder how many blossom were broken. （丁序周译） 译文二 ： A Spring Morning Late! This spring morning as I awake, I know all around me the birds are crying, The storm last night, I sensed the fury. How many, I wonder, are fallen, poor dear flowers! （翁显良译）
• 汉译英如: • 例1:这里三千座奇峰拔地而起，形态各异，有 的似玉柱神鞭，立地顶天；有的像铜墙铁壁， 巍然屹立；有的如晃板垒卵，摇摇欲坠；有的 若盆景古董，玲珑剔透……神奇而又真实，迷 离而又实在，不是艺术创造胜似艺术创造，令 人叹为观止。
•3000 crags rise in various shapes—pillars, columns, walls, shaky egg stacks and p o tted l a nd sc ap es . .. — co nju ring u p unforgettably fantastic images. （贾文波，汉英时文翻译，2000）
从另一方面说，语言交际过程是一个明示— —推理的过程(ostensive——inferential process)，明示和推理是交际行为的两个方 面。 从说话人的角度而言，交际是说话人用明白 无误的话语，表达自己的意图；而从听话人 的角度看，交际是一种推理过程，即根据话 语信息和语境从说话人明示的信息中，推断 出说话人的交际意图。
Example ： • （1）A：玛丽会打字吗？ • B：她当过办公室秘书。 • （2）办公室秘书的条件之一是会打字。 • （3）大前提：办公室秘书会打字。 • 小前提：玛丽当过办公室秘书。 • 结论：玛丽会打字。
关联原则
关联的第一（或认知）原则：人类认知常常与最大 关联性相吻合。 关联的第二（或交际）原则：每一个明示的交际行 为都应设想为它本身具有最佳关联性。 最大关联性(maximal relevance)：话语理解时付出尽 可能小的努力而获得最大的语境效果。 最佳关联性(optimal relevance)：话语理解时付出有 效的努力之后所获得的足够的语境效果。
• 英译汉如: • 例2: On the road leading from central Europe to the Adriatic coast lies a small Slovenian town of Postojna. Its subterranean world holds some of Europe's most magnificent underground galleries. Time losses all meanings in the formation of these underground wonders Dripstones, stalactites in different shapes — columns pillars and translucent curtains conjure up unforgettable images—Postojna Cave.
• 译文三：
• • • • Spring Morning This spring morning in bed I’m lying, Not to awake till birds are crying. After one night of wind and showers, How many are the fallen flowers. （许渊冲译）
Representative Person
Ernst August Gutt, the student of Sperber and Wilson, made a deep study on translation according to relevance theory. he published his dissertation thesis Translation and Relevance: Cognition and Context in 1991.
• 最佳关联原则是关联翻译理论总的指导原则。 • 在翻译活动中，译者为达到最佳翻译效果，译者 负有双重推理的责任。 • 首先，译者必须体会出原文作者的意图，即他试 图传达给读者哪些语境假设，同时译者还必须考 虑、了解译文读者的认知语境，对译文进行最佳 关联性的取舍，为读者提供最佳语境效果，译者 根据认知努力和语境效果采取合适的翻译策略和 方法，使翻译这种言语交际行为取得成功。
Origin of The Theory
——Relevance Theory
• Relevance Theory was put forward by Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson, and was showed i n t h e b o o k R e l e v a n c e : Communication and Cognition for the first time in 1986.
Example 3:
• I was mad gambler then and one day I picked up my uncle’s Giro, cashed it and hand it on a dog which got beat. Nothing was said, but he must have been terribly hurt knowing what I’ve done. • 我那时是个疯狂的赌鬼，有一次我偷了舅 舅的转账支票，兑出钱来在一只狗身上打 赌，结果输了。他什么也没说，不过我知 道对于我的胡作非为，他一定很伤心。
Main Works
• Translation and
Relevance: Cognition and Context (1991).
• Relevance Theory:
Guide to Successful Communication in Translation (1992).
Gutt’s Views of Translation
• So, to be consistent with the principle of relevance, an utterance must achieve adequate contextual effects and put the hearer to no unjustifiable effort in achieving them.
• Giro 一词的词典意义为转账支票， 但该词经常和 “unemployed”, “gypsies”, “scroungers”, “handout” , “meths”等词连用。实际上giro 的意思已经发生转变 ，在英国英语中表示失业或收入补贴的支票而非富人 所用的转账支票。原文中giro一词暗含了舅舅靠救济 过活的贫困状态，这样才能突出主人公行为的荒唐。 根据关联翻译理论，译者在解读文本时，理解文本的 隐含意义，转账支票应译为“救济单”。
Relevance–theoretic Translation Theory
关联翻译理论
Content
Origin of Relavance Theory of Translation Representative Person Translation Practice
Contributions and Limitations
A:Do you like macaroni? B: I' m an Italian. • B明示的话语没有直接回答A的提问，但 为A提供了推理的认知和语境。A从自己的认 知和语境中，确认意大利人喜爱吃通心粉这 一语境预设，于是分析出B的暗含前提为: • Italian like macaroni. • He is an Italian. 最终获得B喜爱吃通心粉这个语境效果。
• Sperber和Wilson认为，语言交际是这样的 一个过程：由负责接受语言刺激信号的单 元接收外界语言信号，然后把它们传输到 中心系统，由中心系统进行运算和破译。 • 交际不仅涉及编码、转换和解码过程，更 关键的是推理过程。话语的语义内容是静 态的，而解释、推理的语境是动态的。
Example:
Translation Practice
Practice of Relevance–theoretic Translation Theory refers to some field, such as tourism, davertisement , literature and so on.
Tourism Translation
关联程度的强弱取决于两个因素之间的关系， 即所获得的语境效果(contextual effect)和处理 话语时所付出的努力(processing effort)。 •在同等条件下，语境效果越大，关联性越强。 •在同等条件下，处理努力越小，关联性越强。
Example ：
• I have met a former classmate by the name of John Smith whom I had not seen for many years. I want to share the information with a friend of mine who had been a classmate of John’s together with me. I say to my friend: • I met John Smith today. • My friend would find it difficult to work out which John Smith I was referring to, because John Smith is very common. In this situation I could increase the relevance of my utterance by saying like: • Do you remember John Smith, the fellow we used to tease way back in our school days? I met him today.(Gutt,2004)
• Translation is an act of communication rather than a text genre. • Translation is communication between translator and target audience.
(Gutt, 2004)
• 翻译是一个译者对原语进行阐释的明示—推理的 动态过程。 • 翻译是与大脑机制（brain mechanisms）密切联 系的推理过程，而不是语段本身或语段产生的过 程。 • 翻译不仅涉及语码，更重要的是根据动态的语境 进行动态的推理，而推理所依据的就是关联性。 • 在对源语理解和翻译的过程中，人们对语码的选 择所依赖的也是关联性。
Relevance Theory
• Relevance Theory is, roughly, the theory that the aim of an interpreter is to find an interpretation of the speaker's meaning that satisfies the presumption of optimal relevance. An input is relevant to an individual when it connects with available contextual assumptions to yield positive cognitive effects.
Example 1:
春晓
唐·孟浩然
春眠不觉晓， 处处闻啼鸟。 夜来风雨声， 花落知多少。
• 这是一首惜春诗。描绘 了雨后春天早晨的景色 ，表现了春天里诗人内 心的喜悦而后惋惜的心 情。
•
• • • •
• • • • •
译文一：
A Spring Morning
I awake light hearted this morning of spring. Everywhere, round me the singing of birds. But now I remember the night, the storm. And I wonder how many blossom were broken. （丁序周译） 译文二 ： A Spring Morning Late! This spring morning as I awake, I know all around me the birds are crying, The storm last night, I sensed the fury. How many, I wonder, are fallen, poor dear flowers! （翁显良译）
• 汉译英如: • 例1:这里三千座奇峰拔地而起，形态各异，有 的似玉柱神鞭，立地顶天；有的像铜墙铁壁， 巍然屹立；有的如晃板垒卵，摇摇欲坠；有的 若盆景古董，玲珑剔透……神奇而又真实，迷 离而又实在，不是艺术创造胜似艺术创造，令 人叹为观止。
•3000 crags rise in various shapes—pillars, columns, walls, shaky egg stacks and p o tted l a nd sc ap es . .. — co nju ring u p unforgettably fantastic images. （贾文波，汉英时文翻译，2000）
从另一方面说，语言交际过程是一个明示— —推理的过程(ostensive——inferential process)，明示和推理是交际行为的两个方 面。 从说话人的角度而言，交际是说话人用明白 无误的话语，表达自己的意图；而从听话人 的角度看，交际是一种推理过程，即根据话 语信息和语境从说话人明示的信息中，推断 出说话人的交际意图。
Example ： • （1）A：玛丽会打字吗？ • B：她当过办公室秘书。 • （2）办公室秘书的条件之一是会打字。 • （3）大前提：办公室秘书会打字。 • 小前提：玛丽当过办公室秘书。 • 结论：玛丽会打字。
关联原则
关联的第一（或认知）原则：人类认知常常与最大 关联性相吻合。 关联的第二（或交际）原则：每一个明示的交际行 为都应设想为它本身具有最佳关联性。 最大关联性(maximal relevance)：话语理解时付出尽 可能小的努力而获得最大的语境效果。 最佳关联性(optimal relevance)：话语理解时付出有 效的努力之后所获得的足够的语境效果。
• 英译汉如: • 例2: On the road leading from central Europe to the Adriatic coast lies a small Slovenian town of Postojna. Its subterranean world holds some of Europe's most magnificent underground galleries. Time losses all meanings in the formation of these underground wonders Dripstones, stalactites in different shapes — columns pillars and translucent curtains conjure up unforgettable images—Postojna Cave.
• 译文三：
• • • • Spring Morning This spring morning in bed I’m lying, Not to awake till birds are crying. After one night of wind and showers, How many are the fallen flowers. （许渊冲译）
Representative Person
Ernst August Gutt, the student of Sperber and Wilson, made a deep study on translation according to relevance theory. he published his dissertation thesis Translation and Relevance: Cognition and Context in 1991.
• 最佳关联原则是关联翻译理论总的指导原则。 • 在翻译活动中，译者为达到最佳翻译效果，译者 负有双重推理的责任。 • 首先，译者必须体会出原文作者的意图，即他试 图传达给读者哪些语境假设，同时译者还必须考 虑、了解译文读者的认知语境，对译文进行最佳 关联性的取舍，为读者提供最佳语境效果，译者 根据认知努力和语境效果采取合适的翻译策略和 方法，使翻译这种言语交际行为取得成功。
Origin of The Theory
——Relevance Theory
• Relevance Theory was put forward by Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson, and was showed i n t h e b o o k R e l e v a n c e : Communication and Cognition for the first time in 1986.
Example 3:
• I was mad gambler then and one day I picked up my uncle’s Giro, cashed it and hand it on a dog which got beat. Nothing was said, but he must have been terribly hurt knowing what I’ve done. • 我那时是个疯狂的赌鬼，有一次我偷了舅 舅的转账支票，兑出钱来在一只狗身上打 赌，结果输了。他什么也没说，不过我知 道对于我的胡作非为，他一定很伤心。
Main Works
• Translation and
Relevance: Cognition and Context (1991).
• Relevance Theory:
Guide to Successful Communication in Translation (1992).
Gutt’s Views of Translation
• So, to be consistent with the principle of relevance, an utterance must achieve adequate contextual effects and put the hearer to no unjustifiable effort in achieving them.
• Giro 一词的词典意义为转账支票， 但该词经常和 “unemployed”, “gypsies”, “scroungers”, “handout” , “meths”等词连用。实际上giro 的意思已经发生转变 ，在英国英语中表示失业或收入补贴的支票而非富人 所用的转账支票。原文中giro一词暗含了舅舅靠救济 过活的贫困状态，这样才能突出主人公行为的荒唐。 根据关联翻译理论，译者在解读文本时，理解文本的 隐含意义，转账支票应译为“救济单”。
Relevance–theoretic Translation Theory
关联翻译理论
Content
Origin of Relavance Theory of Translation Representative Person Translation Practice
Contributions and Limitations
A:Do you like macaroni? B: I' m an Italian. • B明示的话语没有直接回答A的提问，但 为A提供了推理的认知和语境。A从自己的认 知和语境中，确认意大利人喜爱吃通心粉这 一语境预设，于是分析出B的暗含前提为: • Italian like macaroni. • He is an Italian. 最终获得B喜爱吃通心粉这个语境效果。