英语词汇学期末论文

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英语词汇学期末论文

英语词汇学期末论文题目：浅析英语词汇巧记法专业：英语班级：13级3班学号：201313010309姓名：黄旷静完成时间：2015年1月14号浅析英语词汇巧记法摘要：词汇是英语学习的基础，没有足够的词汇量就不可能高水平的掌握英语这门外语，而浩瀚的词汇海洋让很多人望而生畏。

尽管花费了大量时间精力去背，记忆的效果却差强人意，原因就在于没有使用科学的方法记忆词汇。

其实，世间万物都是有规律性的，英语单词的组词与构词方法也有规律，了解了它的规律有利于我们有效甚至高效学习英语单词。

为了提高单词记忆的效率，本文从不同方面介绍几种记忆方法。

关键词：词汇科学记忆规律效率一．读音记忆法1.拼读法英语是拼音文字，英语中的单词的读音大多是有规律的，熟悉字母及字母组合的发音规则，掌握正确的拼法与读音之间的关系，可以根据单词的读音，降低记忆难度，正确地拼写单词。

例如ay读[ei]。

带有ay字母组合的词，如say，day，way，pay，may，play，spray，不仅发音容易，而且拼写也没有任何困难。

Sh ch tion ture 等也都有固定读音，ee发音为i:culture 文化pasture牧场mature 成熟的architecture 建筑学带有true的单词也都能很方便的记忆下来2.谐音法尽管有些人认为用这种谐音记忆法记忆单词不科学，不利于正确掌握发音，但实践证明，对尚未掌握外语的构词特点和记词规律的初学者来说，采用谐音法记单词确实能有效地记住一部分难记的单词。

但是，在用谐音法记单词时需要特别注意，绝不可将其作为模仿发音的依据，只能作为记忆单词时的谐音联想手段，以加强记忆，而必须按照单词的标准发音去读记，以避免这种记词法干扰正确发音。

用谐音法记单词是，根据外语单词的读音到中文中寻找与其读音相似的谐音，寻找到谐音与单词的联系。

用这种方法甚至可能达到终身不忘，这也正是谐音记忆法的绝妙之处。

例如：mouth嘴[联想：说话“冒失”的就是嘴]think想[联想：想时要“深刻”]二．联想法1.拆分联想科学研究表明：联想是记忆的基础。

Lexicology and My English Study 英语词汇学论文

Lexicology and My English StudyI. What Is Lexicology?The term lexicology was borrowed from the French word lexicology, which contains two morphemes: one is Greek lexicology, meaning ‘workbook’ or ‘vocabulary;’ the other is French logie, meaning ‘the study or science of.’ So the literal meaning of the term is ‘the science of words.’The term first appeared in the 1820s, though there were lexicologists in essence before the term was coined. Computational lexicology as a related field (in the same way that computational linguistics is related to linguistics) deals with the computational study of dictionaries and their contents. An allied science to lexicology is lexicography, which also studies words in relation with dictionaries – it is actually concerned with the inclusion of words in dictionaries and from that perspective with the whole lexicon. Therefore lexicography is the theory and practice of composing dictionaries. Sometimes lexicography is considered to be a part or a branch of lexicology, but the two disciplines should not be mistaken: only lexicologists who do write dictionaries are lexicographers. It is said that lexicography is the practical lexicology; it is practically oriented though it has its own theory, while the pure lexicology is mainly theoretical.Comprehensively speaking, lexicology is the branch of linguisticsconcerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, history, structure, meaning and application. In short, it is the study of the signification and application of words.Ⅱ. Aims and Significance of LexicologyThe aim of the term lexicology is to give a systematic description of the English vocabulary. Concretely speaking, English lexicology offers students an insight into the origin and development of the English vocabulary. It deals with meanings of Modern English words and their changes in the course of historical development. It discusses the problems of word-structure and word-formation in English, including the formation of new words which have appeared since the 1960s. It also it also studies the use of English words, phrases and idioms.The significance of lexicology for language learning is also evident. The term will help the learners to enlarge their vocabulary and improve their ability to analyze and use English words. For instance, the study of new words, synonyms, figures of speech, etc. will arouse the interest of the learners on the one hand, and enhance their ability to choose the correct and expressive words in writing and speech on the other hand.Language learning requires practice. Practice makes perfect. Without practice there would be no theory. English lexicology as a theory of Modern English may be useful in vocabulary study because it derivesfrom practice and should guide practice. Students will use the basic knowledge of English lexicology to understand the material already familiar to them from English classes, and apply it in their further study of English.Ⅲ. Language, Linguistics and LexicologyBriefly speaking, lexicology deals with words. Words are the foundation and core of language. We know that without words, there would be no language, while without language, there would be no linguistics. Therefore, words, that is, lexicology, language and linguistics are very closely interrelated with one another. Before studying lexicology, we should learn about what language is and what linguistics is.Ⅳ. The Connection of Lexicology with phonetics and grammar and stylistics1) With phonetics:Phonetics is the study and systematic classification of the sounds made in spoken utterance, that is, the study of speech sounds. It is closely related to lexicology.Without sound there is no word because every word is unity of sound and meaning.2) With grammar:V ocabulary and grammar are organically related to one another. In learning a language, attention to grammar is as important as attention tovocabulary. Joseph Stalin pointed out that the vocabulary is the building material of a language. The vocabulary of a language assumes tremendous importance when it comes under the control of grammar, which is concerned with the modification in front of words and the combination of words into sentences.3) With stylistics:Stylistics is “the study of optional variations in the sounds, forms, or vocabulary of a language as characteristic of different uses of language, different situations of use, or different literary typ es.” Lexicology studies stylistics variants on the basis of meanings of words and their changes: synonyms, antonyms, figures of speech, etc.Stylistics is concerned with language variety differing according to use rather than user. The same user may use different varieties for different purposes, different situations, in conversation with different people, to produce different effects. The same subject matter can be expressed in different styles.Ⅴ. Two Approaches of the study of LexicologyThere are two main approaches to the study of lexicology, that is, synchronic and diachronic.The term synchronic means describing a language as it exists at one point of time. The term diachronic means concerned with historical development of a language.A synchronic approach is an approach to the study of a language at one period of time, whereas a diachronic approach is an approach to the study of the change in a language that took place over a period of time. Ⅵ. The Division of the History of the EnglishThe history of the English language is divided into three periods.1) The period from 450 to 1150 is known as the Old English or Anglo-Saxon period. It is described as the period of full inflections, since during most of this period the case endings of the noun, the adjective, and the conjugation of the verb were not weakened.2) The period from 1150 to 1500 is known as the Middle English period. During this period the inflections, which had begun to break down towards the end of the Old English period, became greatly reduced, and it is known as the period of the leveled inflections.3) The period from 1500 to the present day is called the Modern English period. A large part of the original inflectional system has disappeared, and it is known as the period of lost inflections.Ⅶ. The Main Processes of English Word-formationThere are four main types of word-formation in English:1) Prefixation:Affixation includes prefixation and suffixation. Affixation is the morphological process whereby grammatical or lexical information is added to the base.Affixation has played an active part in the course of the development of the English language. It is not only an age-old, but also a productive method in English word-building.What is prefixation?Prefixation is a main type of word-formation putting a prefix in front of the base, sometimes with, but more usually without a change of word class, e.g. dislike (dis + like).2) Suffixation:Suffixation is a main type of word-formation, putting a suffix after the base, sometimes without, but more usually with a change of word class, e.g. frankness (frank + ness)The primary function of prefixes is to effect a semantic modification of the base, and the chief function of suffixes is to change the word class of the base, although suffixes have only a small semantic role. Therefore suffixes may be classified into four categories according to the word class.3) Conversion:Conversion (or full conversion) is a main type of word-formation assigning the base to a different word class with no change of form. For example, the verb release is converted to the noun release.In the English language conversion is unusually prominent as a word-formation process. Of course, conversion, like other main types ofword-formation, is treat as a process now available for extending the lexical resources of the English language.There are two kinds of conversion: full conversion and partial conversion.4) Compounding：Compounding is a main type of word-formation adding one base to another, such that usually the one placed in front in some sense subcategorizes the one that follows, e.g. blackbird, etc.Compounding can occur not only in the three major word classes, nouns and, to lesser extent, adjectives, and, to least extent, verbs but also in other word classes: prepositions, such as into, within, by means of, instead of, etc. pronouns, such as each other, one another, anybody, someone, herself, itself, etc. and adverbs, such as headlong, somehow, somewhere, upside down, inside out, etc.A compound is a lexical until consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word. Compounds usually comprise two bases only, however internally complex each may be.Ⅷ. English IdiomsIdioms are very important and extremely interesting part of language. They are commonly used in all styles of language: informal and formal, spoken and written. If we can understand and use idioms correctly, ourlanguage skills increase constantly. One important problem our students have with idioms is how we understand them in our daily study.The best way to understand an idiom is to see it in context. Let us give an example below.If someone says: This ti n opener’s driving me round the bend! I think I’ll throw it away and get a new one. Then the context and common sense tells us that drive round the bend refers to something different from driving a car round a curve in the road. So the context points out that the tin opener is not working properly and that it’s having an effect on the person using it.Drive or send sb. round the bend is an idiom used as an informal style meaning ‘to make someone very bored or very angry.’Ⅸ. British and American EnglishGrammatical differences between British and American English are few. The more noticeable differences are phonetic and especially lexical. It does not seem likely that distinctions between British English and American English will become more extensive. On the contrary, as the modes of communication have improved, the tendency is towards uniformity and better understanding between the people of the two countries.But why does American English differ from British English?There are two reasons for this.Firstly, British English itself changed in the course of time. All languages change as time passes. English is no exception. That is why Chaucer’s English is different from Shakespeare’s English, and why Shakespeare’s English is different from contemporary Engli sh.Take the following English word borrowed from Latin and Greek for example.Such words as apparatus, complex, focus, maximum, minimum, series, etc. appeared in English only after the year 1600.In the past fifty years British English has adopted a great number of words that originated in American English.Words like cafeteria, highlight, hotrod, OK, etc. are example.Secondly, American English has acquired a character of its own. It reflects the growth, development and history of American society.In the earliest period a number of words denoting places, plants, animals, tools, and customs which existed in America were added to the English language, e.g.Hickory—a type of tree of North America which provides hard wood and bears nuts.Moose—a type of large deer, with very large flat horns, that lives in the northern pert of America.The above-mentioned words belong to American English and were borrowed from American Indian languages.After the American Independence a number of words related to institutions appeared, e.g. assembly, congress, president, representative, vice-president, etc.Strictly speaking, British English is the English spoken by the great majority of educated people in South and Southeast England, especially in London and its vicinity. BrE or BE is shot for British English. American English is General American spoken by the great majority of the American people. AmE or AE is short for American English.References:I.Chengzhang Lin﹠Shiping Liu An Introduction To EnglishLexicology, WuHan University Press FourthII.Wikipedia。

2021小学英语词汇教学论文(优选论文6篇)范文1

2021小学英语词汇教学论文（优选论文6篇）范文词汇学习是英语学习的中心任务,离开了词汇,听,说,读,写,译这些语言技能将无法立足。

没有一定的词汇量,则无法运用我们所学的句法结构进行有效的交际。

下面是搜素整理的小学英语词汇教学论文，以供参考。

小学英语词汇教学论文第一篇：小学生英语词汇学习中思维导图的运用摘要：目前,小学英语词汇教学存在成效不显着的问题,不少学生学了词汇后,不知词义,不会书写,不能发声。

思维导图将抽象的思维变成可画、可看、可循的轨迹图,打开了英语词汇教学改革的大门,是教师提高词汇教学效果行之有效的工具。

教师可参照我国学者贾彦德提出的同义义场、反义义场、语义场词汇的分类引导学生绘制思维导图,并在课堂教学中设置情境,在情境中赋予词汇具体意义。

关键词：思维导图;语义场; 词汇教学; 小学英语; 一、问题提出与现状分析威尔金斯认为,“没有语法,表达甚微;没有词汇,表达为零”。

词汇在语言教学中具有极其重要的作用。

然而,实际上词汇就像是一头拦路虎,成为教师和学生心中共同的“痛”,教师苦于词汇难教,学生抱怨词汇难记。

笔者就小学英语词汇教学情况开展了问卷调查,数据统计发现,87%的教师认为学生在课堂中对所学词汇的掌握情况一般,3%的教师认为效果不好,仅有10%的教师认为学生掌握速度较快。

那么,学生识记词汇时面临的主要问题在什么地方呢85%的教师认为是词义学习,81%的教师认为是词汇拼写,75%的教师认为是词汇读音。

从以上数据可以看出,小学英语课堂中的词汇教学成效不显着,不少学生学了词汇后,不知词义,不会书写,不能发声。

究其原因,主要包括如下几个方面: 第一,学生学习主动性不强。

在问卷调查中,认为学生不愿意主动学词汇的教师占比高达88%,表明在课堂中学生学习词汇的主动性不强,对词汇学习缺乏兴趣,学习非常被动。

小学阶段的学生活泼、好动、可塑性强,这就需要教师找到符合学生天性的方法,充分激发出学生的学习兴趣,营造好学、乐学的学习氛围。

小学英语词汇教学论文六篇

小学英语词汇教学论文六篇学校英语词汇教学论文范文11.1图片演示图片演示是最普遍的一种方法。

目前，《PEP学校英语》教材最大的特点就是在出示新单词时都配有图片，这样图文并茂，同学心眼合一，认知更加简洁，更加难忘。

而且这些图片基本上是卡通的，符合学校生的认知心理。

例如学习panda,cat,kangaroo,goat等这类单词时出示相应图片，鲜亮的颜色，可爱的卡通图画一下子就吸引了同学的留意力，充分调动了同学的学习乐观性，激发了学习爱好。

简笔画、挂图、插图，幻灯片等呈现课文情境，实际上就是把课文内容形象化，给同学留下深刻的印象，关心同学直接理解并运用所学的内容。

1.2实物演示英语课和其它课相比最大的特点就是能把实物带进课堂，把生活中的诸多真实生活实例经过细心预备搬进课堂，使同学觉得这不是正襟危坐的课堂，为营造轻松开心的课堂氛围埋下了伏笔。

单词教学可由实物来呈现其意思，例如教学食物、衣物、书刊、小玩具、文具等单词时可用实物来结合教学。

比如学习《PEP英语》6B中seed，soil，sprout，plant时，笔者事先将种子、土、幼苗和植物带进了教室，在教授新词时，先通过实物演示教会同学单词，再通过亲自种植等一系列活动向同学演示植物的种植过程，这样教学不但避开了单调枯燥的单词教学，还教会了同学植物的种植方法，真正做到寓教于乐。

2归类记忆法归类记忆法是将分散、零星的一些单词按不同类别划为一组进行系统记忆的方法，特别适合六班级同学在总复习阶段学习单词时运用。

例如：表示水果的单词apple,banana,pear,pineapple,lemon,strawberry,peach,mango等；表示食物类的单词：dumpling,sandwich,hamburger,bread,rice,milk等；表示交通工具的单词：car,bus,plane,sled,ship,subway,bike等。

这种方法使用很普遍，学校阶段大部分所学单词都可以像这样按类别进行归纳，如：方向，文具，生活用品，家庭成员，天气，颜色，时间，运动，人体各部位等。

英语词汇学的论文怎么写[共5篇]

英语词汇学的论文怎么写[共5篇]第一篇：英语词汇学的论文怎么写英语词汇学的论文怎么写？英语词汇学习在英语词汇学习过程中，学习者要遵循第二语言习得的规律，掌握并灵活运用多种词汇学习策略。

可分为词汇表策略、语境策略、精加工策略、语义场策略。

一．词汇表策略（Word list strategy）词汇表策略一般为：一列是按字母顺序排列的英语单词，另一列是这些单词的汉语意思（等值词、同义词或近义词）。

有些学者认为，通过词汇表策略能够迅速且有效地学会大量的词汇。

然而，Gaims 和Redman 却指出，通过词汇表记忆词汇会阻碍对所记词汇进行充分地处理和系统地组织，因此就失去了有效的长时记忆的基础。

语言大师桂诗春教授也认为，词汇表策略既费时又费力，徒劳无功，因为这种做法不仅把外语的词语和母语的词语等同起来，而且把它从语言和语境中孤立出来。

二．语境策略（Context strategy）语境策略就是学习者通过上下文语言环境所提供的信息对出现在语境中的生词进行猜测，从而习得这个单词。

语境策略是目前比较流行的词汇学习策略之一，它不仅仅可以扩大词汇量，而且可以让学生了解有关目的语的文化知识。

但是，Channell(Carter &McCarthy ,1988:89)认为，音节认知和重音认知对学习者理解词汇起着非常重要的作用。

为了更好地理解词汇，学习新单词的方法应使学习者准确地内化和吸收新单词：即学会单个音标的发音、了解音节数、掌握重音位置。

从这一方面来看，运用语境策略学习词汇不能算是一个很好的方法。

三．精加工策略（Elaborative strategy）精加工策略是指通过对学习材料进行深入细致的分析、加工，理解其内在的深层意义并促进记忆的一种策略。

皮连生（1998）在《学与教的心理学》一书中也曾提到：“精细加工策略”（同“精加工策略”）指对学习材料作精细的加工活动，即通过在要记忆的材料上增加相关的信息来达到对新的材料记忆的学习方法。

词汇学期末论文

A brief introduction of the major differences between British English and American EnglishAbstractThis article describes some of the main differences in the English of British and American speakers. Differences in the way that the same language is spok en in different places are called varieties or dialects. These varieties may be regional or national. For example, we can hear different forms of English in various regions of the UK, or in different parts of the English-speaking world. There are numerous varieties of English, such as Indian English, Australian English, and West African English. But for historical reasons, British English and American English are the two most influential varieties and it is the differences between these two that we will discuss here.Key Words：British English，American English，differences，varieties，dialects，IntroductionAmerican and British English are dialects of English which have a recognised standard form and are equally acceptable in Academic English as long as the style and register used are appropriately formal. There are no significant differences in the academic form of other varieties of English.These tend to resemble either the American or British form. For example, Australian English generally uses the same spelling as British English. Those people who complain about the difficulties of learning German, don't know how lucky they really are - they only have one language to master. Admittedly, there are regional differences of dialect in German-speaking countries, but the non-native speaker who has learned Hochdeutsch (high or standard German) should have no problems in making himself understood by citizens of Germany, Austria or Switzerland. The difficulty for the nonnative learner of English on the other hand is that there is no standard English form. He is confronted with two English dialects to learn: British English and American English (leaving aside Australian, Indian, South AfricanEnglish etc.) And despite the many cross-cultural influences, it seems that the vocabularies, spellings and pronunciations of these two dialects are diverging year by year.To be consistent in his use of English and, more importantly, to be understood , the nonnative speaker needs to know which words have distinct meanings and pronunciations depending on whether they are used by a Briton or an American. This is necessary not only for sake of communication, but also to avoid embarrassment. For example, if a Londoner tells a resident of New Y ork that she has left her child's dummy in the pram and its nappy in the boot, she will merely be greeted with a look of bewilderment. If the New Y orker then tells the London woman that she has nice pants, he may well wonder why she doesn't seem to take his remark as a compliment.What follows are brief examples of the major areas of difference between the two languages:Spelling differencesThe most noticeable difference in the academic context is in spelling. Where there are differences between British English (BE) and American English (AE) spelling, it can be said that American English has the more economical and phonetic spelling. Unnecessary letters are left out andIn general, both American and British spelling are acceptable, but it is important to be consistent, at least with the use of the same word - theatre or theater, but not both - and in your choice of ize or ise endings as in criticize or criticise, plagiarize or plagiarise. The Cambridge International Dictionary of English gives British, American and Australian English spelling. American spelling tends to reflect pronunciation and British spelling tends to reflect grammatical or historical implications as well.However, there may be advantages in using British spelling in certain situations. For instance, two forms: programme and program exist in British English. The former can be a noun referring to television programmes or programmes of events (plans, conferences, a theatre programme etc.). The latter can be a noun referring to computerprograms. Both forms can be verbs, but there is no spelling distinction between them except in the infinitive form (as in She learned how to program the computer to calculate the value of the pound against the Euro at twelve hourly intervals) and the present tense. If you wish to make reference to both meanings in your writing, then British English makes a useful reference (meaning) distinction between the two, while American English has only one form program to refer to both.An obvious example is the omission in AE of the letter u in words such as color, neighbor, honor etc. Compare also the AE words traveling, jewelry and program with their BE counterparts travelling, jewellery and programme. However, this rule does not always apply. For example, you would expect skilful to be the AE spelling and skillful the BE spelling, but unfortunately you would be wrong!Pronunciation differencesThere are a number of easy-to-hear differences in the way that English is pronounced by British and American speakers. Here we will look at the following areas: stress, some vowel sounds, and vowels followed by an 'r'.British and American speakers have different stress patterns in their speech when they say certain words with two or more syllables. For example:word BritishEnglishAmerican Englishballet/b le/ /b le/debris/debri/ /d bri/The same differences can be heard in words like gourmet, chalet, garage, parquet, and paté. In words with several syllables like secretary, American speakers emphasize the ending more than British speakers, so that the word seems to have an extra syllable:word BritishEnglishAmerican Englishsecretary/sekr tri/ /sekr teri/territory/ter tri/ /ter t ri/There are of course great regional differences in pronunciation within both countries, but the following is a list of words which are pronounced differently by most Americans and most British. The difference in lies either in using different vowel sounds or by stressing the word in a different place.Vocabulary differencesAs a percentage of the total English vocabulary the number of words which are used only in one or the other country is very small, but the problem for learners of English is that these words are among the most common in the language. There are many words that are used almost exclusively by Americans which are understood by most Britons, and vice versa. But there are others which can cause difficulty. For example, most Britons know that Americans call biscuits cookies and flats apartments, but not so many know what an alumnus or a fender is. Similarly, Americans know that what they call their yard is called a garden in Britain and that trucks are lorries, but common British English words like plimsolls or off-licence may mean nothing to them.Grammar differencesBritish English and American English grammar are mostly in agreement; there are however some interesting variations. For example there are differences in certain verb forms. In AE the past tense of fit is fit; in BE it is fitted. Americans say I've gotten to know her well; Britons I've got to know her well. In BE the present perfect tense is used for situations in which AE would typically use the past simple. For exampleusing the words just or already, Britons would be more likely to say: I've just seen him or I've already done it whereas in AE it would be common to hear I just saw him or I already did it.As another example, Americans are much more likely to be technically correct in the agreement of collective noun and verb form than Britons. So in standard AE it would be: The team is playing well this season whereas in BE it is common and acceptable to say The team are playing well. Similar differences can be seen in the use of words like government, committee etc.: The government is .. (AE), The government are .. (BE).American English accepts the use of the simple past tense with just, already and yet (Did you see him yet?/He just went out?/Did you go there already?) while British English requires the use of the present perfect (Have you seen him yet?/He has just gone out/Have you been there already?) In Academic English, the British form is preferable as the American form tends to be perceived as informal (rather than inaccurate).Particle differences - Clinton met with the representatives of the Daughters of the Revolution / Clinton met the representatives - are not significant, though British markers may 'correct' the with as it seems informal.American English can make what British English considers to be uncountable nouns plural, for example technologies. When this occurs with formal, technical vocabulary in a specific context - the new technologies - British English, over time, tends to adopt the same form.Semantics differencesThere are two important types of difference in the meanings of words in the two varieties:1 The same object may have a completely different name2 The same word is used in both varieties, but it mayhave a completely different meaning.Type 1: same object, different namesSome of the biggest differences are in the words used for basic everyday things, such as common foods, household equipment, and the parts of a car. For example:British word American wordmobile phone cellphonepetrol gastap faucetcooker stovedustbin garbage canaubergine eggplantsweets candybonnet (on a car) hoodboot (on a car) trunkwindscreen windshieldType 2: same word, different meaningsDifferences of this type can be very confusing, even for people whose first language is English. The Macmillan English Dictionary provides over 25 special usage notes that deal with these American/British 'false friends'.word British meaning American meaningfootba ll a game played all over the world,with a round ball that the players kick(but do not throw). Americanspeakers call this game soccer.a game played in the US, with anegg-shaped ball that the players canthrow or kick. British speakers callthis game American football.chips long thin pieces of potato, fried and eaten hot. American speakers callthese fries or French fries. thin flat pieces of potato, fried and eaten cold. Also called potato chips. British speakers call these crisps.vest a piece of underwear that you wearunder a shirt. American speakers callthis an undershirt.a piece of clothing with buttons on thefront and no sleeves that men oftenwear over their shirt as part of a suit.British speakers call this a waistcoat.Usage differencesThere are countless other small and interesting differences between AE and BE, which come under the heading of usage. Take the useful expression used in AE through, meaning up to and including. E.g., The exhibition is showing March through June. The equivalent expression in BE is from March to June, but this is ambiguous. Does the exhibition close at the end of May or the end of June? To avoid any misunderstanding, it is necessary to say something like The exhibition is showing from March to the end of June.As another example: for Americans the number billion has 9 zeros (a thousand million); for most Britons it has 12 zeros (a million million). Zero itself is a much more common word in AE than in BE, where nought is more widespread. Americans say the number 453 as four hundred fifty three, whereas in Britain it would be said four hundred and fifty three.ConclusionAmerican and British English will be two major varities of one language bacause of the similarities of the basic word stock,the basic grammer and the basic phonetic system, and because of rapid development of modern science, technology, mass media, and constant cultural and economic exchanges between these two nations.Bibliography1 Practical English Usage, M. Swan (1995) , Oxford University Press2 The Right Word at the Right Time (A guide to the English language and how to use it) (1985) Readers Digest3 Doreen du Boulay, Sussex Language Institute 1998-2001.4 British and American English，by Don R. McCreary5 British English and American English，陈福生，厦门大学外文系6 An Introdyction To English Lexicology, 林承璋，刘世平著，武汉大学出版社7语音学教程，林焘，王理嘉著，1992年11月，北京大学出版社8语音学与音系学入门，[英]克拉克，[英]亚洛坡著，史宝辉导读，2000年08月，外语教学与研究出版社9英国英语和美国英语的词汇差异现象，孟宪友，广东农工商职业技术学院学报，2003，第1期。

词汇学期末论文

李易忱教授：吴建设英语学院0892010-6-18<论词汇的力量>我是个篮球迷，经常关注NBA的比赛。

前一段时间我在看球的时候总感觉央视解说员在解说的时候有一些奇怪的地方，细细观察才发现，他们在解说的过程中凡是遇到英文的单词或者缩略词都换成了中文来表达，例如最常用的缩略词“NBA”换成了“美国职业男子篮球联赛”或“美职篮”。

而且在很多其他的媒体节目中也是这样做的。

我开始觉得很好笑，因为对于现在大多数人来说，在日常生活中，运用一些英文缩略词或者英文单词来表达事情是很常见的。

这件事在互联网上也引起了很多人的争议和讨论。

很多网友纷纷表示不理解央视的做法（其实一开始也包括我）。

认为这是多此一举，甚至会惹来很多麻烦。

有的人开玩笑说如果非要按照央视这种套路办，那会出现滑稽的表达，比如“我去医院做了个B超。

”要说成“我去医院做了个第二型超声波检查”, CT会变成“电子计算机X射线断层扫描。

网友们说的也不无道理，毕竟英语词汇在我们的生活中已经渗透的太多太多了，这些词汇也带给了我们李易忱很多方便，如果真要屏蔽或者换掉肯定会造成一种尴尬的境地。

但是，凡是都有两面性，如果我们从另一方面考虑这个事情，也许会得出不一样的结论。

我看到支持这项举措的大多数是一些老一辈的语言学家等。

他们的理论也很简单，就是如果放任这种英语单词的渗入，会对我们自己的语言文字，甚至文化产生影响。

正巧本学期我选了词汇学这门课，通过这门课的学习，我对上述这个事情有了更深一层的看法。

词汇作为一门语言的最基本的组成部分之一，虽然看起来是很不起眼，但它却也是最重要的组成部分。

一个词语所包含的意义是很深的，而我们在日常生活中运用的知识它的基本含义而已。

如果我们细细研究，便能发现词汇能影响我们很多方面，知识，素质，意识等等。

我认为，词汇对意识的影响是最大的，也恰恰是人们最容易忽略掉的一点。

所以词汇学这个研究分支是有意义的。

它让我们知道学习一门语言，甚至一种文化，不仅仅是把它的单词全部背下来就可以的。

初中英语词汇教学论文（汇总8篇）

初中英语词汇教学论文（汇总8篇）篇1：初中英语词汇教学论文曾经在学生中做过这样的调查：“学英语，你最怕的是什么？”各种各样的答案都有，有的说害怕语法，有的说害怕作文，有的说害怕听力，但答得最多的却是害怕背单词，尤其是新教材，原来的《英语教学大纲》中规定初中毕业的学生掌握800个左右的单词即可，现如今的《英语课程标准》则要求在1500个左右，在各个科目纷纷“减负”的同时，唯独英语学科在默默承受着“增压”的痛苦，于是就出现了“单词是基础，词汇是拦路虎，背单词真痛苦”的现象。

教学的过程是师生互动的过程，词汇教学也是如此，800个得教，1500个也得教，只是苦了学生，累了教师罢了。

要想让学生掌握好词汇，关键是让学生对英语产生兴趣，把背单词当作一种苦中作乐的事，而要做到这样，又是相当的不容易，除了学生自觉外，教师采用不同的教学方法来帮助调动学生的积极性，也是很重要的。

（一）针对词汇量多的问题，初步统计一下，每个话题的单词少则二三十个，多则五六十个，以前教的时候多是要求学生全部要掌握，胡子眉毛一把抓。

结果是有的学生接受得来，而有的学生一看那么多单词，实在是件痛苦的事，干脆就不背了，反正是死猪不怕开水烫，任你老师罚呗，他自有办法应付，这终究不是好办法。

现如今则稍作改变，要求四会的黑体单词，中下水平的学生要求掌握，至于学有余力的学生，就要求掌握黑体和三会的白体单词，打三角形的只需要了解就可以。

相信大多数老师和我的感受相差不多，对于800个变成1500个毫无心理准备。

以前词汇少时，一星期教一次单词和听写一次就行，如今每个话题单词少的也要分两次教，多的则要分为三次教才行，当然听写也随之水涨船高，次数增多了，不这样做学生根本接受不了。

（二）所谓的“教无定法，教有良法”说明白些，其实就是依据学生具体情况而选择适当的教学方法。

以下是我课堂教学中较为常用的方法。

1音标教学法：七年级英语刚入门时，教师在字母教学法中应该融入音标教学，可以要求学生学会制作音标卡，并要求他们背诵48个国际音素。

英语词汇学论文-构词法

Abstract词汇是我们在英语学习过程中最大的障碍。

然而,英语构词法能够帮助我们很好的辨别并正确理解英语，同时也可以在短时间内增加我们的词汇量,英语构词法是学习英语的有效途径和强有力的“武器"，在所有的英语构词法中，词缀法能够生成的新单词是最多的也是最广泛，它被认为英语学习的最佳途径之一。

除了词缀发以外,复合法、转类法、混成法、截短法、首字母拼音法、逆向构词法也都是英语学习的有效途径Vocabulary is one of the main obstacles of English study。

However English word formation can help us recognize English words, understand them correctly, and enlarge our vocabulary quickly. It is an efficient way and powerful weapon for English study. Among them，affixation is the strongest one to form a great range of vocabulary, and it is claimed to be one of the best ways of learning English。

Besides, compounding, conversion, blending, clipping, acronyms, back—formation are also efficient ways of learning English。

In the paper the ways and characteristics of word formation is analyzed form these aspects: affixation, compounding，conversion，blending。

英语词汇学论文

英语词汇学论文词汇使我们在英语学习过程中的最大障碍,。

然而,英语构词法能够帮助我们很好的辨别并正确理解英语,同时也可以在短时间内增加我们的词汇量,就是我们学习英语的有力武器。

本学期上了词汇学,学到了一些以前学不到的东西。

总体的感觉就就是“原来英语中的词汇也像中文一样博大精深,而且很活,有很多学问”。

在语言的发展过程当中,词汇也就是起着举足轻重的作用。

在教学实践中,有相当多的教师与学生对词汇的教学认识就是片面的,认为学生只要记住单词的发与拼写及词义就足够了。

于就是,许多学生就只会机械地背诵课本后词汇表中每个英语单词与与之相对应的汉语解释。

而当她们要把这些词汇运用到写作与口语中的时候,结果却就是错误百出。

究其原因,就在于教师的教学方法使学生认为:词汇就是静止的单个词语的总与,只要掌握单个的词语就足够了。

其实这种认识就是有局限性的,谈不上就是真正的掌握。

其结果就就是遣词造句时的生搬硬套,逐字逐句的别扭翻译。

事实上,词语就是有生命的,就是活动的,而不就是孤立的。

“词与词在很多方面都就是相联系的,这也就是掌握词汇并将其储存在记忆中的方式”。

因此, 教师在词汇教学中除了教会学生单词的发音及其词意外,还应注重核心词汇的教学与词语搭配的教学。

这两个方面虽然同属于词汇教学的范畴,但却就是紧密相连,缺一不可的。

只有把这两方面的内容真正搞清楚了,才能准确无误地运用各类词汇。

语言中单个词的语法归类称为该词的词性。

英语词汇可以通过自身形态的变化引起自身词性的变化,这就使得英语的构词法有着灵活性与多样性的优势。

例如:英语的名词通过添加词缀可以变成动词或形容词;动词通过添加词缀也可以变成名词或就是形容词等。

英语构词法中词汇的变化大部分都就是通过词汇本身形态的变化而产生的。

英语的这一特性使英语具有强大的派生能力,许多的词都就是由其它词通过词形的变化派生而来的。

其中在英语词汇中变化最多的就是英语的动词、名词与形容词。

比如:通过对动词形态的改变,动词就会产生人称、时态、语态、情态以及非谓语(不定式、分词)的词性变化;也会产生词类的变化。

词汇学论文2篇

词汇学论文第一篇：词汇学及其研究方法词汇学是语言学的一个重要分支，研究词汇及其运用规律。

它对于理解和使用语言至关重要，并且在语言学、语言教学和语言处理等领域具有广泛的应用。

本文将介绍词汇学的定义、主要研究内容以及常见的研究方法。

首先，词汇学是研究词汇的科学。

词汇是构成语言的基本单位，是语言的基本组成部分。

词汇学包含对词汇的定义、分类和形成过程的研究。

词汇的定义可以从不同角度进行，如音、义、形态等。

词汇分类可以根据语法特点、语义特征以及语用功能等进行。

词汇的形成过程涉及词源、造词规则以及词汇的变化等方面。

其次，词汇学的研究内容包括词义、词形、词法、词汇关系等方面。

词义是指词汇所包含的意义，是词汇学研究的核心内容之一。

词义的研究涉及到语义、句法和语用等层面的分析。

词形是指词汇的外部形态特征，包括词根、词缀等。

词形的研究可以揭示词汇在形态上的规律和变化。

词法是指词汇的形成和使用规则，包括词汇的构词法和变位等方面的研究。

词汇关系是指词汇之间的内在联系，包括同义关系、反义关系、上下位关系、联想关系等。

最后，词汇学的研究方法多种多样。

常见的研究方法有词义分析、语料库分析、对比研究等。

词义分析是通过对词义进行细致的解剖和分类，来探索词义的内部结构和变化规律。

语料库分析是通过收集和分析大规模的语言数据来研究词汇的使用频率和语境特征，从而揭示词汇的语言规律和偏好。

对比研究是通过比较不同语言、不同语言阶段或者不同语言使用者之间的词汇差异，来揭示词汇的共性和个性。

总之，词汇学是研究词汇及其运用规律的科学，它对于理解和使用语言具有重要意义。

词汇学的研究方法多种多样，可以通过词义分析、语料库分析和对比研究等方法来揭示词汇的内在规律和外在特征。

对于语言学、语言教学和语言处理等领域来说，词汇学的研究成果具有重要的理论和实践价值。

第二篇：词汇学在语言教学中的应用词汇是语言的基本单位，掌握丰富的词汇量对于语言学习者来说非常重要。

英语词汇学论文

PINGDINGSHAN UNIVERSITY《英语词汇学》课程论文论文题目词汇学的重点内容及其在外语学习中的辅助作用院系: 外国语学院专业年级： 2012级英语师范专业*名：**学号: *********指导教师：韩福领副教授2015年6月25日词汇学的重点内容及其在外语学习中的辅助作用摘要英语词汇普遍存在于各种语体中而且对各种语体的言语交际至关重要，因此引起许多语言学家的关注，他们从不同的角度对其进行研究。

本文在对这些研究进行回顾和总结的基础上，尝试分析英语词汇学与二外学习的关系、主要内容及其现实意义.关键词：英语词汇学；内容；作用.目录摘要-—-——-————-————------——--—-—-——---—-—-———--—-———-—-—-———--——---————---—-——---—-—---——---—-—2目录—--————---—--—----———-———-—----—-———--—---——-———--—--———————-—----——-——-—---——--—-——----—————3内容 1英语词汇学的内容简介——-——-————-----—-——-————-—————---—-——-—-————-—-——---—--—41。

1词的概述-————-—--—-—---———-————-——-——————--—-—--———---—-———--———-———-—————-—--——---—错误!未定义书签。

1。

2 英语词汇学的主要内容--——-——-—-—-—--———-—————-—---—-——-—---——-—------—-—-—--——-—错误!未定义书签。

1.3英语词汇学中的重点—-———--——-—---—-—-—-—-———-——-—-—-————-———-——-—---—-----————-42词汇学在第二语言学习中的作用-—-————-—--—————--——-—--—-——-——-————-—-—---—-———---—52.1构词法在第二语言学习中的作用-—-—-----—-——-———-——---——-—-——---—-——--——-—-—-——-—52.2词义变化在第二语言教学中的作用-———-—-——-—-—-———-—-—————-——-——--——--—--—--—-———----——52。

Lexicology and My English Study 英语词汇学论文

《英语词汇学教程》论文(中文版)免费范文

篇一：?英语词汇学教程(jiàochéng)?论文(中文版)英语(yīnɡ yǔ)词汇学论文(中文版)单词(dāncí)记忆法细谈一，读音(dúyīn)规那么记忆法它就是按照元音字母、元音字母组合、辅音字母及辅音字母组合在开音节和闭音节的读音规律记忆。

例如：ea，ee，er，ir，ur，or分别能发［i：］［：］［：］等。

还有些固定的字母组合，例如： ing发［i］，ly发［li］，ty发［ti］和各种(ɡè zhǒnɡ)前缀、后缀，例如：a-，re-，un-，dis-，im-；-ed，-ing，-ly，-er，-or，-ful，-y等都有其比拟固定的发音。

掌握了这些规那么，记单词时就不必一个字母一个字母地记忆了。

二.字母变化记忆法英语单词中以某个单词为根底，加、减、换、调一个字母就成了另一个新单词。

详细方法如下：1.前面加字母。

例如：is/his，ear/near/hear，read/bread2.后面加字母。

例如：hear/heart，you/your，plane/planet3.中间加字母。

例如：though/through，tree/three，for/four4.减字母。

例如：she/he，close/lose，star/tstar5.换字母。

例如：book/look/cook，cake/lake/wake/make/take6.调字母〔即改变字母顺序〕。

例如：blow/bowl，sing/sign，from/form三.联想记忆法在日常生活中可以根据所处的环境，所见到、所摸到的事物，联想相关的英语单词。

例如：打球时联想到：ball，(play)basketball，(play)football，(play)volleyball，playground等等；吃饭时联想到：dining-room，(have)breakfast，(have)lunch，(have)supper等等；睡觉时联想到：bed，bedroom，gotobed，sleep，gotosleep，fallasleep等等。

词汇学论文(英文的)

一。

The Development of English VocabularyThere are about one million English words in all. English is also an international language in this society. You can see English words almost every where, even in non-English-spoken countries.How does English come into being? Why it has so many vocabularies? In the following passage, I will give you a general picture about these two questions. The English people are of a mixed blood. The early inhabitants of the island we now call England were Britons, but in fact all the races were the invaders came from Europe. Nobody knows very much about Britain before the Romans came during the first century BC, but there had been at least three invasions before that. The first of these was by a dark-haired Mediterranean race called the Iberians. The other two were by Celtic tribes: one is Gaels, whose descendants are the modern Scots and Irish; another is the Britons, who gave their name to the whole island of Britain. These were the people whom the Romans conquered. The Romans gave the Britons a good deal of their civilization. Then at the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by three tribes from the northern Europe: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes. These three tribes merged into one people, and the three dialects they spoke naturally grew into a single language, the English language.But at first, the English word made up of only a small part of native words and some borrowed words. The native words were the core words of English. According to a kind of classification of language, English is classified as a Teutonic language, which is a Germanic language. To be more exact, English belongs to the low West Germanic branch of the Indo-European family. Because of the complex history of Briton, the language of English is of a mixed character. On one hand, it shares with West Germanic languages many common words and similar grammatical structures. On the other hand, more than half of the English vocabulary is derived from Latin and French. Besides, English has accepted words from other languages of the world in the course of its historical development.The history of English language is divided into three periods:1. the old English period ( from 450AD to 1150 AD )2. the middle English period ( from 1150AD to 1500AD )3. the modern English period ( from 1500AD up to now )As I mentioned above, in fact, that there is also a period we can call it thepre-old English period, which includes the Celts, the Scottish and Irish races and culture, and also Welsh race and culture were brought by the Celts. Then the Romans brought Latin alphabet and civilization to this land. After these two were the formation of the Anglo-Saxons people, which is the original English race and language.Old English consists mainly about the native language of Anglo-Saxons people. The period from 450AD to 1150AD is known as the old English period, and it isalso been called Anglo-Saxons period. It is described as the period of full inflections, since during most of this period the case endings of the noun, the adjective, and the conjugation of the verb were not weakened. Also during this period, when the Norman Conquest in 1066AD brought French to England, and much of the English vocabulary was replaced by words borrowed from French and Latin.Old English is a synthetic language. (There are two classes of languages in the world: synthetic and analytic. A synthetic language is one which shows the relation of words in a sentence largely by means of inflections. An analytic language is one which indicates the relation of words in a sentence by means of word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs, rather than by inflections.) Old English nouns and adjectives have four cases: the nominative case, the genitive case, the dative case and the accusative case. Apart from these four cases, Latin nouns have the ablative and locative cases.Middle English period is from 1150AD to 1500AD. During this period the inflections which had begun to break down towards the end of the old English period, became greatly reduced, and it is known as the period of leveled inflections. The Norman Conquer was the cause of this change. The change of this period had a great effect on both grammar and vocabulary. In grammar English has changed from a highly inflected language to an analytic language. In this period many old English words were lost, but thousands of words borrowed from French and Latin appeared in the English vocabulary. French influence on the English vocabulary is much more direct and observable. The number of French words that came into English was very numerous. More than half of the English vocabulary is derived from Latin.Modern English period is from 1500 to the present. A large part of the original inflectional system has disappeared, and it is known as the period of lost inflections. We may divide this period into two parts: the early Modern English period and the Late Modern English period.The early modern English period extends from 1500AD to 1700AD. The chief influence of this time was the great humanistic movement of the Renaissance. In this period the study of the Latin and Greek classics was stressed, so the influence of Latin and Greek on English was great.The late modern English period started after 1700AD. The eighteenth century in England was a time of stabilizing and purifying the English language. The publication in 1755AD of A Dictionary of the English Language edited by Samuel Johnson was a typical example of consolidating and purifying the English language in this period. He set a standard for using English words in spelling, meaning and usage. In the eighteenth century French greatly influenced English. The number of French words in the period from 1650AD to 1800AD increased rapidly. Such as: ballet, cartoon, champagne, cohesion, dentist, patrol, publicity, routing, etc.Meanwhile the territorial expansion of the English empire in this period resulted in the expansion of the English vocabulary. Thus, there are many words flow into English vocabulary, which includes American Indian words, Mexican words, Peru words, Brazil words, India and African words.The nineteenth and twentieth centuries are a period of rapid expansion for the English vocabulary in the history of the English language. In this period many changes have taken place. Especially the great development of science and technology is reflected in the English vocabulary.Besides, the great changes in industry, in political and social lives, in sports and amusements all have contributed a great deal to the English vocabulary. Since the Second World War the English vocabulary has been affected powerfully by social, political, economic, especially scientific and technical changes. The English vocabulary not only changes, but also changes quickly in this period. Thousands of new words are added, existing words acquire new meaning and old words die out.Till now, the English vocabulary is still changing, some words come out and some die out. In a word, as society is constantly in a state of development, so is language. Society depends on language for its existence. As society develops new objects are created that require the invention of new words and expressions. Therefore, the changing of English vocabulary is an endless changing process.Bibliography:陆国强，published in 1999，Modern English Lexicology (new edition)Adams, Valerie, published in1982,An Introduction to Modern English Word-formation戴炜栋，published in 2002，A New Concise Course on Linguistics for Students of English朱永涛，published in 1997，The Society and Culture of Major English-speaking Countries林承璋，published in 1987，An Introduction to English Lexicology也可以写广告中的词汇特点：The Lexical Features of Advertisement on NewspaperNewspapers are generally the cheapest way to reach a mess audiences,and the timing is fast.Adverments make an important part on English Newspaper.We live in a world of advertising.Advertising provides a valuable service to society and its members,because it defines for consumers the meaning and the role of products,services and institutions.Newspaper advertisements’ main text use words for the spread of vector,and must must be simple eye-catching,because of the layout of resources.To some extent,thenewspaper advertisements content mainly rely on language toexpress.Advertising language ,playing a role of communication and persuasion,has developed its own features.Naturally,advertisements in English have become an important means of communicatingideas,demoinstrating a variety of linguistic features of its own.The present study discusses some lexical features of English advertisement texts.ⅠChoose the simple wordsAdvertiment language must be easily understood terms so that readers can get information as soon as possible.In advertising,simple words can win the consumers by their exact,effective expression an d a kind of closeness.E.g.①Take time.Any time.Continuous using two “time” can make the language simple and clear.②Once tasted,always loved.The article should be clearly and concisly understood in order to arouse the interest of customers on food which make them mouth-watering.③My goodness!My Guinness!Common language facilitate people to memory and speak,this reproduce the scene of people driking the Guinness beer which is full of praise.ⅡFrequent Employment of Simple VerbsSimple verbs are frequently employed in English advertisements, which is an obvious wording characteristics of English advertising texts.Verbs are the most important part of language.It is a prominent feature in adervertising english that verbs are regularly used for the ultimate goal of advertising ,which is to enable consumers to buy their goods.So in terms of the using of words,dynamic and strong word will produce a better feeling effects.Verbs can be used to “touch”the consumer's heart.In this way,they will have impules to buy the goods.E.g.①Drink Coca-Cola.②I want you to sponsor a Rice Paddy Baby.③For incredible speed and accuracy, try the Minolta 7000, the world’s first body-integral auto-focus SLR.In the above examples, “try”,”sponsor” and “drink”are to fulfill the “get action” requirement seem more euphemistic and even more attractive.④Get noticed. Get results.⑤Feel the Hyatt Touch.⑥Send today for your free sample, and try the new flavor.After reading the above ads, we feel encouraged to take buying action or make repeated purchases. The active voice doesn’t force people to take the passive action while it makes people feel that they do something of their own accord. Ⅲ. Adjectives⑴It is hard for us to think of any really persuasive message without the use of descriptive and vivid adjectives. Copywriters like to use a large number of adjectives not only to describe the quality and features of the products or services, but to a great extent to praise and beautify them.E.g.For people who care about their bodies, Dairy Farm brings fresh skimmed milk. With almost no fat, it keeps your body fit inside and outside, fresh skimmed milk. Fresh Dairy Farm.The adjective “fresh” in Example appears three times to emphasize how fresh the product is, making its quality particularly attra ctive. And the adjective “fit” points out the remarkable function of the product.⑵The copywriter tends to select the superlative or comparative forms of adjectives that carry positive meanings so as to make a comparison and stress the wonderful qualities of the advertised product. E.g.①Using Dove, I do feel 20 years younger.“Younger” just emphasizes the magic power of the product.②Discover the season’s newest splendor.The word “newest” , which is an advertisement of a kind of perfume, means “fashionable to the highest degree”.Of course, the advertisers must make sure that the advertised goods or services are actually the best in the same category.Sometimes people do not know how superb the goods or the services are in quality. Anyhow, people tend to believe what is said in advertisements.Ⅳ.New Words Constantly AppearIn order to attract people’s attention, copywriters like to create some new words which are more active. The new words are mainly used for truthfulness, humor or emphasis in English advertising texts. E.g.①Surefit Shoe Ltd.“Surefit” is a new word which makes consurms thing of a sentence”Surely to fit your feet”.That means the shoes are fot for your feet.②Give a Timex to all, and to all a good time.The well-known watch brand “Timex” is a variation of “Time + Excellent”, wh ich persuasively shows the merit of the watch brand. Thus, brand names get and retain a unique image.Ⅴ.PronousPronouns of the first and second person: we, I and you outnumber the other pronouns in advertisements. It is because that you, we and I help create a friend-like intimate atmosphere to move and persuade the audience. The audience will easily accept a product, a service or an idea as if a good friend recommended them.Sometimes,we use infinitive pronouns,such asall,everyone,none,nothing and so on in order to feflect the extraordinarycharacteristics of a particular commodity or it has been spending and receiving most of people.E.g.Our finest time.It is about a well-known red wine.A pair of lover drink together at romantic atmosphere.Ⅵ.Compound wordsA compound word is often a noun or an adjective made up of two or more words which are frequently used to express more information in limited space. Especially,compound adjectives are often seen in advertisements.E.g.Kodak Single-use-came ras take pictures where you wouldn’t normally take your camera.It used the compound word skillfully and describe the capability and function of the product incisively and vividly.Now we have briefly discussed the six wording characteristics of English advertisements. We have got to know that simple verbs and concise adjectives are very important words in English advertising, and that new words which are attractively used to stress the new and special qualities or functions of the advertised products. Language in advertising presents us with a colorful, interesting and wonderful world in order to serve the purpose of attracting advertising readers. Of course, besides the above features discussed in this study, there is much more for further study in advertising language.Email:********************。

英语词汇学论文(1)

On native words and borrowings in the English vocabulary AbstractAs time goes on, great changes have taken place in native English vocabulary. In addition to the inner evolvement of itself, it has also absorbed more and more borrowings from other culture. This essay will focus on exactly this subject. The main parts in this paper are: ①to exhibit the basic conceptions regarding native words and borrowings in English vocabulary;②to discuss the major features of English native words;③to discuss the major sources and features of borrowings in the English vocabulary; ④to explore the interrelation between the native and foreign elements in the English vocabulary.⑤to make a conclusion of the whole paper.Key words native words borrowings English vocabularyChapter 1 Basic Information about Native Words in English Vocabulary1、1 Definition of Native WordsWe should first make clear the exact definition of native words or borrowings no matter what we are going to discuss about them next.According to some dictionaries and books of lexicology, native words refer to words which originated in the region where it is used. To put it simple, native words are words that are not foreign or imported.Specifically, as for English vocabulary, native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the Germanic tribes, namely the angles, the Saxons, and the jutes, thus known as Anglo-Saxon words. Though words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number, they stand at the core of the language.1、2 Features of native wordsGenerally speaking, native words have these features below:First, they are neutral in style. That is to say, native words are usually neither formal nor informal. This is because native words denote the commonest things in human society. Almost all the people use them in all places, on all occasions, and at all times. Take the word begin and commerce for instance. Begin is a typical native word and commerce is a borrowing.Obviously, we use begin neither formally or informally. However we use commerce mostly in formal occasions.Second, they are frequent in use. Native words are the foudation and the core of the English vocabulary. Native words are most frequently used in everyday speech and writing. The percentage of native words in use reaches usually as high as 70 to 90 percent.Third, in structure they are mostly monosyllabic words.Fourth, in meaning they express the fundamental concepts dealing with everyday objects and things. At the same time, they are highly polysemic words, that is, they have many meanings.Fifth, in grammar they include most parts of speech.Sixth, they are of collocability. Many commonly-used expressions and phrases in English are made up of native words.Seventh, they are good at forming word in modern English. Native words in modern English can form a great number of derivatives. For example, watery and waterless are both the derivatives of water. Native words in modern English can also form many compounds. For example, the word fire can form many compounds, such as fireman, firefighter, fireplace and firebrand and so on.Chapter 2 Basic Information about Borrowings in English Vocabulary2.1 Definition and Main Features of BorrowingsBorrowings, or borrowed words, or loan words, refers to the words taken from foreign language.As a language which owns the most speakers, English has adopted words from almost all other major languages in the world. As is stated in Encyclopedia Americana, “the English language has vast debts. In any dictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowed”. Thus the English language is called “a heavy borrower”. Here “borrowing” is not real “borrowing”. It has nothing to with returning. It’s merely a metaphor stands for the foreign words from a different culture. But not all foreign words do become borrowings. If they fall out of use before they become widespread, they do not reach the borrowing stage.Through analyzing the borrowings in English vocabulary, we can find some common features among them.First, borrowings in English vocabulary usually do not have relative native words with the same meaning with them. When this is the case, certain concepts, ideas or objects of the “lending”language community are new to the people of the “borrowing” language community. So instead of making up a complete whole new word for the idea or object they simply borrow the word from the people they came in contact with.Second, borrowings are usually words that refer to exotic ideas, concepts or objects. An example of this is how names of animals that do not inherently come from Great Britain are often loanwords in English. The name of the animal is borrowed from the language that is spoken in the country in which the animal originally comes from or lives in.Third, most of the borrowings in English vocabulary are nouns. Nouns and lexical words in general, are borrowed more frequently than grammatical words. An example of this is the word “bagel”. The word was adopted from the Yiddish language, since the Jews were those who introduced bagels to the rest of the world. Many other languages, including English, therefore borrowed the word “bagel”.Fourth, borrowings are often even more widely known than native words since their borrowing served a certain purpose, for example to provide a name for a new invention. An example of such a borrowing is “pizza”. Since the Italians were those who introduce pizzas in England, the England borrowed the word from them.2.2 Major Sources of Borrowings in the English VocabularyTo discuss this question, we should first get to know the exact meaning of “source of borrowing”. Here it refers to the place where the borrowing was borrowed.Generally speaking, Latin, Greek and French are the three languages that have contributed most to the English language. Other foreign languages that have contributed words are of less importance.That is to say, Latin, Greek and French are the three main sources where borrowings in English vocanulary come from. Apart from the three, Scandinavian, Celtic, Dutch, Low German, Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, Spanish are also the main sources of borrowings in English vocabulary. Some examples of borrowings in English voabulary are as follows.Among those borrowings that come from the Germanic are the words father, mother, brother, man, wife, tree, grass, summer, winter, bring, come, get, hear, meet, and think and so on.Such words as constitution, president, parliament, congress, city, place, , diner, café, liberty, veracity, carpenter, draper, haberdasher, mason, painter, plumber, and tailor are from France.English has acquired many words from Spanish. Some of these have been borrowed directly: cigar, armada, guerrilla, matador, mosquito, and tornado.Borrowings from Latin have been especially numerous. Many of these represent combinations of Latin words: alnutrition, transfer, circumference, supernatural, submarine, suburb, substantial, contemporary, multilingual, conjunction, compassion, and hundreds more.Borrowings from Greek are heavy in the sciences and technology. In addition to macro and micro, often-used prefixes include poly and tele. Among the well-known English words from Greek are alphabet, geometry, geology, photography, psychology, pathology, biology, philosophy, telephone, logistics, and metamorphosis.Among the common English words that have come from Arabic are: alcohol, alchemy, algebra, alkali, almanac, arsenal, assassin, cipher, elixir, mosque, naphtha, sugar, syrup, zenith, and zero.Borrowings in English vocabulary are so numerous that they can not be listed one by one The above are the language sources that English vocabulary comes from. Below are the specific sources or we’d better say specific channels that borrowings come from. Generally speaking, English vocabulary mainly comes through conquest, commerce, travel, literature, mass media or some other ways. In other words, those borrowings have come into English vocabulary through the spoken word, on one hand, and through the written word, on the other hand.Chapter 3 The Interrelation between the Native and Foreign Elements in the English VocabularyIn fact, no language has so complex and varied a vocabulary as English. The English vocabulary has been adopted from more than fifty languages. As a cosmopolitan language English has no rival. That is to say, up to seventy percent of the English vocabulary consists of loan-words, and only thirty percent are native words.In spite of large-scale borrowings, it is the native words that form the basic stock of modern English vocabulary. And what’s more, native words are used in everyday speech and writing more frequently than borrowed words.Generally, the longer a borrowed word has been in the language, and the more frequently it is used, the more it resembles the native words of the language.In the course of historical development borrowed words have extended the total number of the English vocabulary, and Latin or Greek roots, prefixes or suffixes have changed the structures of English words.Chapter 4 conclusionTo sum up, we can say that English vocabulary has been marked by the word ‘borrowing’. Since early times, English has been in contact with other languages such as Greek, French, Scandinavian, Celtic, Dutch, Low German, Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, and Spanish and so on, and as a result, English vocabulary has been riched under the influence of other languages. It is native words and borrowings together help strengthen the English vocabulary and make it a very open and the most poewrful language in the modern world.Bibliography参考书目??/~kemmer/Words04/structure/borrowed.htmlhttp://www1.ku-eichstaett.de/SLF/EngluVglSW/grzega1032.pdfhttp://dooku.miun.se/engelska/englishC/C-essay/VT06/Final/NicoleFerm.pdf/~kemmer/Words/loanwords.html/media_file/200708/huashi/0809/cihuix/web/unit02.htm。

英语词汇学论文(浅谈英语词汇的发展)

英语是当今国际性最强的语言。

对学习英语的人来说，简单了解一下英语词汇的发展过程，对英语知识的掌握会是一个很大的促进。

英语是当今国际性最强的语言。

在全世界用得最广的10种语言中，英语居首，虽然说汉语的人数占世界首位，但说英语的人在世界上分布最广。

对学英语的人来说，简单了解一下英语词汇的发展过程，对学习英语不仅是一个很大的促进，而且随着英语在我国经济、商业各部门的地位Et趋重要，对英语词汇的发展有个大概的了解，会为较快地扩大词汇量，掌握更多的英语知识铺平道路。

一种民族语言及其词汇的发展与民族的历史密切相关。

要了解英语词汇的发展史，不可避免地跟整个英语的发展史，及至英国的历史是密不可分的。

不列颠群岛的最早居民是克尔特人。

公元前55年，罗马人在凯撒大帝的率领下入侵不列颠群岛，克尔特人被赶入威尔士和苏格兰的深山之中。

这一时期，在英国历史上称为罗马占领时期。

直到公元410年，罗马占领时期才告结束。

随后，来自德国北部平原的三个13耳曼部落盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人开始来到不列颠定居，英语就是盎格鲁——撒克逊人的语言。

语言史家一般把英语的历史分为三个时期：古英语时期；中古英语时期；现代英语时期。

一、古英语时期：又称盎格鲁——撒克逊时期。

13耳曼部落在不列颠定居以后，各自占领了一地区。

盎格鲁人占领了泰晤士河以北的英格兰大部地区和苏格兰的低地；撤克逊人占领了泰晤士河以南的大部分地区；朱特人占领了肯特郡一带地区。

由于全国长期没有统一，所以，古英语时期存在着多种方言，其中撒克逊语曾一度占主导地位，在英语形成过程中起了重要作用。

古英语的词汇有着浓厚的13耳曼语族的特点，这主要表现为复合法是重要的构词方法，复合词在古英语词汇中占有显著地位。

据统计，在英语史诗《贝奥伍夫》的3000行诗句中，竞有1069个复合词，像fifteen，Sunday，Monday等都在其中。

古英语时期有两个重要历史事件给英语词汇带来较大影响。

第一件事是基督教传人英国。

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尽管花费了大量时间精力去背，记忆的效果却差强人意，原因就在于没有使用科学的方法记忆词汇。

其实，世间万物都是有规律性的，英语单词的组词与构词方法也有规律，了解了它的规律有利于我们有效甚至高效学习英语单词。

为了提高单词记忆的效率，本文从不同方面介绍几种记忆方法。

例如ay读[ei]。

带有ay字母组合的词，如say，day，way，pay，may，play，spray，不仅发音容易，而且拼写也没有任何困难。

用谐音法记单词是，根据外语单词的读音到中文中寻找与其读音相似的谐音，寻找到谐音与单词的联系。

用这种方法甚至可能达到终身不忘，这也正是谐音记忆法的绝妙之处。

例如：mouth嘴[联想：说话“冒失”的就是嘴]think想[联想：想时要“深刻”]二．联想法1.拆分联想科学研究表明：联想是记忆的基础。

世界著名的生理学家巴甫洛夫指出："记忆要依靠联想，而联想则是新旧知识建立联系的产物。

”联想法是联想记忆的进一步运用和发展。

它是指学习者展开积极丰富的想象力，使所要记忆的知识生动、形象化，通过联想在新旧知识(如英语熟词词义与生词词义)之间建立起一种联系，从而达到以旧带新、快速记忆的目的。

例如：legislate v.立法将该词分解成leg、is、late三个字母组合，这三个字母组合恰好都是我们熟悉的英语单词，轻松就能记住，所以legislate可记成：为腿（leg）立法，总是（is）太迟（late）以后我们再看到单词legislate，就会不由自主地想起这个有趣的句子，legislate的词义也就在其中了。

而且，据大多数试用此记法的人亲身体会，一旦将legislate的词义真正熟记之后，用以联想的具体记法会逐渐淡化，而单词的词义却会深深地被记住。

Family =father and mother,I love you !爸爸，妈妈，我爱你们！，由此构成一个家庭。

crystal(水晶) 联想记忆为cry(哭泣)+ stal (联想为star星星)，所以“水晶”就是天上的星星哭泣的时候掉下的眼泪。

grouse “gr”想象成“grow”，你长大了，嫌家里地方太小了，处处限制你的自由了，你当然会“埋怨，发牢骚”了。

district n.区域，地区，行政区将该词分解成汉字“弟”的拼音di和词义为“严格的”的英语单词strict，则可记成：弟（di）在行政区里面，遵守严格的（strict）的制度。

2.对比联想英语词汇中有许多的单词都有意义相对应的词，我们可以通过对比、对照的方式，联想到它的同义词，反义词，同根词，同类词等。

在记忆单词时，如果对一个表示人的男性或表示动物的雄性名词联想与其相对应的同一类女性或雌性名词，当我们记忆father（父亲）一词时，可同时联想与其相对应的同一类女性名词mother（母亲）。

这样对应记忆单词可同时记住两个词，从而使记忆单词的效率提高一倍。

（1）.同义词：big—large; small—little（2）反义词：fat—thin; long—short（3）呼应词：circle, square, triangle,rectangle（4）同类名词：brother兄弟—sister姐妹man男人—woman女人groom新郎—bride新娘（5）同根词：care——careful——carefully三．分类法单词不仅是代表客观世界中事物的符号，它也反映说话人的文化社会背景和不同的经验意图。

因此我们在记忆单词时联系自己所在的环境，根据实际需要，对日常生活中的事物进行分类，按照单词所表达的含义分类记忆。

a、交通工具bike（自行车）car（小汽车）train（火车）bus （公共汽车）……b、食物bamana（香蕉）vegetable（蔬菜）fruit（水果）hamburger （汉堡包）……c、家庭成员father（父亲）mother（母亲）son（儿子）daughter （女儿）……d、时间morhing（早晨、上午）afternoon（下午）night（晚上）evening（傍晚）……e、颜色white（白色）red（红色）blue（蓝色）green（绿色）……f、节日MayDay（五一节）ArmyDay（建军节）NationalDay （国庆节）……四．阅读记忆法单词并不是孤立的，它必须结合一定的句子。

只有把单词按照语言规律结合成句子。

外语原文是外语词汇、词法、句法、惯用语、句型、各方面知识的综合体，反复地大量地阅读原文，不仅能巩固学过的单词，还能学到新单词，扩大词汇量。

联系上下文去理解，去掌握，才是记忆单词的好方法。

借助语言环境，才能提高记忆的效率。

例如：Bricks and mortar are mortar and bricks,only the architect can make it different. 通过阅读我们很容易理解mortar的意思，这就是阅读记忆单词的好处。

五．反复记忆法很多人都有这种感觉，花了很长时间背下的单词，过不了多久就遗忘了不少，挫败感很大。

根据艾宾浩斯的遗忘曲线规律：遗忘的进程是不均匀的，在识记后最初的一段时间遗忘的比较快，而后逐渐变慢。

唯一的解决方法就是反复记忆，提高重复率。

但是如果只是机械地重复是不行的，复习的时间要间隔应先短后长并且不断循环。

六．构词记忆法英语中有一半以上的词都是借助构词法来延伸变化的，利用构词法知识记忆，就能很快扩大我们的词汇量。

英语单词是由词素构成的，词素分为自由词素和粘附词素。

我们可以通过分解单词的前缀、词根、后缀以及派生、合成等方式来理解单词的含义。

合成：就是把两个或两个以上的单词组合成一个新词，如：foot 脚+print痕迹= footprint 足迹，脚印; thunder 打雷+storm 暴风雨= thunderstorm 雷雨雷暴派生:是在一个词根上加前缀或后缀从而构成另一个新词。

1.前缀法前缀法记忆单词：把具有相同前缀的单词编为一组，以同一前缀为主线将它们串联起来记忆。

例如：1)纯否定前缀a-, an-, asymmetry anhydrousdis- dislikein-, ig-, il, im, ir, inability, ignoble, impossible, illegal, irregular ne-, n-, none, neverneg-, neglectun- unable2）a- 加于名词、动词和形容词之前构成副词，具有in，on，at，to，by，of，with之意aloud高声地aright正确地3）表示相反，相互对立意思anti-, ant- antiknock( 防震)contra-, contre-, contro-, contradictioncounter-, counterbalanceob-, oc-, of-, op-, object, oppose, occupywith-, withdraw4）表示共同，相等意思的前缀com-, cop-, con-, cor-, co- 表示“共同，一起”。

connect, combine, collect, co-operatesyn-, syl-,sym-,表示“同，共，和，类”sympathy, synthesis(合成)2.后缀法后缀是决定一个词的词性的重要标记，后缀表示单词的词类和词性，不同的后缀还含有不同的词汇意义。

例如：1）名词后缀A. -ster，-eer，-er（or）意为：从事某种职业或参与某种活动的人.例词：gamester，engineer，profiteer，driver，actorB．-let意为：小或者不重要的东西例词：booklet，leafletC．-ette意为：小的东西例词：cigarette 假的东西例：leatherette 女性例词：usheretteD．-ess意为：女性例词：actress，poetessE．-hood意为：时期例词：boyhood，childhoodF．-ship意为：才能，状态，资格，品质等例词：leadership，G．-ful意为：量例词：cupful，handfulH. -tion，-ion意为状态，行动等例词：action，oppression机构等例词：organizationI. -ment意为：状态，行动等例词：movementJ．-al意为：动作例词：arrivalK．-age意为：程度，数量等例词：wastage hostageL．-ness；-ity（ty）意为：状态，品质例词：happiness，selfishness，kindness，rapidityM．-ism意为：道义，主义，学说等例词：idealism，absenteeism，racism2)动词后缀A．-ify意为：转为，变为diversify，simplifyB．-ize；-en意为：使……，变得……hospitalize，symbolize，ripen，widenC．-ate意为：增加，使……validate，differentiate3)形容词后缀A．-ful意为：充满，有useful，pitifulB．-less意为：没有，无hopeless，meaninglessC．-ly意为：有……品质的brotherly，friendlyD．-like意为：像……的statesmanlike，tiger-likeE．-y；-ish意为：像……一般的watery，foolish，girlish，blackish F．-some意为：像……一样的；引起……的；有……品质的wholesome，tiresome，bothersomeG. -able（ible）意为：能……的；可以……的comfortable，expansible H．-ed意为：有……的moneyed，odd-shapedI．-al意为：有……属性的，……类型的regional，musical J．-ary（ory）意为：属于……的，与……相连的contradictory K．-ous意为：富含……的；有……品质的；像……的malicious，graciousL．-ic（ical）意为：……类的；属于……的dramatic，heroic M．-ive意为：有……属性的；有某种倾向的sensitive4)副词后缀A．-ly意为：以……方式boldly，strangelyB．-ward（s）意为：表示方式或动作的方向earthward（s），homeward （s），eastward（s）3.词根词缀法词根是构成外语单词的核心，它是表示该词最基本意义的重要词素。