12%石灰土技术交底

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论语第12章英文翻译

12.1Y an Hui asked about humaneness. The master said, “To restrain oneself and observe the ritual constitute humaneness. Onece you have done these, the world will consider you humane. However, the practice of humaneness depends on no but yourself.”Y an Hui then asked, “What are the essentials of humaneness?” The master answered, “Do not look unless it is in accordance with the tituals, do not listen unless it is in accordance with the rituals, do not speak unless it is in accordance with the rituals, do not do anything that is in accordance with the rituals.”Y an Hui said, “ Though I am not intelligent, I shall stick to what you have just said.”12.2Zhong Gong asked about humaneness. The master said, “ In public, act as if you were receiving an honoured guest. While employing the services of the common people, act as if you were officiating a major ceremony. Do not do to others what you do not wish others do to you. In this way, you will incur no bitter feelings against you wether in state or family affairs.”Zhong Gong said, “Though I am not intelligent, I shall follow what you have just said.12.3Sima Niu asked about humaneness. The Master said, “A man of honor is cautious with his words.”Sima Niu asked, “Does that mean a man who is cautious with his words can be regarded as humane?”The Master said, “ How can a man not be cautious with his words when it is so difficult to turn his words into deeds?”12.4Sima Niu asked about being a man of honor. The master said, “A man of honor is free from worries and fears.”Sima Niu asked, “Can one be called a man of honor simply because he is free from worries and fears?”The Master said, “ If one has a clear conscience, what has he to worry about and fear?”12.5Sima Niu complained, “ Others have brothers, I alone have none.”Zixia said to him, “ I have heared it said that life and death are described by fate; weath and rank decreed by Heaven. The man of honor is dedicated to his work, does nothing wrong and is respectful and polite to others. Thus, all people within the Four Seas are his brothers. Why,then, does he have to worry about not having any brothers?”12.6Zizhang asked about clear-sightedness. The Master said, “ When one is not affected by slanders though the have been assiduously repeated, nor by false charges suddenly thrown at him, he can be said to be clear-sighted. More than that, he can be said to be far-sighted.”12.7Zigong asked about government. The Master said, “The essentials of good government are abundance of food, plenty of arms and the trust of the people.”Zigong asked, “ What if one of these three essentials had to be dispensed with, which one should it be ?”The Master said, “ Arms.”“ What if one of the remaining teo had to be dispensed with, which one should it be ?”“ Food,” said the Master. “ After all, since the beginning if time, no one has been able to escape the fate of death. But without the trust of the common people, the government would have nothing to sustain itself.”12.8Ji Zicheng siad, “ The important thing about a man of honor is his good intrinsic quality. (When he has good intrinsic quality,) what need is there for cultural refinement?”Zigong said, “ What a pity that you should talk about a man of honor in such a way. A word once spoken cannot be overtaken even by a team of four horses. ( To a man of honor,) cultural refinement is just as important as his intrinsic quality. The skin of a tiger or leopard would be no defferent from that of a dog or sheep once its colorful fur is shorn.”12.9Duke Ai(of Lu) asked Y ouruo, “We have had a poor harvest and I have not enough to cover my expenditures. What should I do ?”Y ouruo answered, “ Why not introduce a tithe?” The duke said, “ I don‟t have enough to spend even if I double the rate, how could a tithe do?”To which Y ouruo replied, “ When the people have plenty, the sovereign will not be in want; when the people are in want, how can the sovereign have plenty?”12.10Zizhang asked how one could cultivate virtue and the ability to resolve doubts at times of confusion. The master said, “ Make it your guiding principle to be loyal and trustworthy and keep to the path of righteousness and you will be cultivating virtue. When you love a person, you want him to have a long life, but when you hete him, you want him to die. When you want him both to live and to die, that is confusion. … If you did not love her for her riches, you must have forsaken her, for you have changed your mind‟.”12.11Duke Jing (of Qi) asked Confucius about government. Confucius replied, “ Let the sovereign be a sovereign, the subject a subject, the father a fether, the son a son.”The Duke remarked, “ Well said. If the sovereign did not act like a sovereign, the subject not like a subject, the father not like a father and the son not like a son, then even if there were plenty of grain, would I get my share?”12.12The Master said, “If there‟s anyone who can settle a litigation case on the basis of evidence provided by one party, Zilu is probably the one.”Zilu never puts off fulfilling his promise.12.13The Master said, “ In settling a lawsuit, I am little different from others. I feel it is best to do away with all lawsuits.”12.14Zizhang asked about government. The Master said, “Never slacken your efforts at your post, show your loyalty when carrying out government orders.”12.15The Master said, “ The humane will not go astray for he is widely read and he keeps himself in line with the rituals.”12.16The Master said, “A man of honor helps others to realize their best aims, but not their worst desires. A petty-minded man does the opposite.”12.17Ji Kangzi asked Confucius about government. Confucius said, “ The world zheng is a homonym of the word zheng. If you set an example by being upright, who would dare to be otherwise?”12.18Ji Kangzi was disturbed by the large number of thieves. He asked Confucius for advice. Confucius said, “ If you were not covetous, no one would commit burglary even if they were to be rewarded for doing so.”12.19Ji Kangzi asked Confucius about government , “ What do you think of killing those who do not follow the Way so as to move the people closer to those who follow the the Way ?”Confucius answered , “ In governing a state, what need is there for you to kill? If you govern the state well , the common people will naturally become good. The morality of the man of honor is like the wind. That of the petty man is like grass. When there is a wind, the grass is sure to bend in the direction the wind blows.”12.20Zizhang asked, “ What must a scholar do to become prestigious?”The Master asked him, “ What is your understanding of being prestigious?”Zizhang answered, “ To be well-known whether serving the state or the big family.”“ But that is only being well-known and not prestigious. To win prestige, one must be upright and just sensitive to other‟s words and observant of their moods and expressions, and always ready to give precedence to others. Such a person is sure to win prestige whether he serves the state or a big family. A well-known person may put on an appearance of being honorable, but acts to the contrary, and feels no qualms about it. Such a person can make himself well-known whatever he does, in or out of government.12.21Fan Chi accompanied Confucius on an outing to the Rain Altar. He said, “May I ask how one can cultivate virtue, clear up resentment against oneself and recognize foolishness?”The Master answered, “What an excellent question! Isn‟t a person cultivating virtue when he places service before reward? Isn‟t he clearing up resentment when he criticizes his own mistakes rather than those of others? Isn‟t it foolishness when, in a sudden fit of anger, one neglects his own safety and even that of his parents?”12.22Fan Chi asked about humaneness. The Master said, “Know your fellow men.”He asked about wisdom. The Master said, “Know your fellow men。

12岁生日演讲稿范文五篇

【导语】⼗⼆岁代表的是告别了天真烂漫的⼉童时代，即将步⼊如诗如梦的少年，这⼗⼆年来，我要感谢我的爸爸，妈妈，姥姥，姥爷和爷爷，奶奶，是他们的呵护才让我从⼀个⽆知的少⼉茁壮长成懂事的少年。

我还要感谢我的亲朋好友。

⽆忧考为⼤家整理的《12岁⽣⽇演讲稿范⽂五篇》，希望对⼤家有所帮助！12岁⽣⽇演讲稿范⽂篇⼀亲爱的各位来宾：⼤家好！⾮常感谢你们能参加我的⼗⼆岁⽣⽇！⼗⼆岁代表的是告别了天真烂漫的⼉童时代，即将步⼊如诗如梦的少年。

这⼗⼆年来，我要感谢我的爸爸、妈妈、姥姥、姥爷和爷爷、奶奶，是他们的呵护才让我从⼀个⽆知的少⼉茁壮长成懂事的少年；我还要感谢我的亲朋好友，是他们帮助和关怀让我⾛过了⼗⼆年美好时光；我更要感谢我的同学和⽼师，在同学的帮助下使我学习成绩有所提⾼，在同学的⿎励下使我变得更坚强，同学们带给了我⽆限的欢乐。

在⽼师的教育下，使我增长了知识，在⽼师的关怀下，使我感到了温暖，在⽼师的辅导下使我的成绩⽇渐优秀。

在这⼗⼆年⾥，我变得独⽴、勇敢、坚强，遇事也⼗分沉重冷静。

我在⼗⼆年⾥也参加了很多⽐赛，获得了许多奖项，这也给了我锻炼的机会，让我学会了做⼈处事。

我以后要学会跟⼈交流沟通这项技能，让我变得更优秀，语⾔就是通往捷径的⼀条路，学会沟通是现代⼈的标志之⼀，它会给我带来许许多多的机会。

我很快就要告别⼩学，升⼊初中了，我⼀定要养成预习、复习的好习惯，这⼀定会让我的学习更加优秀，学起来也会⼗分轻松。

最后，我代表我们全家将最美好的祝福送给⼤家，祝⼤家⾝体健康、⽣活幸福、万事如意！12岁⽣⽇演讲稿范⽂篇⼆尊敬的爷爷奶奶、叔叔阿姨和各位好朋友：⼤家好！⾸先感谢⼤家在百忙中参加我的⼗⼆岁⽣⽇宴会。

12年的时间，既短⼜长，对于我的⼈⽣来说，是刚刚起步，浓墨重彩还在未来；⼤树新添了⼀圈年轮，⼩鸟的⽻⽑渐渐丰满，我也满12岁了。

每年的⽣⽇就是⼀个⼈成长的印记。

在这⾥，我⾸先要感谢我最最亲爱的爸爸妈妈。

12 闻一多先生的说和做

能力拓展
1、“说”或“做”的相关成语或名言。
一言九鼎
一诺千金
言出必行一言既出，驷马难追言必行，行必果
讨论
1、闻先生的治学态度对我们有什么启示？
“用心要专”“要有实干精神”“要严谨刻苦”“耐得住寂寞”“读书应有大目标”“为中华之强盛而读书” 等等。
写作特色
1、结构严谨。
2、精于剪裁。
作者简介
臧克家（ 1905—2004），现代诗人。主要作品有《烙印》《老马》《自己的写照》，抗战后出版了《从军行》《淮上吟》等诗集。解放后出版的诗集有《春风集》《欢呼集》《臧克家诗选》和长诗《李大钊》等。
资料链接
闻一多（1899—1946），著名诗人、学者、爱国民主战士。 1923年出版第一部诗集《红烛》，闪烁着反帝爱国的火花。 1928年出版第二部诗集《死水》，表现出深沉的爱国激情。
课文中对闻一多的语言、肖像有许多具体描写还有细节描写，都能起到具体再现闻一多先生那令人尊敬的高大形象的作用，使他的精神、品格、作风仿佛都成了可以具体感知的东西。
课文中对闻一多的语言、肖像有许多具体描写。例如炯炯目光、头发零乱、昂首挺胸、长发飘飘、目不窥园。又有细节描写，例如“一个又一个大的四方竹纸本子，写满了密密麻麻的小楷，如群蚁排衙”。凡此种种，能起到具体再现闻先生那令人尊敬的高大形象的作用，使他的精神、品格、作风仿 C ） A．弥高（满）锲而不舍（刻） B．兀兀穷年（一年到头）诗兴不作（起，发） C．迥乎不同（差得远）沥尽心血（滴） D．目不窥园（从缝隙中看）气冲斗牛（凶猛的牛）
拓展阅读
七子之歌
闻一多
你可知“妈港”不是我的真名姓？我离开你的襁褓太久了，母亲！但是他们掳去的是我的肉体，你依然保管着我内心的灵魂。三百年来梦寐不忘的生母啊！请叫儿的乳名，叫我一声“澳门”！母亲！我要回来，母亲！

十二月是什么星座,12月份的星座有哪些

十二月是什么星座，12月份的星座有哪些十二月份出生的人是什么星座 12月01日-12月21日：射手座12月22日-12月31日：摩羯座射手座好吗射手座人的特点：射手座崇尚自由，并有幽闭恐惧的倾向，若长久处在相同的环境中会变得相当沮丧。

喜欢探讨自己所不了解的领域，语言是他们拓展见闻的工具，因而积极拓展多方面的语言能力。

常会着眼于自己能力所不及的事物，将之视为简单易得的目标而全力追求，却总是在完成一件事情之前就急于从事新的计划。

当他们感到疲倦时，多半是因为单调无聊所致，只要换个工作就能恢复一贯的生气。

必须设法纠正不安分的缺陷，否则在事业或婚姻上难有美满的结局。

一般而言射手女都大大咧咧外向直率，粗线条。

当身边出现了狠多的事情时，射手会想：不管怎么样，只要没有欺骗，喜欢有什么就是什么。

射手喜欢承受那些不能承受的痛，对自己爱的人永远的没有底线。

但是忍无可忍的那天将是分开的那天。

因为此时射手放弃了、绝望了、坚持不了。

摩羯座好吗十二月是什么星座，十二月份是什么星座摩羯座的人的特点：摩羯座孤独、忍耐的性格，加上半生的努力，比一般人晚发；所以必须寻找一位能相互合作又和蔼可亲的对象。

魔羯的事业野心在12星座中最为突出，因为性格中“冷”的成分占了多数，她们过于理性的冷静会给人留下不解风情的印象，所以通常魔羯的桃花运比较少。

平日不妨观察一下你身边的魔羯，他们每天风风火火忙于工作，却很少把心思花在别处，尤其在生活之道上有些薄弱，属于那种不太有趣的人。

对物质、权势、地位的一种追求，他们可以为了这些欲望不惜牺牲其他东西，“铁石心肠”就是魔羯的真实写照。

但有人把魔羯称做“叫好不叫座的星座”，这与她们的男性化特色有关，尽管魔羯的事业雄心值得佩服。

十二星座有白羊座、金牛座、双子座、巨蟹座、狮子座、处女座、天秤座、天蝎座、射手座、摩羯座、水瓶座、双鱼座查看星座应该是按阳历的！没有阴历。

白羊座：3月21日—4月20日金牛座：4月21日—5月20日双子座：5月21日—6月21日巨蟹座：6月22日—7月22日狮子座：7月23日—8月22日处女座：8月23日—9月22日天枰座：9月23日—10月22日天蝎座：10月23日—11月21日射手座：11月22日—12月21日魔蝎座：12月22日—1月19日水瓶座：1月20日—2月18日双鱼座：2月19日—3月20日而12月跨越了两个星座，12月上中旬都是射手座的，12月下旬则是摩羯座。

闲说十二生肖、地支与十二因缘

闲说⼗⼆⽣肖、地⽀与⼗⼆因缘谈起⼗⼆⽣肖，中国⼈是最熟悉不过了，不仅中国⼈熟悉，估计深受中国⽂化影响的东南亚地区也⾮常熟悉，因为熟悉，故“司空见惯”，正如古代的司空（古代的官职）见惯了美⼥，故不⾜为会透过现象去探求背后的事理，故我们这些普通⼈永远是“困惑不觉”，正如⼩时候我们经常背诵：春眠不觉晓，处处闻啼鸟，夜来风⾬声，花落知多少？我们⼀直沉浸在东⽅古典的意境之中沉睡不醒，不会如西⽅⼈⼀样⾮要去看看到底花为什么会落？落了多少？为什么落这么多？这正是东西⽅⼈最⼤的差别之⼀吧？我们不仅要弘扬我们⾃⼰的民族⽂化，⽽且要让中国⽂化在世界的舞台为⼈类⽂明再造辉煌，迫切的要求每⼀个中华⼦孙要学点西⽅⼈的“探究精神”，故把我们最富有东⽅神秘⾊彩的“⼗⼆地⽀”与“⼗⼆⽣肖”、“⼗⼆因缘”做⼀番也许属于个⼈妄想的“探究”。

亥猪（⽆明）→⼦⿏（⾏）→丑⽜（识）→寅虎⼗⼆⽣肖，也叫⼗⼆兽历，当然指的是，亥猪（⽆明）（名⾊）→卯兔（六⼊）→⾠龙（触）→巳蛇（受）→午马（爱）→未⽺（取）→申猴（有）→⾣鸡（⽣）→戌狗（⽼死）。

这⾥我已经把⼗⼆⽣肖与⼗⼆地⽀与⼗⼆因缘联系到⼀起来说了，为了与⼗⼆因缘对照，就把亥猪放到了前⾯，如果运⽤东⽅哲学中特有的“圆形”思维，把这些阴阳、五⾏、四象、⼋卦、⼗⼆⽣肖、⼗⼆地⽀、⼗⼆因缘、⼗⼆星座等等统统⽤⼀个圆标识出来，应该⾮常具有太极的艺术之美。

紧密相连的印度、尼泊尔地区进⾏⼴泛的⽂化融合，故印度这个古代⽂明古国⾸先与中国进⾏“⽂明对话”⾸先具有地域的便利性。

所以有学者认为，⼗⼆⽣肖来⾃古代的天竺，这当然不是胡乱的联打开世界地图仔细来看，我想，⽆论对于⽂明或者⽂化有兴趣之⼈定然⾮常赞叹钱穆先⽣的论述，⽽赵翼先⽣⽤了“侵寻”两个字，更是道出了⽂明与⽂化的交流、对话、融合实质，⽽恰恰印度半岛与中国之间就有了游牧民族，这不能不说不是⼈类之幸！这个前提⼀旦确⽴，就⾜以说明，可能来源于印度的⼗⼆⽣肖通过我国西北地区的游牧民族与中国⽂化固有的⼗⼆地⽀⼀拍即合，马上交融⼀体，彰显出东⽅⽂明的智慧是⼀定的，⽆独有偶，⽽释迦佛乃印度的⼤圣⼈，当然他的⼗⼆因缘学说与印度固有的⼗⼆⽣肖与中国的⼗⼆地⽀具有⾼度的⼀致性，不同国度的⼤彻⼤悟之⼈⽤不同的语⾔来表达出也许⾄今我们也弄不明⽩的真理。

西游记12回主要内容

西游记12回主要内容《西游记》是中国古典四⼤名著之⼀，是由明代⼩说家吴承恩所创作的中国古代第⼀部浪漫主义的长篇神魔⼩说，下⾯是⼩编整理的西游记12回主要内容，欢迎⼤家阅读！西游记12回主要内容观⾳菩萨变成疥癞游僧，将锡杖袈裟献给太宗。

太宗将其赐予⽞奘。

观⾳上台对⽞奘⾔⼤乘佛法的妙处，⽞奘愿去西天，太宗封其为“御弟圣僧”，赐号为“三藏”。

三藏唐僧出关⽽去。

西游记——第⼗⼆回⽞奘秉诚建⼤会观⾳显象化⾦蝉诗⽈：龙集贞观正⼗三，王宣⼤众把经谈。

道场开演⽆量法，云雾光乘⼤愿龛。

御敕垂恩修上刹，⾦蝉脱壳化西涵。

普施善果超沉没，秉教宣扬前后三。

贞观⼗三年，岁次⼰巳，九⽉甲戌初三⽇，癸卯良⾠。

陈⽞奘⼤阐法师，聚集⼀千⼆百名⾼僧，都在长安城化⽣寺开演诸品妙经。

那皇帝早朝已毕，帅⽂武多官，乘凤辇龙车，出离⾦銮宝殿，径上寺来拈⾹。

怎见那銮驾？真个是：⼀天瑞⽓，万道祥光。

仁风轻淡荡，化⽇丽⾮常。

千官环佩分前后，五卫旌旗列两旁。

执⾦⽠，擎斧钺，双双对对；绛纱烛，御炉⾹，霭霭堂堂。

龙飞凤舞，鹗荐鹰扬。

圣明天⼦正，忠义⼤⾂良。

介福千年过舜禹，升平万代赛尧汤。

⼜见那曲柄伞，滚龙袍，辉光相射；⽟连环，彩凤扇，瑞霭飘扬。

珠冠⽟带，紫绶⾦章。

护驾军千队，扶舆将两⾏。

这皇帝沐浴虔诚尊敬佛，皈依善果喜拈⾹。

唐王⼤驾，早到寺前，吩咐住了⾳乐响器，下了车辇，引着多官。

拜佛拈⾹。

三匝已毕，抬头观看，果然好座道场，但见：幢幡飘舞，宝盖飞辉。

幢幡飘舞，凝空道道彩霞摇；宝盖飞辉，映⽇翩翩红电彻。

世尊⾦象貌臻臻，罗汉⽟容威烈烈。

瓶插仙花，炉焚檀降。

瓶插仙花，锦树辉辉漫宝刹；炉焚檀降，⾹云霭霭透清霄。

时新果品砌朱盘，奇样糖酥堆彩案。

⾼僧罗列诵真经，愿拔孤魂离苦难。

太宗⽂武俱各拈⾹，拜了佛祖⾦⾝，参了罗汉。

⼜见那⼤阐都纲陈⽞奘法师引众僧罗拜唐王。

礼毕，分班各安禅位，法师献上济孤榜⽂与太宗看，榜⽈：“⾄德渺茫，禅宗寂灭。

清净灵通，周流三界。

千变万化，统摄阴阳。

中国十二星次

》所载，曾以参星为标志星。据《汉书·律历志》载，日至其初为立夏，至其中为小满。
明末后译黄道十二宫的双子宫为实沈宫。
《鹑首》
十二星次之一。与十二辰相配为未，与二十八宿相配为井、鬼两宿。据《汉书·律历志》
载，日至其初为芒种，至其中为夏至。明末后译黄道十二宫的巨蟹宫为鹑首宫。
《鹑火》
十二星次之一。与十二辰相配为午，与二十八宿相配为柳、星、张三宿。按《尔雅》，古
十二星次之一。配十二辰为亥时，配二十八宿为室、壁两宿。古称娵訾之口，按《尔雅
》古以上述两宿为标志星。按《汉书·律历志》，日至其初为立春，至其中为雨水。明末
后译西方黄道十二宫中的双鱼宫为娵訾宫。
《降娄》
十二星次之一。配十二辰为戌时，配二十八宿为奎、娄二宿。按《尔雅》古以上述二宿
为标志星。按《汉书·律历志》，日至其初为惊蛰，至其中为春分。明末后译西方黄道十
恋爱武器：温柔的个性及对家庭的重视，就是你(你)的魅力所在。
《析木》-射手
性格特点：“析木”代表拦截天河的木栅。现实生活中的你(你)最大的特点便是意志坚强，不论遇到任何逆境都能充满勇气地跨过。一旦有了奋斗目标，便会向著这个目标努力不懈。你(你)勤奋上进的性格，使你(你)常常拥有不菲的成绩。适合在学校或学会中担任职务。
恋爱倾向：你(你)喜欢优秀、出色的异性。但你(你)不喜欢束缚，所以希望与恋人要保持有一定距离。适合寻找一个有共同兴趣的恋人。
恋爱武器：坚强的你(你)若偶尔温柔，便更独具魅力。
《星纪》-山羊
性格特点：作为十二星座的出发点，有根基的含义。你(你)是一个信念坚强而勤奋的人，会向著自己的目标努力不懈。而且给人十分踏实可信的印象，深得他人信赖。但一向温柔的你(你)一旦发起脾气来，也是势不可挡的。

12水泥熟料中铁、铝、钙、镁的测定(理论)

例配合磨成细粉（生料）烧至部分熔融，所得以硅酸钙为主要成分的水硬性胶凝物质，并经冷却而获得的半成品。其中硅酸钙矿物含量（质量分数）不小于65%，氧化钙和氧化硅质量比不小于2.0。
C3S、 C2S、 C3A、 C4AF
熟料
硅酸盐水泥熟料
熟料的化学成分及含量
主要氧化物：CaO SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3
紫色
亮黄色无色
（2）结果计算： Fe2O3 =
T EDTA/Fe 2O3 VEDTA 100 % 1 m试 10
公式中： TEDTA/Al2O3—每毫升EDTA标准滴定溶液相当于Fe2O3的克数,单位为克每毫升（g/mL）； VEDTA—滴定时消耗EDTA标准滴定溶液毫升数,单位为毫升（mL）； m—试样的质量,单位为克（g）。
4、MgO的测定：—EDTA直接滴定法通常测定的是钙镁合量，然后扣除钙，计算镁。（1）测定原理：
试样分ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ后，吸取一定体积的试液，在酸性条件下，用三乙醇胺和酒石酸钾钠来联合掩蔽 Fe3+ 、Al3+ 、TiO2+的干扰，再用氨性缓冲液调PH= 10，以K-B 为指示剂，用EDTA标准滴定溶液滴定至纯蓝色为终点，消耗 EDTA为V2 mL.
无单位，只是一个比值）
TAl2O3—每毫升ＥＤＴＡ标准溶液相当于Fe2O3 的克数,单位为克每毫升（g/mL）； VEDTA——加入EDTA标准溶液的毫升数，单位为毫升（mL）； VCuSO4——滴定时消耗硫酸铜标准溶液的毫升数，单位为毫升（mL）； K—— 每毫升硫酸铜标准溶液相当于EDTA 标准溶液的毫升数； m——试样的质量，单位为克（g）。
3、CaO的测定—EDTA直接滴定法（1）测定原理：

描写十二生肖的优美句子

描写⼗⼆⽣肖的优美句⼦1. 赞美12⽣肖的句⼦【第2句】⽜。

桃林隐⼠不虚名，得道成仙载⽼君。

五⾕丰登能效⼒，七⾳美妙莫弹琴。

曾当⽊偶搬粮草，更作太牢祈⾬云。

荣辱得失⽆所计，⽢为⼈类付艰⾟。

…【第3句】猴。

家⼭岭⾃悠游，瀑布为帘洞作楼。

跳树攀枝摇⽇⽉，采花觅果度春秋。

⼀声长啸霜风冷，两臂轻开⾕径幽。

世事纷繁多变化，如今加冕戏神州。

…【第4句】⿏打洞，⽜吃草，⽼虎上⼭，兔⼦跑，龙在云⾥翻跟⽃，蛇在洞⾥看热闹，马⼉跑，⽺⼉跳，猴⼦上⼭采鲜桃，公鸡打鸣，狗看家，⼩猪呼呼睡⼤觉。

…【第5句】⽺。

名随苏武震神州，既有欢欣也有忧。

灵⾸成牲安社稷，毫⽑作笔写春秋。

⽣为跪乳传佳话，死亦留⽪做暖裘。

试问⼈间商贾客，为何卖狗挂吾头？…【第6句】⿏进书箱——咬⽂嚼字，⽜⾓上抹油——⼜尖⼜滑，虎⼝拔⽛——胆⼦⼤，兔的尾巴——长不了，龙王爷跳海——回⽼家，蛇吃黄鳝——⽐长短，马尾巴搓绳——不合股，⽺伴虎睡——靠不住，猴照镜⼦——得意忘形，鸡蛋碰⽯头——⾃不量⼒，狗掀门帘——全凭⼀张嘴，猪⿐上插葱——装象.…【第7句】⿏.为害⼀⽅本跳梁，⽣肖榜⾸⼤名扬。

⽛尖能⼊三分⽊，胆⼩偏偷万户粮。

野外蛇绝游异域，家中猫腻卧同床。

钻⼭打洞结成伙，府库掏空乐未央。

…【第8句】六钟醉，⾝缠岁⽉沧桑悴，疾⾛临风浩宇飞。

脱胎换⾻，断桥绝唱。

巳蛇闹春会。

七钟醉，飞驰骏⾻蹄声擂，捷影如风四野追。

御云啸⽉，纵横千⾥。

午马闹春会。

⼋钟醉，温良本性舐乳跪，难躲屠⼑⼼底悲。

炎凉世态，难全忠孝。

未⽺闹春会。

九钟醉，天宫⼤闹惊尘秽，横扫⾦箍除险危。

啼星啸露，雄⼼揽⽉。

申猴闹春会。

⼗钟醉，晨曦啼叫歌声脆，⽟⽴婷婷唤梦归。

五彩⽻翼，⾚冠雄伟。

⾣鸡闹春会。

百钟醉，智勇双全伤不吠，贫富不移紧相随。

频摇旋尾，⾚胆忠⼼。

戌狗闹春会。

千钟醉，皆因调戏嫦娥罪，⾝圈栏舍失雄威。

槽⾷糠糟，⽣肖添陪。

亥猪闹春会。

…【第9句】马。

纵横驰骋誉当年，屡战沙场盖史篇。

渡⽔登⼭声震地，追风逐⽇步惊天。

十二生肖的属相排列顺序

十二生肖的属相排列顺序十二生肖的属相排列顺序:鼠牛虎兔龙蛇马羊猴鸡狗猪中国生肖源于古人以十二种动物与十二地支相配纪年即子鼠、丑牛、寅虎、卯兔、辰龙、巳蛇、午马、未羊、申猴、酉鸡、戌狗、亥猪。

以动物纪年可以追溯到黄帝时期如《事物纪原》载:黄帝立子丑十二辰以名月又以十二命兽属之。

1997年考古人员在云梦睡虎地11号秦墓中发掘了一批记有《日书》的竹简记载了秦国先择吉凶日子以便行事的内容其中有十二生肖的详述但同今天的生肖兽的种类有些不同。

郭沫若先生在《甲骨文字研究·释干支》一文中据《陶斋·卷四·新莽嘉量铭文》认为十二生肖始见于东汉但非创于王充亦不始于东汉。

王充《论衡·物势篇》:寅木也其禽虎也戌土也其禽犬也巳火也其禽蛇也。

《言毒篇》:辰为龙巳为蛇《四讳篇》注:子之禽鼠卯之兽兔可见十二生肖在战国后期已流行。

《唐书》:黠戛斯国以十二物纪年如岁在寅则曰虎年。

清代赵翼《陔余丛考》:盖北俗初无所谓子丑寅卯之十二辰但以鼠牛虎兔之类分纪岁时浸寻流传于中国遂相沿不废耳。

十二生肖的产生有着天文学的背景。

在原始时代先民们体验着寒暑交替的循环往复。

宋代洪皓《松漠纪闻》载:女真旧绝小正朔所不及其民皆不知纪年问则曰我见青草几度矣盖以草一青为一岁也。

宋代孟珙《蒙鞑备录》也记:其俗每草青为一岁有人问其岁则曰几草矣。

年又有观天者发现月亮盈亏周期可以用来丈量岁的长短发现十二次月圆为一岁这一发现是初期历法最精度的成果之一十二便视为传达天意的天之大数。

天干需地支为伴日月相对天地相对就非十二莫属了。

子鼠丑牛…戌狗亥猪。

天下动物很多古人为何选择了这十二种动物为属相清代刘献《广阳杂记》引李长卿《松霞馆赘言》:子何以属鼠也曰:天开于子不耗则其气不开。

鼠耗虫也。

于是夜尚未央正鼠得令之候故子属鼠。

地辟于丑而牛则开地之物也故丑属牛。

人生于寅有生则有杀。

杀人者虎也又寅者畏也。

可畏莫若虎故寅属虎。

犯者日出之候。

日本离体而中含太阴玉兔之精故犯属兔。

sf-12 生活质量量表中文版

Brief communicationIs the standard SF-12Health Survey valid and equivalent for a Chinese population?Cindy m1,Eileen Y.Y.Tse1&Barbara Gandek21Family Medicine Unit,the University of Hong Kong,Hong Kong SAR(E-mail:clklam@hku.hk);2IQOLA Project,Health Assessment Lab,Boston,MA USAAccepted in revised form15June2004AbstractIntroduction:Chinese is the world’s largest ethnic group but few health-related quality of life(HRQoL) measures have been tested on them.The aim of this study was to determine if the standard SF-12was valid and equivalent for a Chinese population.Methods:The SF-36data of2410Chinese adults randomly selected from the general population of Hong Kong(HK)were analysed.The Chinese(HK)speciﬁc SF-12 items and scoring algorithm were derived from the HK Chinese population data by multiple regressions. The SF-36PCS and MCS scores were used as criteria to assess the content and criterion validity of the SF-12.The standard and Chinese(HK)speciﬁc SF-12PCS and MCS scores were compared for equivalence. Results:The standard SF-12explained82%and89%of the variance of the SF-36PCS and MCS scores, respectively,and the eﬀect size diﬀerences between the standard SF-36and SF-12scores were less than0.3. Six of the Chinese(HK)speciﬁc SF-12items were diﬀerent from those of the standard SF-12,but the eﬀect size diﬀerences between the Chinese(HK)speciﬁc and standard SF-12scores were mostly less than0.3. Conclusions:The standard SF-12was valid and equivalent for the Chinese,which would enable more Chinese to be included in clinical trials that measure HRQoL.Key words:Health-related quality of life,SF-12,Chinese,Validity,EquivalenceIntroductionChinese make up nearly a quarter of the world’s population.They should be included in global and cross-cultural clinical trials but this is often not possible in studies that measure health-related quality of life(HRQoL)because of language and cultural barriers.Most HRQoL measures are in English and originate from the Western culture,so they need to be translated and validated before they can be applied to the Chinese.The Chinese (Hong Kong)translation of the MOS36-item Short Form Health Survey(SF-36)and its physical and mental health summary(PCS and MCS) Scales have been shown to be valid and equivalent for the Chinese[1–5],but the length of the SF-36 limits its acceptability in some clinical trials that need to measure a number of outcomes.The standard SF-12Health Survey(SF-12),an abbre-viated form of the SF-36that yields the PCS and MCS scores,is becoming a popular HRQoL measure in clinical trials because it can be com-pleted in a few minutes[6,7].The items and scoring algorithm of the standard SF-12were derived from data of a US general population survey in1990[6–8].The standard SF-12PCS and MCS scores are norm-based on the US general population whose mean is50and standard deviation(SD)is10[6,9].The12items include two from each of the physical functioning, role-physical,role-emotional and mental health scales and one item from each of the bodily pain, general health,vitality and social functioning scales of the SF-36.The items were selected by multiple regressions in order to explain the largest proportion of the total variance in the SF-36PCSQual Life Res(2005)14:539–547ÓSpringer2005and MCS scores.The response to each item is weighted separately by the PCS and MCS regres-sion coeﬃcient and then summated to give the standard SF-12PCS and MCS scores,respectively.A small number and weighting of items may make a HRQoL measure more culture-sensitive [10,11].All previous studies on the validity and equivalence of the standard SF-12were carried out in Caucasian populations[8,12].There was very little data from any Chinese or Asian population whose cultures are quite diﬀerent from those of the West.The rank orders by item mean of three(PF9, GH3and RE3)SF-36items were found to be diﬀerent between the HK Chinese and US popu-lations[1].Although the diﬀerential item func-tioning(DIF)of a few items did not aﬀect the validity of the SF-36Scales that summated all the items without weighting[1,13],they may have an eﬀect on the validity and equivalence of the much shorter standard SF-12.The aim of this study was to determine if the standard SF-12was valid and equivalent for the Chinese population of Hong Kong,or whether a Chinese(HK)speciﬁc SF-12was needed.The standard SF-12is valid if it really measures the SF-36PCS and MCS scores,which are what it pur-ports to measure.The selected items should be representative and adequate in explaining the SF-36PCS and MCS scores(content validity),and the SF-12should give similar PCS and MCS scores as the SF-36(criterion validity).The standard SF-12 is equivalent if no more than three of the12items selected speciﬁcally from the Chinese(HK)popu-lation were diﬀerent from those of the standard SF-12,as that found in other countries(item equivalence)[8];and if there is no important dif-ference between the results of the Chinese(HK) speciﬁc and standard scoring algorithms(mea-surement equivalence)[8,14,15].MethodsData of2410Chinese adults randomly selected from the general population of Hong Kong that were collected in the Chinese(Hong Kong)SF-36 norming survey in1998were used for analysis in this study.The detailed sampling and data collec-tion methods have been described in previous pa-pers[16,17].All subjects answered the Chinese (Hong Kong)translation of the SF-36and a structured questionnaire on sociodemographic data.Each subject was also asked to indicate whether he/she had ever been diagnosed by a doctor to have hypertension,diabetes mellitus, heart disease,stroke,chronic pulmonary disease, chronic joint disease,psychological illness or any other chronic disease.A subject was classiﬁed as not having any chronic disease if the responses to these chronic disease questions were all negative. Table1shows that the sociodemographic charac-teristics of the subjects were similar to those of the general adult population in Hong Kong[18].The sample was comparable to the US population sample[19]from which the standard SF-12was derived in mean age(42.9vs.43.6years)and sex distribution(47.8%vs.48%males).The Chinese(HK)speciﬁc SF-12items were selected by multiple regressions of the Chinese (HK)speciﬁc SF-36PCS and MCS scores derived from the HK Chinese adult population[3],based on the criteria of the International Quality of Life Assessment(IQOLA)Project for cross-cultural adaptation of the SF-12[8].The Chinese(HK) speciﬁc PCS and MCS regression constants and coeﬃcients for each item response were obtained by regressing the Chinese(HK)speciﬁc SF-36PCS and MCS scores on the Chinese(HK)speciﬁc item scores.The SAS programme was used for the multiple regressions analyses.The SPSS Pro-gramme for Windows10.0(SPSS Inc.Chicago,IL, USA)was used for all other data analyses.The standard SF-12PCS and MCS scores were calculated by the standard algorithm described in the SF-12Manual[6].The Chinese(HK)speciﬁc and standard mean SF-12PCS and MCS scores were determined for all subjects and by self-re-ported chronic disease groups.Content validity was assessed by the proportion of total variance of the SF-36PCS and MCS scores explained by the SF-12PCS and MCS,and P90%was the expected standard[6,8].It was further assessed by Pearson correlations between the SF-12and SF-36PCS and MCS scores and the expected standard was P0.9[6,8].Eﬀect size dif-ference between corresponding SF-12and SF-36 PCS and MCS scores was used to determine if the SF-12gave similar or diﬀerent results from those of the SF-36(Criterion validity).Eﬀect size dif-ference between the SF-36and SF-12scores was540calculated by dividing their diﬀerence by the standard deviation(SD)of the SF-36summary score.Measurement equivalence between the standard and Chinese(HK)speciﬁc SF-12wasﬁrst assessed by Pearson correlations(expected standard P0.9) and then the eﬀect size diﬀerences between the standard and Chinese(HK)speciﬁc scores.The eﬀect size diﬀerence was calculated by dividing the diﬀerence between the corresponding SF-12 scores by the SD of the Chinese(HK)speciﬁc SF-12score.The standard and Chinese(HK)SF-12 scores were also compared by chronic disease groups in order to determine if they performed diﬀerently in diﬀerent groups.A spectrum of chronic diseases(Heart,chronic pulmonary,psy-chological and chronic joint)that are known to aﬀect HRQoL were used as tracer conditions[20]. There is no consensus on what the minimally important diﬀerence(MID)in HRQoL scores should be.Kazis et al.showed that the eﬀect size changes in scores measured by the Arthritis Im-pact Measurement Scale were mostly between0.3 and0.5in the treatment group[21];and Wyrwich showed that the MID of the Chronic Heart Failure Questionnaire scores corresponded to eﬀect size changes of0.34–0.37[22].We therefore adopted Cohen’s moderate eﬀect size of0.3–0.5as the MID in this study[23,24].ResultsThe Chinese(HK)speciﬁc SF-12PCS and MCS scalesFirst forward stepwise regressions of the Chinese (HK)speciﬁc SF-36PCS and MCS scores on the SF-36items selected two items each from the physical functioning(PF1,PF8)and mental health (MH3,MH4)scales,and one item each from the role-physical(RP3),bodily pain(BP1),social functioning(SF1)and role-emotional(RE3) scales.The second forward stepwise regressions, with the general health item(GH1)and the above items forced into the model,selected the remaining items(RP2,VT4and RE1)that explained the greatest variance of the HK Chinese speciﬁc SF-36 PCS and MCS scores.It is an IQOLA criterion that GH1should be included in all versions of SF-12because it is an item common to many HRQoL measures[8].Table2shows the Chinese(HK) speciﬁc SF-12items,in comparison with the standard SF-12items.The items that were diﬀer-ent are shown in bold.The numbers in brackets correspond to the question numbers in the SF-36 Health Survey.Table3shows the regression coeﬃcients of the Chinese(HK)speciﬁc SF-12items and those of theTable1.Sociodemographic characteristics of study sample compared with the Hong Kong general populationSampleN=2410Hong Kong general adult population a N=5,333,610Mean age(years)42.942.3Age group(years)18–4456.7%58.6%45–6423.7%27.4%65or above15.3%14.0%Refused to answer 4.2%0%Male47.8%48.3%Female52.2%51.7%Marital statusNow married58.0%59.4%Never married33.8%31.9%Widow/widower 5.8% 6.0%Divorced/separated 1.3% 2.7%Refused to answer 1.1%0%Educational levelNo schooling 6.9%8.4%Primary22.3%20.5%Secondary52.2%54.6%Tertiary17.8%16.4%Refused to answer0.9%0%Social class by occupationManagers andadministratorsN.A.10.7%bProfessional 3.1% 5.5%Associate professional14.7%15.0%Skilled worker35.4%33.5%cSemi-skilled worker24.6%15.0%dNon-skilled worker14.4%19.8%eRefused to answer7.7%0%a Data from the Hong Kong2001Population Census.b This occupation category is not applicable to the social classby occupation classiﬁcation.c Craft workers,plant and machine operators and assemblers.d Service and shop sales workers.e Workers in elementary occupation,agriculture andﬁshery,and unclassiﬁed.541standard SF-12items,derived from the HK gen-eral Chinese population sample.The regression coeﬃcient of the best response choice of each item is not shown because it is the indicator variable. The Chinese(HK)speciﬁc PCS and MCS regres-sion coeﬃcients of each item response were used separately to weight each item response for the calculation of the PCS and MCS scores.The weight for the best response choice of each item is zero.Summation of the relevant Chinese(HK) speciﬁc regression constant and item response PCS and MCS regression coeﬃcients would give the Chinese(HK)speciﬁc SF-12PCS and MCS scores, respectively.Content and criterion validity of the SF-12PCS and MCSThe R2in Table3indicates the proportion of total variance in the SF-36PCS or MCS score that was explained by the corresponding SF-12summary score.The standard SF-12PCS and MCS ex-plained82%and89%of the total variances of the standard SF-36PCS and MCS,respectively.The Chinese(HK)speciﬁc SF-12PCS and MCS ex-plained88%and90%of the total variances of the Chinese(HK)speciﬁc SF-36PCS and MCS, respectively.Table4shows the correlations between the SF-12and SF-36PCS and MCS scores.The correla-tions between the corresponding SF-36and SF-12 summary scores all reached the expected standard of0.9.The mean and standard deviation(SD)of the Chinese(HK)speciﬁc and standard SF12and SF-36PCS and MCS scores of the whole sample and by self-reported chronic disease groups are shown in Table5.The eﬀect size diﬀerences(eﬀect size1) between corresponding SF-36and SF-12scores were all less than0.3.Measurement equivalence between the chinese (HK)speciﬁc and standard SF-12As shown in Table4,the correlations between the corresponding standard and Chinese(HK)speciﬁc SF-12PCS and MCS scores were just short of0.9. The standard and Chinese(HK)speciﬁc SF-12 scores are compared in Table5.The mean stan-dard SF-12PCS and MCS for the overall HK Chinese population were50.2and48.4,respec-tively,which were similar to the US general pop-ulation means of50.The Chinese(HK)speciﬁc and standard SF-12detected similar signiﬁcant diﬀerences between each chronic disease group and the‘no chronic disease’group.The largest diﬀerence between the Chinese(HK)speciﬁc and standard SF-12scoring algorithms was the PCS score of people reporting heart diseases,with an eﬀect size of0.36.DiscussionThe standard SF-12did not satisfy the criterion on item equivalence for the Chinese population inTable2.The Chinese(HK)speciﬁc SF-12items compared with the standard SF-12itemsSF-36scales Chinese(HK)speciﬁc SF-12items Standard SF-12itemsPhysical functioning(PF)PF1(3a)Vigorous activities PF2(3b)Moderate activitiesPF8(3h)Walking several blocks PF4(3d)Climbing severalﬂights Role-physical(RP)RP2(4b)Accomplished less RP2(4b)Accomplished lessRP3(4c)Limited in kind of work RP3(4c)Limited in kind of workBodily pain(BP)BP1(7)How much bodily painhave you had BP2(8)how much did pain interfered with workGeneral health(GH)GH1(1)Your health is...GH1(1)Your health is...Vitality(VT)VT4(9i)Did you feel tired VT2(9e)Did you have a lot of energySocial functioning(SF)SF1(6)Extent social activitieswas interfered SF2(10)How much time social activities was interferedRole-emotional(RE)RE1(5a)Cut down time on work RE2(5b)Accomplish lessRE3(5c)Didn’t do work as carefully RE3(5c)Didn’t do work as carefully Mental health(MH)MH3(9d)Felt calm&peaceful MH3(9d)Felt calm&peacefulMH4(9f)Felt downhearted&blue MH4(9f)Felt downhearted&blue 542543Table3.Forward stepwise regressions of SF-36PCS and MCS scores on the SF-12item responsesItem_Response scores PCS regression coeﬃcients MCS regression coeﬃcientsChinese(HK)speciﬁc Standard Chinese(HK)speciﬁc StandardPF1_1)8.042639– 2.795780–PF1_2)3.641426– 1.121187–PF2_1–)6.609693– 3.461042PF2_2–)2.782074– 1.314947PF4_1–)6.269240– 2.586866PF4_2–)2.427698–0.752688PF8_1)16.203705–7.818665–PF8_2)7.963922– 3.164988–RP2_1)4.343623)4.390177)0.705448 1.022170RP3_1)5.044296)5.0474760.256528 1.278842BP1_1)17.012005– 3.635025–BP1_2.2)12.695771– 2.349628–BP1_3.1)9.002881– 1.931547–BP1_4.2)6.377284– 1.507313–BP1_5.4)3.772960–0.652800–BP2_1–)12.257268– 2.208989BP2_2–)10.594807– 2.500285BP2_3–)7.912197– 1.500170BP2_4–)4.970550– 1.033358GH1_1)8.704344)8.042873)0.8411670.184282GH1_2)5.382641)4.663071)1.133139)0.389631GH1_3.4)3.230279)2.706827)0.660725)0.349572GH1_4.4)1.936141)1.671905)0.7950150.330309VT2_1–)1.704222–)7.001461VT2_2–)1.355533–)5.031671VT2_3–)0.262164–)4.012001VT2_4–)0.150904–)2.677302VT2_5–0.150005–)1.396547VT4_1)2.301203–)6.694192–VT4_2)1.673615–)6.555417–VT4_3)1.217702–)4.965228–VT4_4)0.849186–)2.403254–VT4_5)0.495087–)1.041427–SF1_1 2.955278–)14.617923–SF1_2 1.116653–)12.142296–SF1_3 1.433979–)7.841254–SF1_40.861761–)4.676580–SF2_1–0.286656–)8.236227SF2_2–)0.189464–)6.857423SF2_3–0.193895–)5.284785SF2_4–0.482796–)3.301877RE1_1 2.468990–)6.099051–RE2_1– 2.747609–)6.981024RE3_1 1.642657 2.143392)5.120612)5.946570MH3_10.486081 2.865890)8.496928)8.255860MH3_2 1.644377 3.500893)8.257450)6.883770MH3_30.696675 2.694178)6.255882)5.404594MH3_40.864621 2.333822)4.238056)3.439909MH3_50.774435 1.609226)2.544268)1.943186MH4_10.851938 4.534201)12.868018)15.794343MH4_2)0.119061 2.494064)9.187208)12.925241MH4_3 1.319095 2.212045)7.247869)9.157472Hong Kong.Six items of the Chinese(HK)speciﬁc SF-12were diﬀerent from those of the standard SF-12,suggesting some cultural diﬀerences in dif-ferential item functioning(DIF)of the SF-36be-tween the Chinese and US populations[13,25]. The number of items that were diﬀerent between the standard and Chinese(HK)SF-12was larger than those found in nine European countries, probably because there are more diﬀerences be-tween the Chinese than European cultures and the US culture[8].No other country has selected PF1, BP1and RE1as the best SF-12items,which may reﬂect DIF that is unique to the Chinese culture. However,one must be cautious in generalising the results from this study to other Chinese popula-tions because the social system and people’s life style in Hong Kong are very diﬀerent from those of Mainland China and other Chinese societies. Quality of life assessment is inﬂuenced not only by one’s ethnicity;it is also aﬀected by social norms. Chinese populations living in diﬀerent parts of the world may have developed diﬀerent social expec-tations and standards of quality of life although they have the same cultural origin.Studies com-paring the population speciﬁc SF-12items between Chinese populations in Hong Kong,Mainland China,Taiwan,Singapore and Western countries could provide interesting information on whether DIF is ethnic or population speciﬁc.The standard SF-12PCS explained only82%of the total variance of the SF-36PCS score because three items(two from the physical functioning and one from the bodily pain scales)that contributed strongly to the standard SF-12PCS score were not the best items for the HK Chinese population. Despite this deﬁciency,there were very strong correlations(P0.9)between the standard SF-12 and SF-36PCS and MCS scores,and there were very small diﬀerences(eﬀect size<0.3)between corresponding SF-36and standard SF-12scores in diﬀerent groups of subjects.Theﬁndings supported the content and criterion validity of the standard SF-12for the Chinese population in Hong Kong. The mean standard SF-12PCS and MCS scores of the HK subjects were only0.2and1.6points diﬀerent from the US population mean of50, suggesting that the standard SF-12was equivalent for this Chinese population.Pooling of the stan-dard SF-12data between the US and HK Chinese populations may be possible.Table3.(Continued)Item_Response scores PCS regression coeﬃcients MCS regression coeﬃcientsChinese(HK)speciﬁc Standard Chinese(HK)speciﬁc StandardMH4_40.987409 1.627192)4.368062)5.395771MH4_50.7170320.870407)2.320460)2.871620Constant60.17553455.55153462.74237861.557734R20.87660.82320.90170.8897Table4.Correlations between the SF-36and SF-12PCS and MCS scoresStd36PCS Std12MCS HK36MCS HK12PCSStd36MCS)0.1260.9380.9850.022Std12PCS0.897)0.073)0.0210.847HK36PCS0.9750.0500.0000.936HK12MCS)0.0490.8940.9500.040Notes:Std36PCS=SF-36PCS calculated by the standard(US)scoring algorithm.Std36MCS=SF-36MCS calculated by the standard(US)scoring algorithm.Std12PCS=SF-12PCS calculated by the standard(US)scoring algorithm.Std12MCS=SF-12 MCS calculated by the standard(US)scoring algorithm.HK36PCS=SF-36PCS calculated by the Chinese(HK)speciﬁc scoring algorithm.HK36MCS=SF-36MCS calculated by the Chinese(HK)speciﬁc scoring algorithm.HK12PCS=SF-12PCS calculated by the Chinese(HK)speciﬁc scoring algorithm.HK12MCS=SF-12MCS calculated by the Chinese(HK)speciﬁc scoring algorithm. 544As expected,the Chinese(HK)speciﬁc SF-12 had better psychometric properties than the stan-dard SF-12,which could imply better sensitivity and responsiveness for the Chinese.However,the Chinese(HK)speciﬁc SF-12did not seem to dif-ferentiate between‘chronic disease’and‘no chronic disease’groups better than the standard SF-12.The diﬀerences in the SF-12scores ob-tained by the two scoring algorithms were all smaller than the minimally important diﬀerenceTable5.Chinese(HK)speciﬁc and standard PCS and MCS scores by groupsMean(SD)Std PCS HK PCS Std MCS HK MCSAll subjects(n=2410)SF-3651.4(7.7)50.0(10.0)48.0(9.4)50.0(10.0)SF-1250.2(7.0)50.0(9.4)48.4(8.8)50.0(9.5)Eﬀect size10.1600.040Eﬀect size20.020.17No chronic disease(n=1493)SF-3653.8(5.5)53.5(6.7)48.6(8.7)50.5(9.2)SF-1252.3(4.8)53.2(6.3)49.1(8.1)50.6(8.8)Eﬀect size10.270.040.060.01Eﬀect size20.140.17Any chronic disease(n=917)SF-3647.4(8.9)44.3(11.8)47.0(10.4)49.2(11.1)SF-1246.9(8.5)*44.7(11.0)*47.4(9.8)*49.1(10.5)*Eﬀect size10.060.030.040.01Eﬀect size20.200.16Heart disease(n=94)SF-3641.7(11.0)36.0(14.7)46.9(10.2)49.2(10.9)SF-1241.8(10.6)*37.0(13.4)*46.7(9.4)48.7(10.9)Eﬀect size10.010.070.020.05Eﬀect size20.360.18Psychological diseases(n=94)SF-3645.8(9.6)41.6(12.9)40.2(10.8)41.6(11.8)SF-1245.4(9.0)*42.0(11.7)*41.4(10.1)*42.7(11.4)*Eﬀect size10.040.030.110.09Eﬀect size20.290.11Pulmonary diseases(n=128)SF-3646.6(10.9)43.6(14.2)44.6(10.6)46.0(11.1)SF-1246.3(10.6)*43.9(13.4)*44.4(10.4)*46.3(10.6)*Eﬀect size10.030.020.020.03Eﬀect size20.180.18Joint diseases(n=473)SF-3645.7(9.3)41.8(12.3)47.1(10.3)49.3(11.1)SF-1245.4(9.1)*42.6(11.4)*47.4(9.6)*49.0(10.7)*Eﬀect size10.030.070.030.03Eﬀect size20.250.15Notes:Std PCS=PCS score calculated by the standard(US)scoring algorithm;HK PCS¼PCS calculated by the Chinese(HK) speciﬁc scoring algorithm;Std MCS¼MCS calculated by the standard(US)scoring algorithm;HK MCS=MCS calculated by the Chinese(HK)speciﬁc scoring algorithm.Eﬀect Size1diﬀerence between SF-12and SF-36summary score/SD of SF-36summary score.Eﬀect Size2diﬀerence between standard and Chinese(HK)speciﬁc SF-12summary score/SD of the Chinese(HK)speciﬁc SF-12 summary score.*Diﬀerence between‘no chronic disease’and the disease group is signiﬁcant by the two-sample t-test,with p<0.05.545(MID).Small improvements in cultural speciﬁcity and psychometric properties may not necessarily translate to real advantages in practice,and they have to be balanced against a decrease in inter-national comparability.This point has also been highlighted by Skevington et al.[26,27],who found that country speciﬁc items did not signiﬁ-cantly improve the performance of the standard WHO Quality of Life(WHOQoL)Assessment Form.A major limitation of this cross-sectional study was that it could not assess the responsiveness of the standard and Chinese(HK)speciﬁc SF-12.The information on the sensitivity of the SF-12in discriminating between chronic disease groups was also limited by possible errors in subjects’self-reporting.Further studies are required to deter-mine the responsiveness and sensitivity of the standard SF-12and Chinese(HK)speciﬁc SF-12 as outcome measures in clinical trials.It should also be pointed out that subjects in this study answered the full SF-36Health Survey from which the data of the standard and Chinese(HK) speciﬁc SF-12were extracted.Further studies should be carried out to determine if people would answer the standard and Chinese(HK)speciﬁc SF-12diﬀerently if they are presented as two independent stand-alone surveys instead of embedded items of a longer questionnaire. ConclusionsThis was theﬁrst study to show that the standard SF-12Health Survey was valid and equivalent for a Chinese population.The standard SF-12items and scoring algorithm are recommended for the Chinese so that cross-cultural comparison and pooling of data are possible.The Chinese(HK) speciﬁc SF-12showed better psychometric prop-erties than the standard SF-12,thus,the Chinese (HK)speciﬁc SF-12may have a place in small local studies that require a more sensitive HRQoL measure instead of international comparability. We hope ourﬁndings will encourage more studies of the standard SF-12in Chinese popula-tions in other parts of China,Singapore and Western countries to provide more evidence in support of the use of this popular HRQoL mea-sure on the world’s largest ethnic group,so that Chinese can be included in more clinical trials. Further research on the population speciﬁc SF-12 items in diﬀerent Chinese populations could pro-vide interesting information on whether diﬀeren-tial item functioning is ethnic or population speciﬁc.AcknowledgementsThe general population norming survey of the Chinese(Hong Kong)SF-36was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Hong Kong (EC842-96).It was funded by the Health Services Research Grant,the Government of Hong Kong SAR(HSRC#711026).I would like to thank Alex Chan,Willis Ho, Joanna Shing,Ka-Lai Chan,Wai-Hung Yu,June Chan,Chi-Kwan Wong,Wing-Yee Lai,Yick-Lok Chan and Hing-Wai Tsang,for their help in data collection and analysis.Parts of this paper have been submitted to the University of Hong Kong for the award of the Doctor of Medicine degree.Referencesm CLK,Gandek B,Ren XS,Chan MS.Tests of scalingassumptions and construct validity of the Chinese(HK) version of the SF-36Health Survey.J Clin Epidemiol1998;51:1139–1147.m CLK.Reliability and construct validity of the 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translation of the SF-36.J Clin Epidemiol1998;51:1189–1202.14.Herdman M,Fox-Rushby J,Badia X.A model ofequivalence in the cultural adaptation of HRQoL instru-ments:The universalist approach.Qual Life Res1998;7: 323–335.15.Bullinger M.Ensuring international equivalence of qualityof life measures:Problems and approaches to solutions.In: Orley J,Kuyken W(eds),Quality of Life Assessment: International Perspectives.Berlin:Springler-Verlag;1994: 33–40.m CLK,Lauder IJ,Lam TP,Gandek B.Populationbased norming of the Chinese(HK)version of the SF-36 Health Survey.H K Pract1999;21:460–470.m CLK,Fong DYT,Lauder IJ,Lam TP.The eﬀect ofhealth-related quality of life(HRQoL)on health service utilisation of a Chinese population.Soc Sci Med2002;55: 1635–1646.18.Census&Statistics Department Hong Kong,Main Tablesof the2001Population Census.Hong Kong:Census& Statistics Department,HKSAR;2002.19.Gandek B,Ware JE.Methods for validating and normingtranslations of health status questionnaires:The IQOLA Project approach.J Clin Epidemiol1998;51:953–959. m CLK,Lauder IJ,Lam TPD.The impact of chronicdiseases on health services and quality of life of a Chinese Paciﬁc Fam Med2003;2:98–106.22.Kazis LE,Anderson JJ,Meenan RF.Eﬀect sizes forinterpreting changes in health status.Med Care1989;27: S178–S189.23.Wyrwich KW,Nienaber NA,Tierney WM,Wolinsky FD.Linking clinical relevance and statistical signiﬁcance in evaluating intra-individual changes in health-related quality of life.Med Care1999;37:469–478.24.Cohen J.The t-test for measures.In:Cohen J(ed.),Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences.Hillsdale,New Jersey:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates;1988: 19–74.25.Norman GR,Sridhar FG,Walter SD,Guyatt GH.Therelation of distribution-and anchor-based approaches in interpretation of changes in health related quality of life.Med Care2001;39:1039–1047.25.Holman R,Lindeboom R,Vermeulen M,Glas CAW,deHaan RJ.The Amsterdam Linear Disability Score(ALDS) Project,diﬀerential item functioning with regard to gender.QOL Newsleter2002;29:13–14.26.Skevington SM.Advancing cross-cultural research onquality of life:Observations drawn from the WHOQoL development.Qual Life Res2002;11:135–144.27.Skevington SM,Bradshaw J,Saxena S.Selecting nationalitems for the WHOQoL:Conceptual and psychometric considerations.Soc Sci Med1999;48:473–487.Address for correspondence:Cindy m,MBBS,MD, FRCGP,FHKAM,Family Medicine Unit,The University of Hong Kong,3rd Floor,Ap Lei Chau Clinic,161Main Street, Ap Lei Chau,Hong Kong SARFax:+852-********;E-mail:clklam@hku.hk547。

人教版九年级下册英语Unit12SectionB课文翻译

⼈教版九年级下册英语Unit12SectionB课⽂翻译翻译是指引，⼈教版九年级下册英语Unit12 SectionB的课⽂该怎么翻译呢?接下来是店铺为⼤家带来的关于⼈教版九年级下册英语Unit12 SectionB课⽂的翻译，希望会给⼤家带来帮助。

⼈教版九年级下册英语Unit12 SectionB课⽂翻译：2a 部分翻译 Have you ever played jokes on others, especially on April Fool's Day? Have you ever been fooled by others? Tell your story to your partner. 你曾经捉弄过别⼈吗，特别是在愚⼈节这天?你曾经被别⼈捉弄过吗?向你的同伴讲述你的故事。

⼈教版九年级下册英语Unit12 SectionB课⽂翻译：2b 部分翻译 Read the passage quickly.Then match each paragraph with the main idea. 快速阅读⽂章。

然后把每⼀段和中⼼意思搭配起来。

Paragraph 1 The most famous trick played 第⼀段最著名的恶作剧 Paragraph 2 Examples of funny stories that happened on April Fool's Day 第⼆段发⽣在愚⼈节的有趣的故事的例⼦ Paragraph 3 An introduction to April Fool's Day 第三段愚⼈节的介绍 Paragraph 4 A sad story that happened on April Fool's Day 第四段发⽣在愚⼈节的⼀个伤⼼的故事 USING BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE 运⽤背景知识 Carefully reading the first sentence in each paragraph can activate your own knowledge of the topic and help you guess what the whole text is about. 认真阅读每⼀段的第⼀句可以激活你⾃⼰对于这⼀话题的知识，并且帮助你猜测整篇⽂章的内容。

人类图——12种人生角色

⼈类图——12种⼈⽣⾓⾊【⼈⽣⾓⾊概述】⼈类图的⼈⽣⾓⾊，揭露出每⼀个⼈与外界互动的⾏为模式，如果能真正了解⾃⼰，就不容易⼈云亦云，认为⾃⼰该模仿他⼈，或甚⾄违背本性，勉强⾃⼰以不适合的⽅式与⼈连结。

只要单纯回归⾃⼰的本质，⼀定能与正确的⼈相遇，⽽对的关系将形成绵密⽽正向的⼈际⽹络，将你环绕，顺流畅⾏。

【⼈⽣⾓⾊的基础构架】我们的意识由两部分组成，个性意识以及设计意识，我们透过⼈⽣⾓⾊，可以了解这两者的性质。

⼈⽣⾓⾊共有⼗⼆种组合，每⼀种都是由意识个性太阳（⿊），与潜意识设计太阳（红），这两者落在哪⼀条⽘组合⽽成。

⼈⽣⾓⾊的基础是卦，每个卦都有六条⽘。

卦的基础结构分为两部分，下三⽘与上三⽘，分别有其特殊的主题；⽘的顺序数是从最下⾯的第⽘依序往上，六条⽘各有其特殊价值。

以房屋的结构来⽐喻六条⽘与其特质：第⼀⽘是房⼦的地基；第⼆⽘是⼀楼的空间，窗帘全拉开，站在外头，屋内的⼀切⼀览⽆遗；第三⽘是从⼀楼到⼆楼的过渡空间或旋转楼梯；第四⽘是⼆楼的地板，屋⼦的第⼆个地基；第五⽘是神秘的⼆楼，窗帘紧闭，外头则是抱有期待的投机者；第六⽘则位于房⼦的屋顶，在此鸟瞰隔壁住家，邻居街道以及下⾯所有的⼀切。

⼈⽣⾓⾊*/*：意识太阳（⿊）⽘位/潜意识太阳（红）⽘位如例图：意识太阳⿊落在2⽘，潜意识太阳红落在4⽘，即⼈⽣⾓⾊2/4⼈【下卦的主要⾓⾊】：第⼀⽘到第三⽘下卦是⾮常⾃我中⼼的历程，极为个⼈。

这些⾓⾊并不急于向外发展，也不会特别想和其他⼈互动。

①第⼀⽘——研究者⼀⽘致⼒于钻研事物根本，探究⽣命如何运作，要等到建⽴了牢固的基础他们⽅能放松，他们知道愈多，恐惧愈少。

不安全感驱使他们寻求权威，甚⾄⾃⼰变成权威。

⼀⽘的⼈研究⾏为。

他们观察⼈们的⾏为，从中学习何者⾏得通，何者⾏不通。

对他们来说，得以控制场⾯，并让切安然度过，是最重要的事。

⼈⽣策略和内在权威会协助⼀⽘的⼈来决定，什么是正确的研究，同时让他们⼀次专注⼀件事，这对于舒缓焦虑很有帮助。

与12有关的知识点

与12有关的知识点
1、十二生肖：分别是鼠，牛，虎，兔，龙，蛇，马，羊，猴，鸡，狗，猪
3、12地支：与十二生肖相配合，也就是古代的十二个时辰分别为子，丑，寅，卯，辰，巳，午，未，申，酉，戌，亥。

2、十二国记：十二国记是1992年讲谈社文库WHITEHEART出版社出版的图书，作者是小野不由美。

该作是一部由小野不由美创作、山田章博绘。

3、黄金十二圣斗士：黄金圣斗士，是日本漫画家车田正美代表作圣斗士星矢中的12个人物。

他们身穿黄金圣衣，在雅典娜的圣斗士中占有最高地位。

4、十二小时制：十二小时制是一个时间规则把一日二十四小时分为两个时段，分别为上午和下午。

每个时段由十二个小时构成。

5、女子十二乐坊：女子十二乐坊是中国一个以流行音乐形式来演奏中国音乐的乐团，其表演形式有别于传统民乐演奏方式，给予观众新鲜感，极尽视听之娱。

12个小学生物理实验

12个小学生物理实验1、筷子的神力思考：把一根筷子插入装著米的杯子中，然后将筷子上提，筷子会把米和杯子提起吗？材料：塑料杯一个、米一杯、竹筷子一根操作：1、将米倒满塑料杯。

2、用手将杯子里的米按一按。

3、用手按住米，从手指缝间插入筷子。

4、用手轻轻提起筷子，杯子和米一起被提起来了。

讲解：由于杯内米粒之间的挤压，使杯内的空气被挤出来，杯子外面的压力大于杯内的压力，使筷子和米粒之间紧紧地结合在一起，所以筷子就能将成米的杯子提起来。

2、瓶子赛跑思考：装有沙子和装有水的两个同等重量的瓶子从一个高度滚下来，谁先到达终点？材料：同等大小、重量相等的瓶子两个、沙子、水、长方形木板一块、两本厚书操作：1、用长方形木板和两本书达成一个斜坡2、将水倒入另一个瓶子中，将沙子倒入瓶子中3、把两只瓶子放在木板上，在同一起始高度让两只瓶子同时向下滚动4、装水的瓶子比装沙子的瓶子提前到达终点讲解：沙子对瓶子内壁的摩擦比水对瓶子内壁的摩擦要大得多，而且沙子之间还会有摩擦，因此它的下滑速度比装水的瓶子要慢。

创造：将瓶子里的物质换一换，再让它们比比赛吧！3、带电的报纸思考：不用胶水、胶布等粘合的东西，报纸就能贴在墙上掉不下来。

你知道这是为什么吗？材料：1支铅笔；1张报纸。

步骤：1. 展开报纸，把报纸平铺在墙上。

2. 用铅笔的侧面迅速地在报纸上摩擦几下后，报纸就像粘在墙上一样掉不下来了。

3. 掀起报纸的一角，然后松手，被掀起的角会被墙壁吸回去。

4. 把报纸慢慢地从墙上揭下来，注意倾听静电的声音。

说明：1. 摩擦铅笔，使报纸带电。

2. 带电的报纸被吸到了墙。

3. 当屋子里的空气干燥（尤其是在冬天），如果你把报纸从墙上揭下来，就会听到静电的劈啪声。

创造：请试一试，还有什么物品能不用粘和剂，而用静电粘在墙上4、胡椒粉与盐巴的分离思考：不小心将厨房的佐料：胡椒粉与盐巴混在了一起，用什么方法将他们分离开呢？材料：胡椒粉、盐巴、塑料汤勺、小盘子操作：1、将盐巴与胡椒粉相混在一起。

数字12代表什么是什么意思

数字12代表什么是什么意思12是日常数量单位，12个叫做一打。

12在不同的领域和不同的历史文化中，含义也是不同的。

下面店铺为你介绍数字12的含义。

数字12的含义在数学中，12是第6个合数，其因子有：1，2，3，4，6，12;12的正因子数目是个完美数，而它所有正因子之和亦是一个完美数(1+2+3+4+6+12=28)。

有这样性质的数暂时只找到两个;12是三维空间中的接吻数;在多面体方面，12是立方体和正八面体的边数，也是正二十面体、截半立方体和截角四面体的顶点数。

在自然科学中，12是镁原子的序数;地球围绕太阳公转的周期，大约是月球绕地球公转周期的12倍，因此12这个数对人类的计时和历法具有特殊的意义。

在我国，12是常见的算数或货物包装单位，12打称为一罗，但这种称谓比较少见。

在古代也用12代指多数;战国时代至隋朝使用重量单位中，十二铢等于半两;周易的六十四卦中的第十二卦是否卦;黄历中的一种历注称为十二值;在佛教中，十二处是佛教中的一个常见名数;佛教中还有一些12个神祇并称的名号，如药师佛有十二神将护法，另外还有称作十二天的12个护法神;佛教将三藏依体裁和内容分成十二类，称为十二分教或十二部经。

所以，12是占星术、古代天文学、历法中有关空间与时间最基本的数字，特别是在____和犹太教传统中，12 获得了更为重要的象征意义，指代受上帝垂爱的人。

此外，12还代表于中国组织、天象区域以及时间的周期。

梦见数字十二的含义梦见数字十二，意外的小运气来到!这两天是比较适合捞偏门的日子!本职工作/学业中积累的经验和人际资源将帮助你得到新的工作/学业机会，无意中得知的消息也有助于你开展业余创业。

为自己留后路，对于个人来说，是值得考虑的做法。

但是做好保密工作/学业也很重要呢!毕竟公司大多不赞同员工兼职呢!出行的人梦见数字十二，建议可以如期出行。

上学的人梦见数字十二，意味着成绩差，不能达到理想。

恋爱中的人梦见数字十二，说明虽有阻碍，有误会化解，慢慢有希望成婚。

12岁生日小寿星演讲稿【五篇】

【导语】演讲者根据⼏条原则性的提纲进⾏演讲，⽐较灵活，便于临场发挥，真实感强，⼜具有照读式演讲和背诵式演讲的长处。

以下是⽆忧考为⼤家整理的12岁⽣⽇⼩寿星演讲稿【五篇】，希望对您有所帮助。

【篇⼀】12岁⽣⽇⼩寿星演讲稿亲爱的各位来宾：⼤家好！⾮常感谢你们能参加我的⼗⼆岁⽣⽇！⼗⼆岁代表的是告别了天真烂漫的⼉童时代，即将步⼊如诗如梦的少年，这⼗⼆年来，我要感谢我的爸爸、妈妈、姥姥、姥爷和爷爷、奶奶，是他们的呵护才让我从⼀个⽆知的少⼉茁壮长成懂事的少年；我还要感谢我的亲朋好友，是他们帮助和关怀让我⾛过了⼗⼆年美好时光；我更要感谢我的同学和⽼师，在同学的帮助下使我学习成绩有所提⾼，在同学的⿎励下使我变得更坚强，同学们带给了我⽆限的欢乐。

在⽼师的教育下，使我增长了知识，在⽼师的关怀下，使我感到了温暖，在⽼师的辅导下使我的成绩⽇渐优秀。

在这⼗⼆年⾥，我变得独⽴、勇敢、坚强，遇事也⼗分沉重冷静。

我在⼗⼆年⾥也参加了很多⽐赛，获得了许多奖项，这也给了我锻炼的机会，让我学会了做⼈处事。

我以后要学会跟⼈交流沟通这项技能，让我变得更优秀，语⾔就是通往捷径的⼀条路，学会沟通是现代⼈的标志之⼀，它会给我带来许许多多的机会。

我很快就要告别⼩学，升⼊初中了，我⼀定要养成预习、复习的好习惯，这⼀定会让我的学习更加优秀，学起来也会⼗分轻松。

最后，我代表我们全家将最美好的祝福送给⼤家，祝⼤家⾝体健康、⽣活幸福、万事如意！【篇⼆】12岁⽣⽇⼩寿星演讲稿各位亲朋好友⼤家中午好，⾸先感谢你们在百忙之中来参加我的⼗⼆岁⽣⽇庆典，这天我个性⾼兴、也个性激动，我想，这天我该是这个世上最幸福的⼈了。

12年的时光，既短⼜长，对于我的⼈⽣来说，是刚刚起步，浓墨重彩还在未来；但对于为我付出了⾟苦和关爱的爷爷奶奶，爸爸妈妈来说，却已经倾注了他们全部的⼼⾎和时光。

所以这天，在我将告别天真烂漫的童年时，在我将步⼊如诗如梦的青少年时代时，在这特殊的时刻，我要个性感谢家⼈的养育之恩，感谢亲朋好友的关爱之情。

数字12幼儿园教案

数字12幼儿园教案教育目标1.让幼儿认识数字12，理解12的概念。

2.培养幼儿对数字的兴趣，提高他们对数字的敏感度。

3.通过数字12的教学，促进幼儿语言、思维、动手能力的综合发展。

教学目标认知目标1.能够看懂数字12。

2.能够点出12个物品，并说出“十二”。

3.能够用图形表示数字12。

情感目标1.提高幼儿的自信心，增强他们学习数字的信心。

2.培养幼儿通过画画、游戏等方式进行数字学习的兴趣。

动作目标1.能够把数字12按顺序排列出来。

2.能够用12个小球盖住12个点，并且说出“十二”。

教学内容音乐律动节奏活动热身，通过唱歌、跳舞、敲节奏器等活动，让幼儿愉快地进入数字世界。

自然观察通过自然观察，如数昆虫、拍数花、数鱼、数树叶等，让幼儿对数字的认识更加深刻。

图形认知通过制作数字卡片、拼图等活动，让幼儿认识数字12，并能进行简单的数字比较。

游戏互动通过游戏互动，如识图比赛、抢数字、搭积木等活动，让幼儿进一步加深对数字12的理解。

创意画画通过创意画画，如画12只小鸟、画12个小球等活动，让幼儿在画画过程中更好地理解数字12。

教学方法1.以学生为中心的教学，鼓励幼儿踊跃参与。

2.多种教学方法结合，如观察、游戏、创意画画等，确保教学效果。

3.与纪律要求相结合，提高幼儿学习数字的兴趣和积极性。

教学评估1.观察幼儿的参与积极性和学习习惯的改变。

2.通过游戏比赛、作品展示等方式，测评幼儿对数字12的掌握情况。

3.与幼儿家长进行沟通，了解他们对幼儿数字学习的评价。

教学反思1.教学目标过多，要把握好时间和重点。

2.教学形式多样性，要根据幼儿实际情况进行调整。

3.教学评估要量化，才能更好地了解幼儿的学习情况，及时调整教学方案。