心理语言学名词解释 注释版

1. Assimilation 同化A phonological process in which one speech sound replaced by another that is similar sounds elsewhere in the utterance.2 Accommodation顺应A phonological process in which elements that are shifted or deleted are adapted to their error-induced environments.3. Assemblage errors The correct choice or word has been made, but the utterance has been faultily assembled.Eg. writtening threat letters---writing threatening letters4. Aphasia失语症A language or speech disorder caused by brain damage.5. Anaphoric reference回指A form of reference cohesion in which one linguistic expression refers back to prior information in discourse.6. .Behaviorism行为主义The doctrine that states that the proper concern of psychology should be the objective study of behavior rather than the study of the mind.7. Critical period hypothesis临界期假设The view that there is a period early in life in which we are especially prepared to acquire a language.8. Coalescence合并A phonological process in which phonemes from different syllables are combined into a single syllable.9. Common ground共识The shared understanding of those involved in the conversation.10. Core grammar核心语法is the grammar that rules the essence of syntax of a language (principles and parameters).It is an innate ability.11. Categorical perception范畴听辨The disablilty to discriminate sounds within a phonemic category.12. Cohort Model群模型A model of auditory word recognition in which listeners are assumed to develop a group of candidates, a word initial cohort, and then determine which member of that cohort corresponds to the presented word.13. Coherence连贯The degree to which different parts of a text are connected to one another. Coherence exits at both local and global levels of discourse.14...Distinctive features显著特征The specification of the differences between speech sounds in terms of individual contrasts15. Descriptive adequacy描写充分性The extent to which a grammar can provide a structural description of a sentence.16. Explanatory adequacy解释充分性The extent to which a agrammar can explain the facts of language acquisition. See also descriptive adequacy and observational adequacy.17. Episodic memory情景记忆The division of permanent memmory in which personally experienced information is stored.18 Holophrase 表句词A one-word utterance used by a child to express more than the meaning attributed to the word by adults..19. Idiomorph A sound or sound sequence used consistenly by a child to refer to someone or something even though it is not the sound sequence conventionally used in the language for that purpose.20. Incremental processing增量处理The notion that we are planning one portion of our utterance as we articulate another portion.21. Language bioprogram hypothesis语言生物程序假设The hypothesis that children whose environmental exposure to language is limited use a backup linguistic system.22. Language transfer 语言迁移In second-language acquisition, the process in which the first language influences the acquisition of a subsequent language23. Logogen词汇发生Structure in the internal lexicon that specifies the various attributes (semantic, orthographic, and so on) of a word.24. Mutual exclusivity bias相互排斥倾向A cognitive constraint in which children assume that an object is ordinarily not given two different names.25. . Motherese母式语言A form of adult-to-child speech characterized by relatively simple utterances, concrete referents, exaggerated intonation patterns, and a high proportion of directive utterances.26. Memory span记忆广度A person's memory span is the number of items that can be reliably recalled in the correct order.27. Minimal attachment strategy最少接触策略A principle used in parsing. It states that we prefer attaching new items into the phrase marker being constructed using the fewest syntactic nodes consistent with the rules of the language.28. Overregularization规则泛化When a child applies a linguisitic rule to cases that are exceptions to the rule--for example, saying goed instead of went.29. Observational adequacy观察充分性The extent to which a grammar can distinguish between acceptance and unacceptance strings of words. See also descriptive adequacy and explanatory adequacy.30. Pidgin混杂语An auxiliary language that is created when speakers of mutually unintelligible languages are in close contact.31. Psycholinguistics心理语言学The study of the comprehension, production, and acquisition of language.32. Psychological reality心理现实性one assumption (that was made) was that the surface structure was the starting point for comprehension and that the deep structure was the and point, the roles were assumed to be reversed for production.33.. Parallel processing平行加工When two or more processses take place at the same time.34. Parsing句法分析The process of assigning words into grammatical categories.35. Reduction减少A phonological process in child language in which one or more phonemes are deleted. Also called cluster reduction because consonant clusters are often reduced, such as saying take for steak.36. Semantic bootstrapping语义引导The process of using semantics to acquire syntax37. Speech errors=slip of tongue Refer to faults made by speakers during the production of sounds,words and sentences. Both native and non-native speakers of a language make mistakes when speaking.There are two types of speech errors, one is assemblage error, the other is selection error.38. Selection errors A wrong item (or items) is chosen, where something has gone wrong with the selection process.Eg. tooth hache---tooth paste39. Semantic memory语义记忆The portion of permanent memory that contains organized knowledge of words, concepts, symbols, and objects. See also internal lexicon40. Semantic network语义网络A model of semantic memory in which words are represented as nodes and connected to other nodes by various semantic relationships.41. Semantic priming语义启动An experimental procedure in which one word is presented in advance of another, target word, which reduces the time needed to retrieve or activate the target word.42. Schema图式A structure in semantic memory that specifies the expected sequence ofenvents.43. Transformational-generative grammar转换生成语法TGgrammar. Chomsky 1957.It has since been developed by him and many other linguistics. Chomsky attempted to provide a model for the description of other linguistics. A TG grammar tries to show, with a system of rules, the knowledge which a native speaker of a language uses in forming grammatical sentences.44. Typicality effect典型性效应The fact that it takes longer to verify a statement of the form An A is a B when A is not typical or characteristic of B.45. Working memory工作记忆区A form of memory with both storage and processing functions. Working memory is used to hold information for a short period of time as well as to perform various operations on the stored information.。