英语专业跨文化交际考试复习题名词解释
《跨文化交际》试题及评分标准5
《跨文化交际》试题及评分标准5跨文化交际试题英语专业跨文化交际试题注意事项一、将你的学号、姓名及分校(工作站)名称填写在答题纸的规定栏内．考试结束后，把试卷和答题纸放在桌上。
试卷和答题纸均不得带出考场。
监考人收完考卷和答题纸后才可离开考场。
二、仔细读懂题目的说明，并按题目要求和答题示例答题。
答案一定要写在答题纸的指定位置上，写在试卷上的答案无效。
三、用蓝、黑圆珠笔或钢笔答题，使用铅笔答题无效。
Information for the examinees：This examination consists of three sections. They are:Section Ⅰ : Listening Test (30 points, 30 minutes)Section Ⅱ : Reading Test (50 points, 60 minutes)Section Ⅲ : Writing Test (20 points, 30 minut es)The total marks for this examination are 100 points. Time allowed for completing this examination is 2 hours (120 minutes).Section Ⅰ： Listening Test 30 pointsInstructions:■ The Likening Test will take approximately 30 minutes.■ There are two pans t o the test and you will hear each part twice.■ There will he a pause of 30 seconds before each part to you look through ,h questions and another one after each part to allow you to think about your answers.■ You can first write your answers on this test paper. You will have 10 minutes at the end of the test to transfer your answers to the Answer Sheet.■ ALL ANSWERS MUST APPEAR ON THE ANSWER SHEET.Part 1: Questions 1 — 10 are based on this part. 10 pointsYou are going to listen to a telephone conversation between a student and a professor. Choose the best answer from A, B, C and D to answer each question. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.1. What is the name of the course that Benjamin Jones has taken?A. History.B. Art.C. Art history.D. Art gallery.2．The speaker makes the call firstly because________.A. his roommate is ill, and cannot hand in the term paperB．he knows the teacher wellC. he wants to choose this courseD．he is ill, and cannot hand in his term paper3. Which description about .he course "Landscape Painters" is no, true?A. It"s a course for non-art majors.B. We"ll be looking at several different painters and examining their works.C. We"ll also look at the history and politics of the era in which they lived.D. It is a course for art majors.4. What is true about the requirement for this course?A. The students must pass the final exam.B. The students have no final exam.C. The students have to give a major presentation about all the painters.D. The students have to give a major presentation about theart history.5. Where is the location of the professor"s office?A. The office is in the fine arts building right next to the library.B. The office is in the fine arts building right next to the gate.C. The office is in the fine arts building to the right of the library.D. The office is in the fine arts building to the right of the gate.Part 2: Questions 6—15 are based on this part. (10 points)You are going to listen to a part of a lecture on cultural diversity at home. As you listen, fill in the blanks to complete Sentences 6 —15. Note：Only one word is necessary for each blank.6. It has long been recognized that cultural variables influence how children present themselves, understand the world, and _______________ experiences.7. Culture also affects the experiences through which children"s earliest__________ and number knowledge are acquired.8. Some of these experiences may be________________ focused on encouraging learning, such as reading books to children or instructing them to count.9. More common are activities that provide implicit,________________ support for various types of learning in the context of shared everyday activities.10．Efforts to create effective classroom environments for young children from diverse cultural and______________ backgrounds should be based on knowledge about.11. It is critical to identify those aspects of children"s cultural backgrounds that have the greatest relevance forchildren"s________________, motivation, and learning at school.12. The workshop participants suggested many possibilities as important___________.13. They fell into three________________.14．…(2) the nature and extent of parent-child____________ and other experiences.15．…(3) social ________________ that affect the ways in which knowledge and skills pertinent to early learning are communicated among and used by family members. This is the end of the Listening TestSection Ⅱ : Language Appropriacy and Accuracy [30 points] Instructions; There are altogether 15 statements below. You are offered four choices marked with A, B, C, and D for each statement. Choose the most appropriate one and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.16. When the home market is already glutted with wheat, blindly importing wheat means not only carrying coals to Newcastle, but also bankruptcy of local farmers.A. gilding the lilyB. building castles in SpainC． having a big mouthD. casting pearls before swine17. That was only a harmless lie. I didn"t wan, .0 hurt her. I know if she knew the truth, she would do something silly.A. a green lieB. a white lieC. a gray lieD. a blue Lie18. He was discovered in the act of cheating by looking up his textbooks in the exam.A. caught red-handedB. caught white-handedC. caught black-handedD. caught green-handed19. He is a straight shooter, and hence has offended a lot of people.A. doing things decisively and with flairB. always attacking his opponents" weak points aggressively and without mercyC. honest and frank on his talkD. boasting20. I always think I"m a lucky dog. But this deal has turned out to be a dead duck.A. terrible mistakeB. complete failureC. lion in the wayD. fly in the ointment21. Don"t behave rudely with me, young man. —I"m sorry. I didn"t mean to offend you.A. freak outB. hit it offC. go bananasD. come it22. No wonder he is so sad these days. His grandfather pushed up the daisies a week ago.A. passed awayB. relieved himselfC. was not all thereD. was in a family way23. Nobody can persuade him to do that. He is very stubborn.A. as stubborn as a muleB. as stubborn as a cowC. as stubborn as a gooseD. as stubborn as a duck24. He tried to answer the teacher"s questions, but he was out in the left field.A. was not able to do soB. gave a totally wrong answer which had no relevance to the teacher"s questionC. could not express himself completelyD. had a soar throat and could not speak25. It"s no use worrying about a remote happening.A. Don"t count your chickens before they are hatched.B. Don"t have too many irons in the fire.C. Don"t change horse in mid-stream.D. Don"t cross the bridge till you get to it.26.In different culture, the ways of thought may differ. Americans are_______, stressing the need for action. However French are ________. playing great weight on careful thought and logic.A. psychomotor-oriented, affective-orientedB. psychomotor-oriented, cognitive-orientedC. affective-oriented, cognitive-orientedD. affective-oriented, psychomotor-oriented27. Which one in the following is Not an idiomatic expression?A. as cunning as a foxB. as wise as a monkeyC. as blind as a batD. as majestic as a lion28. We know that the dog is regarded as man"s best friendin the West, but sometimes dogs also have negative associations, such as " _______ ".A. A top dogB. Get the dogC. He worked like a dogD. Lead a dog"s life29. The uncle encouraged the boy not to be _______ saying that he should fight back the bully.A. as slippery as an eelB. as timid as a hareC. as meek as a lambD. as majestic as a lion30. The new office block has become an expensive white elephant.A. a thing that is rather large and eye-catchingB. a thing that is useless and expensive to maintainC. a value gift that shouldn"t be given awayD. a thing whose symbolic meaning is profound and far-reachingSection Ⅲ: Reading Comprehension [20 points]Part 1: Questions 31—35 are based on this part. (10 points) Read Passage 1 and then answer Questions 31 —35 briefly. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1Every culture has its own body language, and children absorb its nuances along with spoken language. A Frenchman talks and moves in French. The way an Englishman crosses his legs is nothing like the way an American male does it. In talking, Americans are apt to end a statement with a droop of the head or hand, a lowering of the eyelids. They wind up a question witha lift of the hand, a lifting of the chin, or a widening of the eyes. With a future-tense verb they often gesture with a forward movement.There are regional body languages, too: an expert can sometimes pick out a native of Wisconsin just by the way he uses his eyebrows during conversation. Your sex, ethnic Aground, social class, and personal style all influence your body language. The person who is truly bilingual is also bilingual in body language.Usually the wordless communication acts to qualify the words. What the nonverbal elements express very often, and very efficiently, is the emotional side of the message. When a person feels liked or disliked, often it"s a case of "not what he said but the way he said it. " Psychologist Albert Mehrabian has devised this formula: total impact of a message = 7%verbal +38% vocal +55% facial. The importance of the voice can be seen when you consider that even the words "1 hate you" can be read to sound special.Experts in kinetics —the study of communication through body movement —are not prepared to spell out a precise vocabulary of gesture. When an American rubs his nose, it may mean he is disagreeing with someone or rejecting something. But there are other possible interpretations, too. For example, when a student in conversation with a professor holds the older man"s eyes a little longer than usual, it can be a sign of respect and affection; it can be a subtle challenge to the professor"s authority; or it can be something else entirely. The expert looks for patterns in the context, not for an isolated meaningful gesture.31. What is mainly discussed in the opening paragraph?32. How can an expert in kinetics tell whether a person is anative of Wisconsin or not?33. According to the writer, what factors affect one"s body language?34. What is the function of nonverbal communication?35. Can we get a precise meaning through one particular gesture?Part 2: Questions 36—40 are based on this part. (10 points) Read Passage 2 and then decide whether Statements 36-40 are True or False according to the information given in the passage. Write ""T" for true and "F" for false on the Answer Sheet.Passage 2In some respects we are like computers that are controlled by operating systems - our culture. Anthropologists Edward T. Hall and Mildred Reed Hall suggested that culture is "a sy5lern for creating, sending, storing, and processing information. - Sounds rather like the standard definition for a computer, doesn"t it? This useful metaphor helps us better understand how culture operates. Think of your body as the hardware of a computer. Computers may have more than one operating system, such as DOS, Mac, Unix, or Windows. They also have software that controls specific applications, such as word processing, spreadsheets, and presentations. When you are functioning under one operating system, say as a European North American, you behave like others in that group. But at times you may be controlled by another operating system, say, when you are in a situation where you are functioning as a female. Society programs men and women to act differently. Gender, race, age, religion, and many other factors affect our behavior. These factors are like operating systems that program us to behave in certain patterns.Just as Unix operating system has trouble communicating with a DOS machine, so do people from one culture have difficulty getting through to those from another culture. Because individuals have more than one operating system, they do not always behave as expected. And just as operating systems can control many software applications, people are further differentiated by the software application that may be operating at any given time. For example, work cultures differ remarkably from one organization to another. When people conditioned to work in casual surroundings are placed in work cultures that are more formal and regimented, they may experience culture shock.The important thing to remember is that culture is a powerful operating force that conditions the way we think and behave. And yet, we are not truly computers. As thinking individuals, we are extraordinarily flexible and are capable of phenomenal change.36. In some way people are like computers that are controlled by operating systems-culture.37. Society programs men and women of the same culture not to act differently.38. Just as computers with different operating systems have difficulty communicating, people from different cultures cannot communicate with each other.39. Gender, race, age, religion, and many other factors are like operating systems that program us to behave in certain patterns.40. In one society, people conditioned to work in casual conditions will not be shocked when placed in formal work cultures.Section Ⅳ: Communication Analysis [30 points]Instructions: The following are three different cases of cross-cultural communication. In each of the cases there is something to be improved upon. Write an analysis on what is to be desired for more successful communication or cultural understanding in each case by answering Questions 41—43 respectively. Your analysis of each case should be 100—150 words. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Note! Your writing ability will also be assessed in this section of the test.Case 1 (7 points)Linhua has accompanied an American delegation to visit China. They have experienced the hospitality of the Chinese people. After returning to America, Linhua once visited them. They were so glad to meet again. Linhua offered to host the meal, but they refused. They ordered their own dish, and Linhua ordered her own. When footing the bill, they only paid their part, and no one wanted to pay for Linhua. Linhua found them so inhospitable, though she knew the Americans would usually pay for their own food.Question 41. Why did Linhna find them inhospitable?Case 2 (10 points)Zhou came to the United States for overseas study half a year ago. When he worked part-time in a restaurant, he made friends with an American student Jim.One day, as they were leaving work, Jim asked Zhou, "Zhou, I need a favor. I have to go over 10 school, and I"m out of money. Could you lend me a dollar so I can take the bus over there and then get home? I"ll pay you back tomorrow. ""Sure, Jim. No problem. You don"t have to pay me back," said Zhou, as he handed Jim a dollar.As soon as he got to work the next day, Jim went over to Zhou and handed him a dollar, saying, "Thanks, Zhou. I really appreciated this last night. It sure was too cold to walk. ""Forget it," said Zhou, as he handed back his dollar."Oh, no. I insist. 1 don"t want to take advantage of a friend. What if 1 needed to borrow money again sometime? If I didn"t pay you back now, I would feel wrong asking to borrow money again," said Jim, as he put the dollar into Zhou"s shirt pocket.Zhou answered, " But that"s what friends for. In China, we have a saying "today for you, tomorrow for me. "If you pay me back, I will feel that I won"t be able to ask you for money when I need it. I will feel like you are closing the door on me, and that there is no trust between us. I thought we were friends. How can I take the money?" Zhou handed back the dollar."But I won"t feel right if you don"t take it!" said Jim.Question 42:Why did Jim insist on returning the dollar to Zhou? Why didn"t Zhou want to take it? What culture values are reflected in their attitudes?Case 3 (13 points)Study the following two short speeches. One is given by a Hong Kong Chinese and the other by an American businessman.A. Because most of our production is done in China now, and it"s not really certain how Hong Kong will he like after 1997, and since I think a certain amount of caution in committing to TV advertisement is necessary because of the expense, so, I suggest that we delay making our decision until after Legco makes its decision.B. I suggest that we delay makin8 our decision until after Legco nukes its decision. That"s because I think a certain amountof caution in committing to TV dvertisement is necessary because of the expense, In addition to that production is done in China now, and it"s not really certain how Hong will like after 1997.Question 43:Which speech might be given by the Chinese and which by the American? Give your reasons.英语专业跨文化交际试题答案及评分标准（供参考）Section Ⅰ: Listening [20 points]Part 1 (10 points, 2 points each.)1．C 2.A 3.D 4.B 5.APart 2. (10 points, 1 point each. The exact words are required. )6. interpret7. literacy8. explicitly9. unintentional10. linguistic11. adjustment12. factors13. categories14. interactions15. conventionsSection Ⅱ: Language Appropriacy and Accuracy [30 points] (30 points, 2 points each.)16. A 17. B 18. A 19. C 20. B21. D 22. A 23. A 24. B 25. D26. B 27. B 28. D 29. B 30. BSection Ⅲ: Reading Comprehension [20 points]Part 1: (10 points, 2 points each. 0. 5 point off for eachgrammar/spelling mistake, but at most 1 point can be deducted for each item for the grammar/spelling mistakes. The exact wording is not required, but the meaning must be the same. )31. Every culture has its own body language.32. By the way he uses his eyebrows during conversation.33. One"s sex, ethnic background, social class, and personal style all influence one"s body language.34. It acts to qualify the words.35. No.Part 2. (10 points, 2 points each.)36. T 37. F 38. F 39. T 40. FSection Ⅳ : Communication Analysis [30 points]Question 41.Case 1 (7 points: 5 points for the analysis, 2 points for overall language quality.)1)In China, to show hospitality, people tend to host the meal. And if they cannot do this, they at least will struggle to pay for the guest.2)In America, people tend to pay for themselves to show equality and independence. 3)Linhua knows this custom, but from a Chinese point of view, she still finds this hard to accept, and feels it a little inhospitable.Question 42.Case 2 (10 points: 8 points for the analysis, 2 points for overall language quality. )1)Jim was keeping his promise when he returned the dollar. Americans regard credibility as very important. The value of self-reliance is also important to Americans. They do not feel it right to rely on others for too much. In American culture, owing too many favors means being dependent. Americans see this as aweakness. They cannot respect themselves if they feel too much "in debt" to other people, financially or otherwise. Instead, they prefer to be "free" from obligations to others.2)0ne reason Zhou did not want to accept Jim"s dollar was that in Chinese culture it is very important to be generous to friends. Generosity and respect for friends" generosity are two values that explain many Chinese customs and attitudes. Chinese do not try to return small amount of money for they don"t want to suggest to their friends that they are stingy and "haggle over every ounce". This is why Jim"s refusal to accept Zhou"s generosity made Zhou question their friendship.Question 43.Case 3 (13 points: 11 points for the analysis, 2 points for overall language quality.)1)The message of the two versions is the same but the way it is expressed is different.2)The first speech might be made by the Chinese. Even though the words and sentences of the speaker are quite clear, it does not seem quite clear what the speaker"s main point is.3)The second is what the Western people might expect.4)The reason lies in the different discourse patterns between Chinese and English. The deductive (topic-first) pattern is prevalent in the West. The Chinese and other Asians favor the inductive (topic-delayed) pattern. The Western people are in the habit of directly expressing their ideas, while the Chinese employ an indirect way when presenting their ideas.。
(完整word版)《跨文化交际英语实用教程》名词解释
《跨文化交际英语实用教程》名词解释Define the following terms：1. Culture: it refers to a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values，norms and social practices, which affect the behaviors of a relatively large group of people.文化:它是指一组学习者对信仰、价值观、规范和社会实践的共同理解，从而影响了一个相对大的群体的行为。
2. Intercultural communication：It is communication between people from different cultural backgrounds, or it refers to communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.跨文化交际：它是来自不同文化背景的人们之间的交流，也就是说，人们的文化观念和符号系统之间的沟通是不同的,足以改变交际活动。
3. Denotative meaning tends to be described as the definitional，literal，obvious or commonsense meaning of a word.外延意义往往被描述为定义,文字，一个词明显或常识性的意义。
4. Connotative meaning is used to refer to the socio—cultural associations of the word.内涵意义是指词的社会文化协会。
大学英语跨文化交际 要点汇总
Unit 1
Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.
The English equivalents of the above kinship terms are not so used. Even with relatives, Americans tend to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship.
--- the explicit, particular, defined meaning. Connotation: the suggestive meaning of a word --- all
the values, judgments, and beliefs implied by a word, the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning. Taboo: some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons. Euphemism: the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.
期末英语专业跨文化交际试题试题及参考答案
中央广播电视大学2003--2004学年度第二学期“开放本科”期末考试英语专业跨文化交际试题注意事项一、将你的学号、姓名及分校(工作站)名称填写在答题纸的规定栏内。
考试结束后，把试卷和答题纸放在桌上。
试卷和答题纸均不得带出考场。
二、仔细阅读题目的说明，并按题目要求答题。
答案一定要写在答题纸指定的位置上，写在试卷上的答案无效。
三、用蓝、黑圆珠笔或钢笔答题，使用铅笔答题无效。
Information for the Examinees：This examination consists of FOUR sections．These are：Section I：Listening(20 points，30 minutes)Section II：Language Appropriacy and Accuracy(30 points，20minutes)SectionⅢ：Reading Comprehension(20 points，30 minutes)Section lV：Communication Analysis(30 points，40 minutes)The total marks for this examination are 100 points．Timeallowed for competing this examination is 2 hours(1 20 minutes)allowed for completing this examination is hours (120 minutes)．Section I：Listening [20 points]You are going to listen to an interview．Then choose the best answer from A，B，C and D to answer each question．Write your answers on the Answer Sheet．1．Concerning the issue of maternity，what ideas prevail among Chinese women?A．The modern concept．B．The traditional concept．C．The responsibility to the society．’D．The responsibility to the family．2．According to the passage，raising children——．A．is an unbearable burden to womenB．is a significant part of a woman’s lifeC．is the permanent task of womenD is the task 0f both a man and a woman3．Giving birth ．A．brings great pleasure to womenB．differs men from women physically and spirituallyC．makes the women’s life completeD．all the above4．Those oppose giving birth think that ．A．giving birth is something rather primitiveB．women do not need to follow their mothers’ideasC．they are not educated and influenced to live with maternityD．giving birth is necessary for women5．According to the passage，which statement is true9．A．City dwellers have children to take care of them when they get old．B．Rural dwellers have children to give them emotional comfort．C．City dwellers have children to give them emotional comfort．D．Rural dwellers have children only to ensure the bloodline．Part 2：Questions 6—15 are based on this part．(10 points)You are going to listen to a lecture on celebrating diversity．As you listen，fill in the blanks to complete Sentences 6—1 5．Note：Only one word is necessary for each blank．6．Diversity——our lives．7．Cultural diversity brings together the resources and talents of many people for thebenefit of all．8．Yet consider how——life would be if we all looked alike，thought alike，and acted alike! 9．Together we can overcome and intolerance and work towards a more peaceful and productive world．10．People may fear diversity simply because they are to the way things used to beand change makes t hem uncomfortable．11．Others may somehow feel ．because they perceive increased participation by traditionally underrepresented groups in the workplace．12．Education universalizes the human ．13．The word university is to this idea．14．I believe that the is also true：if you lose a language，you lose a world．15．We can cross and feel comfortable in other worlds．This is the end of the Listening TestSectionⅡ：Language Appropriacy and Accuracy [30 points]Instructions：There are altogether 1 5 statements below．You are offered four choices marked with A，B，C，and D for each statement．Choose the most appropriate one and write it on the Answer Sheet．．16. Maybe it's asking too much 0f you to follow the idea of‘love me love my dog’，but atleast you should tolerate my love for jazz．A．10ve my dog as much as loving meB．10ve everything about me because you love meC．tolerate my love for jazz music like your tolerating my dogD．10ve jazz music the same as you love my dog17．What a fabulous car—I’m very jealous．A．red with envyB．blue with envyC．green with envyD．white with envy18．As a man with plenty of guts , he is the person who is expected to bring success to this company which is on the verge of bankruptcy．A．the great white hopeB．the great red hopeC．the great green hopeD．the great black hope1 9．He is always shooting his mouth off about how many VIPs he knows．A．boastingB．imagingC．telling 1ies aboutD．denying20．I’m not surprised at the downfall of the President because of the promises he made before he came into office turned out to be plans that are unlikely to be fulfilled．A．Dutch courageB．fl piece of cakeC．the salt of the earthD．castles in the air21．These days Mr.．Smith looks anxious and restless．What happened?I heard his wife was in the family way this month．A．badly sickB．deadC．dyingD．pregnant22．“Well，”said the Master，“if you won’t listen to what I say，I refuse to be responsible for you and your examination chances．A．zip my lips ofB．wash hands ofC．1ick my boots ofD．sit at my feet of23．She is always hiding her light under a bushel when it comes to giving US her ideas．A．keeping ideas to herselfB．1eaving the office with her ideasC．telling everyone her bright ideasD．agreeing with others ’ideas24．It’s not easy to organize such a party，as everyone has his own likes and dislikes．A．every dog has his dayB．every tide has its ebbC．a clear conscience is a sure cardD．one man’s meat is another’s poison．25．When Greeks meet，then comes the tug of war．A．If too many people try to do, the same thing at the same time，chaos will reign．B．Empty—headed persons are always the most talkative and noisy．C．There must be something better after every piece of unpleasantness．D．When two adversaries are of equal strength of character，the contest of wills is certain to be long and hard—fought．26．Which of the following statements are true of collectivist culture?A．Disclosure of private feeling is distasteful．B．People are suspicious of outsiders．C．Uniformity is not highly thought of．D．There is a positive attitude about words of disagreement．27．I can’t stand listening to jazz．It’s just ．A．a storm in a tea cupB．not my cup of teaC．not for all the tea in ChinaD．a cuppa28．Which one in the following expressions is Not True?A．as wise as a fox．‘B．as happy as a lark．C．as strong as a horse．D．as stupid as a goose．29．Xiao wang was trying his best to explain the Chinese proverb “驴唇不对马嘴” to hisAmerican friend Bob．What he means is ．A．the donkey’s lip is not suitable to the horse’s mouthB．1eft right outC．out of left fieldD．1eft way out30．The‘ring’gesture is an insult in ．A．FranceB．the U．S．A．C．South AmericaD．TunisiaSectionⅢ：Reading Comprehension [20 points]Part 1：Questions 3 1—35 are based on this part．(10 points)Read Passage 1 and then answer Questions 3 1——35 briefly．Write your answers on the Answer Sheet．Passage 1Proxemics is the Study of what governs how closely one person stands to another．People who feel close will be close，though the actual distances will vary between cultures．For Americans we can discern four main categories of distance：intimate，personal，socialand public．Intimate distance ranges from direct Contact to about 45 centimeters．Beyond this comes personal stance．．This stands at between 45 and 80 Centimeters·It is the most usual distance maintained for conversations between friends and relatives。
《跨文化交际》名词解释资料讲解
《跨文化交际》名词解释1. Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in international business operations.经济学视角中的全球化表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程。
2. Macroculture :The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming one large society.宏观文化意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形成。
3. Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationlities.熔炉:不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。
4. Microcultures:cultures within cultures微观文化：文化中的文化5. Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。
Chapter 16. Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。
大学英语跨文化沟通简答题及答案
三．简答题1. What are the characteristics of culture?Learned, adaptive, pervasive, integrated, dynamic.2. What is the nature of culture?1. Culture is like an iceberg.2. Culture is our software.3. Culture is like the water a fish swims in.4. Culture is the grammar of our behavior.3. What are the characteristics of communication?Communication is dynamic, systematic, symbolic, irreversible, transactional, self-reflective and contextual.4. What are the components of communication?Message, sender, receiver, channel, noise and feedback5. What are the barriers to effective intercultural communication?(1) Assumptions of similarities(2) Language differences(3) Nonverbal misinterpretations(4) Preconceptions and stereotypes(5) Tendency to evaluate(6) High anxiety or tension6. What are the categories of nonverbal communication?2. olfactics3. haptics4. kinesics5. chromatics6. attire7. What are the four modes of acculturation?Assimilation: is a process in which members of an ethnic group are absorbed into the dominant culture, losing their culture in the process.Integration:is a process of desiring a high level of interaction with the host culture while maintaining identity with their native culture.Separation and segregation: Separation is when individuals prefer low levels of interaction with the host culture and associated micro-cultural groups while desiring a close connection with, and reaffirmation of, their native culture. If such separation is initiated and enforced by the dominant society, this is called segregation Marginalization:Marginalization occurs when the individual chooses not to identify with his or her native culture or with the host culture.8. What are the four stages of the U-curve pattern intercultural adaptation?1.Honeymoon//Crisis//Adjustmen//Biculturalism Period9. How is sex different from gender?Sex: biological, permanent, individual property.Gender: socially constructed, varied over time and across cultures, social and relational qualityThe differences between sex and gender are sex refers to biological differences gender describes the characteristics that a society or culture delineates/describes as masculine or feminine10. How to distinguish high context culture from low context culture?(了解)11. What are the forms of culture shock?1. Language shock2.Role shock3.Transition shock4.Cultural Fatigue5. Education Shock6.Adjustment Stress7.Culture Distance12. What are the components of cultural patterns?Beliefs, values, norms and social practices13. What are the differences between Chinese and English compliments?80% of English compliments are of adjectives type. 16% make use of verbs.In Chinese, positive words expressing compliments are mainly adjectives, adverbs and verbs.Native English speakers tend to accept the compliments, at least in form, whereas the Chinese tend to efface themselves in words, although they do feel comfortable about the compliments.14. What are the differences between direct and indirect verbal communication styles?In the direct verbal style, statements clearly reveal the speaker’s intentions.E.g. U.S. Americans tend to use a straightforward form of request.In the indirect verbal style, on the other hand, verbal statements tend to hide the speaker’s actual intentions.E.g. Chinese tend to ask for a favor in a more roundabout and implicit way.15. What does the power distance measure according to Hofstede?〔选择题20〕【本文档内容可以自由复制内容或自由编辑修改内容期待你的好评和关注，我们将会做得更好】。
英语专业跨文化交际期末知识点整理summary
U1:1.views on intercultural communicationTwo different views on intercultural communication: “people are people”VS. “contact is not equal to communication”2. 3 major socio-cultural elements influencing perception and communicationCultural value, world view , social organizations.3.What is globalization?Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and gover nments of different nations。
a process driven by international trade and investment and aided b y information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political sys tems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world.4.What are the stumbling blocks in intercultural communication?(1)assumption of similiarities: people expect that simply being human and having commonrequirements of food,shelter,security and so on makes everyone alike.(2)Language differences.: “yes”and “no” cause trouble.(3)Nonverbal misinterpretatons: misinterpretation of observable sians andsymbols—gesture ,postures, body movenment.(4)Preconceptions and stereotypes: Arabs are “inflammable”may cause U.S.students to keeptheir distance .(5)Tendence to evaluate: to approve or disapprove ,to statements and actions of other personor group.(6)High anxiety/ tension.U2:1.What is culture?Culture is a very extensive concept, it is very difficult to define it strictly and accurately, because culture involves too much. Culture is a complex system of behavior, values, beliefs, traditions and artifacts, which is transmitted through generations.What are the five basic needs for human beings?(1)physiological needs (things that make us alive,food water air)(2)safety needs (physical safe and psychologicallly secure)(3)belongingness needs (needs tobe accepted by others and to belong to a group )(4)esteem needs ( recognition, reputation,self respect )(5)self-actualization needs (actualize onself and to reach one’s full potential)2.What are values, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors? How are they linked?(1)Values are what people go to war over or conduct bussiness by. Values tell us how to weighthe worth of something, they can indicate a relative hierarchy.(2)Attitudes are feelings about things .it is a tendency to respond the same way to the sameobject or situation or idea. Attitudes is learned and can change.(3)Beliefs are convictions or certainties based on subjective and often personal ideas ratherthan on proof or fact.(4)Links: values underlie attitudes and also shape beliefs. Attitudes are based on beliefs as wellas values.values enable us to evaluate what matters to us or apply standars to our attitudes and beliefs.value→belief →attitude. For example , you have an attitude toward eating rawfish,which is positive and is based on the belief that expert prepararion of sushi and sashimi by Japanese chefs results in culinary delicacies ,or you have an attitude that is negative,based on the belief that raw fish can contain parasites that cause unpleasant consequences in the human digestive system. You can even have both attitudes at the same time.if you do ,then probably you value both fine eating experiences and physical health.3.What are the elements of communication?①context: physical setting, psychological ,historical,culture ,the communication norms②participants: senders who form messages and communicate with symbols, receiverswhoprocess and react the massages.③Massages: meanings, symbols ,encodings and decodings④Channels :a variety of sensory channels⑤Noise ;internal external and semantic noise.⑥Feedback : the verbal and nonverbal responses4.What are norms?Norms are the guildelines that we establish for conducting transactions. Norms tell us what kinds of messages and behavior are proper in a given context or with a particular person or group of people. People acquire communication norms from their experiences in life.5.What is the difference between encoding and decoding?Encoding is the process of transforming ideas and feelings into symbols and organizing them. Decoding is the process of tansforminf meeages backe into ideas and feelings.Transforming and organizing Transforming and intepretingideas and feelings--------------------→symbols/massages------------→ideas and feelings↓↓Encoding decoding6.What is the difference between external noise, internal noise and semantic noise? external noise : Sights and sounds and other stimuli in the environment that draw people’s attention away from intended meaning.internal noise : Thoughts and feelings that interfere with the communication process. Feelings of anger or anxiety ,stereotypeor prejudice in your mind.semantic noise: the meanings we assign to words depend on our own experience, other people may at times decode a word or phases differently from the way we intend.7.What is communication?Communication is a process involving the exchange of messages and the creation of meaning.U3:1.What are the five basic questions at the root of any culture’s value system?(1)what is the character of innate human nature?-----human nature(2)what is the relation of man to nature?------t he relationship of man to nature.(3)What is the temporal focus of human life?----sense of time /time orientation.(4)What is the mode of human activity?-------activity orientation.(5)What is the mode of human relationships?----social relationships2.What are the key principles of Confucianism?(1)social order and stability are based on uneqal relationships between peopleincluding leaders and followers ,father and son ,husband and wife , older brother and younger brother,and friends .(2)family :follow rules for ordering(3)proper social behavior consists of not treating others as you would not like to be treatedyouself.,learn to be sensitive to other’s feels(子所不欲勿施于人)(4)people should be skilled ,educated hardworking,thrifty ,modest, patient and persevering. 3.How do living situations account for value differences between different cultures?For example,Japanese live in a little of arable land ,even mainly valcanoes.thus,they built their homes together very closely in order to make use of every available land and they can work together in planting and harvesting of rice effectively . In this situation, japanenes’central social valuebecause of living close proximity that gave very little privacy was that an idividual does not matter. However, in the U.S. it is common to see a pattern of a single farmhouse surrounded by firelds.the nearnest neighbor was perhaphs two miles distant.inevitably, the central social values were self-reliance and independence.4.What are cultural values?The commonly held standards of what is acceptable or unacceptable, important or unimportant, right or wrong, good or bad, true or false, workable or unworkable, etc., in a community or society.Values represent a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving the conflicts.5.What are the five dimensions to consider when doing studies of cultural differences(culturevalue)?(1)Idividualism versus collectivism (involves people’s relationship sto the largersocial groups;social relationship)Idividualism;key words include independence,privacy,self,and all important ICollectivism believe in obligations to the group, we consciouceness and an emphasis on belonging.(2)uncertainty avoidance(how to adapt to changes and cope with uncertainties,) Greece(plan everything0 versus Singapore (like uncertainty)(3)power distance(all people in a culture do not have equals levels of status or socialpower.) Malaysia versus New Zealand(4)masculinity versus femininity(work harder to get achievement ,wealth versuscaring for the others and the quatity of life) Japan versus Thailand(5)orientation to time (a long-term orientation schedule for work and life versus ashort-term orientation toward changing events)6.What are the differences between a high-context culture and a low-context one?Low-context interaction emphasizes direct talk, person-oriented focus, self-enhancement mode, and the importance of “talk”: high- context interaction, in contrast stresses indirect talk, status-oriented focus , self- esffacement mode, and the importance of nonverbal signals and even silence.U4:1.What is the relationship between language and culture?Culture and language are interwined and shaped each other. Each time we select words ,form sentence, and send a message ,either oral or written,we also make cultural choices. Cultural literacy(特定领域的能力或知识) is necessary to understand the language being used.(1)all languages have social questions and information questions.For exemple: in Ameirca English ,the question “How are you” is a social question,the Americans register the phrase as “hello”. But in Germany and Russia ,the phase is an imformation qustion .the speaker atually wants to get an answer to it.(2) language reflects the environment in which we live .For exemple, in the Amazon area snow is not part of the environment. Therefore , people in that region do not have a word for snow . however , most Americans ,who live an environment where Iit snows most months of the year, use terms such as snow , sleet , slush, blizzard and ice. (3)language reflects cultural values. a way of thinking .when we translate concepts from a foreign language and cultural with words ,we have to choose the priority words in oder to communicate effectively. Cultural kowledge is impotant as linguistic knowledge.For example ,Amerians are frustrated with the manana mentality(西班牙语的明天心态) of Spanish-speaking countries : for American tomorrow means midnight to midnight ,a very precise time period , To Mexicans ,manana means in the future,soon.（4,）Different cutures use identical words that have rather different meanings.For example, for Amercans ,adminisration in the university context means department chair or dean,for Frenches adminisration means upper level clerical staff . What Americans consider to be an adminstrator, Frenches consider faulty.（5）language changes overtime.words and prases that are used commonly at one time may be discontinued or their meaning my change overtime.For example, the word gay means happy lightened. In recent decades ,however the word has taken on the meaning” homosexual”.English speaking countries do n’ t use the original meaning anymore..Communication across cultures and language is difficult and full of hurdles and pitfalls. Even if two people from different countries spesk a common language ,they may misinteptet the cutural signal. If that happens ,in all likelihood , there will be a cutural problem rhather than a language problem.2.What is the relationship between environment and language?(2) language reflects the environment in which we live .For exemple, in the Amazon area snow is not part of the environment. Therefore , people in that region do not have a word for snow . however , most Americans ,who live an environment where Iit snows most months of the year, use terms such as snow , sleet , slush, blizzard and ice.3.How does language change over time?language changes overtime.words and prases that are used commonly at one time may be discontinued or their meaning my change overtime.For example, the word gay means happy lightened. In recent decades ,however the word has taken on the meaning” homosexual”.English speaking countries do n’ t use the original meaninganymore..4.Denotations and connotationsDenotations: denotations of a word or phrase are the meanings that relate it to the objects or concepts referred to the actual or fictional “things”that are symbolized.For example, the denotation of the English word “bird”is a tow –legged,winged,egg-laying creature.Connnotations: connnotations refer to the additional meanings that a word or phrase has beyond its central meaning .These meanings show people’s attitudes or feelings toward what the word or phase refers to.For example: consider the word “dog” in English and 狗in Chinese. They can be said to have the same denotative meaning；however,people from different cutures may have different connotative reactions to these words ,compare “a homeless dog” (流浪狗) with 丧家之犬5.What are the ways of expressing “no”? Why do people in countries like Japan and Chinaoften refuse to say “no” directly?(1)be vague(2)be silent or ask a question(3)change the topic or leave(4)tell a white lie or refuse to answer the question. Say one cannot answer(5)put the reaponsibility to the trird party or offering an alternative.The reason: In Japan and China’s culture ,to refuse an invitation or request with “no”, or a similar phrase, is felt to be impolite. It is thought to be selfish and unfriendly.6.How does language affect people’s perception and experiences?The language we use may to some exten determine the way we perceive and experience the world.(!)in japan language varies substantially in different social situatons like sddressing superior peers and inferiors.(2) the Thailand language（3）splanish language reveals male dominance through use of gendered nouns and pronouce. A group of man referred to as ello, agroup of wemen referred to as ellas7.What are the five intended types of equivalence when doing translation?(1)lexical equivalence 例子;there is no equivlent to the English color word blue in Russian.Russia only have the according words of light blue and dark blue that an be translated into English.(2)Idiomatic equivalence : “raining cats and dogs”(3)Grammatical equivalence ；’in Filipino language ,there is no equivalent of the english verb“to be”.(4)Experience equivalence(5)Conceptual equivalence8.Why do people say language is always ambiguous?(1)we can never fully control the meanings of the things we say and write in the way ofpaticipants interpret(2)language can never fully express our meanings whether in writing or speaking(3)whether the participants share the same assumptions and knowledge about the world ornot.U5:1.What is a rich point?Conversation is a rich point ,a rich point is something in one culture that makes it difficult to be connected with another culture.2.What basic differences can we still find between the English-speaking people and theChinese people concerning compliment and response?In English countrries, the “best way “to respond to a compliment is to accept it. Rejection of compliments is often regarded as a symptom of problem, such as low self-esteem. In contrast to english ,the best way rasponse to compliments in Chinese is traditionally thought to be a rejection or denial. A denial is the routinized response to a compliment.3.What are the differences between “high involvement”style and “high considerateness”style?High involvement styles tend to : (1) talk more ；（2）interrupt more ; (30 expect to to be interrupted (4) talk more loudly at times and (5) talk more quickly than those from cultures favoring “high considerateness styles.High considerateness styles；(1) speak one at times (2)use polite listening sounds;(3) refrain from interrupting; and (4) give plenty of positive and respectful responses to their conversation partners ;4.Directness & indirectness‘get to the point! Don’t beat around the bush” & have many ways to say “no” directly5.Different communication patternsPeople’s communication patterns differ the way people converse.Americans hold a conversation, it seems like they are having a PingPong game.one person has the ball and then hits it to the other side of the table. The other player hits the ball back the game continutesJapanes conversationstyle is like a bowling game,answer to questions are carefully thought out rather than blurted out ,enven long silences are tolerated. Give a answer to a question must be given enough time .6.Cross-cultural verbal communication stylesOur verbal communication styles reflects our cultural and personal values and sentiments.(1)diect and indirect verbal interaction styles,in the direct verbal styles, statements clearlyreveal the speaker’s intention. Say what you mean “don no beat around the bush(2)person-oriented(treat other people with casualness and informality )and status-orientedverbal styles(uphold formality in the human relationship)(3)self-enhancement (boast one’s accomplishments and ablilities) and self-oriented verbal styles(signal modesty or humanity)7.What cultural implications are there underlying the difference betweenspeaker-responsibility and listener-responsibility in organizational structure?187In Speaker-responsible language, the speaker provides the structure and therefore much of the specific meaning of the statement. Because the speaker want to tell the listener exactly what is goning to be talked about,and what the speaker wants the listener to know. Prior knowledge of the speaker’s intent is necessary.In listener-responsible language, speakers need to indicate only indirectly what they are discussing. The listener is forced to construct the meaning and usually does so ,based on shared kownledge between the speaker and the listener.U6:1.Values shown in nonverbal communication: intonation, body language (hand movement,eye contact, smile, touch)2.Baptics (touch)There are many kinds of touch to commonly used in the western world. The study of how we use touch in communication is called baptic.3.Gender and nonverbal communicationWhat we know as gender is a set of “acts”or social performences that people are repearedly compelled to enact.Touch, in the us,wemen friends and relatives may walk arm-in-arm, dance together and hug one another .touch between heterosexual males is generally more restricted.Height ,height equels power and wemen are not supposed to be more powerful than man, taller women may attempt to diminsh themselves,so as to retreat as little space as possible.Gaze, looking directly into person’s eyes can connote an aggressive threat, a sexual invitation,or a desire for honest and open communication. in some culture, children are taught that to look adults in the eyes is a sign of disrespect. In mixed-sex paries,women are more likely than men to avert their eyes.Gesture and demeanor ,or “act like a lady”.Artifactual (objects)message , when worn ,they have beed used to signify a wear’s gender, culture, and socioeconomic class. From the moment at which families or hospital assign infants pink or blue blankets,artifacts annouce and contribute to the shaping of children’s experience of gender.. maant of us have our notions of masculine and femininity resting on the nonverbal message we display.4.Functions of nonverbal communicationOur nonverbal communication haves many uses and functions in communication. Repeating: a nonverbal message can repeat a verbal one. Eg; place fingers to his lips to mean “stop”Complementing : using of the voice and facial expression to express appology. Subsituting, regulating ,contradictiing5.ParalanguageParalanguage (辅助性语言) lies between verbal and nonverbal communication. It involves sounds but not words. (语音和语调，感叹词的使用，美国中的插入语：you know ,okay, well ,the wors simply build a bridge to what the speaker says next.U7:1.Private space & public space2.Conversational distance3.The layout of a city reflects its social structure and cultural values.美国NewYork is arrranged in a grid pattern of right-angled street,any corner can becomen a center ,reflect more equality and independence.French is star pattern everthing should be surrounded the center of highly centrealized government.4. 3 perspectives on a culture’s conception of time(1)Informal time :,conception of late and attitutude to the conversation time.(2)Past ,present ,and future: behavior and time are linked.Chinese proverb ；consider the past and you will know the present.Americans are constanly planning for the future.(3)monochronic and polychronicM-time people: do one thing at atime ,concentrate on the job,take the deadline,schedules seriously , adhere to plans,show great respect for privacy.P-time people；do many things at once ,change the plans ofen easily and often,5.German use of space美国与德国的比较，germans sense their own space as an extension of the egoU8:1.perceptions/images related to the term “gaijin” in Japaneseblond hair and blue eyes outgoning.2.ethnocentrism & ethnorelativismethnocentrism (民族中心主义)is nagetively judging aspects of another culture by the standars of one’s own culture. It is the technical name for the view of things in whivh one’s own group is the center of everything,and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it.Ethnorelativism involves the view that all cultures areof equal value and the values and behaviors of a culture can only be judged using that culture as a frame of reference..no one cultural trait is right or wrong ,it is merely diferent from alternative cultural traits.3.stereotype : a tereotype is over simplified idea about a person ,group,.cultural stereotypeabout americans “we and they “.many american view jew and arab as a menace and demon and they may avoid to talk to them and escape them when they meet them on the way.4.What is perception? The three-step process of perceptionPerception is the means by which you make sense of your physical and social world.(1)selection,(2) organazation (3)interpretation5.What are cultural patterns?6.Racial prejudice7.the 3 ways in which stereotypes are formed(1)we may categorize people or things by the most obvious characteristics they possess.(2)We may apply a set of characteristics to a whole group of people..(3)We may give the same treatment to each member of the group.8.the 4 dimensions of stereotypesA rereotype is an overgeneralized and oversimplified belief we use to categorize a group of people.（1）direction (positive or negative statements, american honest, ambitious)（2）intensity ：the strenth of a belief about agroup of people（3）accuracy(4)content9.What is prejudice? The five common forms of prejudiceAn attitude based on erroneous beliefs or preconceptions is called prejudice.Vebal abuse,. Physical avoidance, discrimination, physical attack and massacre.U9:1.What is cultural shock? What are the symptoms?cultural shock refers to the transition period and the accompanying feelings of stress and anxietya person experiences during the early period unpon entering a new culture.(1)physiological such as headache and sleeplessness(2)emotional such as anxiety,and feeling helpless and loneliness(3)communication such as frustration and excessive complainting,withdrawal from relationshipand conversation.2.model that explains the normal cycles or stages of early adaptation and culture shock predeparture stage :everything is beatiful ,awful, okadaption and reentry3.What is reverse culture shock?The shock suffered by expatriates returning home after lengthy overseas assignments. It is caused by the fact that the cultural norms of the ex-pat's overseas assignment become natural to them, over their home country's own traditions and customs.suggestions for culture shock adaptationcontrol emotion be patient meet people try new things give youself period of rest and thought, work on your self-concept observe bady language ,learn the verbal language4.5. 2 major views of culture shock: the disease view (hepless victim leave the cuture quickly)&self-awareness view (positive learning experience)6.7.positive cross-cultural learning experiences8.9.overcoming ethnocentrism in communication10.Who are “sojourners”? What is cross-cultural adaptation? What are challenges to sojourneradaptation?People who cross cultural boundaries are referred to as sojourners.including immigrants ,refugees ,studentsCross-cutural adaptation refers to how a sojourner chooses to cope with cutural changes. Challenges to sojourner adaptation include ethnocentrism, language barriers, disequilibrium(fit into the host culture0，length of stay, level of knowledge11.key qualities of a mindful state of being(`1) creation of new categories (2)openness to new information (3)awareness of more than one perspective.U101.2.betweenness of identity3.metaphors of US cultural diversity4.5.steps to improve intercultural communication6.7.attributes of a competent intercultural communicator 8.9. 3 cognitive processes of perceptiondescription, interpretation, evaluation。
跨文化交际名词解释
目前，跨文化交际学已发展成为一门被国际学者们充分重视的集人类学、语言学、心理学、传播学、社会学等为一体的综合性学科。
4.文化差异文化差异是由各国的历史传统以及不同的社会发展进程所产生的，表现在社会文化的各个方面。
从霍氏的各文化维度指标值中，可得出东西方的文化差异是十分明显的，就是在同为东方文化圈的中国大陆、日本、中国香港、新加坡等也是较明显的。
就如中日两国文化都是一种集体主义导向，但两种集体主义却有较大的不同。
此外，除了民族、地域文化差异之外，不可否认，还有投资合作伙伴“公司文化”的风格差异。
可以说，公司内文化差距越大，产生文化冲突与困惑的可能性与强度就会越来越大。
霍夫斯坦特对文化下了这样一个定义：所谓“文化”，是在同一个环境中的人民所具有的“共同的心理程序”。
因此，文化不是一种个体特征，而是具有相同社会经验、受过相同教育的许多人所共有的心理程序。
不同的群体，不同的国家或地区的人们，这种共有的心理程序之所以会有差异，是因为他们向来受着不同的教育、有着不同的社会和工作，从而也就有不同的思维方式。
（权力距离、不确定性避免、个人主义与集体主义、男性度与女性度、长期取向与短期取向）5、文化词，什么是文化词呢？文化词就是指蕴含社会文化意义的词语，文化意义就是指社会赋予词语的引申义、联想义、比喻义、象征义等。
文化词与民族心理、风俗习惯和社会变革等密切相关，是词汇中最活跃的部分。
文化词和其他词汇一起组成了语言的底座，与语言紧密相随，在语言中也随处可见。
通过多年的对外汉语教学我发现，对留学生的文化词教学仅仅停留在词汇的表层意义上已经不能满足学生对汉语深层意蕴的渴求，文化词教学在对外汉语教学中是一个必须面对又很难把握的环节，甚至很多老师还没有认识到文化词教学其实是对外汉语教学的一部分。
6、体态语释义：又称“身体语言”。
是用身体动作来表达情感、交流信息、说明意向的沟通手段。
包括姿态、手势、面部表情和其他非语言手段，如点头、摇头、挥手、瞪眼等。
专业英语口试题目及答案
专业英语口试题目及答案一、自我介绍（Self-introduction）题目：请用英语简单介绍一下你自己。
答案：Good morning, my name is [Your Name], and I amcurrently a student majoring in [Your Major] at [Your University]. I have a strong interest in [Your Field of Interest] and have been actively involved in [Your Activities or Projects].二、专业话题讨论（Discussion on Professional Topics）题目：请谈谈你对[Your Major]领域中一个重要概念的理解。
答案：In my major of [Your Major], one of the key concepts I find particularly interesting is [Concept Name]. This concept is crucial because it [explain its importance and relevancein the field]. For instance, [give an example or application of the concept].三、案例分析（Case Study Analysis）题目：请分析以下案例，并给出你的观点。
案例：[Provide a brief case study related to your major]答案：Upon analyzing the case, it is evident that [state your observation]. The situation highlights the importance of [mention the key learning points]. In my opinion, [state your viewpoint], which can be supported by [provide evidence or reasoning].四、问题解决（Problem Solving）题目：如果在工作中遇到[Situation]，你会如何处理？答案：In the event of encountering [Situation], I would first [describe your initial step]. Then, I would [describe subsequent steps] to address the issue effectively. My approach is based on [explain the rationale behind your approach].五、未来展望（Future Prospects）题目：你认为[Your Major]领域的未来发展趋势是什么？答案：Looking ahead, I believe the field of [Your Major] will continue to evolve with a focus on [mention future trends]. This is due to factors such as [explain the driving forces behind these trends], which will shape the industry in the coming years.六、跨文化交际（Cross-cultural Communication）题目：描述一次你与不同文化背景的人交流的经历。
跨文化交际概论复习资料
跨⽂化交际概论复习资料⼀．基本概念理解1、传播就是信息的传送与接收，⼀⽅发出信息，另⼀⽅接受信息，这⼀过程就是传播。
2、亚⽂化：⼜称集体⽂化或副⽂化，指与主⽂化相对应的那些⾮主流的、局部的⽂化现象，指在主⽂化或综合⽂化的背景下，属于某⼀区域或某个集体所特有的观念和⽣活⽅式，⼀种亚⽂化不仅包含着与主⽂化相通的价值与观念，也有属于⾃⼰的独特的价值与观念，并构成亚⽂化等都是这种亚⽂化。
亚⽂化是⼀个相对的概念。
是总体⽂化的次属⽂化。
3、1948年，哈罗德·拉斯韦尔在《社会传播的构造与功能》⼀⽂中，提出了传播过程的"5w"模式，即：（who）谁、(say what)说什么、（in what channel）通过什么渠道、(to whom)对谁、(with what effects)得到什么效果。
4、传播的构成要素：⼀是基本要素：信源、信宿、信息、媒介、信道、反馈。
⼆是隐含要素：时空环境、⼼理因素、⽂化背景和信息质量。
5、线性传播模式的缺陷：：单⼀，静⽌。
6、语⾔是⽂化的载体，是⽂化的主要表现形式，就像⼀⾯镜⼦，折射出它所在的社会的思想，习俗和⾏为举⽌。
词汇作为语⾔的重要组成部分，不可避免的带有民族⽂化的积淀，不同国家民族之间的⽂化差异，必然在此上体现出来。
7、概念意义：词语中将其与外部世界的现象联系起来的那部分意义。
即，⼀个词语的字⾯意义中所包含的最基本的，最本质的意义成分就是其概念意义。
8、以英汉语⾔对⽐为例，词汇意义具有以下四个特征:词义基本对应、词义平⾏、词义空缺、词义冲突。
9、语⽤规则就是特定⽂化群体关于语⾔交际的规范与约定，包括说话的时机、说话的内容、说话的⽅式、说话的多少以及⾔语⾏为与⾮⾔语⾏为的配合等诸多⽅⾯。
10、交际风格是⾔语⾏为和⾮⾔语⾏为由于受使⽤中不同交际环境的影响或制约⽽形成的⼀系列交际特点的综合表现。
恰当的交际风格的运⽤对交际过程起着积极的促进作⽤，对交际能⼒的培养也起到重要作⽤。
《跨文化交际》 考试大纲
《跨文化交际》考试大纲一、课程基本作息：课程编码：课程类型：专业方向课所属教研室：外语专业教研室学时及学分：34 学时；2学分考核对象：英语专业二、课程教学目的及任务：《跨文化交际》课程是英语专业的一门专业核心必修课程。
要求学生通过这门课程的学习，基本掌握本课程的基础理论知识、具备对跨文化交际及其相关问题的分析能力，提高与来自不同文化背景的人进行交往的技能。
为检查学生对此门课的知识结构及其交际技能的掌握情况，特制定本考试大纲。
本大纲的考核对象是本科英语专业的学生。
通过课堂教学、课外辅导，及学生自学相结合的方式，学生在修完本课程时需具备一定的跨文化理论知识及交际技能。
三、考试目的：本课程的考试目的主要考核学生对理论知识的掌握与联系实际情况，即对课内教材和教师的授课内容的掌握与联系实际情况等。
要求学生通过该课程的学习了解英语文化的具体文化知识、文化功能、价值观念及与本族文化的差异，增强文化意识，培养跨文化交际的能力，提高文化学习能力。
四、教材和主要参考资料：教材：《跨文化交际实用教程》胡超主编，外语教学与研究出版社，2006.6主要参考资料：《跨文化交际》Samovar主编，外语教学与研究出版社，2000.08《跨文化交际概论》胡文仲主编，外语教学与研究出版社，1999.11《跨文化交际学》唐德根，中南大学出版社，2000.04《跨文化交际》顾曰国，外语教学与研究出版社，2009.09《新编跨文化交际英语教程(修订版) 》许力生、吴丽萍，上海外语教育出版社，2013.04《跨文化商务交际(第2版)》窦卫霖，高等教育出版社，2011.05《跨文化交际视听说》樊葳葳，《大学英语选修课/学科课程系列教材》项目组高等教育出版社2009.03《翻译与跨文化交际》陈建平、何其莘、仲伟合、许钧，外语教学与研究出版社 2012.09五、考试内容和要求：Unit 11. The elements of culture2. The characteristics of culture3. The elements of intercultural communicationUnit21. Form of address2. Greetings3. Initiating conversation and conversation topic4. Visiting5. PartingUnit 31. Compliments and compliment responses2. Social functions of compliments3. Differences between Chinese and English compliments4. Common response formulas of English and Chinese compliments5. Cultural assumption6. Expressions of gratitude and apology in English and ChineseUnit 41. Culturally loaded words2. Cultural reflections on proverbs3. Taboos4. Differences in cultural thought patternUnit 51. Nonverbal communication, its understanding status2. Nonverbal communication, its study areas3. Cultural differences in nonverbal communication4. Time language5. Space language6. Body language7. ParalanguageUnit 61. Sex and Gender2. Feminine and Masculine communication cultures3. Understand cross-gender communication4. Six principles for effective cross-gender communicationUnit 71. Cultural variations in conducting business2. Cultural variation in selecting negotiators3. Cultural variations in decision-makingUnit 81. Humor as a pathway to intercultural communication competence2. Converting enthymeme into syllogism3. Locating Analogous cultural contexts4. The metastep5. SummaryUnit 91. Eastern and western world views2. A synthesis3. Complementarity4. Toward Intercultural personhood考试方式及试卷结构：1、平时成绩：占总评成绩的60%。
跨文化交际课程期末考试题型+考试大纲
跨文化交际课程期末考题型和分值分布课堂讲义材料内容占期末卷面3/4以上，其他1/4为讲义外部分题型：1.名词解释（5个) （20%）（手写）2.填空(16题) （16%）（选词填空形式，有干扰项）3.判断正误(16题) （16%）（填T or F）4.例子分析(4个) （32%）（手写）5.简答（3题）（16% 5%+5%+6% ）（手写）跨文化交际课程期末考试大纲Chapter 1 Basic Concept名词解释：1. Culture (Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs,…. group of people.) （see P3）2. Intercultural communication ( In its most general sense, intercultural communication …. a member of another culture. (P15)3. Power distance4. Individualism5. Collectivism6. Femininity7. Masculinity问题：1. Introduce the seven characteristics of culture.（culture is shared/learned/symbolic/integrated/dynamic/ethnocentric/adaptive）2. What is cultural fish?3. What is cultural iceberg?4. What are the three styles of communication?5. What are the five main barriers in intercultural communication?6. What are the four primary dimensions for differentiating cultures?7. Explain cultural differences between eastern and western countries.了解：The differences between large and small power distances.Characteristics of individualistic and collectivist cultures.Characteristics of masculine and feminine cultures.练习：阅读后练习。
湖北工业大学英语专业跨文化交际复习资料
跨文化交际复习资料名词解释Globalization is worldwide interconnectedness, evidenced in global movements movements of of of natural natural natural resources, resources, resources, trade trade trade goods, goods, goods, human human human labor, labor, labor, finance finance finance capital, capital, information, and infectious diseases. Intercultural communication is communication between people whose cultural cultural perceptions perceptions perceptions and and and symbol symbol symbol systems systems systems are are are distinct distinct distinct enough enough enough to to to alter alter alter the the communication event. The dominant culture is a type of culture that one group possesses the power to speak for the entire culture while setting the tone and agenda that others will usually follow. Co-cultures are cultures discussing groups or social communities exhibiting communication characteristics, perceptions, values, beliefs, and practices that are sufficiently different to distinguish them from other groups and communities and from the dominant culture.Communication is a dynamic process in which people attempt to share their internal states with other people through the use of symbols. Culture is a set of human-made objective and subjective elements that in the past have increased the probability of survival and resulted in satisfaction for the participants in an ecological niche, and thus became shared among those who could communicate with each other because they had a common language and they lived in the same time and place. Values are culturally defined standards of desirability, goodness, and beauty that serve as broad guidelines for social living.P25Values are shared ideas about what is true, right, and beautiful which underline cultural patterns and guide society in response to the physical and social environment.P189Stereotypes are a collection of false assumptions that people in all cultures make about the characteristics of members of various groups.P42A stereotype is is a a a cognitive cognitive cognitive structure structure structure containing containing containing the the the perceiv perceiv perceiver’s er’s er’s knowledge,knowledge, beliefs, and experiences about some human social groups.P170Objectivity is the state of being objective, just, unbiased and not influenced by emotions or personal prejudices.P43Social organizations or social institutions a re the groups that members of a are the groups that members of a culture turn to for lessons about the meaning of life and methods for living that life.P49Family is is a a a group group group of of of intimates, intimates, intimates, who who who generate generate generate a a a sense sense sense of of of home home home and and and group group identity, complete with strong ties of loyalty and emotion, and an experience of a history and a future.P54Individualism is a kind of thought that involves self-motivation, autonomy, and independent independent thinking, thinking, thinking, which which which takes takes takes in in in the the the following following following forms. forms. forms. People’s People’s People’s personal personal goals take priority over their allegiance to groups like like the the the family family or or the the employer. The loyalty of individualists to a given group is very weak; they feel they belong to many groups and are apt to change their membership as it suits to them, switching churches, for example, or leaving one employer for another. Such Such thought thought thought stresses stresses stresses personal personal personal rights rights rights and and and responsibilities, responsibilities, responsibilities, privacy, privacy, voicing one’s own opinion, freedom, innovation, and self-expression. freedom, innovation, and self-expression.P198. P199.P67Collectivism is is a a a kind kind kind of of of thought thought thought that that that people people people primarily primarily primarily view view view themselves themselves themselves as as members of groups and collectives rather than as autonomous individuals. In such such cultures cultures cultures people people people emphasize emphasize emphasize community, community, collaboration, collaboration, shared shared shared interest, interest, harmony, tradition, the public good, and maintaining face. Collectivism means greater emphasis on the views. needs, and goals of the in-group rather than oneself; social norms and duty defined by the in-group rather than behavior to get pleasure; beliefs shared with the in-group rather than beliefs that distinguish distinguish the the the self self self from from from in-group; in-group; in-group; and and and great great great readiness readiness readiness to to to cooperate cooperate cooperate with with in-group members .History is the witness that testifies to the passing of time; it illumines reality, vitalizes vitalizes memory, memory, provides provides guidance guidance guidance in in in daily daily daily life, life, life, and and and brings brings brings us us us tidings tidings tidings of of antiquity. The worldview of a people is is the the the way way way they they they interpret interpret interpret reality reality reality and and and events, events, including including images images images of of of themselves themselves themselves and and and how how how they they they relate relate relate to to to the the the world world world around around them .P97Worldview functions as a guide to help people determine what the world looks like and how they should function within that world.P98Identity is the reflective self-conception or self-image that we each derive from our family, gender, cultural, ethnic, and individual socialization process. Cultural identity: the identification of communications of a shared system of symbolic verbal and nonverbal behavior that are meaningful to group members who have a sense of belonging and who share traditions, heritage, language, and similar norms of appropriate behavior. Cultural identity is a social construction.P154Prejudices are are deeply deeply deeply held held held negative negative negative feelings feelings feelings associated associated associated with with with a a a particular particular group. Prejudice amounts to a rigid and irrational generalization about a category of people. Prejudice is irrational to the extent that people hold inflexible attitudes supported supported by by by little little little or or or no no no direct direct direct evidence. evidence. evidence. Prejudice Prejudice Prejudice may may may target target target people people people of of of a a particular social class, sex, sexual orientation, age, political affiliation, race, or ethnicity.P173Racism is the belief in the inherent superiority of a particular race.It denies the basic equality of humankind and correlates ability with physical composition. Thus it assumes that success or failure in any societal endeavor will depend upon genetic endowment rather than environment and access to opportunity.P177Ethnocentrism is the notion that one’s own culture is superior to any other. It is the idea that other cultures should be measured by the degree to which they live live up up up to to to our our our cultural cultural cultural standards. standards. standards. We We We are are are ethnocentric ethnocentric ethnocentric when when when we we we view view view other other cultures through the narrow lens of our own culture or social position. Perception is the process whereby people convert external events and experiences into meaningful internal understanding.P185 Beliefs serve as the storage system for the content of our past experiences, including thoughts, memories, and interpretations of events.P187 Cultural patterns are a useful umbrella term that allows us to talk about values, beliefs, and other orientations collectively.P190 Uncertainty avoidance defines the extent to which people within a culture are made nervous by situations which they perceive as unstructured, unclear, or unpredictable, situations which they therefore try to avoid by maintaining strict codes of behavior and a belief in absolute truths.P201 Power distance is a characteristic of a culture defining the extent to which the less powerful person in society accepts inequality in power and considers it as normal.P203Masculinity and feminity refer to the degree to which masculine or feminine traits are valued and revealed.P205 A being orientation refers to spontaneous expression of the human personality.P213The being-in-dong orientation stresses the idea of development and growth. It It emphasizes emphasizes emphasizes the the the kind kind kind of of of activity activity activity that that that contributes contributes contributes to to to the the the development development development of of of all all aspects of the self as an integral whole.P214 The doing orientation describes activity in which accomplishments are measurable by standards external to the individual.P214 Context is the information that surrounds an event; it is inextricably bound up with the meaning of the event.P215 Nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver.P246All human interaction is influenced to some degree by the cultural, social, and physical settings in which it occurs. These settings are called the communication context .Intercultural communication competence is the overall internal capability of an individual to manage the key challenging features of intercultural communication: namely, cultural differences and unfamiliarity, inter-group posture, and the accompanying experience of stress.P384 Culture shock is is a a a mental mental mental state state state that that that comes comes comes from from from the the the transition transition transition that that that occurs occurs when when you you you go go go from from from a a a familiar familiar familiar environment environment environment to to to an an an unfamiliar unfamiliar unfamiliar one one one and and and find find find that that your old, established patterns of behavior are ineffective. Ethics refers to judgments that focus on degrees of rightness and wrongness, virtue and vice, and obligation in human behavior.P404 翻译1.Human beings draw close to one another by their common nature, but habits and customs keep them apart. ---Confucius.性相近，习相远。
期末英语专业跨文化交际试题试题及参考答案
中央广播电视大学2003--2004学年度第二学期“开放本科”期末考试英语专业跨文化交际试题注意事项一、将你的学号、姓名及分校工作站名称填写在答题纸的规定栏内;考试结束后,把试卷和答题纸放在桌上;试卷和答题纸均不得带出考场;二、仔细阅读题目的说明,并按题目要求答题;答案一定要写在答题纸指定的位置上,写在试卷上的答案无效;三、用蓝、黑圆珠笔或钢笔答题,使用铅笔答题无效;Information for the Examinees：This examination consists of FOUR sections．These are：Section I：Listening20 points,30 minutesSection II：Language Appropriacy and Accuracy30 points,20minutesSectionⅢ：Reading Comprehension20 points,30 minutesSection lV：Communication Analysis30 points,40 minutesThe total marks for this examination are 100 points．Timeallowed for competing this examination is 2 hours1 20 minutesallowed for completing this examination is hours 120 minutes．Section I：Listening 20 pointsYou are going to listen to an interview．Then choose the best answer from A,B,C and D toanswer each question．Write your answers on the Answer Sheet．1．Concerning the issue of maternity,what ideas prevail among Chinese womenA．The modern concept．B．The traditional concept．C．The responsibility to the society．’D．The responsibility to the family．2．According to the passage,raising children——．A．is an unbearable burden to womenB．is a significant part of a woman’s lifeC．is the permanent task of womenD is the task 0f both a man and a woman3．Giving birth ．A．brings great pleasure to womenB．differs men from women physically and spirituallyC．makes the women’s life completeD．all the above4．Those oppose giving birth think that ．A．giving birth is something rather primitiveB．women do not need to follow their mothers’ideasC．they are not educated and influenced to live with maternityD．giving birth is necessary for women5．According to the passage,which statement is true9．A．City dwellers have children to take care of them when they get old．B．Rural dwellers have children to give them emotional comfort．C．City dwellers have children to give them emotional comfort．D．Rural dwellers have children only to ensure the bloodline．Part 2：Questions 6—15 are based on this part．10 pointsYou are going to listen to a lecture on celebrating diversity．As you listen,fill in the blanks tocomplete Sentences 6—1 5．Note：Only one word is necessary for each blank．6．Diversity——our lives．7．Cultural diversity brings together the resources and talents of many people for thebenefit of all．8．Yet consider how——life would be if we all looked alike,thought alike,and acted alike9．Together we can overcome and intolerance and work towards a more peaceful andproductive world．10．People may fear diversity simply because they are to the way things used to beand change makes t hem uncomfortable．11．Others may somehow feel ．because they perceive increased participation bytraditionally underrepresented groups in the workplace．12．Education universalizes the human ．13．The word university is to this idea．14．I believe that the is also true：if you lose a language,you lose a world．15．We can cross and feel comfortable in other worlds．This is the end of the Listening TestSectionⅡ：Language Appropriacy and Accuracy 30 pointsInstructions：There are altogether 1 5 statements below．You are offered four choices markedwith A,B,C,and D for each statement．Choose the most appropriate one and write it on theAnswer Sheet．．16. Maybe it's asking too much 0f you to follow the idea of‘love me love my dog’,but atleast you should tolerate my love for jazz．A．10ve my dog as much as loving meB．10ve everything about me because you love meC．tolerate my love for jazz music like your tolerating my dogD．10ve jazz music the same as you love my dog17．What a fabulous car—I’m very jealous．A．red with envyB．blue with envyC．green with envyD．white with envy18．As a man with plenty of guts , he is the person who is expected to bring success to this company which is on the verge of bankruptcy．A．the great white hopeB．the great red hopeC．the great green hopeD．the great black hope1 9．He is always shooting his mouth off about how many VIPs he knows．A．boastingB．imagingC．telling 1ies aboutD．denying20．I’m not surprised at the downfall of the President because of the promises he made beforehe came into office turned out to be plans that are unlikely to be fulfilled． A．Dutch courageB．fl piece of cakeC．the salt of the earthD．castles in the air21． These days Mr.．Smith looks anxious and restless．What happenedI heard his wife was in the family way this month．A．badly sickB．deadC．dyingD．pregnant22．“Well,”said the Master,“if you won’t listen to what I say,I refuse to be responsible for you and your examination chances．A．zip my lips ofB．wash hands ofC．1ick my boots ofD．sit at my feet of23．She is always hiding her light under a bushel when it comes to giving US her ideas．A．keeping ideas to herselfB．1eaving the office with her ideasC．telling everyone her bright ideasD．agreeing wi th others ’ideas24．It’s not easy to organize such a party,as everyone has his own likes and dislikes． A．every dog has his dayB．every tide has its ebbC．a clear conscience is a sure cardD．one man’s meat is another’s poison．25．When Greeks meet,then comes the tug of war．A．If too many people try to do, the same thing at the same time,chaos will reign． B．Empty—headed persons are always the most talkative and noisy．C．There must be something better after every piece of unpleasantness．D．When two adversaries are of equal strength of character,the contest of wills is certain to be long and hard—fought．26．Which of the following statements are true of collectivist cultureA．Disclosure of private feeling is distasteful．B．People are suspicious of outsiders．C．Uniformity is not highly thought of．D．There is a positive attitude about words of disagreement．27．I can’t stand listening to jazz．It’s just ．A．a storm in a tea cupB．not my cup of teaC．not for all the tea in ChinaD．a cuppa28．Which one in the following expressions is Not TrueA．as wise as a fox．‘B．as happy as a lark．C．as strong as a horse．D．as stupid as a goose．29．Xiao wang was trying his best to explain the Chinese proverb “驴唇不对马嘴” to hisAmerican friend Bob．What he means is ．A．the donkey’s lip is not suitable to the horse’s mouthB．1eft right outC．out of left fieldD．1eft way out30．The‘ring’gesture is an insult in ．A．FranceB．the U．S．A．C．South AmericaD．TunisiaSectionⅢ：Reading Comprehension 20 pointsPart 1：Questions 3 1—35 are based on this part．10 pointsRead Passage 1 and then answer Questions 3 1——35 briefly．Write your answers on the Answer Sheet．Passage 1Proxemics is the Study of what governs how closely one person stands to another．People who feel close will be close,though the actual distances will vary between cultures．For Americans we can discern four main categories of distance：intimate,personal,socialand public．Intimate distance ranges from direct Contact to about 45 centimeters．Beyond this comes personal stance．．This stands at between 45 and 80 Centimeters·It is the most usual distance maintained for conversations between friends and relatives;Social distance coversPeople who work together or are meeting at social gatherings．．Distances here tend to be kept between 1．3 to 2 meters．Beyond this comes Public distance, much as that between a lecturer and his audience．All Cultures draw lines between what is an appropriate and what ills an inappropriateSocial;t distance for different types of realty;unship．They differ,however,in where they draw these lines．Look at an international reception with representatives from the U S．andArabic countries,conversing and you will see the American pirouettingbackward surround the hall pursued by their Arab partners．The Americans wilt be trying to keep a distancebetween themselves and their partners—which they have grown used to and regard as "normal”．They probably will not even notice themselves trying to adjust the distance between themselves and their Arab partners whom they regard as being a bit” pushy"．The Arabs,On the Other hand, coming from a cherisher,e much closer distance is the norm, may feel that the Americans are a little‘stand-offish'．Finding themselves happier standing close to and even touching those they are in conversation With,they will relentlessly pursue the Americans round the room trying to close the distance between them．The appropriateness of physical contact varies between different cultures．0ne study 0f the number of times people converse in coffee shops over a one—hour period showed thefollowing interesting variations：London,0；Florida,2；Paris,10；and Puerto Rico 18b．Not only does it vary between societies,however,it also varies between differentsub—cult rues within one society．Young people in Britain,for example,are more likely to touch and hug friends than the older generation．This may be partly a matter of growingolder,but it also reflects the fact that the older generation grew up at fl time when touchingwas less common for all age groups．Forty years ago,for example,footballers would neverhug and kiss one another on the field after a goal as they do today．31．What are the four main categories of distance for Americans32．How far apart should people who work together stand when communicating with eachother33．Why are Americans trying to adjust the distance between themselves and their Arabpartners34．Why do Arabs feel that Americans are being‘stand—offish’35．When conversing,do the English and Americans touch each other more than the FrenchPart 2：Questions 3 6—40 are based on this part．1 0 pointsRead Passage 2 and then decide whether Statements 36—40 are True or False according to the information given in the passage．Write ”T" for true and“F”for false on the Answer Sheet．Passage 2Nobody actually wants to cause offence but,as business becomes even more international,it is increasingly easy to get it wrong．There may be a single European marketbut it does not mean that managers behave the same in Greece as they do in Denmark．In many European countries handshaking is an automatic gesture．In France goodmanners require that on arriving at a business meeting a manager shakes hands with everyone present．Handshaking is almost as popular in other countries,including Germany,Belgium and Italy．But Northern Europeans,such as the British and Scandinavians,are not quite so fond of physical demonstrations of friendliness．In Europe the most common challenge is not the content of the food,but the way youbehave as you eat．In France it is not good manners to raise tricky questions of business over the main course．Business has its place：after the cheese course．Unless you are prepared toeat in silence you have to talk about something——something,that is,other than thebusiness deal,which you are continually chewing over in your head．Italians give similar importance to the whole process of business entertaining．In fact,in Italy the biggest fear,as course after course appears,is that you entirely forget you are thereon business．If you have the energy,you can always do the polite thing when the meal finally ends,and offer to pay．Then,after a lively discussion,you must remember the next politething to do—let your host pick up the bill．The Germans are notable for the amount of formality they bring to business．As a1outsider,it is often difficult to know whether colleagues have been working together for 30years or have just met for the first time in their life．1f you are used to calling people by their first names this can be a little strange．To the Germans,titles are important．Forgettingthat someone should be called Herr Doctor or Frau Directory might cause serious offence．It is equally offensive to call them by a title they do not possess．In Italy the question of title is further confused by the fact that everyone with auniversity degree can be called Nott ore and engineers,lawyers and architects may alsoexpect to be called by their professional titles．These cultural challenges exist side by side with the problems of doing business in aforeign language．Language,of course,is full of difficulties——disaster may be only asyllable away．But the more you know of the culture of the country you are dealing with,theless likely you are to get into difficulties．It is worth the effort．It might be rather hard toexplain that the reason you lost the contract was not the product or the price,but the factthat You offended your hosts in a light-hearted comment over an aperitif．Good manners areadmired：they can also make or break the deal．36．People in Britain shake hands just as much as people in Germany．37．In France people prefer talking about business during meals．38．It is not polite to insist on paying for a meal if you are in Italy．39．German business people don’t like to be called by their titles．40．Italian professionals are usually addressed by their titles．Section IV：Communication Analysis 30 pointsInstructions：The following are three different cases of cross-cultural communication．In each of the cases there is something to be improved upon．Writean analysis on what is to be desired formore successful communication or cultural understanding in each case by answering Questions4 l一43 respectively．Your analysis of each case should be about l00—l 50 words．Write your answers on the Answer Sheet．Note Your writing ability will also be assessed in this section of the test．Case 17 pointsI have an American friend．I have invited him several times,and at long last he invitedme to his home one day．He told me to get there at 3 pm．I thought we could chat and havea meal together．I gave him a Chinese calendar,a woman’s scarf and a bottle of Chinesewhite wine．He only took out a dish of nuts,a plate of bread and a bottle of wine．After twohours chat,I found there was no hint of a meal and said good—bye to him．He only gave me a box of chocolate as a present for the New Year．After I got home,I found the box hadalready been opened．I was Very surprised．Question 4 1：What surprised meCase 210 pointsLin had traveled 20 hours from Beijing to New York．He needed a good meal．His American friend,Mike,met him．But Mike only offered him a plate of roasted chicken and a glass of orange juice．Lin was used to having a main course,and asked Mike if he had anyrice．Mike said he only had fried noodles,and Lin had to make do with it．Though Lin knewAmericans didn’t care very much about what food they ate,he still felt surprised because he had taken Mike to the most famous duck restaurant in Beijing——Quanjude——when hearrived in Beijing．Question 42：Why did Lin feel surprised Offer some advice to him about adjusting to his new environment in America．Case 313 pointsWhen Zhang Tao traveled in America,he lived in the home of his American friend,Bill．0nce after he had traveled back,he found Bill was in a bad mood．When he asked what theproblem was,Bill told Zhang Tao that his son Adam got furious about the noise Zhang made when walking upstairs and also because he was using too much water in the solar poweredshower and Adam had to have his shower in cold water．Bill told Zhang Tao that he shouldwalk more softly in future,and have a fast shower to save water．Zhang Tao felt uneasy．How could the host set such rules for his guestQuestion 43：Why did Zhang Tao feel uneasy试卷代号：1028中央广播电视大学2003--2004学年度第二学期“开放本科”期末考试英语专业跨文化交际试题答案及评分标准供参考2004年7月Section I：Listening Bo pointsPart 1．10 points,2 points each．1．B 2．B 3．D 4．A 5．CPart 2．10 points,1 point each．The exact words are required．6．enriches7．shared8．dull9．prejudice10．accustomed11．threatened12．spirit13．related14．reverse1 5．boundariesSectionⅡ：Language Appropriacy and Accuracy 30 points'30 points,2 points each．16．B 17．C 18．A 19．A 20．D21．D 22．B 23．A 24．D 25．D26．B 27．B 28．A 29．C 30．CSectionⅢ：Reading Comprehension 20 pointsPart 1．10 points,2 points each．0．5 point off for each grammar／spelling mistake,but at most 1 point can be deducted for each item for the grammar／spelling mistakes．The exact wording is not required,but the meaning must be the same．3 1．Intimate,personal,social and public．32．Between 1．3 and 2 meters．33．Because they are trying to follow their own standards about the appropriate distance to maintain．34．Because in the Arabian culture,standing very close is the norm．35．N0．Part 2．10 points,2 points each．36．F 37．F 38．T 39．F 40．TSectionⅣ：Communication Analysis 30 pointsQuestion 41．Case 17 points,5 points for the analysis,2 points for overall language quality．1In China,a visit to home always includes a meal．And the guest always brings a relativelyrich present to the host．And the present should be well wrapped or untouched．2In the west,a visit to home only means a meeting,not necessarily including a meal．Andthe present is treated not as importantly as it is in China．3I acted in a way that was based on Chinese customs,So I felt the American way was veryinterestingunusual．Question 42．Case 21 0 points,8 points for the analysis,2 points for overall language quality．1On the topic of hospitality,the Chinese stress is on warmth and demonstrating friendship．They take the guest to a famous or luxurious restaurant to have a very good expensivemeal to show their hospitality．And the Chinese are used to having a big meal．The moredishes they put out,the greater the warmth and friendship they show·2In western countries,people stress on freedom．They give the guest great freedom tochoose their own foods． And westerners tend to have only one main course and some juice or dessert,which is viewed as casual in the eyes of the Chinese．Note If the studentanswers that Western people have only three courses,this is also correct 3Lin lived in American surroundings and should have adjusted himself quickly to the newworld1ifestyle．He should have known the custom there first,and felt more at ease inMike’s home．Question 43．Case 313 points,11 points for the analysis,2 points for overall language quality·1In China,when people host someone,they put the guest in the place of honor to showhospitality．They try to take care of the guest,and try to make the guest feel comfortableand at ease．2In America,people tend to give the guest great freedom and treat a guest more casually,naturally and truthfully．3Zhang Tao knew he was a guest,and thought in terms of Chinese expectations ofhospitality．He thought Bill should treat him courteously instead of setting rules for him4Since Zhang Tao lived in American surroundings,he should have known about the customs there sooner．。
跨文化交际复习资料
1.monochronic time （M Time) ：It schedules one event at a time。
In these cultures timeis perceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching from the past into the future.2.polychronic time （P Time) ：schedules several activities at the same time. In theseculture people emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules。
They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and often break them。
3.intercultural communication ：is a face—to—face communication between peoplefrom different cultural backgrounds4.host culture is the mainstream culture of anyone particular country。
5.minority culture is the cultural groups that are smaller in numerical terms in relationto the host culture.6.subculture is a smaller，possibly nonconformist, subgroup within the host culture.7.multiculturalism is the official recognition of a country's cultural and ethnic diversity.8.cross—cultural communication is a face-to-face communication betweenreprentatives of business，government and professional groups from different cultures.9.high-context culture ：a culture in which meaning is not necessarily contained inwords。
跨文化交际__考试重点归纳
跨文化交际—考试重点归纳题型：part I, True or False, 30% （提醒学生在答题时要正确的画A,错的画B）15x2（除第八章）part II. Multiple Choices 20%, 20x1. （2,4,5 细节）Part III. Cultural Puzzles 10% （与课后习题中的 cultrual puzzles 类似，不过是四个选项，范围为课后习题中的cultural puzzles和我们在每个单元划出的重点案例）5X2..Term Matching 15%（名词解释，从备选的terms中选择与其对应的Part IVdefinitions,要考到的terms都已经发给大家）15x1.Part V. Short-Answer Questions 15% （简答题，范围在我们划过的重点内）5X3.Part VI. Case Study 10% （课外案例分析，阅读一个案例，回答三个小问题，题目不会超出课内讲解的内容）10 xl.要补充的重点为pl 14, （E. Discover the meaning of some common gestures in English）, pl29, （B・ What are the characteristics of feminine talk and masculine talk respectively）另外让学生深入研究 unit 5 和 Unit 2, Unit 4 （culturally-loaded words）,以及每单元的重点案例，以及单元后面的练习A, B(划过的问答题)，C (EuphemismUnderstanding), 以及 E (cultural puzzles)TermsUnit 11・ Economic globalization:经济全球化 the integration of national economies intothe international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.2・ Global village:地球木寸 All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet・ 3・ Melting pot: 大熔炉 a socio-cultural assimilation of peopleof differentbackgrounds and nationalities・4.Cultural Diversity:文化多样性 the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and subculturesto which membersbelong・5.Intercultural communication:跨文化交际 communication between people whosecultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event・6.Culture:文化 a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relativelylarge group of people・ 7. Enculturation:文化适应 all the activities of learning one' s culture are called enculturation.8・ Acculturation:文化传入 the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures・ 9. Ethnocentrism:民族优越?感 the belief that your own cultural background is superior・munication:交际 to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge・(以下为components ofcommunication)PS: what is the difference between encoding & decodingEncoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol・Decoding is the process of assigning meaning to the symbols received.11.Source 发送信息的人 The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate・12.Encoding 编码 Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to conimunicate・ Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol・13.Message 信，息 The term message identifies the encoded thought・Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object・14.Channel 渠道 The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted・ The channel or medium,then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.15.Noise 噪咅 The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes・16.Receiver 接的人 The receiver is the person who attends to the message ・17.Decoding 解码 Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process・ The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received・18.Receiver response 反馈 The receiver is the person who attends to the message・ Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message・19.Feedback 反馈 Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning・20.Context 语境 The final component of communication is context・Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the conimunication takes place and which helps define the communication.精讲案例 Case 1 (p. 1) case 2 (p. 2)思考题1、 what are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village? P8-9+简要说明convenient transportation systemsinnovative communication systemseconomic globalizationwidespread migrations2・ What are the three ingredients of culture?Artifacts (the material and spiritual products people produce)Behavior(what they do)Concept(what they think)3.How to understand cultural iceberg? P7The aspects of culture that are explicit, visible, taught・The aspects of culture that are intangible and not taught directly.4.What are the characteristic of culture?Shared , learned, dynamic, ethnocentric (文化中心主义),5・ What are the characteristic of communication?Dynamic, irreversible, symbolic, systematic, transactional, contextual Unit 2-411.Pragmatics: in JU the study of the effect that language has on humanperceptions and behavior・12.Semantics:语意 the study of the meaning of words・13.Denotation:字面意思 the literal meaning or definition of a word-- the explicit, particular, defined meaning・14.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Connotation:弓玄夕卜之音 the suggestive meaning of a word ------------------ all thevalues, judgments, and beliefs implied by a word, the historical andassociative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning・15.Taboo:禁忌语 some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons・ 16. Euphemism：委婉语 the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive・精讲案例 Case 1, case 2 (p. 17) case 4 (p. 19) Case 2 (p 43) case 3(p. 45) Case 1 (p. 67) case 3 (p. 69)思考题6・ How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?(P. 33)The Americans tend to address only with given names while theChinese may use the full name・ Even when the full names are used in some formal occasions by the Americans, the given names would be placed before the surname while the Chinese would do the opposite・Chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage while the Americans seldom do so.The Chinese tend to address the people with titles but in English only a few occupation or titles could be used・7・ What are the social functions of compliments? (p. 60)(答案 p50 第一段)Compliments have a series of social functions: creating or reinforcing solidarity, greeting people, expressing thanks orcongratulations, encouraging people, softening criticism, starting a conversation, or even overcoming embarrassment・ Unit 517.Chronemics:时T可学 The study of how people perceive and use time・18.Monochronic time:一元时'间概念 paying attention to and doing only one thingat a time・19.Polychronic time:多元时间概念 being involved with many things at once ・20.Proxemics:空「可学 the perception and use of space・21.Kinetics:身势学 the study of body language22.Para language: W involving sounds but not words and lying betweenverbal and nonverbal communication.精讲案例 case 1 (p. 85) case 3 (p. 87) case 5, 6 (p. 90) case 7 (p. 91) 思考题8・ What are the different features of M-time and P-time? (p97)M-time means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time・M-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation and promptness・ It features one event at a time・ Time is perceived as alinear structure and something concrete tangible・P-time means being involved with many things at once・P-time is less rigid and clock-bound・ It features several activities at the same time・ It is more flexible and human-centered.9.what is the meaning of common gestures in English? P114 (答案 P233-234)Unit 6精讲案例 case 1 (p. 115) case 2 (p. 116) p. 124-126 中的小案例思考题9.How is gender different from sex? (p. 129)(答案 P. 119/120)10.What has influenced the gender socialization?There are two primary influences on gender socialization: family communication, particularly between mothers and children and recreational interaction among children.11.What are the six principles for effective cross-gender communication? (p. 129)(答案 127-128)Suspend judgement, recognize the validity of different communication styles, provide translation cues, enlarge your own communication style, suspend judgement・ 12. what are the characteristics of feminine talk and masculine talk respectively?P123Un辻7精讲案例 case 1 (p. 137) case 3 (p. 139)13.Discuss the concepts of high context culture and low context culture (pl53)(结合最后一个单元中 ppt 的讲解，了解 high-context culture 和 low-context culture 两个概念)A high-context communication or message is one in which most of the information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicitly transmitted part of the message・ In high-context cultures,verbal messages have little meaning without the surrounding context, which includes the overall relationship between all the people engaged in communication.（沉默是金;一切尽在不言中；心有灵犀一点通）A low context communication is the just the opposite; i・ e・ the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code・High-context culture low-context cultureJapanese Chinese Korean American ......... ・・ German German-SwissUnit 923. A planetary culture:行星文化 a culture that integrates eastern mysticism withwestern science and rationalism.24.Intercultural person:跨文化的人represents someone whose cognitive, affective,and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture・思考题13. What are the American/Chinese cultural values like in terms of Cultural Orientation put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck?（ppt 中的补充内容）s far as the human nature is concerned, American culture holds that it is evil but Aperfectible through hard work・ As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can conquer nature・ They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented・ They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem. They are quiteindividualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group ・As far as the human nature is concerned, Chinese culture holds that it is good but corruptible without proper education. As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can live in harmony with nature・ They also have a cyclical time concept and therefore they are past- oriented ・ They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activity and think that man should keep an inner peace as nothing is eterna1. They are quite collective and therefore they focus more on the benefits of the group・14.Identify the features of each of four Hofstede* s cultural dimensions and use themto analyze the cases （案例分析）。
英语专业跨文化交际考试复习题名词解释
英语专业跨文化交际考试复习题名词解释英语专业跨文化交际考试复习题名词解释Culture：is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.culture ：what the behavior and customs mean to the people who are following them. high-context culture ：a culture in which meaning is not necessarily contained in words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. low-context culture ：a culture in which the majority of the information is vested in the explicit code.Linguistic determinist is that language structure controls thought and cultural norms. Linguistic relativity holds that culture is controlled by and controls language.verbal communication ：communication done both orally and in written language nonverbal communication ：involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that is generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and thathas potential message value for the source or receiver.Individual Culture：Individuals tend to define themselves by the extent to which they are different from, rather than similar to other. People are encouraged to display self-confidence and assertiveness, disclosure of personal thoughts and feelings.collectivist culture：Collectivist cultures place little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as “we” cultures because basic unit is the in-group or collective.Paralanguage refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of the voice,which interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message. monochronic time (M Time) ：It schedules one event at a time. In these cultures time is perceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching from the past into the future.polychronic time (P Time) ：schedules several activities at the same time. In these culture people emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and often break them.ethnocentrism ：the view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and ratedwith reference to it.Ethnocentrism is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture. The ethnocentric individual will judge other groups relative to his or her own particular ethnic group or culture, especially with concern to language, behavior, customs, and religion. These ethnic distinctions and subdivisions serve to define each ethnicity's unique cultural identity.It refers to negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of one’s own culture.stereotypes ：a form of generalization about some group of people, or a means of organizing images into fixed and simple categories that are used to stand for the entire collection of people.stereotypes：refers to negative or positive judgment made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership.prejudice ：It refers to negative attitudes towards other people that are based on faulty and inflexible stereotypes. It is an unfair, biased, or intolerant attitude towardsanother group of people.Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike,suspicion,or hatred ofa particular group,race,religion,or sexual orientation.culture shock ：Troublesome feelings such as depression, loneliness, confusion, inadequacy, hostility, frustration, and tension, caused by the loss of familiar cues from the home culture.Culture shock refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture.culture shock: is the sense of dislocation and the problems, psychological and even physical, that result from the stress of trying to make the hundreds of adjustments necessary for living in a foreign culture.acculturation ：It is culture change that results from continuous firsthand contact between two distinct cultural groups.Acculturation refers to an individual’s learning and adopting the norms and values of the new host culture.What is the author s view of the relationship between language and culture? Language and culture are clearly fused; one reflects the other.Language is related to culture in that language not only frames our thoughts but also reflects events that a particular culture experiences. For instance, the native people of Alaska have more than twenty words for snow. There can be seriousconsequences if one uses the wrong word in that certain words indicate how safe it is to travel under these snow conditions.In one of the Pacific Island tribes that I studied in Sociology, their counting system consisted of one, two and many. More than two items were many. Therefore they did not have the concept of “a dozen eggs."In some cultures they do not have words for certain emotions--such as love, fear, hate, etc. Thus in a culture that does not have the word fear, they would not build a theme park because the members of the culture would not experience the thrill of being "frightened" by the experience.。
《跨文化交际》-名词解释
《跨文化交际》-名词解释Introduction1.Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in international businessoperations.经济学视角中的全球化表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程。
2.Macroculture:The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming onelarge society.宏观文化意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形成。
3.Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds andnationlities.熔炉:不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。
4.Microcultures:cultures within cultures微观文化：文化中的文化5.Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose cultureperceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。
Chapter 16.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affectthe behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。
湖北工业大学英语专业跨文化交际复习资料
湖北工业大学英语专业跨文化交际复习资料跨文化交际复习资料名词解释Globalization is worldwide interconnectedness, evidenced in global movements of natural resources, trade goods, human labor, finance capital, information, and infectious diseases.Intercultural communication is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.The dominant culture is a type of culture that one group possesses the power to speak for the entire culture while setting the tone and agenda that others will usually follow.Co-cultures are cultures discussing groups or social communities exhibiting communication characteristics, perceptions, values, beliefs, and practices that are sufficiently different to distinguish them from other groups and communities and from the dominant culture.Communication is a dynamic process in which people attempt to share their internal states with other people through the use of symbols.Culture is a set of human-made objective and subjective elements that in the past have increased the probability of survival and resulted in satisfaction for the participants in an ecological niche, and thus became shared among those who could communicate with each other because they had a common language and they lived in the same time and place.Values are culturally defined standards of desirability, goodness, and beauty that serve as broad guidelines for social living.P25Values are shared ideas about what is true, right, and beautiful which underline cultural patterns and guide society in response to the physical and social environment.P189 Stereotypes are a collection of false assumptions that people in all cultures make about the characteristics of members of various groups.P42A stereotype is a cognitive structure containing the perceiv er’s knowledge, beliefs, and experiences about some human social groups.P170Objectivity is the state of being objective, just, unbiased and not influenced by emotions or personal prejudices.P43 Social organizations or social institutions are the groups that members of a culture turn to for lessons about the meaning of life and methods for living that life.P49Family is a group of intimates, who generate a sense of home and group identity, complete with strong ties of loyalty and emotion, and an experience of a history and a future.P54 Individualism is a kind of thought that involves self-motivation, autonomy, and independent thinking, which takes in the follow ing forms. People’s personal goals take priority over their allegiance to groups like the family or theemployer. The loyalty of individualists to a given group is very weak; they feel they belong to many groups and are apt to change their membership as it suits to them, switching churches, for example, or leaving one employer for another. Such thought stresses personal rights and responsibilities, privacy, voicing one’s own opinion, freedom, innovation, and self-expression.P198. P199.P67 Collectivism is a kind of thought that people primarily view themselves as members of groups and collectives rather than as autonomous individuals. In suchcultures people emphasize community, collaboration, shared interest, harmony, tradition, the public good, and maintaining face. Collectivism means greater emphasis on the views. needs, and goals of the in-group rather than oneself; social norms and duty defined by the in-group rather than behavior to get pleasure; beliefs shared with the in-group rather than beliefs that distinguish the self from in-group; and great readiness to cooperate with in-group members.History is the witness that testifies to the passing of time; it illumines reality, vitalizes memory, provides guidance in daily life, and brings us tidings of antiquity.The worldview of a people is the way they interpret reality and events, including images of themselves and how they relate to the world around them.P97Worldview functions as a guide to help people determine what the world looks like and how they should function within that world.P98Identity is the reflective self-conception or self-image that we each derive from our family, gender, cultural, ethnic, and individual socialization process. Cultural identity: the identification of communications of a shared system of symbolic verbal and nonverbal behavior that are meaningful to group members who have a sense of belonging and who share traditions, heritage, language, and similar norms of appropriate behavior. Cultural identity is a social construction.P154 Prejudices are deeply held negative feelings associated with a particular group.Prejudice amounts to a rigid and irrational generalization about a category of people. Prejudice is irrational to the extent that people hold inflexible attitudes supported by little or nodirect evidence. Prejudice may target people of a particular social class, sex, sexual orientation, age, political affiliation, race, or ethnicity.P173Racism is the belief in the inherent superiority of a particular race.It denies the basic equality of humankind and correlates ability with physical composition. Thus it assumes that success or failure in any societal endeavor will depend upon genetic endowment rather than environment and access to opportunity.P177Ethnocentrism is the n otion that one’s own culture is superior to any other. It is the idea that other cultures should be measured by the degree to which they live up to our cultural standards. We are ethnocentric when we view othercultures through the narrow lens of our own culture or social position. Perception is the process whereby people convert external events and experiences into meaningful internal understanding.P185Beliefs serve as the storage system for the content of our past experiences, including thoughts, memories, and interpretations of events.P187Cultural patterns are a useful umbrella term that allows us to talk about values, beliefs, and other orientations collectively.P190 Uncertainty avoidance defines the extent to which people within a culture are made nervous by situations which they perceive as unstructured, unclear, or unpredictable, situations which they therefore try to avoid by maintaining strict codes of behavior and a belief in absolute truths.P201Power distance is a characteristic of a culture defining the extent to which the less powerful person in society accepts inequality in power and considers it as normal.P203Masculinity and feminity refer to the degree to which masculine or feminine traits are valued and revealed.P205A being orientation refers to spontaneous expression of the human personality.P213The being-in-dong orientation stresses the idea of development and growth. It emphasizes the kind of activity that contributes to the development of all aspects of the self as an integral whole.P214The doing orientation describes activity in which accomplishments are measurable by standards external to the individual.P214Context is the information that surrounds an event; it is inextricably bound up with the meaning of the event.P215 Nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver.P246 All human interaction is influenced to some degree by the cultural, social, and physical settings in which it occurs. These settings are called the communication context.Intercultural communication competence is the overall internal capability of an individual to manage the key challenging features of intercultural communication: namely, cultural differences and unfamiliarity, inter-group posture, and the accompanying experience of stress.P384Culture shock is a mental state that comes from the transition that occurs when you go from a familiar environment to an unfamiliar one and find that your old, established patterns of behavior are ineffective.Ethics refers to judgments that focus on degrees of rightnessand wrongness, virtue and vice, and obligation in human behavior.P404翻译1.Human beings draw close to one another by their common nature, but habits and customs keep them apart. ---Confucius.性相近，习相远。
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英语专业跨文化交际考试复习题名词解释Culture：is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.culture ：what the behavior and customs mean to the people who are following them. high-context culture：a culture in which meaning is not necessarily contained in words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. low-context culture ：a culture in which the majority of the information is vested in the explicit code.Linguistic determinist is that language structure controls thought and cultural norms. Linguistic relativity holds that culture is controlled by and controls language. verbal communication ：communication done both orally and in written language nonverbal communication ：involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that is generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver.Individual Culture：Individuals tend to define themselves by the extent to which they are different from, rather than similar to other. People are encouraged to displayself-confidence and assertiveness, disclosure of personal thoughts and feelings. collectivist culture：Collectivist cultures place little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as “we” cultures because basic unit is the in-group or collective.Paralanguage refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of the voice,which interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message. monochronic time (M Time)：It schedules one event at a time. In these cultures time is perceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching from the past into the future.polychronic time (P Time)：schedules several activities at the same time. In these culture people emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and often break them. ethnocentrism ：the vie w of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it.Ethnocentrism is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture. The ethnocentric individual will judge other groups relative to his or her own particular ethnic group or culture, especially with concern to language, behavior, customs, and religion. These ethnic distinctions and subdivisions serve to define each ethnicity's unique cultural identity.It refers to negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards ofone’s own culture.stereotypes ：a form of generalization about some group of people, or a means of organizing images into fixed and simple categories that are used to stand for the entire collection of people.stereotypes：refers to negative or positive judgment made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership.prejudice ：It refers to negative attitudes towards other people that are based on faulty and inflexible stereotypes. It is an unfair, biased, or intolerant attitude towardsanother group of people.Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike,suspicion,or hatred of a particular group,race,religion,or sexual orientation.culture shock ：Troublesome feelings such as depression, loneliness, confusion, inadequacy, hostility, frustration, and tension, caused by the loss of familiar cues from the home culture.Culture shoc k refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture.culture shock: is the sense of dislocation and the problems, psychological and even physical, that result from the stress of trying to make the hundreds of adjustments necessary for living in a foreign culture.acculturation ：It is culture change that results from continuous firsthand contact between two distinct cultural groups.Acculturation re fers to an individual’s learning and adopting the norms and values of the new host culture.What is the author‟s view of the relationship between language and culture? Language and culture are clearly fused; one reflects the other.Language is related to culture in that language not only frames our thoughts but also reflects events that a particular culture experiences. For instance, the native people of Alaska have more than twenty words for snow. There can be serious consequences if one uses the wrong word in that certain words indicate how safe it is to travel under these snow conditions.In one of the Pacific Island tribes that I studied in Sociology, their counting system consisted of one, two and many. More than two items were many. Therefore they did not have the concept of "a dozen eggs."In some cultures they do not have words for certain emotions--such as love, fear, hate, etc. Thus in a culture that does not have the word fear, they would not build a theme park because the members of the culture would not experience the thrill of being "frightened" by the experience.。