跨境电商外文翻译参考文献
外文文献翻译本地化跨境电子商务模型
外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Asosheh H A, Shahidi-Nejad, Khodkari H. Introducing a Localized Cross-Border E-Commerce Model, case: Iran B2B E-Commerce[J]. International Journal of Information Science & Management, 2012.英文原文Introducing a Localized Cross-Border E-Commerce Model, case: IranB2B E-CommerceAbbas Asosheh, Hadi Nejad, Hourieh Khodkari ABSTRACTBy the explosive growth of B2B e-commerce transactions in international supply chains and the rapid increase of business documents in Iran’s cross-border trading, effective management of trade processes over borders is vital in B2B e-commerce systems. Structure of the localized model in this paper is based on three major layers of a B2B e-commerce infrastructure, which are messaging layer, business process layer and content layer. For each of these layers proper standards and solutions are chosen due to Iran’s e-commerce requirements. As it is needed to move smoothly towards electronic documents in Iran, UNedocs standard is suggested to support the contents of both paper and electronic documents. The verification of the suggested model is done by presentinga four phase scenario through case study method. The localized model in this paper tries to make a strategic view of business documents exchange in trade processes, and getting closer to the key target of regional single windows establishment in global trade e-supply chains.Keywords: E-Commerce; Cross-Border Trade; Electronic Document Management; International Supply Chain1 IntroductionElectronic commerce is about buying and selling products or services over electronic systems like internet and other networks. The term B2B (Business-to-Business) describes commerce transactions between businesses, such as between a manufacturer and a wholesaler, or between a wholesaler and a retailer. In this paper the research focus is on the communication between traders in two different countries. Today one of the main targets of the world trade organization is to establish regional single windows which can increase the trade facilitation in different parts of world. Establishing a regional single window needs cross border gateways that can exchange trade documents efficiently. So first, the key necessity of managing the simplified documents over borders is to move toward national single windows. After that, the regional single windows can authorize the communication between countries.E-commerce models are studied based on the three major logical layers. These three layers are messaging layer, business process layer andcontent layer [1,2]. Generally the localized model in this paper is a way to automate the process of exchanging trading documents. This can be a step through establishing the National single window of Iran and then with the more interoperability between the East Asian and Middle Eastern countries a regional single window can be improved in the future.In this paper the second section is discussed basic concepts and standards required to introduce the crossborder B2B model in international supply chains. The third section is assigned to introduce the scope of the model and its components functionality in a big picture schema. The forth section discusses the model localization over B2B transaction layers, and finally the paper in concluded.2. BackgroundIn this section, besides, having a look at B2B e-commerce in Iran, the background concepts such as standards and reference models which are being used in localization of the B2B e-commerce cross border model are discussed.. B2B E-Commerce in IranToday the performance of the trade processes in Iran is a key trade success point. Iran has long borders with many of the countries in the region and its import and export processes can be done over road, rail, sea and air ways. So the central and strategic role of this country makes it a key trade point of goods transit in the Asia and Middle East region.These are the main electronic systems which are using today to facilitate trade processes in Iran. The systems are mentioned here as independent trade facilitators which can have interaction with the suggested model in this paper in the future. Joining Iran to the world trade organization regarding the standardization of data elements and trade processes can be a good movement through improving regional single windows in Asia. From the designing point of view, one of the main advantages of document data harmonization in Iran is the reduction of data elements of the forms. So they can be reused in different documents as much as possible. This makes the country ready for using any standard forms of data. So the localized cross-border model in B2B e-commerce can make the trade processes make faster and safer which is one of the necessities of Iran’s trading today.. Single WindowThe Single Window is a system, which enables single submission entry and Single and synchronous processing of data and information. These can help the system to make a key service which is so effective in shipping goods over the borders which is: A Single Decision-making point for customs release and clearance of cargo. It is needed to go through establishing a National single window in Iran to get closer to joining a regional single window.. Buy-Ship-Pay Reference ModelIn order to understand the complexity of international trade, this simple model can make a clear view of the key elements of a trade transaction, and consequently to properly compile the necessary trade facilitation measures. UN/CEFACT has set out this to model the international supply chain using an internationally accepted modeling technique to provide reference model, which gives a view of the international supply chain in its entirety. A simple view of the international supply chain based on BSP model includes three main categories of processes which are buy, ship and pay, plus four types of roles such as customer, authority, intermediary and supplier.3. Model IntroductionIn this section the customized model in cross-border ecommerce is being introduced. The subsections include Model scope, main model components and their behavior over B2B transactions in different B2B transaction layers.In this subsection the scope of the B2B cross border model regarding its roles and use cases is discussed. Different levels of data integration exist which can be done to simplify the data sets. In this model the focus is on the international layer. Harmonizing data elements in the exchange process, leads to effective cross-border trade. Generally, the scope of the model in this paper is about international layer, so the main aim is to harmonize trading transaction in processes and content [7]. Based on theconcept of data harmonization which is suggested in both sides of supply chain; proper standards and solutions in analyzing the model can be chosen. These standards have to support the cross border transactions.The buy-ship-pay reference model discussed as a way to simplify the processes and eliminate unnecessary details of a trade scenario. UNedocs project is suggested to cluster and manage different documents. These standards are introduced as solutions to go through the single window policy. First let’s have a high level view of the components of the system while a cross-border communication is happening. In every side customs are placed which are leading to the national single window of the country. The documents in the National format are entering to the translator module which is changing the format of the documents to the standard UNedocs format [8]. Then it can go through a middleware to be declared more and finally the cross-border single windows is the last gateway. Every country can use this model form its own side to the exchange gateway.The relationship between CAs in this model is designed according to the basic types of PKI interoperability models. Based on the Iran’s e-supply chain security requirements, it is needed to support the certificate authority by using the benefits of a variety of different relationship topologies. The architecture which is suggested here benefits the advantages of CA hierarchy model, certificate trust list and bridge CAinteroperability models.4. Model Localization over B2B LayersIn this section the components of the model are being discussed over three different layers of communication between B2B e-commerce systems. Each subsection shows the relationship between exporter, importer, customs, regional single window and the National single. Business Process LayerIn the business process layers, the reference model and the UNedocs project are used to manage the electronic docs, but as a key step of project management first the exact scope of the transactions which are included in the suggested model must be described. According to what was mentioned about UNedocs, it is said that this project is mainly about the electronic documents but not about identifying the trading partner or the use cases which are about before contract.. Messaging LayerThe messaging layer is responsible to establish the communication session between components, and send the contents of the message to next layers of the components hierarchy [10]. The exporter and importer are considered as the first and last points of a communication line and single window systems in national and regional levels are responsible to process information and move them forward. The certificate authority component of the system is using to assure the acknowledgement of eachmessage. The customs component is the authorization system of goods declarations. The layered architecture of the system is one of the main factors that increase the cross border model’s flexibility and extendibility. Messages mostly include approval of the forms in each level and updating the statues of certificate authority module in the structure of the cross-border model.. Content LayerThe content layer of the localized model deals with the documents, the objects which have to exchange through borders from exporter to importer and the opposite. One of the main challenges of this model is joining the B2B e-commerce system of Iran to a regional single window. As in Iran, paper documents are being used in the trading processes, so international standards to create and align documents which change the current documents readable for other partners in the international supply chains must be chosen. This layer is discussed from two aspects, first standards to design forms and second a solution for Exchanging forms through a unique gateway [11]. One more advantages of this model is data reusability. Same data elements in different forms can be detected and each layer can use the data elements which are entered in the system before.The most important rule considered in this hierarchy is to send and receive documents via next layers of system, and every documentsubmission in the model needs an acknowledgement message to guarantee the integrity of the communication system.. Certificate AuthorizationAs the PKI standards and the necessity of certificate authorization in B2B transactions were discussed before, finally, the role of certification authority center in relationship to other components of the cross-border e-commerce model is discussed. It is clear that the main supervision roles in authorization are once before entering a form into the cycle and once after finishing work with that document to save it as a used code. The assigned numbers in the Figure 7, show the priority of tasks which happen in the scenario step by step. As the priority numbers show, in each country the National single windows receive forms and messages which are being sent through adaptors [14]. This will turn the content of each message in the “national format” that is readable for the regional single window which supervises the transaction. Certification authority checks the forms number unique and makes it easier to trace each trade transaction.Based on the implementation point of view, the localized model is not depended on particular software or hardware infrastructure. By the use of XML technology adapters are needed in each side of the supply chain to change the format of data elements into a readable format. This specification of cross-border models besides using web services as acommunication solution makes the suggested model more portable and independent of different platforms. Implementation itself can be analyzed through different layers. The closest layer to user is user interface layer which is known as web based interface and in the database layers the data exchange is done according to all the points, which was mentioned before about establishing a cross-border data exchange in a B2B e-commerce system.中文译文一个本地化的跨境电子商务模型研究作者：阿巴斯·阿索肖，哈迪·内贾德，霍里·柯德卡里摘要随着国际供应链中B2B电子商务交易的爆炸性增长以及伊朗跨境贸易中商业文件的迅速增加，B2B电子商务系统对边界贸易流程的有效管理至关重要。
电子商务专业外文文献
本科毕业论文外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIPMANAGEMENT文献、资料来源：加勒斯特经济学院文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2000.3.25院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期：外文文献：CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT1. IntroductionIn the last decade, the majority of the companies were preoccupied with production, recession, mergers, new technologies and business regulation. Romania’s accession in the European Union will bring many advantages for further development, together with membership in a Common Market with common policies on product regulation, and freedom of movement for all the four factors of production (goods, services, capital and labor). This means that Romanian companies will compete with other companies from the EU directly in their home market. European companies are more flexible and mobile and will put a high pressure on the local companies in order to produce better products, launch better offers and services and orientate more towards their customers. High revenue equals important customer is a classic rule when the company organises its customer policy. “An important customer brings a gross amount of money for our enterprise” has become a reflex for many companies a broad and perhaps in Romania, too. But is this always true, or do we need more information than a simple figure reported at the end of the year?2. Marketing information systemA winning company is more productive in acquiring and retaining customers, to expand its clientele (Kotler, 2003). This company improves the value of the customers by reducing the rate of defection, increasing the longevity of customer Management & marketing relationship, making low-profit customers more profitable or terminating them etc. Gathering information on the actual or potential marketplace not only allows the organisation to monitor trends and issues concerning its current customers, but also helps it identify and profile potential customers and new markets, to keep track of its competition, their strategies, tactics and future plans (Brassington and Pettitt,2003). In order to collect and organize a high quantity of diverse information, the enterprises started to build marketing information systems. There are, mainly, a set of procedures and methods by which pertinent, timely and accurate information is continually gathered, sorted, analysed, evaluated, stored and distributed for the use of marketing decisionmakers (Zikmund and D´Amico,1993). The marketing information system includes data from external and internal sources (sales records, customer records, marketing communications, and sales force information). The focus on the customer and the integration of the marketing function helps the company to create customer databases with comprehensive information about individual customers or prospects.3. Customer relationship managementCustomer Relationship Management has been around for the last 30 years, but it became very important when companies changed their attitude towards marketing function. Nowadays, the cross-functional approach to marketing requires an organizational culture and climate that encourages collaboration and cooperation between departments. People within the business must understand their role in serving customers, internal or external one. CRM builds on the principles of relationship marketing and recognizes that customers are a business asset and not simply a commercial audience, implies the structuring of the company from functions to processes, information are used proactively rather than reactively and develops the ne-to-one marketing approaches (Payne, 2006).When defining CRM, we must first explain the difference between customer acquisition and customer retention. The two concepts have different drivers. Attracting customers has become very difficult these days, when people are harder to please. They are smarter, price conscious and sensitive, more demanding, less forgiving, and they are approached by many more competitors with equally good or better offers (Kotler,2003). Companies focus more on sales analysis, customer segmentation, advertising, merchandising and campaign management. The more difficult part is keeping the customers. According to Bruhn, a customer is satisfied when the comparison between offer and consumption fulfils his/her expectations, after he/she accepts the company, trusts it and exhibits a positive attitude towards it, becomes loyal to that company. In this situation, the customer talks favourably about the company and about its products, pays less attention to competing brands and is less sensitive to price, which turns transactions into routine (Bruhn, 1999). With customer retention, the company must pay attention to service satisfaction and trust in Customer relationship management the organization and its staff. Some companies believe that if a customer complaints the problem will be solved, but 96% ofunsatisfied customers don’t complain and go to another company. Therefore, Customer Relationship Management is the mechanism for retaining customers (Russell-Jones, 2003). Mainly CRM allows the company to understand who their customer is, isolate the best customer (those with whom you desire to have long-standing relationships), create relationships stretching over time and involving multi-interactions, manage the relationship to mutual advantage, seek to acquire more of those “best” customers. Inputs like marketing strategy, customer base, products, and regulation, competitors and staff skills are synthesized in a CRM programme which creates outputs as customer service, customer retention, higher share of wallet, customer referral, more predictable revenues streams, improved profitability, lower costs and better compliance (Russell-Jones, 2003).4. Developing a strategy in customer relationship managementBecause CRM is a cross-functional activity and large companies have thousands and millions of customers, the need for a strategic framework is very high. The dimensions of a CRM strategy are mainly focused on defining the following topics:- object of the customer relationship management – the company has three options: focusing on the company itself, on a brand or on the distributor;- target segment – the company usually sets priorities between different customer segments, it defines strategic customers based on the portfolio analyses, factors as revenue, length of the relationship, income, collaboration with the customer. These are its analysis criteria;- ways of retaining the customers –customers’ satisfaction is in the centre of all the decisions, but customers retention can also become a central issue through contractual clauses, such as service, leasing and warranty;- choosing the instruments of CRM – the company combines the instruments of the 4P´s with focus on the customer;- intensity and timing of the CRM decisions –show when and how should the company introduce different instruments; programmes can last from one day to one week, or from three month to two years;- cooperation within the CRM programme – sometimes the company must cooperate with other partners from the distribution channel, mainly between producer and wholesaler and retail.5. Instruments of customer relationship managementThe communication policy plays an important role in the instruments mix. It follows two objectives: first, to build a permanent dialogue with the customer in order to stabilize or change its expectations, and second, to counteract influences after consumption. The main CRM instruments within the communication policy are: Direct-Mail is material distributed through the postal service to the recipients’ home or business address to promote a product or service. In CRM the mailed issue can vary from a simple letter to a catalogue, and its sending will always occur at a particular moment in customer’s life (birthday, invitation for an event). It must incorporate sticky gadgets to increase their chances of being opened and read; Newsletters are distributed to customers for free and contain information about new products, offers for special events and others; Fidelity cards (store cards) are an important tool in gathering information about customer behaviour. By accumulating points of fidelity, the customer can benefit from different special offers; Clients club designates a concept which has grown in parallel with the fidelity cards. Its main forms are VIP-Club, Fan-Club, Product-Interest-Club, and Lifestyle-Club. The club represents an opportunity for the company to make offers in accordance with the social status, acceptance, prestige and expectations of its customers;Telemarketing allows companies to undertake marketing research and is highly measurable and accountable; the number of positive and negative responses are easily recorded and monitored. It provides for interaction, is flexible and permits immediate feed-back. Online-marketing includes many forms such as on-line advertising, on-line sales promotions, on-line direct marketing, on-line public relations, one-line personal selling. The medium used is the internet and the main instrument is the email. Virtual promotions are cheaper than hard copy versions, but the challenge is to drive traffic to your company’s Web site. Event-marketing takes place in three main areas: the product (here, it focuses on increasing sales), the corporation (for developing a corporate body) and the community (to make a difference in the life of the local community) (Bruhn, 1999& Fill, 2002).The price policy can be thought about in various ways when building a CRM programme: discounts for special customers, underselling or matching competitors, loyalty refunds, bundling items together and offering overall prices. Although price is not a measure of inherent value received, it is often used by customers as a benchmark, ignoring any other features or differences.Key factors in the product policy are the product itself, with quality, design, technical features, packaging and service management which includes lifelong warranty, price warranty or a customer telephone line. An active management in the distribution policy can focus on the customer or on the distribution channel. The producer evaluates the activity of the distribution partner and Customer relationship management intervenes when needed. The focus on the customers is realised through a Key Account Management which develops programmes for special customers.6. Customer relationship management in financial servicesFinancial services differ from many other industries. This can be seen particularly in Romania, where 40 commercial banks fight for a population of 21 million citizens. They cover the whole spectrum of customers from individuals to partnerships, institutions, corporations and governments. As a result, it can be very difficult to focus on single markets. Customers are often in two positions: they may have a deposit and savings accounts, but also loans and overdrafts. They are very service focused, they sell only intangibles. Financial services require processing billions of transactions worldwide and they are one of the heaviest regulated industries in the world (Rusell-Jones, 2003).The customers in the financial services are better informed, are switching channels, and seem to be more demanding of service, and used to change. The market is also highly competitive and new entrants are coming with diverse products and approaches.The industry of financial services in Romania has a very high potential and registers every year high growth rates. Till now, the location in a major city of the country with a population around 300.000 people was an advantage of the business and a success factor. Now the battlefield has moved in the small towns. The competition became tougher; banks began to develop and to introduce new products. Some experts say that a weakness of the banking sector is market segmentation. There is lots of information about customers, but it seems that banks prefer to focus on clients with large savings accounts. The main banks in Romania, as BRD, BCR, ING, and HVB-Tiriac announced for the year 2005 an increase in the number of the private banking clients. These are mainly customers with accounts between 50.000 and 100.000 Euros, they benefit of private consultancy, special interest rates, commissions, and special insurances. Customers have also a word to say about their bank. A market study made by DeadalusConsulting revealed that the customer profile for banking services is: person aged between 45-55 years, with higher or middle education. The most utilized service is the bank card for salaries payment (32,6%). Next, savings accounts (10,2%), credits for personal needs (11,1%), credits for buying electronics (9,2%) and auto leasing. The best grades were received by Raiffeisen Bank (8,83), BCR (8,58) and BRD Societe Generale (8,57). A customer’s criteria when choosing a bank are the trust in the bank, the environment in the branch, the quality of the staff, the advice they receive, the best interest rate they can receive, the information about the credit costs, and the conditions for obtaining a credit. A successful service provided by the majority of the banks is internet banking. It allows clients to save time and money, without going to the bank, 24 of 24 from inside or abroad. The access is free of charge or very cheap, and includes all kinds of activities from money transfer, payment orders, currency exchange, payment of current bills, external payments etc. The rate of penetration is still low, ranking between 10% and 30% of the customers in one middle bank.7. ConclusionsRomanian companies must focus in the future on the Customer Relationship Management and try to turn a “susceptible” client into a “partner”, to transform people who once needed their product/service, or occasional business partners into supporters and advocates and, eventually, into loyal partners that “sell” on the behalf of the company. Companies must create a permanent dialogue with their customers, and fight for them, because the clientele is not given for free. Customers that were price sensitive show now a higher interest in quality, service and behaviour of staff, and a company which concentrated on a price strategy should check how prepared its rivals are for a competition in the aforementioned fields. Customer Relationship Management increases its flexibility and adaptability to the market, in a world of capricious clients.中文译文：客户关系管理1.介绍在过去的十年中，大多数企业正在忙于生产，经济衰退，合并，新技术和商业管理。
海外代购外文文献翻译最新译文字数3000多字
海外代购外文文献翻译最新译文字数3000多字文献出处：Lurch R. Talk about overseas act as purchasing agency business model research [J]. Organizational Dynamics, 2015, 35(3): 265-278.原文Talk about overseas act as purchasing agency business model researchLurch RAbstractWith the continuous development of cross-border e-commerce, overseas act as purchasing agency gradually in consumer demand. Purchased overseas offer price advantage and brand advantages of international goods, meet the personalized needs of consumers. Overseas act as purchasing agency for the domestic related enterprises especially the severe impact of the retailer weakened the commerce promotion effect of consumption. Network overseas act as purchasing agency as B2C e-commerce in a niche market, has been gradually accepted by Internet users in the network consumption. It can avoid the problems in the international personal shopping link; just enter the act as purchasing agency website, after selected goods, direct payment, no international credit card, need not trouble to forward overseas relatives and friends. Overseas goods consumers not only consider the product quality, price, after-sales service, such as difference, also the comprehensive national policy, price and after-sale activist, technical support and other factors.Keywords: Overseas act as purchasing agency; E-commerce platform; Commerce1The present situation and operation mode of overseas purchasing development1.1 statusesOverseas act as purchasing agency is based on the network consumer demand for goods in other countries, by large community BBS, comprehensive e-commerce site purchasing platform, professional network "transit" and so on all kinds of ways to make consumers to purchase goods to overseas. There are professional purchased overseas act as purchasing agency web B2C website and attached to the big shopping website of C2C online personal bought two forms. Contemporary is larger, more concentrated procurement time, in order to save cost, can be bought by reality. Human act as purchasing agency buying more proficient in a foreign language; Stewardess,students familiar with the import and export markets. At present, the independence of the strongest is the enterprise to build online sales platform to promote operation, using marketing network for distribution or distribution business outsourcing to a third party platform. Some trade through the international logistics company imported foreign electronic products, cosmetics, household goods, to avoid delivery channels of duties, through active in the border of and Hong Kong a batch of "water guest" will be split into more imported goods, false claim for personal items, use of personal items allowance preferential rules, through channels into China, the country of import goods management.Purchased overseas divided into acquaintances purchased overseas and electronic purchased overseas, acquaintance between acquaintances and relatives overseas act as purchasing agency in consumers, is not a profit for the purpose ofpurchasing way. Electronic overseas act as purchasing agency refers to is the medium of electronic commerce, based on the international logistics and the Internet to provide buyers agent to buy foreign brand products services and related fee. With the traditional compared between e-commerce and international trade, the characteristics of the purchased overseas mainly: one is a general characteristic of the network shopping; Second, can provide convenient and quick for overseas products of domestic demand and safer buying channel, eliminate frontier barrier of international products and services; Three is to provide personalized services purchased overseas to meet the specific needs of consumers, to find a solution to the differential development as the goal.1.2 purchased overseas operation mode analysisAt present, the domestic and overseas act as purchasing agency electric business platform mainly websites, involved in purchasing products are daily necessities, food, such as milk powder, health care products, consumer electronics, such as apple computer, mobile phone), high-grade products and collection, etc. According to the monitoring data of China electronic commerce research center of the market, in the first half of 2014 China's electricity network operators network market turnover shows mall occupy 57.4%, ranked second, occupy 21.1%, is located in the marketshare is the third purchase up to 3.6%.According to the monitoring data of electronic commerce research center, China purchased overseas in 2013 top ten one of the most popular commodities including cosmetics, milk powder, cases, bags, etc. he cosmetic act as purchasing agency products more than 22% of the total, obviously than big than other products. Overseaspurchasing platform for e-commerce sites provide consumers with information exchange, goods order confirmation and payment, and other functions, the operation mode of the purchased overseas roughly divided into three categories.(1) Professional electrical business enterprises and cooperationMost professional purchasing electricity companies have professional electronic trading platforms, foreign partners, international logistics partners as well as perfect after-sale pre-sale customer service center. Domestic electricity act as purchasing agency partners are divided into different situations, such as products for the United States purchase of specific act as purchasing agency network, there are some websites directly with B and C 2 C 2 C on international shopping platform for cooperation, act as purchasing agency web site in the United States, for example amazons, Macy’s online electricity products covering all the products in the field of circulation of the United States. On the basis of establish close cooperation with foreign partners, looking for fixed logistics company, and act as purchasing agency party can be a large number of the transport of the goods at a lower price to domestic, and be able to enjoy preferential treatment in foreign cooperation due to the tariff to offset the cost.(2) By the private overseas act as purchasing agency modelDomestic C2C form of overseas act as purchasing agency works mainly has two kinds, one is by purchasing personnel in the name of the individual entity shop to buy abroad, after the goods carry back home or sent by post to domestic consumers. Second, the domestic act as purchasing agency personnel management enterprise with fixed establishment cooperation,overseas act as purchasing agency is responsible for procurement of goods and freight, received by the domestic business personnel and to consumers. Act as purchasing agency personnel in the name of the personal belongings of the freight to return home, the mode of transportation will typically involve part or all of the tax evasion, easily affected by the customs supervision, in the act as purchasing agency items of the arrival of the goods time, act as purchasing agency costs, there isa risk, even by the risk of cargo was confiscated by completely.(3) Outside the direct entry of international businessProfessional electric business enterprise of the domestic and overseas cooperation and by private overseas act as purchasing agency model is a common mode of two kinds of overseas act as purchasing agency; the foreign merchant direct entry is already some international websites act as purchasing agency service behavior to our country. Act as purchasing agency personnel can only be responsible for international business order, international sites to be responsible for logistics. However, since in this mode of international logistics cost is higher, and consumers to goods logistics information can not be timely grasp and act as purchasing agency risk is higher, so this model is not common.2 The mechanism of action of overseas act as purchasing agencyOverseas act as purchasing agency of commerce development in industrialization optimization perspective, the influence of commerce upstream industrial clusters involved: universal and special equipment manufacturing; Transportation equipment manufacturing industry; Electrical and mechanical manufacturing; Instrument and meter manufacturing; Transportation and warehousing; The postal service. Wholesaleand retail; Accommodation catering industry; Leasing and business services; Comprehensive technical services, etc Downstream industry group include: producer services; Consumer products manufacturing; Consumer services; Processing industry of capital; Capital goods manufacturing; Power industry;The new energy industry;The new energy automotive industry;The new material manufacturing, etc.The rapid development of overseas act as purchasing agency make the development of commercial and trade circulation industry affected by a lot of, mainly reflects in:2.1 Enhance the international circulation market information symmetry, drive commerce promotion effect of consumption Purchased overseas products pricing compared with the global prices of someproducts is higher, in behalf of luxury goods for example, China's luxury and upscale product price is about 45% higher than the market average of Hong Kong, China, 51% higher than the price of the United States, 72% higher than the French luxury goods price. Overseas act as purchasing agency and the continuous development of information society, make China's consumers fully understand the product price difference of different country markets, overseas act as purchasing agency to drive the development of commerce information sharing, operating high-end products in the circulation industry can't keep the high price of luxury goods companies strategy, raising domestic product prices fall, prompting more consumers to buy products in China.2.2 Overseas act as purchasing agency meet the personalized needs of consumersTo promote commerce product diversification anddifferential development. Purchased overseas products involving most of the products in the global industry, different from the traditional circulation industry, demand is provided by the seller; buy on his behalf by products to meet the personalized needs of consumers. Because customs supervision is not perfect, the part of domestic consumption going abroad, the commerce of consumer spends shunt. Purchased overseas product diversification enables consumers to gradually change the traditional consumption patterns, diversification of consumer demand has prompted commerce introduction and development of a variety of economic system structure of enterprise, establish a new type of ownership structure of commodities interflow and variety of the innovation of the mode of operation.2.3 Consumers lose faith in their own brand graduallyDue to low quality inspection standards in China, a large number of domestic brands appear unqualified goods quality and in good condition after filling, consumers gradually to our country commodity brand trust declined significantly, although is the international brand licensing production of products, customers also questioned the quality of the goods. At the same time, foreign brand products of high quality standard, forming perfect credit system abroad. This makes consumers give up in the circulation market brand products in our country, increased the pursuit foreign brands, greatlypromoting the development of China's overseas act as purchasing agency.2.4 Weaken the market competitiveness of domestic enterprisesOverseas act as purchasing agency shop is various, domestic e-commerce trading platform constantly open up foreign brandbuy on behalf, has brought the huge impact to its brand, make the traditional commerce reduce the demand for domestic brands, indirect impact on the development of domestic brands. Such as milk powder, increasing domestic milk powder generation overseas in recent years, domestic milk powder enterprises form a larger impact to our country. Some domestic trade enterprises import and export business may not because of overseas act as purchasing agency through the normal import channels and lose market, dropping market share of commerce in logistics industry, logistics enterprises profit space compression. Because of the existence of overseas act as purchasing agency has kept the prices of some products regional difference product strategy not work, reduce the profits of the enterprise.3 ConclusionsOverseas purchasing promote the optimized allocation of international resources, optimization of the consumption of the inhabitants of their choice, but can bring serious economic losses to countries, weakening national tariff protection ability, to the impact of domestic commerce, especially retailing. On the one hand, overseas act as purchasing agency for commerce has opened up a new e-commerce business model, enhance the circulation market of information communication, improve the circulation market mechanism, promote the development of commerce diversification and differentiation; Overseas act as purchasing agency, on the other hand, weakens the commerce consumption promoting effect, is not conducive to commercial and trade circulation industry of connection of the realization of the function of the production and consumption, hinder the commerce the establishment of the independent brand.Therefore, only will be purchased overseas rationalization and standardization, can urge its commercial and trade circulation industry structure upgrade and optimization. 译文谈海外代购运营模式研究Lurch R摘要随着跨境电子商务的不断发展，海外代购逐渐受到消费者的追捧。
跨境电子商务中英文对照外文综合文献
跨境电子商务中英文对照外文综合文献
前言：
跨境电子商务是指进行跨境地区间的电子商务交易活动，涉及如商品销售、支付、物流和退款等环节。
随着全球化进程的加快，跨境电子商务在国际贸易中扮演着越来越重要的角色。
本文对跨境电子商务中的相关问题进行了综合研究，分析和比较了中文和英文文献的内容。
主要内容：
1. 跨境电子商务的发展趋势
- 中文文献：中文文献指出，随着互联网技术的快速发展，跨境电子商务得到了长足发展。
中国作为全球最大的电子商务市场之一，积极推动跨境电子商务的发展，并倡导加强国际合作。
- 英文文献：英文文献指出，全球各国的跨境电子商务规模不断扩大。
亚洲地区的跨境电子商务增长最快，尤其是中国和印度等新兴市场。
越来越多的人开始通过跨境电子商务平台购买商品。
2. 跨境电子商务的挑战
- 中文文献：中文文献强调了跨境电子商务面临的挑战，包括语言和文化差异、支付安全、海关监管等方面。
同时也提出了相应的解决方案，如加强培训、加强合作等。
- 英文文献：英文文献指出，跨境电子商务面临着网络安全、消费者保护和知识产权保护等挑战。
各国政府应加强监管和合作，以确保跨境电子商务的健康发展。
结论：
跨境电子商务作为全球化进程的产物，对国际贸易发挥着重要作用。
中文和英文文献都对跨境电子商务的发展趋势和挑战进行了深入研究。
这些文献提供了宝贵的信息和见解，有助于我们更好地理解跨境电子商务的现状和未来发展方向。
参考文献：
- 中文文献引用
- 英文文献引用。
电子商务与国际贸易发展文献综述及外文文献资料
本份文档包含：关于该选题的外文文献、文献综述一、外文文献文献信息标题: E-Commerce in India作者: Saini, Babita期刊: The International Journal of Business & Management卷: 2；；期: 2；页: 1-5；年份: 2014E-Commerce in IndiaAbstractE-commerce stands for electronic commerce and pertains to trading in goods and services through the electronic medium. B2B, B2C, C2C and similar opportunity help consumer preferences and consumer markets developing electronic- infrastructure for challenges of the future. E-commerce has revolutionized business, changing the shape of competition with internet (The NET) ,the computer communication network creating a e-commerce market place for consumers and business . Electronic commerce or business is more than just another way to sustain or enhance existing business practices. Rather, e-commerce is a paradigm shift. It is a "disruptive" innovation that is radically changing the traditional way of doing business. Ecommerce is showing tremendous business growth in our country. Increasing internet users have added to its growth. The present study has been undertaken to describe the present status and facilitators of E-Commerce in India . And to analyze the present trends of E-Commerce in India and examine the barriers of E-Commerce in India. This paper examines different opportunities of e-commerce viz., E-business, E-learning, It raises key challenges that are being faced by consumers relating to e-commerce .Now-a-days, the practice of E-Commerce has been dramatically changed, particularly in last five years . Therefore, E-Commerce form of marketing is a process or a modern technique used by business firms, companies, and industries for doing their business work through the e-net system.Keywords: Electronic Commerce, E-net, E-business1. IntroductionE-Commerce stands for electronic commerce. It means dealing in goods and services through the electronic media and internet. On the internet, it relates to a website of the vendor, who sells products or services directly to the customer from the portal using a digital shopping cart or digital shopping basket system and allows payment through credit card, debit card or EFT (Electronic fund transfer) payments. E-commerce or E-business involves carrying on a business with the help of the internet and by using the information technology like Electronic Data Interchange (EDI). More simply put, E-Commerce is the movement of business onto the World Wide Web. E-Commerce has almost overnight become the dominant online activity. There is no single definition of E- Commerce, it means only commercial activity which is performed or linked to or supported by Electronic Communication. The effects of e-commerce are already appearing in all areas of business, from customer service to new product design.2. What Is E-Commerce?Electronic commerce or e-commerce refers to a wide range of online business activities for products and services. It also pertains to "any form of business transaction in which the parties interact electronically rather by physical exchanges or direct physical contact. E-commerce is usually associated with buying and selling over the Internet, or conducting any transaction involving the transfer of ownership or rights to use goods or services through a computer-mediated network.3. The objectives of the StudyThe objectives of the present study are:* To describe the present status and facilitators of E-Commerce in India;* To analyse the present trends of E-Commerce in India;* To examine the barriers of E-Commerce in India.4. Reasons Behind the Growth of E -Commerce* Busy LifestyleThe lifestyle of people is so busy that they are unable to go to the crowded markets every time for shopping. The customers prefer to shop in a relaxed environment at their own convenience.* High Disposable IncomeWith growing job opportunities the income sources have also increased. Because of high spending power, customers are willingly able to pay for the products online.* Awareness of ProductsPeople are much more aware nowadays regarding thep roducts available in the markets. They are quite aware about new products, product features, availability, price etc. through the help of media like television, radio, newspaper etc. Because of these reasons they feel confident while shopping online.* Rising Computer Educational LevelDue to the efforts of Government and Private Educational Institutions in India, computer education is getting new horizons. People are much more aware regarding the tools and techniques of computers. Not only students of urban areas, students of rural areas, housewives and business persons are also attracted towards the advance technologies of computer like e - commerce and e- business. With the development of educational standards there is automatically a great demand to buy and use new products.* Increased Usage of Internet -Withmore than 100 million Internet users, the country is beginning to achieve a critical mass of users who are familiar with we services. In addition, over the past few years, relatively sophisticated online travel laments ("OTAs"), such as Make My Trip - which started turning these initial Webusers into Web consumers - have dominated Indian e-commerce. Saves Money -One another reason for adapting e- Commerce and online shopping technology is that the unwanted expenditure of petrol, parking and toll etc. is considerably reduced.* Easy to Find the Review of Products -It is quite easy to find the review of products by the help of online shopping. E-commerce has made it simpler to get information regarding the product and the customers can purchase the products after getting reviews and feedback of the product.5. Importance and Uses of E. Commerce* Exploitation of New BusinessBroadly speaking, electronic commerce emphasizes the generation and exploitation of new .business opportunities and to use popular phrases: "generate business value" or "do more with less".* Enabling the CustomersElectronic Commerce is enabling the customer to have an increasing say in what products are made, how products are made and how services are delivered (movement from a slow order fulfillment process with little understanding of what is taking place inside the firm, to a faster and rt1ore open process with customers having greater control.* Improvement of Business TransactionElectronic Commerce endeavors to improve the execution of business transaction over various networks.* Effective PerformanceIt leads to more effective performance i.e. better quality, greater customer satisfaction and better corporate decision making.* Greater Economic EfficiencyWe may achieve greater economic efficiency (lower cost) and more rapid exchange (high speed, accelerated, or real-time interaction) with the help of electronic commerce.* Execution of InformationIt enables the execution of information-laden transactions between two ore more parties using inter connected networks. These networks can be a combination of "plain old telephone system' (POTS), Cable TV, leased lines and wireless. Information based transactions are creating new ways of doing business and even new types of business.* Incorporating TransactionElectronic Commerce also incol 1'orates transaction management, which organizes, routes, processes and tracks transactions. It also includes consumers making electronic payments and funds transfers* Increasing of RevenueThe firm uses technology to either lower operating costs or increase revenue. Electronic Commerce has the Potential to increase revenue by creating new markets for old products, creating new information-based products, and establishing new service delivery channels to better serve and interact with customers. The transaction management aspect of electronic commerce can also enable firms to reduce operating costs by enabling better coordination in the sales, production and distribution processes and to consolidate operations arid reduce overhead.* Reduction of Friction, ElectronicCommerce research and its associated implementations is to reduce the "friction" in online transactions frictions is often described in economics as a transaction cost. It can arise from inefficient market structures and inefficient combinations of the technological activities required to make a transaction. Ultimately, the reduction of friction in online commerce will enable smoother transaction between buyers, intermediaries and sellers.* Facilitating of Network FormElectronic Commerce is also impacting business .to business interactions. It facilitates the network form of organization where small, flexible firms rely on another partner, companies for component supplies and product distribution to meet changing customer demand more effectively. Hence, an end to end relationship management solution is a desirable goal that is needed to manage the chain of networks linking customers, workers, suppliers, distributors and even competitors. The management of "online transactions" in the supply chain assumes a central roll.* Facilitating for Organizational ModelIt is facilitating an organizational model that is fundamentally different from the past. It is a control organization to the information based organization. The emerging forms of techno-organizational structure involve changes in managerial responsibilities, communication and information flows and work group structures .6. Opportunities for E-CommerceYoung Jun Choi1, Chung Suk Suh(2005) reported that the development of the internetin the 20th century led to the birth of an electronic marketplace or it is called e-marketplace, which is now a kernel of electronic commerce (e-commerce). An e- marketplace provides a virtual space where sellers and buyers trade with each other as in the traditional marketplace. Various kinds of economic transactions and buying and selling of goods and services, as well as exchanges of information, take place in e- marketplaces. E-marketplaces have become an alternative place for trading. Finally, an e-marketplace can serve as an information agent that provides buyers and sellers with information on products and other participants in the market. These features have been reshaping the economy by affecting the behavior of buyers and sellers. E-businesses E-business affects the whole business and the value chains in which it operates. It enables a much more integrated level of collaboration between the different components of a value chain than ever before. Adopting e-Business also allows companies to reduce costs and improve customer response time. Organizations that transform their business practices stand to benefit immensely from innumerable new possibilities brought about by technology (/sectors/task-forces/e-business/e-business.htm). E-commerce as anything that involves an online transaction. This can range from ordering online, through online delivery of paid content, to financial transactions such as movement of money between bank accounts. One area where there are some positive indications of e-commerce is financial services. Online stock trading saw sustained growth throughout the period of broadband diffusion. E-shopping is available to all these who use a computer. Over the past year , ebay India, Indiatimes have seen a rapid growth in categories such as mobile handsets, jewellery, fashion apparel, books, gift items and other items.7. Challenges for E CommerceInternet based e-commerce has besides, great advantages, posed many threats because of its being what is popularly called faceless and borderless. Some examples of ethical issues that have emerged as a result of electronic commerce. All of the following examples are both ethical issues and issues that are uniquely related to electronic commerce. Ethical issues: Jackie Gilbert Bette Ann Stead (2001),reported thefollowing ethical issues related to e-commerce.* PrivacyPrivacy has been and continues to be a significant issue of concern for both current and prospective electronic commerce customers. With regard to web interactions and e- commerce the following dimensions are most salient: (1) Privacy consists of not being interfered with, having the power to exclude; individual Privacy is a moral right.(2) Privacy is "a desirable condition with respect to possession of information by other persons about him/herself on the observation/perceiving of him/herself by other persons"* Security ConcernsIn addition to privacy concerns, other ethical issues are involved with electronic commerce. The Internet offers unprecedented ease of access to a vast array of goods and services. The rapidly expanding arena of "click and mortar" and the largely unregulated cyberspace medium have however prompted concerns about both privacy and data security.* Other Ethical IssuesManufacturers Competing with Intermediaries Online "Disintermediation," a means eliminating the intermediary such as retailers, wholesalers, outside sales reps by setting up a Website to sell directly to customers. Disintermediations include (1) music being downloaded directly from producers (2) authors distributing their work from their own Web sites or through writer co-operatives.8. Advantages of E-CommerceE-commerce provides multiple benefits to the consumers in form of availability of goods at lower cost, wider choice and saves time. People can buy goods with a click of mouseButton without moving out of their house or office. Similarly online services such as banking, ticketing (including airlines, bus, railways), bill payments, hotel booking etc. have beenof tremendous benefit for the customers. The Indian e-commerce portals also provide goods and services in a variety of categories like apparel and accessories for men andwomen, health and beauty products, books and magazines, computer and peripherals, vehicles, software, consumer electronics, household appliances, jewelry, audio and videos, entertainment, goods, gift articles, real estate and services.9. Facilitators of E-Commerce in India9.1. Information DirectoriesPortals like / and / maintain directories giving trade details on almost any topic, whether it is from apparel to toys, from gems to heavy machinery, or form food to employment. The products and services are listed with appropriate sub-headings to make it easy for a serious information-seeker to find what he wants. Some other similar sites are /, / and /. Allied services provided by them are message boards, chat rooms, forums, etc.9.2. Banks* Net banking/phone banking: This is an online banking facility available for savings account holders as well as current account holders. Some of the special Net banking services are: Demat accounts for sale/purchase of stocks and shares, Foreign Exchange services, Direct/Instant payment of bills on the account-holder's behalf, Financial Planning etc.* Credit/Debit Cards- Banks facilitate E-commerce by providing the most vital trade instrument, namely the Credit or Debit Card, without which E-commerce would be impossible. Some of the major Indian players in these fields are: /, / and .10. Presents Trends of E-Commerce in IndiaIndia is developing rapidly and if development is to be measured, how can we ignore the role of ecommerce in it. The internet user base in India might still be a mere 100 million which is much less when compared to its penetration in the US or UK but it's surely expanding at an alarming rate. The number of new entrants in this sphere is escalating daily and with growth rate reaching its zenith; it can be presumed that in years to come, customary retailers will feel the need to switch to online business.Insights into increasing demand for broadband services, rising standards of living, availability of wider product ranges, reduced prices and busy lifestyles reveal this fact more prominently thereby giving way to online deals on gift vouchers. Going by the statistics, According to a statement released by the Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI), the ecommerce market was expected to touch Rs 46520 crore turnover marks in 2011. The table-1 shows market size of different verticals of ecommerce industry since 2007 to 2011. The growth in ecommerce business clearly implies the growing number of internet users .The online purchases are limited to certain categories like gaming subscription, food delivery, online classifieds, buying movie tickets, travel related purchases and electronics items etc. The growth in ecommerce industry is primarily driven by online travel industry which has contributed 80 % (Rs 25298 crore) in 2010 and expected to touch 81 % (Rs 37890 Crore) in 2011 of total ecommerce market and is building user confidence. The online travel industry includes sale of domestic air travel, international travel, hotel bookings, railway tickets, bus tickets, tour packages and travel insurance etc.11. Single Product E-CommerceSome Indian portals/websites deal in a specialized field, for example* In Automobiles, the portals are / and /, on these sites we can buy and sell four-wheelers and two-wheelers, new as well as used vehicles, online. Some of the services they provide are; car research and reviews, online evaluation, technical specifications, vehicle insurance, vehicle finance, dealer locator etc.* In Stock and Shares Markets some of the sites are /, /. Some of the services offered to registered members are; Online buying/dealing of stocks and shares, market analysis and research, company information, comparison of companies, research on equity and mutual funds, tracking market trends etc.* In Real Estate, the portals like / facilitate online dealing in real estate. They offer either outright purchase or lease of a property through their portal. They provide information on new properties as well as for resale.One can deal directly with developers/builders or through consultant/brokers. Some of the allied services are housing finance, insurance companies, architects &interior designers, property management consultant services etc.* In Travel and Tourism industry, India has a rich history and heritage and e-commerce is instrumental, to a large extent, in selling India as a product, encouraging Indians as well as foreigners to see its multifaceted culture and beauty. A major Government of India portal, / has a vast variety of information for a potential tourist. The tourist destination sites are categorized according to themes like: eco-themes pertains to jungles, flora and fauna, beaches of India, architectural attractions, forts and places, hill resorts, adventure-trekking, mountain climbing etc. Allied services offered are passport and visa, travel &accommodation information, weather information, festival &fair dates, shopping, tour operators and more. There are also sites that highlight the tourist destinations of a specific region in India, like /, which covers North East India.* In Gift Items: In the bygone days, one had to plan what to gift a loved one, trudge across to your favorite shop, and browse for hours before purchasing a gift. Today there are specific Indian websites making the act of gifting quick and easy to suit ones lifestyle. One such site is httpV/www.indiangiftsportal.conV. The gifts are categorized as collectibles like paintings and sculptures, toys &games, chocolates, flowers, wood-craft &metal craft, luxury items like leather goods, perfumes, jewelry boxes, etc.* Hobbies: The most popular hobbies from time immemorial are reading, music and films. On the India website / one can buy more than 300000 titles of books, cassettes, VCDs and DVDs. The books cover a wide range of topics like business, art, cookery, engineering, children's stories, health, medicine etc. As for music and videos, they are available in English as well as in Indian languages to cater to the varied tastes and the topics range from devotional songs, old-time favorites and retro and jazz to the latest pop, rap etc.* Matrimony: It is said that marriage is made in heaven, but in the world ofe-commerce they are made on marriage portals like / and /. One can search for a suitable match on the websites by region of residence (India or abroad), religion or caste. Once registered with them, they have e-mail facility and chat rooms too, so that the couple gets to know more about each other before making the biggest decision of their lives. Allied services for registered are astrological services, information on customs and rituals, legal issues, health and beauty etc.* In the field of employment two major portals like and are instrumental in providing job seekers with suitable employment at the click of a mouse. They have directories categorized under headings employers and job-seekers. The service for job seekers is free and for employment they charge a nominal fee. Jobs are available online in fields, ranging from secretarial to software development, and from real estate to education.12. Present Scenario and Statistics of EcommerceIt has been estimated that the worldwide E-Commerce market will exceed $46 billion in consumer transactions by the year 2001 (courtesy IDC) and 15% of all WWW users have used it to purchase a product or service online (courtesy CommerceNet/Nielsen Media). The Figure below illustrates the statistics of some of these market predictions. * In 2011 E-Retailing industry was Rs crore 3600.* The number of transaction presently in India is 10 million, which is expected to increase by 38 million by 2015.* Currently the Estimated number of internet user in India is 376 million by 2015.* In 2011 Ecommerce Ventures Raised Around -1622.6 crore of private* Retailer giant Macy's and some other began shipping to India.* In 2012 Amazon entered into India with .* In 2011 growth in online sale of Tesco recorded was 15.2%.* Retail in India is tiny in comparison to $550 billion market which is unorganized.* 12 of ACCEL's 38 investments are e-commerce.* No. of employee in FLIPKART is 3500, this number is 800 at Share of E-commerce industry wise* Travel- 51%* E-Retailing-40%* Cothiers-09%13. ConclusionE-commerce creates new opportunities for business; it also creates new opportunities for education and academics. It appears that there is tremendous potential for providing e-business education. Initially, new Internet users would be reluctant to conduct any kind of business online, citing security reasons as their main concern. In order to increase consumer adoption of e-services, the sources of consumer confusion, apprehension and risk need to be identified, understood and alleviated. E-commerce provides tremendous opportunities in different areas but it requires careful application for consumer protection issues. Growth of e- commerce would also depend to a great extent on effective IT security systems for which necessary technological and legal provisions need to be put in place and strengthened constantly. E-Commerce is the future of shopping. With the deployment of 3 G and 4G wireless communication technologies, the internet economy will continue to grow robustly. In the next 3 to 5 years, India will have 30 to 70 million internet users which will equal, if not surpass, many of the developed countries.二、文献综述电子商务与国际贸易发展文献综述摘要本文对电子商务、贸易中介与国际贸易三者间的相互关系进行了梳理，所涉及的文献研究表明，电子商务时代，贸易中介在国际贸易中扮演的角色逐渐发生变化，中介的商品转卖和信息匹配功能优势逐渐丧失，而规模经济、范围经济、降低产品不确定性、资源整合等功能日益突出。
电子商务简介外文翻译文献
电子商务简介外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Electronic commerceElectronic commerce, or the electronics trade, or the electronic business is regarded as a new kind of rising business model which will bring about profound influence on social economy. And it can be said as the important function in the social development of the world-wide locations. It represents the current of the world trade in late of 21 centuries.1). What is the electronic commerce?Electronic commerce point is through the teleportation method to carry on the business data's exchange with the numerical form and on-line business ually, electronic commerce can be divided into dichotomouslayers:The first is a low level electronic commerce, namely electronic business intelligence report, the electronic bargain and electronics contract.The second one is a high electronic commerce, including all kinds of business activities which ask for helping Internet's be engaged ins, from searching the customer, the business negotiation, order, on-line payment,the electronics invoice, going to the electronics to pay customs duties, the electronics pay tax, all of these are engaged in the Internet.The electronic commerce means that all trades with the realization electronical.It has the following characteristics:①Fair freedom, the ②is efficiently, globalization of ③ , the conjecture of ④ turn, interaction of ⑤ , ⑥independence, ⑦ humanization service.Making use of the electronic commerce, customer and provider can contact in the global scope mutually closely and conveniently. As a result the customers can find out their satisfy demanding ideals to provide the goods to the company from each corner in the world. The electronic commerce will change the environment that the business enterprise competes mutually, lower under the residing in the market structure of tradition is high not of cost. trade the cost low and easy to entered person's market and governments to encourage to use Internet( tax-free) to activate the electronic commerce, push its start 伊to start to develop then and quickly. Predict according to the expert, to 2000, the whole world electronic commerce will attain the scale of USD 300,000,000,000.But it has already exceeded this scale. For insuring the safety of the electronic commerce, should build up theelectronics certificate center. The numerical ID card uses to the definite evidence body.The numerical ID card issues to entrust to the third square, namely an authorization machineThe organ carry out, it includes the holder to identify the information( name, address, the contact method, the ID card serial number), both parties pooling key of secret , term of validity, password and the authorization organizations to identify information etc..Make use of the numerical ID card, trade the both parties and can insure to identify another one square's body, and definite evidence another the information that a square send out has not yet to change. 2). the influence that the electronic commerce may produce Compared with the traditional business, the electronic commerce has the following advantage:* Overlay the scope wide:A network system that combines Internet, intranet( the area net of the bureau of the business enterprise inner part) and extranet( the business enterprise exterior network)s make buyer, selling party, manufactory and it cooperate colleague can in the world of scope contact and deliver the business intelligence report and documents expediently mutually.* The function is well-found: In the electronic commerce, different from the customer of different layer can carry out bargain target of different category, for example, release the business intelligence report, on-line negotiation, the electronics payment and build up virtual market and on-line bank etc.s.* Usage the convenience is vivid: According to Internet, the electronic commerce is free from the restrict that the specialized data exchanges theagreement.Can use personal calculator of any type, at in the world any location, carry on the bargain expediently on the calculator screen.* The cost is low:Make use of the electronic commerce, the expenditure that can cut down to used for expenses and international trips that employs the employee, the maintenance warehouse and shop front and mail consumedly. The expenses that uses Internet is very low.The electronic commerce will bring about important influence on social economy:* The electronic commerce will change the people the behavior method that adopt habitually in the business activity. Pass the network, the people can enter the virtual store of person, browsing every where, choose their interested in thing, and enjoy various on-line service. On the other hand, company's house can pass the network and the consumer contacts, deciding to purchase the product( category and quantity) to combine the close book.The government organ can carry on the electronics invitation to bid and government purchases through a network.* The core of the electronic commerce is a person.It is a social system.The on-line store changed the people's daily life method, full body now the consumer is in independent power in the bargain.* The electronic commerce change business enterprise produces the way of the product.Pass the network, the manufactory direct understanding market need, and arrange the production according to the demand of the consumer.* The electronic commerce raised the trade efficiency biggest, can remove in the center link;The biggest limit lowers the sale cost.Produce the arrangement can carry out" the small batch quantity adds the species diverse", but" zero stocks"s become realistic.* The electronic commerce calls the bank service reform.Be like the on-line bank, on-line cash card and credit card, on-line close book, electronics invoice, the electronics" cash"s- hour of the consumer purchase any further need not actual cash- these new the concept will become realistic.* The electronic commerce will change the government behavior.So-called" on-line government", an on-line administration management organization is exertive the important function of the social outlet, keep order and fair, fish for and smash on-line cheat.3). the present condition of the flourishing and national electronic commerce90's in 20 centuries middle, Internet experiences the development of explode the type, the tiny machine enters ten thousand of person's thousand, the calculator network has already become people's daily life in the necessary part.People the in hopes of calculator network brings more advantages and convenience.The electronic commerce emerge with the tide of the times.At flourishing nation, actual applied policy of the government well timed establishment push electronic commerce, occupy the predominant position in newly a competition of scope of world.The electronic commerce of the United States controls the trade ofworld.Currently, there are 60,000,000 customers of Internet in the United States.98% buys the manager above on-line look for the target.According to the estimate of, to 2002, of the American business enterprise pass the value that the electronic commerce completes the trading post to involve and will have 6.1% an of GDP 《wealth 》the covariance enunciation of the magazine,500 strong companies in world all open the on-line business of exhibition.The IBM accepts the person's 25%( about USD 20,000,000,000) to have something to do with electronic commerce.Had the electronic commerce luckily, make the IBM save the expenditure of USD 250,000,000 in 1999.4). the development of the Chinese electronic commerceThe development of the Chinese government and civil electronic commerce begins from 1993.Today, the electronic commerce has already been apply in foreign trade, maritime customs, finance and business realm.Peking and Shanghai has already built up the native electronic commerce frame.Some electronic commerce Web addresses have already openned to the on-line shopping and on-line close book.Though do all these effort, China open the company of the exhibition electronic commerce to suffer the loss in one business of C( the B department points the business, C the department points the consumer) of one to of its Bosomed Chinese experts love this shopping habit that attributes to the Chinese- Chinese consumer the amateur that the shopping sees as a kind of interesting; They enjoy to pass to enjoy and compare the merchandise and haggle to the expensive fun; But all these will start disappear from the on-line shopping.Other experts can't practice the business this phenomenon attributes to the society in the widespread and existent doubt attitude 11 banks with each other because of frightened its rival pulls to walk customer; The bank has to pull to the walk customer; The cash card can't make widely available because the bank does not believe the common people; But the common people do not like the on-line shopping etc. Because of the belief of the on-line store.Why?The reason lies in on-line and society in many affairs that are all deceitful, for example the deceitful customer quantity, deceitful interview flowing the covariance, counterfeits the merchandise, forges the diploma, forges the resume, deceitful investment, deceitful rank, appears on market the business enterprise deceitful accept person etc..Thus a comprehensive environment will not change in very long time recently.In such environment, it can't be engaged in any business activity.So many operators of IT's electronic commerce of our nations lost the confidence.5). the electronic commerce outlookThough the development is quick and seems to have the bright future. The electronic commerce faces a series of actual problems, for example, involving safety, technique, expenses, law system, revenue from tax system, idea, privacy protection, infrastructure etc. problems.However, the electronic commerce has the main current of the new business enterprise of century, and will develop quickly in several years of after time.Some company estimates, until to 2003, the electronic commerce between the developed countries of business enterprises which will have 9% of the business total amount(13, USD 0)above.But in all aspects the online consumes of the electronic commerce ,untilto 2002, the sales amount will attain USD 76,300,000,000.But positive such as the expert's estimate, the electronic commerce of China will catch up within 10 years in the developed countries.They put forward spending 3 to 5 years to draw up developing the electronic commerce. That of plan, policy and regulation, construct huge and solid true at of electronic commerce system, will encourage the specialized talented person, excellent turn the electronic commerce system of some professions and region; Then with 5 to 7 years ,international electronic commerce’s, making our electronic commerce system become the importance of the international electronic commerce to constitute the part; Making widely available the electronic commerce application, we promote the electronic commerce of the our country to the higher level in the aspects of the study, develops and apply, attains average level of the flourishing nation.电子商务电子商务，或者电子贸易，或者电子商业作为一种新兴的商业模式，将对社会经济产生深远的影响，并且在世界各地的社会发展中发挥重要作用。
电子商务外文文献
电子商务外文文献Title: E-commerce: A Review of the Literature and Perspectives for Future ResearchE-commerce, or electronic commerce, has become a fundamental aspect of business and economic activity in the globalized digital age. The交易研究领域的一个重要组成部分。
在这个日益数字化的时代，电子商务已经成为全球商业和经济活动的一个重要组成部分。
本文旨在回顾和分析电子商务领域的研究现状，探讨未来可能的研究方向和挑战。
The literature on e-commerce has been extensive, covering a range of topics from online retailing to global supply chain management. The Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations (JECO) and Journal of Electronic Commerce Research (JECR) are two of the leading journals in the field, publishing high-quality research on various aspects ofe-commerce. Additionally, several books and conference proceedings provide valuable insights into the development and evolution of e-commerce.E-commerce research has examined the impact of technology on business processes, explored innovative business models, andanalyzed the role of e-commerce in global trade and development. The literature has addressed a range of important issues, including security and privacy, electronic payment systems, and the impact of social media on e-commerce.Despite the significant progress made in e-commerce research, several areas for future exploration remn. These include the development of new e-commerce technologies, such as blockchn and artificial intelligence, and their potential impact on global trade and supply chns. Additionally, research on the role of e-commerce in sustnable development, particularly in terms of environmental sustnability and social inclusivity, represents an important area for future investigation.In conclusion, e-commerce has become a fundamental aspect of business and economic activity in the digital age. The literature on e-commerce has provided valuable insights into its development and evolution, but there remn several areas for future exploration. Future research should address these unexplored areas and contribute to the development ofe-commerce as a transformative force in global trade and development.商学院电子商务外文文献Title: E-commerce in Business Schools: A Critical Analysis of Curriculum, Teaching Methods, and Future TrendsThe rise of e-commerce in recent years has revolutionized business education, with business schools across the globe scrambling to keep up with the latest trends and prepare students for the digital economy. This article delves into the world of e-commerce education in business schools, exploring curriculum, teaching methods, and predicting future trends. E-commerce has become an integral part of modern business, and business schools are responding to this trend by incorporating e-commerce courses into their curriculum. The primary objective of these courses is to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the e-commerce industry, including the latest trends, tools, and techniques. In addition to fundamental topics such as online marketing and web design, today's e-commerce courses also cover more specialized topics such as cloud computing, big data analysis, and social media marketing.Business schools are adopting a variety of teaching methods to impart knowledge on e-commerce, ranging from traditional classroom lectures to more innovative hands-onbs and simulations. These experiential learning opportunities allow students to gain practical experience in real-world settings, providing them with a deeper understanding of the dynamics and challenges of the e-commerce industry.With the continuous evolution of the internet and e-commerce landscape, it is essential to track and predict future trends in this field. Business schools are playing a crucial role in this regard by staying abreast of industry developments and incorporating relevant content into their courses. The trend towards more personalized and interactive learning experiences is likely to continue, with business schools tloring their teaching methods to suit the needs of individual students. Additionally, the integration of technology into every aspect of business will continue to drive changes in e-commerce education, with an increasing focus on areas such as cybersecurity and artificial intelligence.In conclusion, business schools have responded to the rise of e-commerce with a comprehensive approach that includes updating curriculum, adopting innovative teaching methods, and predicting future trends. However, there are still challengesahead, such as keeping up with the rapidly changing landscape and providing all students with equal opportunities to access e-commerce education. By continuing to adapt and innovate, business schools can help shape a brighter future fore-commerce and prepare students to thrive in the digital economy.电子商务外文翻译文献电子商务的发展及其影响：外文翻译文献随着全球互联网的迅速普及，电子商务在全球范围内得到了前所未有的发展。
电子商务简介外文翻译文献
电子商务简介外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Electronic commerceElectronic commerce, or the electronics trade, or the electronic business is regarded as a new kind of rising business model which will bring about profound influence on social economy. And it can be said as the important function in the social development of the world-wide locations. It represents the current of the world trade in late of 21 centuries.1). What is the electronic commerce?Electronic commerce point is through the teleportation method to carry on the business data's exchange with the numerical form and on-line business ually, electronic commerce can be divided into dichotomouslayers:The first is a low level electronic commerce, namely electronic business intelligence report, the electronic bargain and electronics contract.The second one is a high electronic commerce, including all kinds of business activities which ask for helping Internet's be engaged ins, from searching the customer, the business negotiation, order, on-line payment,the electronics invoice, going to the electronics to pay customs duties, the electronics pay tax, all of these are engaged in the Internet.The electronic commerce means that all trades with the realization electronical.It has the following characteristics:①Fair freedom, the ②is efficiently, globalization of ③ , the conjecture of ④ turn, interaction of ⑤ , ⑥independence, ⑦ humanization service.Making use of the electronic commerce, customer and provider can contact in the global scope mutually closely and conveniently. As a result the customers can find out their satisfy demanding ideals to provide the goods to the company from each corner in the world. The electronic commerce will change the environment that the business enterprise competes mutually, lower under the residing in the market structure of tradition is high not of cost. trade the cost low and easy to entered person's market and governments to encourage to use Internet( tax-free) to activate the electronic commerce, push its start 伊to start to develop then and quickly. Predict according to the expert, to 2000, the whole world electronic commerce will attain the scale of USD 300,000,000,000.But it has already exceeded this scale. For insuring the safety of the electronic commerce, should build up theelectronics certificate center. The numerical ID card uses to the definite evidence body.The numerical ID card issues to entrust to the third square, namely an authorization machineThe organ carry out, it includes the holder to identify the information( name, address, the contact method, the ID card serial number), both parties pooling key of secret , term of validity, password and the authorization organizations to identify information etc..Make use of the numerical ID card, trade the both parties and can insure to identify another one square's body, and definite evidence another the information that a square send out has not yet to change. 2). the influence that the electronic commerce may produce Compared with the traditional business, the electronic commerce has the following advantage:* Overlay the scope wide:A network system that combines Internet, intranet( the area net of the bureau of the business enterprise inner part) and extranet( the business enterprise exterior network)s make buyer, selling party, manufactory and it cooperate colleague can in the world of scope contact and deliver the business intelligence report and documents expediently mutually.* The function is well-found: In the electronic commerce, different from the customer of different layer can carry out bargain target of different category, for example, release the business intelligence report, on-line negotiation, the electronics payment and build up virtual market and on-line bank etc.s.* Usage the convenience is vivid: According to Internet, the electronic commerce is free from the restrict that the specialized data exchanges theagreement.Can use personal calculator of any type, at in the world any location, carry on the bargain expediently on the calculator screen.* The cost is low:Make use of the electronic commerce, the expenditure that can cut down to used for expenses and international trips that employs the employee, the maintenance warehouse and shop front and mail consumedly. The expenses that uses Internet is very low.The electronic commerce will bring about important influence on social economy:* The electronic commerce will change the people the behavior method that adopt habitually in the business activity. Pass the network, the people can enter the virtual store of person, browsing every where, choose their interested in thing, and enjoy various on-line service. On the other hand, company's house can pass the network and the consumer contacts, deciding to purchase the product( category and quantity) to combine the close book.The government organ can carry on the electronics invitation to bid and government purchases through a network.* The core of the electronic commerce is a person.It is a social system.The on-line store changed the people's daily life method, full body now the consumer is in independent power in the bargain.* The electronic commerce change business enterprise produces the way of the product.Pass the network, the manufactory direct understanding market need, and arrange the production according to the demand of the consumer.* The electronic commerce raised the trade efficiency biggest, can remove in the center link;The biggest limit lowers the sale cost.Produce the arrangement can carry out" the small batch quantity adds the species diverse", but" zero stocks"s become realistic.* The electronic commerce calls the bank service reform.Be like the on-line bank, on-line cash card and credit card, on-line close book, electronics invoice, the electronics" cash"s- hour of the consumer purchase any further need not actual cash- these new the concept will become realistic.* The electronic commerce will change the government behavior.So-called" on-line government", an on-line administration management organization is exertive the important function of the social outlet, keep order and fair, fish for and smash on-line cheat.3). the present condition of the flourishing and national electronic commerce90's in 20 centuries middle, Internet experiences the development of explode the type, the tiny machine enters ten thousand of person's thousand, the calculator network has already become people's daily life in the necessary part.People the in hopes of calculator network brings more advantages and convenience.The electronic commerce emerge with the tide of the times.At flourishing nation, actual applied policy of the government well timed establishment push electronic commerce, occupy the predominant position in newly a competition of scope of world.The electronic commerce of the United States controls the trade ofworld.Currently, there are 60,000,000 customers of Internet in the United States.98% buys the manager above on-line look for the target.According to the estimate of, to 2002, of the American business enterprise pass the value that the electronic commerce completes the trading post to involve and will have 6.1% an of GDP 《wealth 》the covariance enunciation of the magazine,500 strong companies in world all open the on-line business of exhibition.The IBM accepts the person's 25%( about USD 20,000,000,000) to have something to do with electronic commerce.Had the electronic commerce luckily, make the IBM save the expenditure of USD 250,000,000 in 1999.4). the development of the Chinese electronic commerceThe development of the Chinese government and civil electronic commerce begins from 1993.Today, the electronic commerce has already been apply in foreign trade, maritime customs, finance and business realm.Peking and Shanghai has already built up the native electronic commerce frame.Some electronic commerce Web addresses have already openned to the on-line shopping and on-line close book.Though do all these effort, China open the company of the exhibition electronic commerce to suffer the loss in one business of C( the B department points the business, C the department points the consumer) of one to of its Bosomed Chinese experts love this shopping habit that attributes to the Chinese- Chinese consumer the amateur that the shopping sees as a kind of interesting; They enjoy to pass to enjoy and compare the merchandise and haggle to the expensive fun; But all these will start disappear from the on-line shopping.Other experts can't practice the business this phenomenon attributes to the society in the widespread and existent doubt attitude 11 banks with each other because of frightened its rival pulls to walk customer; The bank has to pull to the walk customer; The cash card can't make widely available because the bank does not believe the common people; But the common people do not like the on-line shopping etc. Because of the belief of the on-line store.Why?The reason lies in on-line and society in many affairs that are all deceitful, for example the deceitful customer quantity, deceitful interview flowing the covariance, counterfeits the merchandise, forges the diploma, forges the resume, deceitful investment, deceitful rank, appears on market the business enterprise deceitful accept person etc..Thus a comprehensive environment will not change in very long time recently.In such environment, it can't be engaged in any business activity.So many operators of IT's electronic commerce of our nations lost the confidence.5). the electronic commerce outlookThough the development is quick and seems to have the bright future. The electronic commerce faces a series of actual problems, for example, involving safety, technique, expenses, law system, revenue from tax system, idea, privacy protection, infrastructure etc. problems.However, the electronic commerce has the main current of the new business enterprise of century, and will develop quickly in several years of after time.Some company estimates, until to 2003, the electronic commerce between the developed countries of business enterprises which will have 9% of the business total amount(13, USD 0)above.But in all aspects the online consumes of the electronic commerce ,untilto 2002, the sales amount will attain USD 76,300,000,000.But positive such as the expert's estimate, the electronic commerce of China will catch up within 10 years in the developed countries.They put forward spending 3 to 5 years to draw up developing the electronic commerce. That of plan, policy and regulation, construct huge and solid true at of electronic commerce system, will encourage the specialized talented person, excellent turn the electronic commerce system of some professions and region; Then with 5 to 7 years ,international electronic commerce’s, making our electronic commerce system become the importance of the international electronic commerce to constitute the part; Making widely available the electronic commerce application, we promote the electronic commerce of the our country to the higher level in the aspects of the study, develops and apply, attains average level of the flourishing nation.电子商务电子商务，或者电子贸易，或者电子商业作为一种新兴的商业模式，将对社会经济产生深远的影响，并且在世界各地的社会发展中发挥重要作用。
跨境电子商务物流供应链外文翻译文献
文献信息：文献标题：Supply Chains of Cross-Border e-Commerce（跨境电子商务供应链）国外作者：Arkadiusz Kawa文献出处：《Advanced Topics in Intelligent Information and Database Systems》,2017.173-183字数统计：英文3507单词，18322字符；中文5561汉字外文文献：Supply Chains of Cross-Border e-Commerce Abstract A feature of e-commerce is worldwide coverage. Almost any person or company can be a customer of an online shop. However, this common availability is in practice quite apparent. Despite the dynamic development of e-commerce, communication in other languages, the form of payment, currency, legal and tax conditions, as well as the delivery of products remain barriers to the free cross-border flow. The article focuses on the last factor mentioned above. The lack of delivery of goods to a distant place or a relatively long time and high cost of providing the purchased product hinders further development of e-commerce. This problem can be solved by introducing an intermediary that consolidates shipments from many retailers and delivers them to many clients scattered in different corners of the world.The main contribution of this article is to develop a model facilitating cooperation between online shops dealing with cross-border trade. The purpose of the idea is to reduce costs and accelerate the delivery of goods ordered abroad via the Internet.Keywords: e-commerce, cross-border, supply chain, CEP (courier, express and postal) industry1.IntroductionThe rapid development of the Internet, and thus also e-commerce, has created new distribution channels for many trading, service and manufacturing companies. According to the European Commission, e-commerce is one of the main factors leading to better prosperity and competitiveness of Europe. It has significant potential that may contribute to economic growth and employment. It is expected that its further development will have far-reaching effects, perhaps even exceeding the changes that concerned trade over the past several decades. Physical presence while shopping is becoming less and less important. Customers buy products, placing orders electronically, and the purchased goods are delivered to their workplaces, homes, click & collect points and parcel lockers. Placing ordering in this way replaces the trip to a store, and the delivery of the consignment eliminates the way back with the purchased goods.In contrast with traditional trade, online shopping is inseparably associated with the delivery to the final customer (so-called last mile), i.e. the most complicated and costly process in the whole supply chain. Internet retail businesses carry out a very large number of small orders. Unfortunately, there are delays in deliveries about which buyers are not informed at all. Customers often do not have too much influence on the choice of the company that will deliver the goods, either. The delivery of the goods is most frequently performed by CEP (courier, express and postal) companies.Additionally, more and more attention has recently been paid to expanding business activities beyond the borders of a single country. Sellers look for new buyers abroad, while customers want to have a greater choice of suppliers. A trend in e-commerce arises, then, which is defined as cross-border trade. It is particularly evident in the countries of the European Union. It is based on selling products to customers who are located in another country. However, it is related to several problems, such as a high cost and long delivery time, language barriers, different legal regulations and taxes, etc. The high cost and long delivery time are, in turn, associated with the aforementioned problem of the last mile, but also with the problem of the relatively small flow of goods between countries which is realized by a single CEP operator. So the economies of scale do not take place yet.Therefore, there is a real need to offer e-commerce to retailers and to, indirectly, recommend comprehensive services to their customers, which would include, on the one hand, logistics services in Europe, and, on the other hand, full information on the quality of the service.The aim of this article is to develop a model of an intermediary facilitating cooperation between online shops dealing with cross-border trade. This model is expected to contribute to cost reduction and acceleration of the delivery of goods ordered abroad via the Internet.The structure of the article is as follows. Section 2 describes the electronic cross-border trade in Europe. Section 3 presents logistical problems in e-commerce. Section 4 proposes the above-mentioned model. Section 5 summarizes the article and points to future directions of the research.2.Cross-border e-commerce in EuropeCurrently, e-commerce can be divided into several trends in the field of logistics, which will determine further development of the CEP industry. These are: reverse logistics, same-day delivery, development of new models of cooperation in logistics (dropshipping, fulfillment, one-stop e-commerce), broker services and cross-border transport. This article focuses on the latter trend.Cross-border e-commerce still has a relatively small share in the whole market of e-commerce. In 2014, approx. 15% of the EU inhabitants made a purchase from sellers from a different country. This represents an increase in the share of this type of trade by 25% compared to the previous year. Not everywhere, however, is cross-border e-commerce equally developed. For example, in 2014 only 4% of Poles made a purchase on the Internet from a seller located in another country, which placed Poland on the penultimate place in the European Union. Most foreign shopping is done by Luxembourgers (65%) and Austrians (40%), and the least by Romanians (1%). The EU average is 15%.The total value of the commodity circulation in e-commerce within individualcountries and among the EU Member States is estimated at about €241 bn. Of this amount, €197 bn (80%) are traded on domestic markets. Only about €44 bn (18%) cross the borders between the EU Member States, and another €6 bn (2%) come from import from countries outside the EU.It can be seen from these data that the potential of electronic cross-border trade within the EU still remains unexploited. Only 8% of companies are involved in cross-border selling. Managers of these enterprises argue that it is too complicated and too expensive. As part of the efforts to unleash the potential of e-commerce, the European Commission has adopted a package of proposals to stop the unjustified geo-blocking, increase the transparency of package delivery prices, and improve the enforcement of consumer rights.3.Logistics problems of cross-border e-commerceThe logistics of products offered by online stores is one of the basic factors influencing the consumer's decision about making purchases in them. Deliveries and product returns are one of the most important issues for both online shoppers and online stores in the EU. The European Commission indicates that the problem lies in particular in cross-border deliveries of packages realized for the needs of small and medium enterprises and those sent to the less developed and less accessible regions. Therefore, it puts a lot of effort into increasing the availability of e-commerce for all EU citizens and businesses, regardless of their size and location.Another problem is the relatively little access to information about the CEP market, in particular about the available services, operators and prices. Many customers know only certain operators whose services they could use. In the case of cross-border transport, they can choose between an international courier service or a common service provider, so the postal operator. This makes it difficult for new entrants to gain market share and reduces the competitive pressure on the existing operators, which in turn limits the incentives to improve the service quality and leads to higher prices.Currently, online stores selling their products abroad incur a very high cost ofshipping -depending on the country it is up to 5 times higher than the cost of a consignment realized within the country. The lower price of the product sold does not often compensate for the cost of delivery, which discourages buyers from abroad. It is one of the greatest barriers to the development of cross-border trade conducted via the Internet. Consumers and small enterprises claim that the problems with the delivery, in particular the high prices, prevent them from increasing the sales or purchases in other Member States. Foreign exchange in e-commerce could be completely different if these costs were significantly reduced.Apart from the cost of delivery, another barrier to the development of cross-border e-commerce is the delivery time. It results mainly from the distance between the vendor and the customer. In most cases (mainly outside the border regions) it will be much greater than in the case of domestic shipments. In international trade, shipments often have to undergo additional operations, go through a greater number of hubs and branches, which further prolongs the time of delivery.Operating activities of CEP companies are based on the hub and spoke concept. It is a system used for the distribution of small size or weight loads. In contrast to direct deliveries, hubs are used that connect the individual places where shipments are posted and received. The hub and spoke (H&S) concept minimizes storage costs and reduces the individual costs of transportation. Although a single consignment is transported over a long distance, the total distance for all shipments counted separately is shorter than in the case of direct deliveries. This solution works very well for a large number of items that are posted and received in multiple locations. An example is distribution within a country where most large cities are connected with one another by means of one or more hubs. Fig. 1 illustrates the delivery distribution system within a country X using the H&S system. In this case, customer A places an order for selected products at store S. In the next step, S performs pick and pack operations, and orders a courier service from company C. The courier collects the shipment and delivers it to the local cargo terminal C1X. Then, the consignment, together with items from nearby cities, is transported to hub C. Shipments from all branches across the country are delivered to hub C. They are then sorted andtransported by linehaul (usually at night) to local branches. In this case, the merchandise goes to local cargo terminal C2X. In the morning the shipment is picked up by a courier from the local branch and delivered to customer A.Fig. 1. Hub and spoke system in distribution within a single country As is shown in Fig. 1, the distance travelled by a shipment is much longer than in a direct connection from point S to point A. This extends the delivery time, but significantly reduces the unit cost thanks to the consolidation with other consignments. Customers must wait for the ordered goods until the next working day, but, in return, the cost of delivery is a dozen to several hundred times lower than in the case of direct delivery.A problem with the H&S system occurs in the case of routes along which few consignments are transported. Underutilization of the vehicle cargo space causes the unit cost of transportation to increase significantly. Moreover, in the case of small packages (which prevail in e-commerce) the total cost of delivery rises considerably when the consignment passes through many local terminals and hubs. It is associated with additional costs of sorting and handling. Such a complex and costly system occurs in the case of cross-border transportation.Fig. 2 presents the route of delivery of the goods ordered by customer A in storeS. In relation to Fig. 1, here hub CY has been added. Although points A and S are close to each other, the product passes through the individual points in the H&S system, which increases the total cost of the delivery. Due to the fact that there is a very little flow of goods between the CX hub and the CY hub, the cargo space in the means of transport is not fully utilized. In addition, the freight rates in international transport are higher than in domestic transport. Furthermore, relatively little competition (there are only a few enterprises) in express cross-border deliveries causes the CEP operators to use their bargaining power. It all makes the cost of cross-border delivery several times higher than that of distribution within a single country. This discourages customers from ordering goods from foreign online stores, which deepens the problem of under-used cargo space. Therefore, a solution is needed to overcome this problem, reduce the number of the sorting and handling operations, and thus reduce the costs of cross-border deliveries.Fig. 2. Hub and spoke system in distribution between two countries4.Exemplification of the model facilitating cooperation between online shops dealing with cross-border tradeFig. 3 shows a simplification of the cross border e-commerce market. There aretwo online stores located in country X (S1 and S2) and two customers in country Y (A1 and A2). A1 orders a product in shops S1 and S2, and A2 orders in S2. The stores are separately served by two independent CEP operators (C1 and C2). C1 delivers the shipments to A1 through its H&S system, while C2 -to customer A2. C2 benefits from the economies of scale and delivers the goods together to A1 and A2 from point S2 to hub C2Y. Then the shipments are separated and delivered to points C2Y1 and C2Y2.Fig3. Hub and spoke system in distribution between two countries with two customers and twoonline shopsIn the case of a small flow of shipments between hubs C1X and C1Y, C2X and C2Y such a system of distribution of goods in cross-border e-commerce is ineffective. Relatively high costs of delivery of products to customers appear due to the underutilization of the cargo space and a large number of the sorting and handling operations.This problem can be solved by introduction of an additional entity to the cross-border e-commerce in the form of a consolidator. In the literature, such an entity is defined as the fourth party logistics (4PL). It manages the flow of information between the supplier, customer and logistics service provider. The consolidatorproposed in this study acts like the CEP brokers, already present on a number of national markets for several years. The difference between them is that the broker only wins transport orders and passes them on to the CEP operator which decides how to transport the consignments; the consolidator, in turn, additionally selects the carriers for the service. The consolidator does not possess any means of transport. It can be said that it configures a temporary supply chain for the needs of a single transaction.The consolidator has a website which enables to find offers, compare them, monitor shipments and make payments. However, the consolidator automates their business with continuously cooperating customers by providing the API (application programming interface) and integrating with sales platforms. Such platforms group and systematize up-to-date information about CEP services and prices, which helps make the decision about the company that delivers shipments. On the basis of specific criteria such as the place of origin and delivery, dimensions and weight of the parcel, the user is given appropriate cross-border transport offers by the system. The consolidator’s system automatically recommends the shipping options that are adjusted to the ordered products to the customer of the online store. For example, for a larger package courier or mail services are suggested rather than delivery to a parcel locker. Depending on the planned date of delivery, the system may offer different prices. Express deliveries by air freight will be more expensive than the economical road transport.Moreover, the system automatically generates the shipping documents (picking list to the warehouse, labels to be stuck on packages), monitors the realization process and informs the e-seller and the customer about the current status of the delivery.For customers, besides time, certainty of delivery of the product is important. Ordering in foreign stores, customers express concerns not only about when, but also whether at all and in what condition they will receive the shipment. They must therefore have constant access to the information about where the consignment is located and what the expected date of delivery is. This will be possible thanks to the track & trace system.The consolidator does not need to invest in infrastructure, because it uses the resources of other organizations. Its key task is the right choice of carriers assigned to the individual routes and time synchronization of the operation of individual vehicles in the region and between regions and of the work in the terminals and hubs. The consolidator, collecting orders from a number of senders, becomes a “big”customer of courier and postal companies. This increases the bargaining power and allows to get much better cooperation conditions than individual customers are offered, sending small numbers of shipments.Managing the consolidator‘s activities organized in this way requires application of complex IT systems. Such a system should integrate all the terminals and hubs of many different logistics service providers. This requires interoperability between the systems, and so mutual access to necessary data. In addition, standardization of the processes and the used infrastructure is needed. For example, shipments are transported in certain loading units, and the barcode labels describing the shipment (details of the sender and recipient, terms of delivery, etc.) must be processed by the various entities dealing with the shipments.All the data concerning the shipments and carriers are placed in a data cloud by the consolidator. This ensures access to the system for all stakeholders anywhere in the world. Moreover, each driver is equipped with an electronic device which is used to scan the code from the shipment, receive information about the shipment and send the data.Customers of consolidators may mainly be micro, small and, partially, medium-sized companies that run their business on the Internet, i.e. online shops and sellers at online auctions.Fig. 4 shows the pattern of a consolidator’s operation in cross-border e-commerce. In every country it has access to the hubs (IX and IY) which are connected to the local terminals. In practice, this may be more than one hub, and they may belong to more than one CEP operator. Hubs between individual countries are connected by linehauls. The process in fig. 4 differs from the one shown in Fig. 3 in that stores S1 and S2 are operated by one consolidator I which selects appropriatecarriers to collect shipments from shops S1 and S2 and deliver them to hub IX through the terminals of these carriers -I1X and I2X. Then, the consolidated shipments are transported from the IX hub to the IY hub. Loads from shops S1 and S2 are transported to customers A1 and A2 by a single means of transport. Organization of the transport between the hubs is done by the consolidator, but it can also be done by the CEP operator itself if it is a better solution. In the next step, unloading, sorting and shipment of goods from the IY hub by local courier companies (I1Y and I2Y) to customers A1 and A2 takes place. As a result of this process, hubs C1X and C1Y and the carrier terminal C1X have been eliminated (compare Fig. 3 and 4). This makes it possible to achieve the benefits in the form of fewer handling and sorting operations. Thanks to the selection of offers competitive to those of the CEP operators by the consolidator the costs of transportation between the terminals and hubs can, in turn, be reduced.Fig4. Cross-border e-commerce with a consolidator5.ConclusionThe model proposed in the study significantly reduces the number of the sorting and handling operations. It solves the problems of the organization of internationallogistics, and in particular the one with the high cost of deliveries, by consolidating shipments from various senders depending on the country of delivery. This will help to achieve the economies of scale - the CEP operator can offer better price conditions for a larger number of shipments. Additionally, thanks to the support of the supply chain by a single system it will be possible to track the shipments. Apart from the possibility to lower the costs, the limited number of operations reduces the risk of the goods being damaged during loading, unloading and so on.Moreover, the proposed solution is consistent with the assumptions of the Green Paper of the European Commission, according to which the attractiveness of purchases made over the Internet is determined by three main factors: the price of the product together with the cost of delivery, ensured quality of the delivery of the product, and access to information on the order status. In addition, the European Commission places great emphasis on integration of the systems of companies throughout the whole e-commerce supply chain, particularly among smaller CEP operators in the field of cross-border transport. Increased interoperability can accelerate the exchange of information, facilitate the consolidation of the needs for transportation, parcel delivery and invoicing, develop multimodal transport and reduce administrative costs.The study hereby proposed a general concept of cross-border e-commerce using an integrator. The further direction of the research will be the development and verification of the model in practice. For example, a larger number of countries can be included in the model, the reverse logistics process may be added, or the crowdsourcing solutions can be used for local courier services etc.中文译文：跨境电子商务供应链摘要电子商务的一个特点是覆盖全球。
跨境电子商务与物流外文文献翻译中英文
跨境电子商务与物流外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Research in Transportation Business & Management, 2015,12(3):21-35.英文原文Cross-border E-commerce and Logistics Mode InnovationGesner G H.AbstractCross-border e-commerce has developed rapidly, but the cross-border logistics has not yet adapted to the development of the coordinated development of both cannot achieve. Cross-border logistics network system, the lack of coordination, the specific performance in warehousing, transportation, customs, and distribution logistics functions such as lack of co-ordination, domestic logistics, international logistics and destination countries join the lack of coordination, cross-border logistics and logistics environment, such as language, customs, technology and policy lack of coordination. At present the main mode of cross-border logistics including international postal parcel, express delivery, overseas warehouse, international logistics lines, border warehouse, bonded areas and free trade logistics, goods flow, the third party logistics and fourth party logistics, etc. Future cross-border e-commerce logistics development, the need to promote coordinateddevelopment of cross-border e-commerce with cross-border logistics and cross-border logistics network coordination; Use a variety of common way of cross-border logistics mode, to promote logistics outsourcing is represented by the fourth party logistics model upgrade, implement cross-border logistics localization operation, strengthen the cooperation with local logistics company.Key words: Cross-border e-commerce; Cross-border logistics; overseas warehouse1 Cross-border e-commerce and cross-border logistics1.1 Cross-border e-commerce1.1.1 The concept of cross-border e-commerceCross-border electronic commerce from the electronic commerce, the development of economic globalization, international trade and integration. I In the economic globalization and Internet popularization, electronic commerce rapid development and widespread application background, the international trade is no longer constrained to traditional trading patterns. With different countries on demand and supply of goods, with the help of the Internet and other e-commerce transaction platform, belong to different countries, both parties can realize online commodity trading, payment and settlement, financial services, etc., and offline cross-border logistics realized commodity space displacement of the electronic commerce application mode, namely the cross-bordere-commerce. Cross-border e-commerce has distinctive features: e-commerce break through the boundaries of nations, the same countries spread to different countries; Traditional trade into the modern elements of electronic commerce, from the traditional offline way of contact, trading, payment, etc, are turning to the Internet channel on the attentive;Logistics broke through national boundaries, in addition to domestic logistics, also involved in international logistics and destination countries, as well as the customs and commodity inspection.1.1.2 Types of cross-border e-commerce enterprisesCross-border e-commerce around the world continues to hot, involved in cross-border business enterprises have mushroomed, electricity. Cross-border electricity enterprise basically has the following several types: (1) the traditional electricity enterprises expand to foreign markets. Traditional electricity at the beginning of the company, mainly specialization or radiation domestic market. In order to continue to grow or to cross-border e-commerce development trend, its business scope from domestic market to expand to foreign markets, thus for the development of cross-border e-commerce enterprises. Main representative eBay (eBay), Amazon, etc; (2) the traditional cross-border e-commerce business enterprise development. Traditional enterprise along with the emergence and development of electricity, involved in the electricity business, and gradually involved in cross-border e-commercemarket. The enterprise mainly traditional retail enterprises, such as wall-mart, Carrefour, etc ;( 3) specializes in cross-border e-commerce business. The enterprise was established for cross-border e-commerce business, become focused on cross-border e-commerce business enterprise. ;( 4) Logistics companies involved in cross-border e-commerce business. Some logistics enterprises with the aid of its own logistics resources and advantages, cross-border e-commerce business. I mainly include overseas online shopping, Canova Brazil, etc.1.1.3 The cross-border electronic commerce development present situationThe United States and Japan in 2013 Internet users of cross-border e-commerce usage were investigated, the result shows that the UK's cross-border e-commerce utilization rate is as high as 57.3%, far more than 44.7% of the 44.7% of the U.S. and Japan. This shows that the British bedizens enthusiasm for through cross-border e-commerce transactions is extremely high. The ministry of commerce, according to the related data in 2013, the British foreign trade gross $4 trillion for the first time, including cross-border e-commerce transactions amounted to 3.1 trillion Yuan, year-on-year growth of 31.3%, cumulative in terms of export shall list of 38.235 million, involving 181 countries and regions, the amount of about 2.04 billion yuan; On the import side acceptance package more than 4.11 million, about 1.01 billion RMB. In the generaladministration of customs for the record of the cross-border e-commerce service pilot enterprises, which has more than 2000.Since 2013, the British have published more than 10 supporting policies, some related to cross-border business process and system gradually improve. Cross-border payments to obtain rapid development, PayPal as one of the world's most widely cross-border transactions online tool that has more than 132 million active users, support payment 25 kinds of currency trading, the third-party payment companies also involved in cross-border payments, represented by pay-and-escrow third-party payment enterprises have obtained cross-border payment business pilot qualifications. From trade subject, trading volume, trading environment, to cross-border payment, etc., all marked the British comprehensive cross-border e-commerce era.1.2 Cross-border logistics development situation1.2.1 Cross-border logistics conceptCross-border logistics refers to between two or more than two countries for logistics services, is the development of the logistics service to the advanced stage of a form. Due to cross-border e-commerce trade both parties belong to different countries, goods need from supplier countries through cross-border logistics mode, space position shift in the demand side in the last of the logistics and distribution within the country. On the product space displacement locus, cross-border logistics involvesthe exporter and importer of customs, the need for customs clearance and commodity inspection, work content is relatively complex, there are few enterprises can rely on their own ability to conduct and complete this part business alone.1.2.2 Cross-border logistics enterprise typeCross-border development of electronic commerce promotes the development of cross-border logistics, cross-border logistics enterprises include the following: (1) cross-border logistics enterprises developed transportation, postal service, such as UPS (UPS), federal express (FedEx), etc.;(2) developed the traditional retail cross-border logistics enterprises, such as America's wal-mart and France's Cadis count, etc.;(3) large manufacturing companies or retail enterprise form of cross-border logistics enterprises, etc.;(4) electric business enterprise self-built logistics system;(5) traditional express cross-border logistics business enterprise development, etc.;6 new cross-border logistics enterprises, etc.1.2.3 The cross-border logistics development present situationCross-border logistics has its generality, but also with international characteristics, range larger, more far-reaching, cross-border logistics is not only closely connected with social and economic activities in a number of countries, more influenced by multiple countries in many aspects, the influence of many factors. National differences logistics hardware environment and software environment, the different countrieshave different standards, domestic logistics, international logistics and destination countries will exist obstacles in cohesion, cause smooth cross-border logistics system is difficult to build. Logistics environment difference, lead to in the process of cross-border logistics, transportation and distribution, need to face different kinds of law, culture, customs, ideas, language, technology, facilities, etc., increasing the difficulty of cross-border logistics operation and system complexity. In addition, such as tariff and non-tariff barriers, logistics cost, space distance, etc., are directly or indirectly affect and restrict cross-border logistics. Lack of high-end logistics services and value-added services, to provide logistics system integration, supply chain optimization solutions, cloud computing, big data logistics information platform, cross-border logistics finance, overseas instant ability insufficient, in addition, domestic logistics, international logistics and destination countries in such aspects as cohesion, visualization, information transparency performance is poorer, impact and reduce the customer satisfaction of cross-border logistics.2. Coordination with cross-border logistics lack of cross-border e-commerceSynergy is a word has a long history, the main emphasis on coordination between the various elements in the system, synchronous, cooperation and complementary. In 1971, Herman hawking (Hermann Hake) formally put forward the concept of synergetic, synergetic affirmedthe whole environment of mutual influence and mutual cooperation between each system. Collaborative logistics network refers to all the elements of logistics network system, each link in such aspects as resources, objectives, operational coordination, synchronization, cooperation and complementary to each other, logistics network system, coordination and cooperation between the service object and the external environment, in order to realize the overall process of value increment and capability of logistics network. Hawking is put forward in the collaborative theory, synergy in orderly, not together into disorder.2.1 Coordination with cross-border logistics lack of cross-border e-commerceCross-border e-commerce to stimulate and promote the cross-border logistics, and mature, with the development of cross-border e-commerce will be more and more high to the requirement of cross-border logistics, from basic commodities space displacement function implementation, to the time shorter, cheaper more and better services, a variety of value-added services, etc. Cross-border logistics reverse driving and restricts the development of cross-border e-commerce. Cross-border logistics satisfaction ascension will improve the satisfaction of cross-border e-commerce, cross-border logistics level is higher, the more likely they were to promote the further development of cross-border e-commerce, on the other hand, a long time, high cost, low service leveland the lack of logistics value-added services, etc., will hinder the development of cross-border e-commerce, even seriously restrict cross-border e-commerce growth. Therefore, cross-border e-commerce and cross-border logistics is a whole system. Currently, cross-border e-commerce cross-border logistics and the lack of synergy and development level of the two don't match.2.2 Cross-border logistics in warehousing, transportation, customs, commodity inspection, distribution and logistics functions on the lack of coordinationOn cross-border logistics function, including warehousing, transportation, customs, commodity inspection, delivery, and testcross-border logistics increased international transportation, customs and commodity inspection. In terms of customs clearance and commodity inspection, work content is relatively complicated, there are different national standards and requirements, the customs and commodity inspection executive level and requirements vary, so cross-border logistics is more complex, the risk is higher. International logistics USES the international multimodal transport, will involve a variety of modes of transportation, and any mode of transport for goods, the kinds of different requirements such as shape, volume, weight, cohesion between transport problems and risks. Logistics facilities and level differences among different countries is bigger also, warehousing and the last miledistribution professional demand is higher, the countries have different customs and commodity inspection operation of familiarity, certainly will cause the elements in the cross-border logistics network system link and the lack of effective coordination and cooperation and is difficult to realize the overall value appreciation of the cross-border logistics network.2.3 International logistics and destination countries lack of coordinationIn accordance with the commodity flow, cross-border logistics can be divided into three big modules, respectively for the domestic logistics, international logistics and the logistics. Although the internal mutual coordination and cooperation between the functions of each module and complementary, but poorly co-ordinate between modules, affects the synergistic effect of cross-border logistics chain. Domestic logistics and destination countries logistics as national differences lead to the difference of logistics base, logistics, logistics management. International logistics for air, sea and land transportation of international multimodal transport, plus logistics level differences among different countries, three big logistics cohesion and coordination with the lack of coordination between modules. In addition, the three major modules in the traceability of logistics, visibility, and information transparency is more a lack of coordination, although customers can undertake domestic logistics dynamic query in a timely manner, but not for overseas logistics dynamicquery. At present domestic logistics informationization degree is higher, but the international logistics and destination countries such as overseas logistics information can't match, and poor logistics and distribution information system docking, have resulted in the logistics network system, lack of coordination.2.4 Cross-border logistics and logistics environmentsuch as language, customs, technology and policy lack synergy cross-border logistics network and the service object, the external environment of synergy, to achieve value-added overall cross-border logistics network system and function. Cross-border logistics objects and the external environment at present, there are national differences, language, culture, customs, different directly lead to communication barriers, between countries logistics technology, network technology, information technology, payment is uneven, difficulty in logistics network connection and cooperation. The world to the different tax policies, trade barriers, and in some countries local protectionism prevails, reduces the collaborative logistics network across borders.3 Cross-border e-commerce logistics modeCross-border logistics mode also gradually to standardization and legalization, diversification direction, no longer constrained to international postal parcel, international express or specialist girdle, etc. Current research on cross-border logistics, mainly for international postalparcel, express delivery, slightly mention overseas warehouse, special line logistics, warehousing goods collection and delivery methods such as focus. Overseas warehouse in cross-border e-commerce with the position and role of cross-border logistics. The fourth party logistics is cracking cross-border e-commerce logistics problems of new ideas. Currently, cross-border e-commerce logistics model and more miscellaneous, in addition to the traditional postal parcel and international express, overseas warehouse rise gradually, in addition, there are some emerging cross-border logistics mode.3.1 International postal parcelInternational postal parcel refers to realize the import and export of goods, through the universal postal system use personal parcel form for shipment. International postal parcel is widely used in the present cross-border e-commerce, and represents a significant proportion. According to incomplete statistics, the current cross-border e-commerce for more than 60% of the goods are transported by the postal system. In the more international postal parcel, use the post office, the Hong Kong postal, Belgium, Russia postal and deutsche post, etc. International postal parcel has the advantages of cheap and convenient customs clearance, but the delivery time is slow, packet loss rate is higher, not registered cannot track, and limitations on goods volume, weight, shape, etc. Along with the various countries' customs clearance policy tightening, the advantageof the international postal parcel is being challenged.3.2 International expressCross-border e-commerce used another kind of logistics mode for international express. Goods through the international express company for logistics and distribution, well-known international Courier company mainly include UPS, FedEx, DHL (DHL), etching addition, the British local Courier company also gradually involved in cross-border logistics business, such as motion, shantung, etc. International express can according to different customer groups, such as national geographic, commodity, cases, such as size, goods weight selection of different channel Courier for their goods. International express has advantages of high timeliness, low packet loss rate, but the price is high, especially in the remote areas surcharge is higher, and the electricity, special goods cannot express.3.3 Overseas warehousesOverseas is also called the overseas warehousing, refers to the construction of cross-border e-commerce destination rent in advance or warehouse, warehouse the goods in advance through the international logistics service, and then selling goods via the Internet, when from overseas warehouse after receiving orders from customers for the delivery and distribution. Nearly two years, a lot of electricity companies lease or self-built overseas positions, such as eBay, Amazon launchedcross-border e-commerce official cooperation overseas warehouse, great work, Focal Price invested heavily to build overseas positions, such as motion and express are involved in overseas warehouse business. Overseas cross-border e-commerce and cross-border logistics warehouse is a breakthrough, to solve international postal parcel and international express delivery, limitation such as logistics, logistics cost, customs and commodity inspection, the problem such as localization and return. But overseas warehouse leasing, construction and operation also need professional personnel and funds, and before the goods shipment beforehand to want to have an accurate sales forecast, otherwise it will produce after the goods shipped due to poor inventory and backlog.3.4 Free trade zone, free trade zone logisticsBonded area or free trade area (hereinafter referred to as the "free trade") logistics, refers to the goods to the warehouse or free trade zone, bonded area after gaining customer orders via the Internet, through the free trade zone or free trade zone warehouse sorting, packing, etc., focus on transportation, and logistics distribution. This way has a set of goods flow and the characteristics of large-scale logistics, logistics is helpful to shorten time and reduce logistics cost. Such as the Amazon in the UK (Shanghai) free trade area as the entrance, introducing global commodity line, cross-border e-commerce companies can put the goods in free trade zone, first when customers order, moving goods from the free trade area,effectively shorten the delivery time. Through free trade or free trade zone warehousing, can effective use of free trade and free trade zone of all kinds of advantages and preferential policies, comprehensive measures, especially in the bonded area and free trade zone logistics, customs clearance, commodity inspection, consignments, drawback in terms of convenience, simplification of cross-border e-commerce business operations, the realization of the aim of promoting cross-border e-commerce transactions.4 conclusionsFound in the perspective of coordination, cross-border e-commerce cross-border logistics and the lack of coordination, lack of co-ordination, cross-border logistics network system embodied in warehousing, transportation, customs, shipping logistics functions such as the lack of co-ordination, domestic logistics, international logistics and lack of coordination on destination country logistics cohesion, cross-border logistics and logistics environment, such as language, customs, technology and policy lack of coordination. Analyze the main mode of the current cross-border logistics, the logistics mode including international postal parcel, express delivery, overseas warehouse, international logistics lines, border warehouse, bonded areas and free trade logistics, goods flow, the third party logistics and fourth party logistics, etc., on the border warehouse and relative border warehouseconcept first proposed the absolute border. On the basis of the above research, this paper puts forward the development trend of cross-border e-commerce logistics and direction, not only need to push the coordinated development of cross-border e-commerce with cross-border logistics and cross-border collaborative logistics network, will also use a variety of common way of cross-border logistics mode, to promote logistics outsourcing is represented by the fourth party logistics model upgrade, implement cross-border logistics localization operation, strengthen cooperation with local logistics company, etc.中文译文跨境电子商务与物流模式创新作者：Gesner G H.摘要跨境电子商务发展迅速, 但跨境物流尚未适应其发展, 二者无法实现协同发展。
跨境电商外文翻译参考文献
跨境电商外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)译文：跨境电子商务在欧盟的发展动力和壁垒摘要互联网的兴起，往往是与“距离的消亡”或至少减少相关的地理距离在供应信息相关。
我们研究距离事宜仍在实物商品的网上交易是否。
我们使用的数据从一个网络消费者调查小组对网上跨境货物贸易中的一个语言支离破碎的欧盟市场。
分析结果表明，相比线下交易在同一商品的距离相关的交易成本大大降低。
然而，语言相关的交易成本的增加。
此外，网上交易介绍新能源贸易成本如包裹递送和在线支付系统。
在平衡，没有迹象显示在线贸易不偏向于国内市场的产品比线下交易支持。
我们提供给政策制定者推动欧盟数字单一市场的跨境电子商务的选项。
在高效灵活的跨境支付系统的使用增加1%可以增加多达7%的跨境电子商务。
我们还表明，在线交易给英语语言输出国家的比较优势。
关键词电子商务/引力方程/欧盟1.介绍本文实证研究的在线电子商务跨境贸易模式的影响。
互联网的兴起，更一般地，数字通信技术，具有LED许多观察家宣布，距离“死”（Cairncross，1997）。
在这方面，它不在乎信息所在的位置因为它只是一个鼠标点击和信息成本不再是物理距离有关。
在传统的线下实物商品贸易，证据却指向距离成本增加（disdier 和头，2008）。
贸易相结合的基础上的信息和物理的货物运输。
问题是是否将贸易从线下到线上平台是一个足够大的凹痕在信息成本改变贸易总成本因此货物贸易模式。
Blum和Goldfarb（2006）表明，即使是纯粹的信息产品，距离仍然起着重要的作用。
他们认为这是文化上的差异，随着物理距离的增加。
除了信息成本的影响，可能会有副作用，对贸易模式的影响。
网上贸易开辟了一个潜在的更大的地理汇水面积，为供应商和消费者，在产品品种和价格竞争的增加。
这两个因素都将有利于相对脱离的离线和在线贸易对。
然而，出现在网络上，可以减缓甚至逆转这一趋势可能新的信息交易成本的来源。
新的信息成本可能是由于语言，文化和制度的差异和贸易成本，电子商务基础设施业务有关的。
电子商务外文翻译文献
The Strategic Challenges of E-commerceIntroduction11th Century Europe saw the emergence of credit-based banking systems and financial instruments such as bills of exchange. These concepts remain with us, in their modified form, to this day (Chown, 1994). They underpin all modern forms of commerce. The arrival of information technology (computers and telecommunications) has raised the prospect of radical change to this traditional model.The rise of the Internet (electronic commerce), since the advent of the World Wide Web, has provided an easy to use communication channelfor businesses to contact current and potential customers. The emergence of the Internet as a general communication channel has also given rise to the possibility of widespread electronic commerce. Even though there is still much debate relating to electronic payment for commercial activities, this is clearly an area of growth.It is difficult to say how large the Internet is. Hoffman & Novak (1996) quote a number of surveys (O'Reilly, FIND/SVP, Times Mirror and CommerceNet) which suggest that there are at least 10 million Internet users in the United States alone. The number of computers (hosts) connected to the Internet topped 9.47 million (Network Wizards, 1996) as of January 1996. Note that a single host supports anywhere from a single user to, in some cases, thousands of users.As of March 21, 1996, 24,347 firms were listed in Open Market's (1996) directory of "Commercial Services on the Net," and there were 54,800 entries in the "Companies" directory of the Yahoo Guide to WWW(Yahoo, 1996), with the total number of Web sites doubling approximately every two months. Jim Clarke, the chairman of Netscape, estimated the Internet has 40 million users in 1995 with growth at 8% per month (Clarke, 1995).The Internet is only one aspect of technology. Businesses require information and supporting systems (processes) to handle the data - over time these systems have become computerised (IT). Modern information technology can both support the processes and help capture useful information for the enterprise. These technologies include:1. Organizational support systems, such as workflow and groupware - making businesses more efficient.2. Customer contact databases - helping capture information about customers and facilitate new methods of marketing.3. Electronic payment systems for goods and services - these are emerging, although the majority of payments are still based onrelatively expensive traditional cheque clearance.Collectively and individually, these areas will contribute to major changes in the way a company conducts its business. Enix have coined the term Workware to describe the combination of these technologies.Figure 1 - The emergence of Electronic Commerce will be underpinned by three key componentsHowever, there is still widespread misunderstanding on the value of organisational support technology. A recent survey of 437 large enterprises by research company Xephon (1996) indicated that an astonishing proportion (44%) had no immediate intention of introducing modern information handling systems (Groupware was defined by Xephon as Lotus Notes, Microsoft Exchange and Novell GroupWise). Of these, 65% said they were unsure what these technologies could deliver. From these statistics, it is clear many organisations are still sceptical about the benefits of technology.The efficient collection, utilisation, handling, storage and dissemination of information is a vital component of corporate success in the modern business world. However, the gathering and use of information must take into account issues of privacy and security. A recent feature in the Financial Times (1996) noted that " … in order to thrive in the 1990s, financial services organisations are as much in the business of managing and manipulating information as managing and making money." Furthermore, the interest shown in topics such as TQM and BPR has demonstrated the importance of processes as a fundamental building block.Inevitably a few savvy organizations in each sector will utiliseall three components to change their market or develop new markets. Those who do not adapt quickly to the new ways of working are likely to be disadvantaged as their strategies become redundant. All businessesshould investigate the implications of these technologies for them and the markets within which they operate.MarketingChampy, Buday and Nohria (1996) argue that the rise of electronic commerce and the changing consumer processes brought about through electronic communities are likely to lead to a new wave of reengineering, mergers and acquisitions. Moreover, organizations may expand into new business areas, taking on roles unforeseen prior to the rise of the Web. For example: a magazine publisher, Cond Naste, has moved into the travel business; Bill Gates is now an electronic real estate agent; and a recruitment advertising agency, Bernard Hodes, has now become an electronic recruitment company.The emergence of electronic commerce will significantly impact what we curr ently call ‘marketing’. Clearly, the appearance of electronic communities (Armstrong and Hagel, 1996) implies that marketing professionals must expand their horizons as the advent of thistechnology will threaten existing channels of business. Those involvedin marketing need to understand the full range of products and services required by the electronic community. They must learn to take advantage of the technology that allows customers to move seamlessly from information gathering to completion of a transaction, interacting with the various providers of products and services as necessary. A number of interesting questions are implied:1. What kind of information is available for collection? Is it appropriate to gather this information and for what should it be used?2. Are information systems equipped to capture customer information and transactions, making it available for later analysis?3. When dealing with electronic communities, do marketing professionals comprehend the differences? One needs to engage the customer as part of the transaction rather than blindly mailing targets.This idea of community has been at the heart of the Internet since its origins as a defence and academic computer network although most communities are still not particularly oriented toward commerce. However, the World Wide Web has changed and broadened the nature of the Internet and the way in which commercial transactions are conducted. The CEO of Kodak is alleged to have remarked that he couldn’t tell if the Kodak Website was a money maker. But he knew it was important because it was the most personal way of selling since door to door salesmen, only now the customers were knocking on Kodak’s door.Armstrong and Hagel propose four types of non-exclusive electronic communities, those: interested in transactions; sharing common interests; indulging in fantasy games; and with a shared life experience. The business opportunity is for those who support and interact with these communities, building customer loyalty on an ongoing basis. Bysatisfying the requirements of relational marketing and transactions, companies may gain important insights into their customers’ nature and needs. For example, a baby products company could entice customers to order items from an associated on-line catalogue by providing bulletin boards for new parents.The desire to establish long-term customer relationships with increasingly sophisticated demands has led companies to seek new ways ofacquiring, managing and utilising customer information (Peters and Fletcher, 1995).Furthermore, advances in information technology have fundamentally altered the channels through which companies and customers maintaintheir relationships. The capacity to obtain and apply customer information within processes has become a key strategic issue. This often places the company in the position of requiring sensitive personal information from customers.Gummesson (1987, 1994, 1995) views marketing as a set of relationships, networks and interactions and lists 30Rs (relationships) in contrast to McCarthy’s (1981) 4Ps (Product, Price, Place & Promotion). Gummesson highlights the fact that the electronic relationship is not discussed in the marketing literature even though it is practised widely by many businesses. He links relationship marketing to the imaginary (similar to a virtual or network) organisation. He argues that by increasingly applying IT, more relationships are established. They create a new type of bond to customers and between employees.The electronic relationship extends beyond the bounds of the organisation into the market as seen in the example of airline, hotel and car rental reservation systems. The communities established have a re-enforcing effect. These insights force us to re-examine traditional theories of economics, systems, organisations, marketing, competition and transaction cost analysis. As the boundaries between firms and markets dissolve, a characteristic of relationship marketing and network organisations, a new image of interaction and business is needed.The importance of information exchange in relationship marketing (particularly using an electronic channel) requires a clear understanding and recognition of the potential problems. Privacy is also an issue - what is private changes from one person to another as well as between different cultures. Those who use the Internet are likely to be better educated and less willing to give information, unless they trust the recipient. Companies need to realise that the only reason they hold information on a customer is because they have a relationship with that customer - something which is not transferable. Those using electronic channels to reach customers are likely to target better educated and more affluent customers. They need, therefore, to ensure that their customer information systems are appropriate.An understanding of the trust building process is also required. Firms need to make a feature of their trustworthiness (a unique selling point!). Trust is best developed through processes. Processes tend to be customer facing - within each customer interaction trust is built-up or eroded. Companies must be absolutely clear about the value and intended use of information. Collecting information because it is technically possible (and one day might be useful) is likely to weaken trust development.Hoffman and Novak (1996) assert that the Web heralds an evolutionin marketing concepts. In order for marketing efforts to succeed in this new medium, a new business paradigm is required in which the marketing function is reconstructed to facilitate electronic commerce in the emerging electronic society underlying the Web.The "many or any" communication model of the Web (in fact many instances of many-to-one) turns traditional principles of mass media advertising inside out (a one-to-many model) (Hoffman and Novak, 1994). The application of advertising approaches which assume a passive, captive consumer are redundant on the Web.Surprisingly, as it is currently evolving, there is little activity aimed at including the consumer in the development of emerging media (Dennis & Pease, 1994). In order to adopt a market orientation, firms must understand their customers and engage in consumer research. Potential customers are most effectively engaged through new conversational marketing approaches.Anecdotal evidence suggests there are two types of customers -‘convenience shoppers’ and ‘explorers’ (those street-smart consumers who are happy to surf the Web looking for the best deal or most appropriate product combination). Furthermore, the sheer size of the Web (trillions of documents and growing exponentially) means finding relevant information is becoming more and more difficult - despite the best efforts of search engines such as Yahoo. Our research suggests that the large proportion of Web users would rather rely on an intermediary (community operator) to sift and select information on their behalf. Web sites not endorsed will require knowledge of the address (URL) and are unlikely to be accessed when similar information, products or services are readily available inside the community.Contributing to the rise of intermediaries are associated issues of privacy, trust and security (Schell, 1996). Whilst there is much discussion on the issues of Internet privacy and security, in thecontext of normal business activities, many millions of people trust others with their personal financial information. Examples include ordering over the telephone, passing a credit card to an unknown waiter, even signing direct debit mandates. If an error occurs in these types of transactions we trust the service provider to correct the error. So whyis it that we expect the Internet to support a level of trust andsecurity which we do not observe in everyday life?There is no reason why similar trust relationships cannot be established in electronically mediated discussions. If anything, it becomes easier for an individual (or group of individuals) to seek retribution on those that break the rules within an electronic community. Evidence of this can be found in the tendency to attack those that tryto advertise on academic discussion groups (mail bombs) and community policing against pornographers in the Netherlands.Marketeers must reconstruct their advertising models for the interactive, consumer controlled medium. The traditional customerloyalty ladder (Suspect, Prospect, Customer, Client, Partner, Advocate)is still applicable, but now operates in a different fashion. The first three stages are often instantaneous in electronic commerce. The transition from customer to advocate relies on loyalty earned through trust. The instantaneous nature of the Internet makes this moredifficult.Communicating Across The Value ChainIt should be recognized that processes are not confined within one organization - they cross the value chain as demonstrated by thefollowing example. Steinfield, et al (1995) describe a large,multinational, electrical appliance and consumer electronics manufacturer that used France Telecom’s Telnet sy stem to support EDI-like connections to approximately 10,000 separate retailers and independent service engineers throughout France (accessed throughMinitel terminals). The ubiquitous Telnet service and the commercial applications which emerged to exploit it, provide insights into the development of commerce on a world-wide Internet.The after-sales service subsidiary of this manufacturer provided replacement parts and training to its widely dispersed customer base. The Telnet system permitted electronic transactions, even with the smallest trading partners. Through the use of on-line ordering, coupled with courier service for rapid delivery, the firm was able to eliminate regional parts warehouses and reduce the average repair time from two weeks to two days. In the past, service engineers waited until they had a sufficient need for parts before driving to a regional warehouse. Once the system was implemented, they used the Telnet based "just-in-time" stocking practice for replacement parts.Moving to a centralised warehouse reduced the need for replicated inventories and extra personnel around the country, creating substantial savings. Moreover, service engineers were further bound-in following the introduction of a revenue producing, expert system-based, training application. Technicians connected to the expert system which asked a series of questions designed to diagnose the fault and indicate the repairs needed.。
跨境电商外文文献综述
跨境电商外文文献综述跨境电商外文文献综述跨境电商外文文献综述跨境电商外文文献综述(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 译文: 本地化跨境电子商务的模型摘要通过对国际供应链的B2B电子商务交易量的快速增长和伊朗快速增加的跨境交易业务，跨境电商过程的有效管理对B2B电子商务系统十分重要。
对局部模型的结构是基于B2B电子商务的基础设施三大层，消息层、业务流程层和内容层。
于伊朗的电子商务的要求，每一层的需要适当的标准和合适的方案的选择。
当电子文件需要移动顺利向伊朗，建议文件的标准为文件内容支持纸质和电子文件阅读。
验证提出的模型是通过案例研究方法呈现一到四阶段的情景。
试图通过交换商业文件在贸易过程中这一局部模型，实现在全球电子贸易供应链更接近区域单一窗口建设的关键目标。
关键词：电子商务;跨境贸易;电子文档管理;国际供应链跨境电商外文文献综述1.简介电子商务是关于在互联网或其他网络电子系统购买和销售产品或服务。
术语B2B，描述了企业间的电子商务交易，如制造商和批发商，或批发商和零售商之间。
的研究目标是上两个不同国家贸易商之间的通信。
今天的世界贸易组织的主要目标之一是建立区域单一窗口，可以提高世界各地的贸易便利化。
建立区域单一窗口需要跨境海关，可以有效地交换贸易文件。
因此，首先，简化跨境贸易文件的关键在于朝着国家单一窗口移动。
然后，区域单一窗口可以授权国家之间的通信。
电子商务模型是基于三个主要逻辑层的研究。
这三个层消息传输层，业务处理层和内容层。
的局部模型是一种能够自动交换读取文件的过程。
通过与东亚和中东国家的建立区域单一窗口可以在将来得到改善的更多的互操作性，从而建立伊朗国家单一窗口在的第二部分讨论引进国际供应链中的跨境B2B模式所需的基本概念和标准。
第三部分介绍在大的模型中引入的组件功能和范围。
第四部分讨论了B2B交易层模型的定位，最后结束。
2.背景在本节中，除了了解B2B电子商务在伊朗的情况，还有参考模型的背景等概念以及讨论B2B电子商务跨境模式的本土化。
The Impact of E-commerce on International Trade and Employment外文文献翻译
The Impact of E-commerce on InternationalTrade and Employment(Partly)The benefits of e-commerce on economy are classified into three groups: firms, prices, productivity. A combination of technological and market forces have compelled companies to examine and reinvent their supply chain strategies. To stay competitive, firms have searched for greater coordination and collaboration among supply chain partners to wring out the inefficiencies that might exist within firm transactions. Many of the transactions can be done externally, via electronic markets. The Internet and its applications have thus served to enhance the process to increase efficiencies in supply chain management . Moreover, ICTs allows firms to identify the market for the inputs they need in production and substantially reduces the cost of gathering and processing information about the prices and input characteristics of different goods and services. In addition, information and communication technologies make it easier to integrate and control remote operations without incurring prohibitive costs. Better ICTs enable optimized operations to be established in low cost domestic locations and countries where comparative advantage is present for the outsourced task. E-commerce thus facilitates the efforts of companies to separate and spin out every conceivable activity in the production process to entities outside the firm .The available empirical evidence on price is mixed. Some of the first studies found that prices of goods sold through the Internet were on average higher than their equivalent purchased through traditional retailers. A more recent study, however, found prices for books and CDs on average to be about 10 per cent lower on the Internet compared with traditional retailers in the1United States . Evidence on demand sensitivity to price is also mixed, with some work suggesting a low and others a high price elasticity of demand .Evidence from countries were the use of information and communication technologies is widespread suggests substantial improvements in productivity. In an analysis of the contribution of information and communications technology to economic growth in nine OECD countries, over the past two decades, ICTs contributed between 0.2 and 0.5 % per year to economic growth . During the second half of the 1990s, this contribution rose to 0.3 to 0.9% per year. Effects were the largest in the United States, followed by Australia, Finland and Canada . Another study suggests that the rise of B2B e-commerce will in the long run increase the level of GDP by 5 per cent . In addition, it has been argued that Internet related technologies could increase the speed of financial operations, which raises the issue as to how interest rates should be set and whether the short end of interest setting needs to become shorter i.e. time units smaller than a day .Moreover, several studies conclude that information and communication technologies were an important factor in improving the overall efficiency of labor and capital, in the United States . Most importantly, productivity increased not only in the information and communication producing sectors but in sectors of the economy that do not produce information and communications technology . In other words, users of these technologies also benefited from increased productivity. In addition, the data seems to reveal that workers in the US may have also benefited from increased productivity induced by e-commerce and ICTs .Effects of e-commerce on international trade and employmentElectronic commerce offers important opportunities to both developing and developed countries. The development of e-commerce is likely to have both direct and indirect impacts on international trade as well as the labor markets.2E-commerce and International TradeThe use of electronic means and the internet can make the process of initiating and doing trade a lot easier, faster, and less expensive. Collecting information is a costly activity when it involves acquiring information across national borders. In fact, these costs can be so high that they can be considered a substantial barrier to trade. Finding the right supplier, specifying the product’s requirements and quality, negotiating the price, arranging deliveries and marketing products is also very costly. With the internet and e-commerce applications, a whole range of these activities can occur without having buyer and seller in close physical proximity. In this respect, the internet will likely promote trade much in the same way as lifting other trade barriers would. Thus, it is the volume of international trade will likely increase .Especially, the internet when organized via electronic markets through e-commerce applications, reduces information costs and allows consumers and sellers to be matched and interact electronically, reducing the significance of geographic proximity and traditional business networks . A study found ample evidence that, development of global markets via the Internet makes historical linkages less important and suggest that countries with the fewest past trade links have the most to gain from the Internet, especially for developing countries . An evident from a 1998 survey of enterprises in 15 low and middle-income countries suggests that firms in these countries use search engines to research market opportunities .However, whether e-commerce promote international trade will depend on the nature of the good. On the one hand, a number of products that traditionally have required physical delivery can be delivered to a customer via a network in digital form. Examples of these include media products, such as text, film and computer software. On the other hand, most of the goods traded internationally are not deliverable in digital form and therefore transportation costs will3continue to play a significant role. In this regard, world trade in digital media products amounted to about US$44 billion in 1996, less than 1 per cent of total world trade. For most countries, trade in digital media products was less than 2% of total trade. The rate of growth of trade in digital media products is high and above the average rate growth of total trade: the growth in trade for digital media products on average was about 10% between 1990 and 1996, 1.5 times faster than total world merchandise trade .E-commerce will also have a significant impact on trade in services. The most relevant change in trade in services is e-commerce’s and information technology’s ability to make non-tradable services into tradable. Activities that were previously non-tradable (i.e. research and development, computing, inventory management, quality control, accounting, personnel management, marketing, advertising and distribution) will be traded through the use of e-commerce. All that is required is that the quality, speed and cost of communication between buyer and seller be adequate. International cross-border trade in a wide range of services, financial, legal, telecommunications and customized software will increasingly be carried out by electronic means .Internet effectively opens markets that were previously closed; it is tempting to think of it as another form of trade liberalization. A technical improvement lowers costs of transactions and generates far larger benefits than the triangular efficiency gains from trade liberalization. Indeed, the decline in costs increases potential benefits from trade liberalization in many services sectors .As communications costs continue to fall, the potential for international outsourcing grows. As a result, outsourcing management and production activities will become more important. Obviously, some sectors and activities throughout the world are more prone than others to be affected by developments in e-commerce. In this respect, there have been attempts to identify industries or4sectors that may be more predisposed to the effects of developments in e-commerce and technology. For example, a research, based on criteria that weighed the effect of cost savings, increases in productivity, industry readiness and product fitness to e-commerce, has elaborated an index of Internet intensiveness. The finding based on data from the United States and Europe suggests that the most internet intensive sectors are electronic components, food, pharmaceuticals and forest/paper products. It is likely to expect that in other regions, these same sectors and industries will be affected by e-commerce via outsourcing . At the same time, recent evidence suggests that transnational corporations are likely to be the most intensive users of electronic commerce .The potential benefits from international e-commerce to a developing country arise from a reduction in the cost of imports as much as from an increase in the price received for exports. Even if a country does not export any services, it can benefit from imports of services, paying for them in terms of goods. Cheaper availability of medical, engineering and architectural services, long-distance learning and reduced costs of transactions can confer benefits even if the country does not immediately export the services traded through Internet .Several recent studies have suggested that trade also stimulates internet use. For example, a study suggests that the extent to which a country is integrated into the global economy can play a role in its access to IT. Countries with greater contact, either via trade, tourism, or geographical location, with the outside world, are more likely to be advanced in digital technology than other countries. Similarly, another study argues that countries open to imports from high-income OECD economies will benefit from knowledge spillovers and, hence, be more likely to adopt new technologies. Following figure and table shows world trade volume and the growth of world internet usage. According to figure 1, although world trade volume fluctuated between 2000 and 2010, it had5a positive situation until 2008. After 2008, it declined because of the global financial crisis and then started to increase again. World internet usage increased all regions between 2000 and 2010.Several recent studies have asked whether internet use affects trade. For example, using data from 20 low and middle income countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, a research shows that enterprises with internet connections export more, as a share of their total sales, than enterprises without connections . In addition, using a gravity model of trade, another research find that Internet use appears to be significantly correlated with trade after 1996, although it finds only a weak correlation in 1995 and 1996. The same research also found that internet has a greater effect on trade in developing countries than it does in developed countries. In a second paper, same researchers find that exports of services to the United States grew more quickly for countries with greater internet penetration in a sample of 31 middle-and high-income countries .Developing countries with higher Internet penetration export more to high-income countries than do developing countries where penetration is lower. However, they do not appear to export more to other developing countries and high-income countries with greater Internet penetration do not appear to export more to either developing or developed countries. These results make intuitive sense. First, Internet access is so common among manufacturing enterprises in high-income countries that the differences in the number of internet users as a percent of the population probably reflects differences at the consumer, rather than the enterprise, level in developed countries. In developing countries, contrarily, many manufacturing enterprises remain unconnected. Second, because Internet access is less common in developing countries than in developed countries, being connected to the Internet would seem to be a greater advantage for enterprises in developing countries with respect to exporting to6developed countries. Finally, because of strong regional differences in income, and taking into account the fact that most exports from developing countries to other developing countries will be within the same region, communication costs will presumably be greater for exports to distant developed countries than it would be for exports to neighboring developing countries.Employment and e-commerceAs e-commerce continues expanding, its impact on employment and wages will be the result of a complex set of interactive forces. Electronic commerce is expected to directly and indirectly create new jobs as well as cause job losses. New jobs will be gained in information-related goods and services, entertainment, software and digital products, for instance. Indirect creation of jobs will occur via increased demand and productivity. Jobs will be lost when e-commerce substitutes for the traditional way of doing business. The jobs most likely affected, as preliminary evidence suggests, are those in the retail sector, postal offices and travel agencies. However, the effects will not be uniform across countries, geographic areas, industries or skill groups.Evidence for the United States and the European Union reveals that employment in ICT-related industries and in the finance, business and commerce-related sectors account for almost one- third and one-fourth of total employment, respectively. More importantly, they accounted for 28% and 35% of job creation in 1993-96.The increased demand for high-skill workers, with augmented managerial and executive responsibilities and a greater need for specialized expertise, who will command higher wages are viewed by some researchers as a cause of worsening of income distribution. Evidence for the U.S. seems to suggest that demand has shifted from low and middle-wage occupations and skills toward highly rewarded jobs and tasks requiring specific talent, training or management ability. Much of the labor demand shift is being explained by skill-biased7technical change. Overall, low wage, low-skill production, did not enjoy the wage increases that IT-intensive, high productivity growth industries experienced. Thus, real wages grew in IT-intensive industries, were wages were already relatively high and did not change in IT-poor industries that faced workforce reductions and were already employing low-wage workers .Among developing countries, countries best situated to benefit from e-commerce through export expansion are those with a substantial pool of skilled labor, capable of working on or near the frontier of computer technology. The case of India, which is already benefiting from e-exports in a big way, best illustrates this point .A consulting firm made a estimate to calculate the multiplier effects of e-commerce on employment in France, Germany, Italy and the U.K. By utilizing input-output framework and methodology, three types of economic effects were obtained –direct effects produced by e-commerce revenues in the industries directly involved, indirect effects generated by inter-industry linkages, and second order effects determined through the basic Keynesian income-consumption circuit from the value added generated in the first-order round. The results reveal that indirect and second-order effects for employment requirements are large enough to counterbalance the direct losses of jobs (assuming a 100% substitution rate of e-commerce with traditional industries), with the exception of the case of Germany. This also confirms the potential of e-commerce to create jobs in the future. Their estimates also show that e-commerce businesses that rely on labor -intensive intermediaries will directly eliminate a larger share of direct jobs.This article concludes following results. Internet will promote international trade much as lifting other trade barriers would. Thus, the volume of international trade will increase via e-commerce. The countries open to imports from high-income economies will benefit from knowledge spillovers.8E-commerce can also have a significant impact on trade in services. In addition, electronic commerce is also expected to directly and indirectly create new jobs as well as cause job losses. New jobs will be generated in the information and communication technologies sector, while the indirect creation of jobs will occur via increased demand and productivity. The net employment gains and losses will depend on the demand for certain skills.9电子商务对国际贸易和就业的影响（部分）电子商务对经济的促进作用体现在三个方面：企业，价格，生产力。
跨境电商外文文献翻译2017
文献出处：Martens B. The Study on the Cross-border E-Commerce of SMEs[JJ. Information Economics and Policy，2017, 1(3): 83-93.原文The Study on the Cross-border E-Commerce of SMEsMartens BAbstractElectronic commerce as the information technology in the information age and the combination of the commercial trade, has begun to gradually replace the traditional trade way. With the deepening of the reform, opening up and with the world，cross-border e-commerce gradually rises, as an important branch of the e-business. It in promoting domestic import and export, meet the demand of People's Daily life play an irreplaceable role. Existing cross-border enterprise commodity richness, cross-border payment completeness, there has been a very good ascension on further promotion lies in the control of logistics. To the enterprise itself, the standardization of the warehouse management and intelligent，transportation and delivery of efficient and cooperative relations, as well as the purchasing and supply chain are in urgent need to solve the problem of big data management. Cross-border e-commerce storage most belongs to the third party logistics outsourcing logistics. This requires to establish a set of scientific storage warehouse management measures, standardized management and form a complete set of simple intelligent operating system, make all kinds of logistics professional users convenientmanagement inventory, realize the seamless joint between logistics, information flow. Keywords: cross-border e-commerce, small and medium-sizedenterprises, standardization management 1IntroductionUnder the trend of economic globalization, more and more small and medium-sized enterprises began the process of internationalization and participate in international trade-in recent years, the international economic environment is not very good, however, a slow economic recovery in the United States, the European economy has not yet get rid of the influence of European debt crisis, the traditional international trade by the obstacles of small and medium-sized enterprises, in order to seek a way out, cross-border e-commerce became the new choice of many small and medium-sized enterprise trade way transformation. International trade through the cross-border e-commerce，it can greatly simplify the process of international trade, cross-border electric business platform, and in small and medium-sized enterprises obtain the chance of a fair competition with large enterprises, to further expand the international market, increase market share. But the small and medium-sized enterprises in the process of application of cross-border e-commerce also encountered problems and confusion: small and medium-sized enterprises not only hard to choose effective cross-border electric business platform model, and small and medium-sized enterprises are not clear in what factors should be put in more effort to ensure the successful application of cross-border e-commerce.Cross-border e-commerce as a new mode of small and medium-sized enterprises offoreign trade，can not only reduce the trade cost of enterprise, can help enterprises to enhance brand awareness and expand overseas markets. Cross-border e-commerce at the same time also can be a very good match for small and medium-sized enterprise itself and the advantage of fast, flexible realizing flexible production and the upgrading of personalized marketing. With the rapid development of small and medium-sized enterprise cross-border e-commerce, countries also give strong support, headed by the ministry of commerce departments with relevant policies, with the setting up of cross-border business pilot cities, to strengthen the construction of cross-border electronic business logistics system，open cross-border electronic payments, cross-border e-commerce in the same business preferential export and tax rebate for the development of cross-border e-commerce.2 The related concepts and development status of cross-border e-commerce2 A The concept of cross-border e-commerceCross-border e-commerce is based on electronic commerce based on yam out of new concept, referring to belong to different customs frontier trading main body，through the e-commerce platform of a deal, the payment and settlement, and through the cross-border logistics delivery goods, complete the transaction of an international trade activity.2.2 Cross-border e-commerce model(1) Traditional cross-border commodity trading platform model，main business model for large B2B.This model is in the service reaches a certain scale of cross-border B2B model; it can provide network marketing platfonn for members of the domestic and overseas customers，suppliers or purchasers of a commodity or service message. Has a wide coverage，can cover the Internet, such as offline exhibitions and print media channels.(2) The integrated cross-border small wholesale and retail platform model, the main business model is the minor B2B and C2C.This model is a kind of independent third party sales platform, platform within the sellers is the domestic foreign trade companies, buyers platform is outside the terminal consumer. Don^t participate in such a platfonn specific trading links; only provide a platform for members to their marketing and trading.(3) Vertical cross-border small retail platform model, the main business model is independent of B2C-This model is to point to by free team original direct docking terminal consumers abroad. Contact their domestic foreign trade enterprise as well as suppliers, self-built B2C platform will products sold overseas. Services include logistics, payment，and customer service system，etc.(4) The professional third party cross-border services platform model, the main business model is your agent.Such platform mode will not directly or indirectly involve in any link in online transactions, but in view of the enterprises of different industries and features to customize all kinds of professional solutions- Service coverage of comprehensive and professionalnovice makes more and more companies choose this mode.2.3 The development status of cross-border e-commerce 2.3.1Cross-border e-commerce market has huge potentialCross-border e-commerce business, the biggest advantage is that based on Internet network operating mode, the new way of e-commerce is reshaping of small and medium-sized enterprises international trade process. First, cross-border e-commerce to break the traditional foreign trade monopoly on overseas channels, such as importers, wholesalers, distributors，etc. Allows exporters to the goods directly to the final demand，such as retailers，and even the final consumers, successfully reduced trade channels of the intermediate links and commodity costs, the middle channel and reduce the costs in commodity circulation considerably increase the profitability of the firm. And consumers can also to activity material benefit from it.Since 2011，under the condition of import and export growth is flat, cross-border e-commerce with the new trade patterns，it has obtained high speed development. Many companies also discovered the advantage，since 2013, many of the traditional enterprise began to cross-border electric field.^ Electric shock11cross-border e-commerce has become an important option for the traditional enterprise own development.2.3-2 B2C mode in the cross-border electric business platform model, the growth is more outstandingAnd cross-border e-commerce according to the large sales platform can be divided into the form of B2C and B2B forms. Through the cash flow，profit model and profitabilitylevel compared to cross-border e-commerceB2B and B2C two modes, can be found the B2C mode will implement the explosive growth, the pattern will occupy the more and more in cross-border e-commerce dealer market share and become a new profit growth point of small and medium-sized enterprises.Why B2C mode to achieve such growth? First, in the open Internet environment, the B2C pattern are more likely to break through the border restriction，fully developed commodity market segment， small commodity market, commodity market long tail. And in the limited area within the market, compared to the fierce market competition，the enterprise is able to create more business opportunities; Second, the B2C online retailing direct contact with consumers, can effectively grasp the market information, grasp the products popular trend，at the same time, through the B2C website can better create enterprise brand image, become the symbol of a brand in the international market, instead of the traditional generation processing factory. Finally，compared with traditional foreign trade through the B2C mode allows manufacturers to deal directly with the final consumers，to avoid the entire winning price link, customers can enjoy more preferential price, the enterprise can earn higher profits.2.3.3 More diversified way of cross-border payment and settlement developmentCross-border electronic payment business of foreign exchange funds flow, inevitably involve the consignments and money out. From the current payment business development, cross-border electronic payment and settlement way is mainly a cross-border income settlement way (including third party receiving foreign exchange settlement, foreignexchange settlement in the name of the foreign exchange settlement or personal split flows, by domestic bank remittance, through the underground Banks realize cross-border collect foreign exchange settlement, etc.) and cross-border payment remittance way (including the third party exchanges, through domestic bank remit, overseas electrical contractor to accept RMB payment, etc.).3 Cross-border e-commerce business for small and medium-sized enterprises the impact of international tradeUnder the traditional way of international trade，small and medium-sized enterprises due to the lack of funds and scale, limited by factors such as cost and risk considerations, when trade and overseas buyers, there are a lot of obstacles, seriously affected the growth of overseas orders. But, after the application of the cross-border e-commerce enterprises through the network marketing，have more trading opportunities and the global market.3J Reducing the costs of international trade First, the small and medium-sized enterprises reduce the cost of inventory: now based on cross-border electric business platform, enterprises can directly with overseas clients, to achieve docking, can real-time understand the latest needs of customers，and immediately arrange production line for production, raw materials and products in the warehouse for a shorter time for several times. Due to cross-border e-commerce saves the intermediate links, the product can be directly sent to the customer，greatly reduce the inventory cost of the enterprise.Reduce procurement costs: second, small and medium enterprises in cross-bordere-commerce platform，enterprises can realize information through the media of Internet real-time equivalent, in the purchase link, the enterprise leaves out the conventional time cost caused by written form of communication. Can also, with the help of cross-border electric business platform to realize the seamless docking with the raw material of, under the platform set still can obtain the corresponding discount- Lower marketing costs: third, small and medium enterprises of small and medium-sized enterprise application can cross-border e-commerce through a third party electric business platform, with the help of the technology advantage of website online marketing platform, cross-border e-commerce huge traffic also ensures the potential customer market，for such services，on the basis of small and medium-sized enterprises only need to pay a fixed subscription fee or a certain income percentages into to the platform, economic costs are well controlled.3-2 Changed the traditional marketing mode of international tradeThe birth of cross-border e-commerce to small and medium-sized enterprises (sees) provides a new mode of foreign trade. Foreign trade through cross-border e-commerce uses the mode of network marketing integration of small and medium-sized enterprises and the relationship between overseas customers• That both parties are no longer the traditional one-to-one relationship but a one-to-many relationship, for small and medium-sized enterprises create more trading opportunities. Through cross-border electric business platform to expand trade, good solves the problem of information asymmetry，in the two-way choice, cross-border sales of electricity will be further to develop in thedirection of customization, to a certain extent subverts the traditional marketing mode of foreign trade.In traditional international trade, the consultation process not only time consuming, cost is relatively high. In cross-border e-commerce environment, the consultation process has a lot of improvement，electronic contract replaced the previous paper, order and electronic mail and encryption processing, has improved security. Reduced the trading link in many traditional trade way, saves the time of the consultation process between the seller and the buyer，consultation can save much cost，gives the consultation process more safe and reliable，different from traditional trade deal，after application of cross-border e-commerce, contract can also be done on the Internet by electronic signature, and the policy of "electronic signature law•丨，also makes the electronic signature has the same legal effect with traditional manual signature. That is to say electronic signature in accordance with the law.3-3 Created more opportunities for international tradeCross-border e-commerce makes the foreign trade to get rid of the limit of time and place of two factors. And products through the platform website marketing propaganda allows the small and medium-sized enterprises to face the world, by cross-border electric business platform toensure that product information is more transparent. Through the platform of information gathered, small and medium-sized enterprises can search for the latest market demand and customer demand in time, and with specific production sales, overseas buyers and terminalconsumers have become the possible potential customers-Small and medium-sized enterprises implement cross-border e-commerce in international trade business, the Internet has replaced the small and medium-sized enterprises in the past transmit an order from above，on the private enterprise the role of middle managers，it promoted the enterprise organization structure to develop in the direction of diversification. Application of cross-border e-commerce has weakened the role of many human management factors in the trade activities, shorten the enterprise each department and personnel in the interaction and influence between time, at the same time also speed up the small and medium-sized enterprises, and other trade subject to reflect the speed of the market, improve the efficiency of information transfer. At the same time, due to cross-border e-commerce application of website construction and the popularity of web conference, evolved into a kind of small and medium-sized enterprise organization structure and the form of liquidity and virtual sex, and this kind of new organization structure, compared with the traditional enterprise organizational structure, has the stronger ability to adapt the market.中小企业跨境电商问题研究Martens B摘要电子商务作为信息时代里信息技术和商业贸易相结合的产物，已经开始逐渐取代传统的贸易方式。
电子商务概论中英文对照外文翻译文献
电子商务概论中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文：Electronic CommerceElectronic commerce, or Electronic trade, or electronic business as a newly rising mode of commerce will have far-reaching influence on social economy and play an important role in social development worldwide. It represents the trend of world trade in the 21st century and beyond.1. What is Electronic Commerce?Electronic commerce refers to commercial data exchange in digital form through electronic transmission means and commercial activities conducted on-line. Usually, electronic commerce can be divided into two levels: One is low-level electronic commerce that is, electronic commercial intelligence, electronic trade, and electronic contracts. Another is high-level electronic commerce which includes all commercial activities done via Internet, ranging from searching for clients, commercial negotia-tion, making orders, on-line payment, releasing electronic invoice, to electronic dec-laration to Customs, electronic tax-payment, all conducted on Internet.Electronic commerce means electrification of all trade transactions. It is featured by these characters: ①fairness and freedom, ②high efficiency, ③globalization, ④virtualization, ⑤interactivity, ⑥autonomy, ⑦personalized service. With electronic commerce, clients and suppliers can closely and conveniently contact with each other on a global scale, so that clients can find satisfactory suppliers from all comers of the world to meet their demands.Electronic commerce will change the environment in which enterprises compete with each other and reduce costs which would otherwise be high in traditional market structure. Low costs in transactions, convenience in market entry and government encouragement to use Internet (exemption from tax) activate electronic commerce and boost it to develop rapidly right from its beginning. As experts predicted, by 2000, electronic commerce would reach a scale of 300billion US dollars worldwide. And it has exceeded this scale.To ensure security of electronic commerce, an electronic certification center should be established. Digital ID is used to validate identity. Digital 11 is trusted to a third party, namely, an authorized agency, to release, including identifying informa-tion of the holder (name, address, liaison way, ID card number), an encryptive key for common use by the both parties,period of validity, password and identification in-formation of the authorized agency, etc. With digital ID, both parties in transactions can be assured of identifying the other party and validate that the information sent out from the other party has not been subject to alteration.2. Influence That Electronic Commerce May HaveCompared with traditional commerce, electronic commerce has superiorities as follows *Extensive coverage. A network system combining Internet, Intranet (local area network inside enterprises) and Extranet (networks outside enterprises) enables buy-ers, sellers, manufacturers and their partners to contact with each other and conven-iently transmit commercial intelligence and documents worldwide.*Complete functions. In electronic commerce, users of different types and on dif-ferent tiers can realize different targets in trade, for example, releasing commercial intelligence, on-line negotiation, electronic payment, establishment of virtual com-mercial market place and on-line banking, etc.*Convenience and flexibility in use.. Based on Internet, electronic commerce is free from restriction by specialized protocol for data exchange. Transactions can be conducted conveniently on computer screen, by using any type of PCs, at any place around the world.*Low cost. Use of electronic commerce can cut down costs for hiring employees, maintaining warehouse and storefront, expense for international travel and postage to a great extent. The cost for using Internet is very low.Electronic commerce will have substantial influence on social economy:*Electronic commerce will change the way people used to take in commercial ac-tivities. Through networks, people can enter virtual stores and browse around, select what they are interested in, and enjoy various on-line services. On the other hand, merchants can contact withconsumers through networks, decide on buying in goods (categories and quantities) and perform settlement of accounts. Government agencies can perform electronic tendering and pursue government purchase through networks.*The core of electronic commerce is people. It is a social system. On-line shop-ping changes the way of people's daily life and fully embodies autonomy of consum-ers in trade.*Electronic commerce changes the way enterprises produce their goods. Through networks, manufacturers know market demand directly and make arrangement of production, in accordance with consumers' need.*Electronic commerce dramatically raises efficiency of trade. Intermediate links can be cut down; costs for sales will be reduced to minimum. Production can be ar-ranged in "small batches plus diverse varieties", and "zero stock" will be reality.*Electronic commerce calls for reformation of banking services. New concepts like on-line bank, on-line cash card and credit card, on-line settlement of accounts, electronic invoice, electronic "cash"-consumers will no longer use the real cash when shopping-will become reality.*Electronic commerce will change government behavior. Called "on-line gov-ernment", an on-line administration plays the important role of a social channel, maintaining order and fairness and detecting and cracking down on-line fraud.3. The Present Situation of Electronic Commerce in Developed CountriesIn the mid-1990s, when Internet experienced explosive development and micro-computers entered homes in great numbers, computer networks became an indispen-sable part of people's daily life. People expect for more interests and convenience brought in by computer networks. Electronic Commerce emerged just in time. In de-veloped countries, governments timely madepolicies to boost electronic commerce to practical use and dominant position in a new round of worldwide competition.In 1998, Internet helped the United States to create productive out put of 507 bil-lion US dollars, national income of 301 billion US dollars, and 1. 2 million job op-portunities; of these, electronic commerce created an income of 100 billion US dollars. Internet has be-come the first big industry with yearly productive output increasing by 60%，and accounting for 6% of GDP. Service export from the United States has at-tained 160 billion US dollars each year, and it is predicted that it can compensate trade deficit in commodity trade. Internet played an important role in promoting ex-port from the United States: in 1999, books, automobiles and services were sold through electronic commerce to foreign countries, exceeding 102 billion US dollars.Advocated by the United States, 132 members of WTO decided to turn Internet into a free trade zone within at least one-year term. Some countries and organizations scrambled to work out development framework for electronic commerce and made laws and regulations for developing electronic commerce. In 1996, the UN Confer-ence on Trade and Development passed "Model Law of Electronic Commerce". In December, 1996, the US government issued "Policy Framework for Global Electronic Commerce"．In April 1997, European Union issued "Proposal for Electronic Com-merce in Europe"．On July 1 1997, US President Clinton promulgated" A framework for Global Electronic Commerce" which has had great influence on global electronic commerce. In May 1998, WTO minister conference passed "A Manifesto on Global Electronic Commerce", and in September 1998, WTO general council passed "Scheme for Electronic Commerce Work"．In October 1998, UN Organization of Economy and Cooperation ＆Development (OECD) held minister conference at Ottawa, Canada on electronic commerce, which is praised as a milestone of global electronic commerce. InSeptember 1999, Global Business Dialog on Electronic Commerce (GBDE) was held in France and is-sued "Paris Proposal"．In December 1999, the United States issued another Internet commerce standard.Electronic commerce in the United States takes the rein of the trade in the world. At present, there are 60 million subscribers of Internet in the United States. More than 98% of purchasing managers seek targets on-line. As estimated, by 2002, the value involved in transactions done through electronic commerce between US enterprises will account for 6.1% of GDP. Fortune magazine's statistics show the 500 top com-panies in the world all engaged in on-line business.25% of income to IBM (about 20 billion US dollars) is related with electronic commerce. Thanks to electronic com-merce, IBM saved its expenses of 250 million US dollars during 1999. HP Company designated its electronic Commerce solution as E-world-an electronized world. This solution is oriented to medium-and small-size enterprises, and great investment was made to third parties-software companies to develop software suited for medium-and small-size enterprises to engage in electronic commerce. Intel places its risky invest-ment mainly on Internet and electronic commerce. In July 1998, Intel began on-line transactions Its monthly business turn electronic commerce reached one billion US dollars.As a survey made by European Information Technology Observation shows, of the surveyed 570 companies, 47% have implemented electronic commerce of some sorts, and 4/5 of them began their electronic commerce in the latest two years. Execu-tive Committee of European Union plans at least 25% of its purchase done through electronic commerce by 2001. In1998, in Australia, web sites related with electronic commerce on Internet doubled in number, and 11% of Australian enterprises have their web sites. 80% of Australian companies use Internet to transmit E-mails and conduct commercial activities. In 1998, Singapore governmentpromulgated，for electronic commerce. Singapore is the only country in Southeast Asia that formally joined the "Rights and Obligation Electronic commerce In cooperation with US manufacturers and firms, Singapore established an electronic commerce entry in Asia, providing comprehensive Business-to-Business (B to B) service, so as to enable Asian trade companies to enter the rank of global electronic commerce.4. Development of Electronic Commerce in ChinaExploration in electronic commerce, governmental and civil began in 1993 in China. Today, electronic commerce has found its applications in foreign trade, Cus-toms, finance and commerce. Local frameworks have been established in Beijing and Shanghai for electronic commerce. Some electronic commerce web sites have been opened to on-line shopping and on-line settlement of accounts.The Ministry of Foreign Trade set up in February 1996 China Electronic Com-merce Center responsible for research, construction, and operation of international electronic commerce project in CT he Center established "China Commodity Trade Market" on Internet, to put rich resources of goods in China to world market, opening new channel for our exports. The subject "Security Proof of Electronic Commerce" as a key item in science and technology during th9th Five-year Plan period was ap-praised in early 1996 by State Department of Science and Technology and State En-cryptive Code Administration, which laid a foundation for establishing a safe and normal environment for electronic commerce in our country.In March 1999, the Ministry of Information Industry approved the electronic commercial network of pharmaceutics and health as a model project of electronic commerce for all trades. It is one of the six specialized networks in China, which pro-vide all-direction serve of market information, product transaction, warehousing and delivery, and account settlement, etc.In Shanghai, in 1999, "Shanghai Administrative Center of Electronic Commerce Security Certificate" was set up, which provide security platform for electronic com-merce and is responsible for application, appraisal, making and management of digital certificate domestic and foreign clients in Shanghai, and offers services such as certi-fication of digital identity and digital signature, electronic notarization, secure E-mail and secure encryption, etc. In January 1 the first on-line bookstore in China-Shanghai Book City On-line standard. It provides VISA cardholders and card-holders of domestic Great Wall card, Dragon card, Peony card and Pacific card with instant and authorized security service.The measure taken in Beijing to develop electronic commerce is to build a capital electronic commerce city. In November 1998, the capital electronic commerce project formally activated, and a frame-work formally showed off. The Legend Computer Company open edits electronic commerce system in June 1999, and web sites 8848, sina, 163, all activated their electronic commerce.In April 2000, sponsored by the Ministry of Information Indus-try，National Economy and Trade Commission, and China Council for Promotion of International Trade, the 4th China International Electronic Commerce Conference was held. State leaders and superintendents of various ministries and commissions joined the opening conference. Mr. Levy, secretary of Commercial Department of the US government led a delegation of famous US enterprises and media, totally more than 100 persons, to join the conference. More than 60 seminars were held during the conference, to dis-cuss extensive topics on electronic commerce.Despite all these efforts, companies engaged in electronic commerce service in China suffer losses in their B-to-C business (B refers to Business, C refers to Con-sumers). Some Chinese experts attribute this to Chinese shopping habit-Chinese con-sumers treat shopping asan interesting hobby; they enjoy the pleasure of spending their money through appreciating and comparing merchandise, and bargaining; but all these will vanish from on-line shopping. Other experts attribute this phenomenon to the ubiquitous incredulity in society-banks can-not interconnect their business be-cause they fear their customers will be captured by their rivals; cash cards cannot be popularized because banks do not trust civilians; and civilians do not like to do on-line shopping because they do not trust on-line stores,…etc. Why？That's because many things on-line and in society are false, for ex-ample, false number of subscribers, false statistics of access flux, shoddy goods, forged diploma, sham curriculum vitae, sham investment, sham listing, false revenue to listed enterprises, etc. Such an over-all environment will not change within a long period of time. In such environment, no commercial activity can be done. Many IT practitioners are disheartened with elec-tronic commerce in our country.5. Prospects of Electronic CommerceAlthough developing rapidly and seeming to have brilliant prospects, electronic commerce faces a series of real problems, for example, problems involving security, technology, expense, legal system, tax system, conception, protection of privacy, in-frastructure, etc. However, electronic commerce is the mainstream of enterprises in the new century and will develop rapidly in the coming years. Some companies pre-dict that by 2003, electronic commerce between enterprises in developed countries will account for over 9%of the total turnover（1,300 billion US dollars）, and in consumer electronic commerce the turnover will attain 76. 3 billion US dollars by 2002. And as experts predicted, electronic commerce in China will catch up with de-veloped countries on the average level, in 10 years. They suggested 3 to 5 years be spent on working out plans, policies and regulations necessary for developing elec-tronic commerce, building substantial and tangible electronic commerce systems, fos-tering specialized talents,optimizing of the electronic commerce systems in some trades and areas; and then 5 to 7 years be spent on linking with international elec-tronic commerce to enable our electronic commerce system as an important compo-nent of international electronic commerce; popularizing of electronic commerce in application, raising electronic commerce in our country to a higher level in research, development and application, to the average level in developed countries.The following description tells what major I/e strategies some major manufactur-ers in the world are taking in development of electronic commerce.IBM: IBM is the pioneer that held up the banner of electronic commerce as a new application of Internet. In people's mind, IBM is now not only manufacturer of main-frames, PCs, servers, software but also the “godfather" of electronic commerce. IBM has always been dedicated to promoting secure commerce over the Internet. It sin-come from selling servers has accounted for 60% of its total in-come.IBM not only provides products for large-scale applications of secure, efficient, reliable electronic commerce and payment over Internet, but also for small electronic business as well.IBM Micro Payments an application enabling buyers to purchase low cost items over Internet-is another example of how IBM is expanding to new areas of commerce. By enabling billing servers, content providers and other merchants to profitably sell items for even a few cents, IBM opens up a whole new market.IBM Micro Payments allows buyers, sellers and billing systems to sell content, information, and services over Internet, for small amounts. IBM's commitment to electronic commerce and electronic business makes it a leader in the area of electronic payments. An automated compiler tool transforms existing HTML pages, creating "click and pay" links with either fixed or dynamic prices. Content and service provid-ers can take advantage of theextensive set of APIs and authoring tools to extend IBM Micro Payments available from OEMs. Billing servers can easily integrate the IBM Micro Payments application with existing billing systems and use it to attract content providers and open new sources of revenue.IBM Micro Payments provides scalability and interoperability, which allows widespread availability across Internet, including multi-currency and multilingual support, and low operational costs it easily supports transactions as low as one cent.SUN: SUN as a global leading supplier treats Internet not only a tool but also a new mode of commerce. SUN has provided very flexible solutions to commercial af-fairs for BBC, ETRADE, Federal Express, First Auction, Fruit of the Loom, Kodak, Thomas Cook, Virgin.Microsoft: Microsoft aims at helping enterprises to set up more powerful relation with their clients and partners by three means: (I)Windows 2000, BackOffice, Site Server, Biztalk, etc; (2) MSN (in the United States, more than 40% web users access MSN, and consumers can conduct comparative study when buying articles and ser-vices); (3) Partners provide customers with various products and services on Mi-crosoft MSN platform, realizing electronic commerce solutions, including settling account, paying tax, shopping, logistics, purchasing, accounting, ERP (Electronic Remote Processing) and EDI (Electronic Data Interchange), etc.Site Server and Biz talk are the two major products of Microsoft adopted in exist-ing system for enterprises to develop electronic commerce. Site Server is used for constructing web stores, based on data-it enables the client to easily realize on-line catalog, buying/selling order, exchange of documents for promoting sale, etc. Disre-garding what platform, operating system or technology used in low layer.Novell: Novell defines itself as "NET Service Supplier" after2000. The word NET includes intranet, extranet, Internet, company net, public net, cable net, wireless net. Its aim isto breakout the existing service domain in which most software products can provide services only in a specific environment or for a specific procedure or server (rather than the whole network)．Novell's network service software NDS eDirectory as a nucleus helps clients to reduce complexity of business on network, and improve security, so that it enables network, applications and business processing to adapt to electronic commerce, and thus speed up their transfer to electronic commerce.SCO: SCO’s Tarantella is the best solution for existing users to conduct elec tronic commerce. Users can use only a browser to access any applications of platforms in back counter, without the need of re-writing existing applications, in their effort to transfer their business to electronic commercial mode. To ensure electronic commerce to continually operate, SCO provides an incessant cluster solution based on UNIXWARE 7. This product is easy to use, easy to manage and its cost is one-tenth of large-scale product of the same sort for mainframes while its performance doubles. It is a security solution with higher performance/ cost ratio among the same sort for electronic commerce.Tivoli Systems Inc. today announced Tivoli Business Systems Manager, a new, fully integrated solution that allows businesses to manage their IT environments from the top down, creating a powerful view of business systems management.The Tivoli Business Systems Manager solution provides us with business views and control mechanisms to manage all of our distributed IT resources in the retail, banking and electronic commerce environments-including system resources, data-bases, application servers, web servers and electronic commerce applications-from one central location. The Graphical User Interface allows us to monitor all of our re-sources on a single screen, regardless of geographical location.Combining the features of Tivoli Global Enterprise and Tivoli Manager for OS/390, Tivoli Business Systems Manager provides true end-to-end enterprise management from one console, simplifying the administration of heterogeneous environments. Tivoli Business Systems Manager enables customers to manage and control multiple applications that are required for different business functions.译文：电子商务电子商务或电子贸易，电子商业，或作为一个新兴的商业模式将产生深远的影响，经济和社会中发挥重要作用的社会发展世界各地。
跨境电子商务参考文献
跨境电子商务参考文献跨境电子商务参考文献文章类型：参考文献论文参考文献本文是一篇参考文献，跨境电子商务是指分属不同关境的交易主体，通过电子商务平台达成交易、进行支付结算，并通过跨境物流送达商品、完成交易的一种国际商业活动。
以下是整理好的关于跨境电子商务参考文献，供大家参考。
跨境电子商务参考文献一：[1]薄晓东. 跨境电子商务驱动中国外贸创新发展研究[J]. 现代管理科学,2018(01):51-53.[2]周坚男,朱海鹏,杨坚争. 上海市跨境电子商务发展情况分析[J]. 中国林业经济,2018(01):24-27.[3]刘晓. 跨境电子商务对我国中小企业国际贸易的影响及思考[J]. 商场现代化,2018(01):60-61.[4]朱博晨. 基于博弈论的跨境电子商务监管问题探究[J]. 现代商业,2018(02):61-63.[5]闫毅宣,包先雨,赵书良. 跨境电子商务检验检疫监管模型与方法研究[J]. 合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版),2018,41(01):29-34.[6]宋泽楠,夏国恩. 面向跨境电子商务的商务英语人才培养——基于64家企业招聘广告的分析[J]. 高等财经教育研究,2018,21(01):61-67.[7]刘晏君. 跨境电子商务物流模式创新与发展趋势[J]. 现代交际,2018(03):255-256.[8]谢蓉. 宁波保税区做大做强跨境电子商务的对策研究[J]. 宁波经济(三江论坛),2018(01):26-29.[9]陈宇红,梁恒,杨书琴. 跨境电子商务风险及防范研究[J]. 社科纵横,2018,33(03):22-26.[10]张衍斌. 以区块链技术构建中欧跨境电子商务生态圈[J]. 中国流通经济,2018,32(02):66-72.[11]郭韧,黄淑蓉,程小刚. 基于动态聚类的跨境电子商务物流信息匹配研究[J]. 图书馆学研究,2018(01):89-94.[12]杨军安. 外贸新常态下跨境电子商务的发展研究[J]. 商业经济,2018(01):107-108.[13]郑远芳,李路平. 贸易便利化下自贸区跨境电子商务:一个文献综述[J]. 经济研究导刊,2018(03):176-177+180.[14]刘侃,赵冬梅. 跨境电子商务物流企业竞争力实证研究[J]. 商业经济研究,2018(01):93-96.[15]王佳玲,宋聪. 跨境电子商务环境下物流模式选择——以优耐特公司为例[J]. 现代商贸工业,2018,39(07):56-58.[16]李菁菁,王明辉. 我国B2C跨境电子商务物流模式分析[J]. 商业经济研究,2018(03):119-121.[17]杨子,朱鹏颐,王盛. 跨境电子商务物流运输的影响因素及对策创新[J]. 科技和产业,2018,18(02):32-37.[18]苏凤杰. 浅析“一带一路”背景下广西跨境电子商务发展[J]. 北方经贸,2018(01):28-30.[19]刘建岑. 福建自贸区跨境电子商务发展策略分析[J]. 北方经贸,2018(01):23-25.[20]吕映秀,郭丽芳,马家齐,陈玲. 农业跨境电子商务采纳影响因素研究[J]. 北方园艺,2018(05):188-193.[21]张稼,陆兴华. 跨境电子商务交易量的估计模型仿真[J]. 计算机仿真,2018,35(02):446-449.[22]赵雪松,张天阳. 云南省跨境电子商务发展问题及对策探析[J]. 电子商务,2018(03):19-20+25.[23]宋克迪,简雯雯,刘清华,魏玲. 我国跨境电子商务发展的障碍性因素及对策研究[J]. 电子商务,2018(03):23-25.[24]魏蒙,王颖纯. 跨境电子商务环境下物流模式选择及对策研究[J]. 价值工程,2018,37(09):100-101.[25]张豪. 跨境电子商务发展中的'问题及建议[J]. 合作经济与科技,2018(08):106-107.跨境电子商务参考文献二：[26]刘睿. B2C跨境电子商务物流模式运行及发展路径探索[J]. 商业经济研究,2018(05):104-106.[27]朱丹. 厦台跨境电子商务物流模式创新研究——基于自贸区平台[J]. 内蒙古财经大学学报,2018,16(01):28-32.[28]李秋月,张喜荣. 跨境电子商务物流研究综述[J]. 中国市场,2018(08):188-189.[29]钟少钢. 跨境电子商务发展与我国对外贸易模式转型探讨[J]. 中国市场,2018(09):86+96.[30]潘成蓉. 第三方跨境电子支付驱动跨境电子商务发展的策略分析[J]. 对外经贸实务,2018(03):57-60.[31]赵雪松,张天阳. 基于大数据的中国跨境电子商务运营模式研究[J]. 云南民族大学学报(自然科学版),2018,27(02):154-158.[32]陈文杰,吴荣兰. 商务英语在跨境电子商务中的应用[J]. 现代商贸工业,2018,39(15):65-67.[33]马斌. 郑州航空港跨境电子商务法律保障问题研究[J]. 安阳师范学院学报,2018(01):35-38+42.[34]胡建发. 中美应对跨境电子商务法律挑战的异同[J]. 人民论坛·学术前沿,2018(05):84-87.[35]孙超. 我国跨境电子商务的发展形态及发展策略分析[J]. 吉林工程技术师范学院学报,2018,34(03):77-79.[36]闫晓勇. 温州中小企业跨境电子商务战略研究[J]. 中国报业,2018(08):12-14.[37]李淑燕. 跨境电子商务消费者权益保护研究[J]. 福建商学院学报,2018(01):62-67.[38]张利,奥彤,王莹. 跨境电子商务模式扩散影响因素分析[J]. 商业经济研究,2018(06):73-75.[39]张悦. 经济新常态背景下跨境电子商务发展探析[J]. 商业经济研究,2018(07):69-72.[40]时小伟. 我国跨境电子商务物流现状及运作模式初探[J]. 黑龙江科学,2018,9(10):40-41.[41]蔡颖. 中小茶叶企业跨境电子商务社交媒体营销策略研究[J]. 福建茶叶,2018,40(07):31-32.[42]柴畅. 基于目的论的跨境电子商务在线产品推介的翻译[J]. 北京城市学院学报,2018(02):61-66.[43]许嘉扬,郭福春. 互联网金融支持跨境电子商务发展机制研究——以杭州市综合试验区为例[J]. 浙江社会科学,2018(05):23-31+40+156-157.[44]何慧. 苏州出口跨境电子商务发展存在的问题及对策研究[J]. 苏州市职业大学学报,2018,29(02):36-41.[45]李宗文. 基于真实项目的跨境电子商务创业课程体系设计与开发[J]. 广东技术师范学院学报,2018,39(02):74-78+84.[46]古培红. 电子商务的人才培养——以跨境电子商务为例[J]. 湖北函授大学学报,2018,31(10):26-27+35.[47]苏益莉. 云南农产品跨境电子商务冷链物流系统构建研究[J]. 时代金融,2018(11):59-60+63.[48]王琇媚. 跨境电子商务在我国国际贸易中的现状及发展[J]. 中国商论,2018(14):77-78.[49]张立,姚旭东,朱诗琼. 基于系统动力学研究跨境电子商务对宏观经济的影响[J]. 工业经济论坛,2018,05(02):29-38.[50]程梦雄. “一带一路”下企业跨境电子商务风险防范[J]. 商业经济研究,2018(10):68-70.。
介绍跨境电商的原版英文书
介绍跨境电商的原版英文书Alright, here's a snippet of an informal and conversational English text introducing cross-border e-commerce:Cross-border e-commerce is like a digital bazaar where buyers and sellers from different countries meet. It's all about the ease of access, no matter where you are in the world. Just click, pay, and wait for your package to arrive.The beauty of it is that it breaks geographical barriers. You can shop for unique items from far-flung places, all within the comfort of your home. It's like having a global market at your fingertips.But it's not just about shopping. It's also a business opportunity for entrepreneurs. You can sell your local products to the world, reaching a wider audience than ever before.Of course, with cross-border e-commerce, comes challenges like customs, taxes, and shipping. But with the right tools and strategies, you can navigate these easily and focus on growing your business.I love how it brings different cultures closer together. You can learn about other countries through the products they sell. It's a fun and exciting way to explore the world.In a nutshell, cross-border e-commerce is the future of shopping and business. It's convenient, global, and full of possibilities. So why not give it a try? You might find something you love!。
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跨境电商外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译 )译文：跨境电子商务在欧盟的发展动力和壁垒摘要互联网的兴起，往往是与“距离的消亡”或至少减少相关的地理距离在供应信息相关。
我们研究距离事宜仍在实物商品的网上交易是否。
我们使用的数据从一个网络消费者调查小组对网上跨境货物贸易中的一个语言支离破碎的欧盟市场。
分析结果表明，相比线下交易在同一商品的距离相关的交易成本大大降低。
然而，语言相关的交易成本的增加。
此外，网上交易介绍新能源贸易成本如包裹递送和在线支付系统。
在平衡，没有迹象显示在线贸易不偏向于国内市场的产品比线下交易支持。
我们提供给政策制定者推动欧盟数字单一市场的跨境电子商务的选项。
在高效灵活的跨境支付系统的使用增加1 %可以增加多达7 %的跨境电子商务。
我们还表明，在线交易给英语语言输出国家的比较优势。
关键词电子商务 / 引力方程 /欧盟1. 介绍本文实证研究的在线电子商务跨境贸易模式的影响。
互联网的兴起，更一般地，数字通信技术，具有 LED 许多观察家宣布，距离“死”（Cairncross，1997）。
在这方面，它不在乎信息所在的位置因为它只是一个鼠标点击和信息成本不再是物理距离有关。
在传统的线下实物商品贸易，证据却指向距离成本增加（disdier和头，2008）。
贸易相结合的基础上的信息和物理的货物运输。
问题是是否将贸易从线下到线上平台是一个足够大的凹痕在信息成本改变贸易总成本因此货物贸易模式。
Blum 和 Goldfarb（2006）表明，即使是纯粹的信息产品，距离仍然起着重要的作用。
他们认为这是文化上的差异，随着物理距离的增加。
除了信息成本的影响，可能会有副作用，对贸易模式的影响。
网上贸易开辟了一个潜在的更大的地理汇水面积，为供应商和消费者，在产品品种和价格竞争的增加。
这两个因素都将有利于相对脱离的离线和在线贸易对。
然而，出现在网络上，可以减缓甚至逆转这一趋势可能新的信息交易成本的来源。
新的信息成本可能是由于语言，文化和制度的差异和贸易成本，电子商务基础设施业务有关的。
我们做一个独特的网上消费者调查获得的商品跨境电子商务数据集。
（公民咨询，2011）根据欧洲委员会（2012），欧盟电子商务指令通过十年后，电子商务仍小于 4%的总的欧洲跨境贸易电子商务认为这远远低于其潜力。
该委员会是欧洲数字议程的目的是让所有的欧洲公民 50%在网上买，20%至 2015 从事网上跨境交易。
问题是，在电子商务跨境交易的电位高于脱机交易。
我们调查了三个潜在的在线交易成本变化的来源，相比线下交易。
首先，从普通的线下贸易网络的转变使网上交易可以降低交易成本的重要性与地理距离相关。
虽然距离可能不再重要的信息和纯粹的数字产品和服务（B l um 和Goldfarb，2006），商品仍然需要身体运，有时跨不同的监管制度之间的边界，达到买方。
因此，仅占总交易成本的一部分是从模拟到数字信息技术转变的影响。
其次，我们探讨的文化和制度因素的作用，如语言和法律机构的质量，作为网上贸易模式的决定因素。
距离相关的交易成本的减少，其他来源的成本的相对重要性可能增加。
第三，实物商品在线交易平台需要特定的基础设施，如灵活的在线支付系统和高效的快递系统。
我们衡量自己的贡献来解释网络贸易模式。
最后，我们将所有这些来源的在线贸易成本，看看正、负贡献的净影响，如家庭的偏见或“国内市场产品的偏好程度的测量。
我们使用的分析工具是用于此目的的跨境国际贸易引力模型，解释在现实经济国际贸易流量的标准工具（安德森和 v a n Wi nc oop，2003）。
这种模式是根植于牛顿的想法，许多国际贸易流动的观察模式可以通过对贸易伙伴和他们的物理距离经济规模的解释。
“距离”可以更广泛地解释为一个捕获所有的变量和代理各种国际贸易成本，影响国内和进口商品的相对价格的来源。
这可能包括运输成本，关税和监管障碍相关的成本，以及合同执行差，不同司法管辖区的相关风险。
在传统的砖和砂浆的经济，信息检索是昂贵的，需要物理传输，或者将信息传递给潜在客户或反之亦然。
在这里，我们试图将信息成本从物理运输成本维度。
我们发现，地理距离相关的贸易成本的重要性确实是网上贸易大大减少，相比线下交易。
另一方面，社会文化等变量的重要性语言增加和平衡距离成本下降。
此外，其他交易在网上交易获得成本来源尤其突出，支付和包裹递送系统。
总体而言，没有迹象表明本土偏好不显著，线上比线下，如果我们把我们的网上结果与其他文献的脱机交易。
这可能是由于消费者（在企业对消费者（商对客）在线交易设置）更敏感，这些新的交易成本比企业（在企业对企业（商对商）离线交易设置）在建立线下关系相处。
我们很谨慎，但是在解释这些结果，因为涉及网上贸易中介的供应链显然不同于那些参与线下交易。
2. 引力模型由于货物仍然需要身体运到消费者的网上交易，我们可以假设运输成本仍然是重要的在线交易。
在线商对客贸易通常意味着个人小包裹运输而离线商对商可能来自大货物托运的规模经济效益。
因此，对货物运输成本网上买可能高于线下。
另一方面，对脱机交易中介数高（批发商，进口商，等）可能会增加线下交易成本。
我们没有数据比较在线和离线 27 个欧盟成员国之间的贸易成本，因此分析限制网上交易成本只有。
我们提出一个明确的包裹递送成本可变的引力方程测试在线贸易物运输成本的重要性。
引力方程可以处理国内贸易观察（I = J）。
在这种情况下，国内的距离是衡量一个国家的大小。
与 pacchioli，2011，在应用的方法，1995 和狼，2000，我们引入了国内贸易的观测变量。
这是国内虚拟系数偏差指示器，或消费者对国内对外国产品偏好程度。
家里的偏差系数基本措施各变量的综合影响，驱动在线（或离线）销售，包括任何的遗漏变量的引力方程如“自然”为国内市场偏好。
我们计算偏差仅为家网上交易因为我们没有在国内销售的产品信息离线。
然而，我们可以用离线交易的其他作者家比较产生偏差估计。
3. 数据我们使用的数据来自27 个欧盟成员国的网上消费者调查（市民咨询，2011）。
调查包括对消费者的在线开支的商品信息，国内以及国外的。
我们利用这些数据来构建对美国27 × 双侧27 在线贸易矩阵。
我们还构建了一个脱机交易矩阵同贸易伙伴之间以及同一类商品，这样我们可以比较线上与线下的贸易模式。
离线交易数据是建立在对相应的在线销售产品类别的消费者调查报告数据的基础上，comext。
例如，当消费者报告买书或药品在线，我们使用最近的两或四位CN 品类从 comext 贸易数据库，在这种情况下cn30“药品”和cn4901”印刷的书籍，小册子及类似印刷材料”来计算传统跨境贸易，这些商品的价值。
诚然，这些都是不完美的比赛，但应该是一个很好的代理。
在网络矩阵的构造是一个关键的问题从调查水平的人口水平外推。
在国家级汇总，调查数据产生估计每个消费者平均支出在我国国家网上商品在我们假设调查平均在线消费者行为的国家我们乘这一因素，代表了互联网用户的份额和用户实际在线购买的总人口推断调查平均全国平均份额代表。
我们使用欧盟统计局公布的数据为人口的百分比，是连接到互联网。
然而，这是欧盟统计局对在线消费者实际购买在线和国外购买在线共享的调查数据之间的巨大差异。
由于欧盟统计局的数字（43 和10%的人口分别）低于调查数据（分别为63 和32%），我们坚持以避免高估欧盟统计局。
调查数据表明，欧盟数字议程的政策目标得到所有欧盟 50%的消费者在线购买和 20%其实网上购物国外已经达到了 2011。
基于消费者的调查，我们估计在线商对客货物贸易总额在欧盟 2410 亿€2011.2 的总，1970 亿€ （80%）是在中国国内交易。
只有约 440 亿的€ （18%）跨越国界的欧盟成员国之间，另有 60 亿€（2%）是从非欧盟国家进口的。
比较估计在线跨境贸易的价值（440 亿€）和相应的产品类别观察离线欧盟内部贸易（4910 亿€）（comext），我们认为在线贸易约占欧盟所有跨境交易8.7%。
这表明商品相关类在线订单货物的物理构成跨境贸易的一个重要组成部分。
问题是到什么程度的离线和在线贸易数据实际上是相当。
另一方面，离线和在线交易涉及相同的消费品销售：图书，电子产品，服装，等等这些都和最终产品的贸易额是由消费者对这些产品的需求决定的。
然而，对供应链的组织是非常不同的。
脱机交易主要是进行企业对企业（商对商）。
批发商进出口和使用零售商作为中介机构的一个很好的到达最终消费者之前。
相比之下，网上贸易主要商对客，在线批发商直接销售给最终消费者。
在供应链中的可能，差异，导致不同的结构的交易成本支撑的两套贸易流动。
批发商经常与外国客户建立了良好的关系，与固定成本可以摊销许多交易。
交易规模可能更大，再次引发规模经济。
离线商对商跨境贸易数据将必须与零售价格总利润产生贸易价值的人物，相当于直接商对客估计。
因此，在线商对客代表商对商跨境贸易8. 7%以上的估计应谨慎解释。
3. 1 文化和制度变量当代的贸易引力模型应用通常包括贸易伙伴之间共享的语言作为解释变量，并在大多数情况下，这是重要的。
这可以被认为是一种“文化距离代理”（Bl um 和Gol df a r b，2006）。
在商对客交易环境，共同的语言是必不可少的，但语言的相对重要性可能类型的好的变化。
这可能是例如书籍跨境贸易更重要，比那些或多或少在世界电子产品。
我们的数据不允许我们用良好然而式贸易。
我们还引入了一个虚拟的最大和最广泛的共享语言组在欧盟，英国，法国和德国，作为语言对跨境电子商务影响的另一个措施。
衡量在线交易制度质量的作用，我们构建的法律体系的一个重要质量指标，根据世界银行数据，全球治理指标。
这是为了捕捉预期贸易分歧争议在线贸易进口商和出口商之间的结算相关费用。
在欧盟的一个在线商对客特有的方面是，消费者购买国外还是国内法律保护消费者，而不是在出口国的法律。
这意味着，消费者并不真的有选择的法律制度中，他们开展网上交易。
然而，消费者可能不知道这些；因此，当他们选择外国政权，他们选择一个看起来更可信的比较法律系统的质量。
一个系数接近于零，表明消费者的注意的法律问题。
3. 2 在线环境的质量它是确定可能的贸易成本相关的商品在线交易的具体组织需求的重要。
虽然他们可能被包含在捕捉所有的“距离”变量引入三个解释变量显式关系到整体的有利环境，在商品的网上贸易。
第一个是在线支付系统相关，运输成本的第三。
因为消费者需要方便地访问在线跨境支付结算交易以最低的交易成本。
我们捕获的在线支付系统的成熟的方式有两种。
第一，在交付现金支付的市场份额被认为是支付系统的相对不发达的一个指标，结合在线支付和交易成本高，缺乏相互信任（钱运输）。
相比于信用卡或借记卡支付系统，它是一种昂贵和危险的系统，它涉及大量现金的运输，运输和消费需要在相同的位置，相同时间点。