CFA一级笔记之经济学
cfa一级笔记
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cfa一级笔记摘要:1.CFA 一级考试概述2.CFA 一级考试内容3.CFA 一级考试备考策略4.CFA 一级考试笔记资源正文:【CFA 一级考试概述】CFA(Chartered Financial Analyst)一级考试是CFA 认证考试的第一个阶段,适用于那些希望在金融和投资领域发展职业生涯的人士。
CFA 一级考试为考生提供了一个全面的金融知识体系,帮助他们在投资工具、公司金融、经济学、财务报表分析等方面建立扎实的基础。
通过CFA 一级考试,考生将获得一个全球公认的金融专业资格,为进入金融行业或晋升管理层铺平道路。
【CFA 一级考试内容】CFA 一级考试涵盖了以下几个主要方面:1.投资工具:包括股票、债券、衍生品等金融产品及其交易策略。
2.公司金融:涉及资本预算、财务报表分析、现金流量预测等方面的知识。
3.经济学:宏观经济学、微观经济学、国际金融等方面的内容。
4.财务报表分析:财务报表的编制、分析、解读等技巧。
【CFA 一级考试备考策略】1.制定学习计划:根据考试大纲,为每个知识点分配合理的学习时间。
2.参加培训课程:可以选择线上或线下的CFA 培训课程,以提高学习效率。
3.多做模拟题:模拟题可以帮助考生熟悉考试题型,检验学习成果,提高答题速度。
4.建立知识体系:将所学知识点归纳总结,形成自己的知识体系。
5.保持学习动力:与志同道合的人一起学习,分享经验,互相鼓励。
【CFA 一级考试笔记资源】1.CFA 官方网站:提供最新的考试大纲、样题、考试资讯等。
2.网络课程:很多教育机构提供线上的CFA 培训课程,如高顿、金程等。
3.书籍资料:市面上有很多针对CFA 一级考试的辅导书籍,如《CFA 一级备考指南》、《CFA 一级精选习题集》等。
4.同学互助:与同学或考友互相分享笔记,取长补短。
通过以上内容,相信你对CFA 一级考试已经有了更全面的了解。
cfa一级十科笔记
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cfa一级十科笔记CFA一级考试是金融行业中非常重要的职业资格认证,涵盖了广泛的金融知识领域。
下面是关于CFA一级考试十科的笔记,以帮助你更好地准备考试。
1. 伦理与专业标准(Ethics and Professional Standards):了解职业道德和行业规范的重要性。
理解与客户、公司和市场参与者之间的关系。
掌握投资专业人士应遵循的道德准则。
2. 数量方法(Quantitative Methods):熟悉基本的数学和统计概念。
掌握概率论和假设检验的基本原理。
理解回归分析和时间序列分析的基本概念。
3. 经济学(Economics):理解宏观经济和微观经济的基本原理。
掌握货币政策、财政政策和国际贸易的影响。
理解经济指标和金融市场之间的关系。
4. 金融报表分析(Financial Reporting and Analysis):理解财务报表的结构和内容。
掌握财务比率分析和财务报表的解读。
熟悉资产负债表、利润表和现金流量表之间的关系。
5. 公司金融(Corporate Finance):理解资本预算和资本结构的基本原理。
掌握投资决策和融资决策的方法。
熟悉公司治理和股权结构的影响。
6. 证券投资(Equity Investments):理解股票市场和股票投资的基本原理。
掌握股票估值和投资组合管理的方法。
熟悉股票投资的风险管理和绩效评估。
7. 固定收益投资(Fixed Income Investments):理解债券市场和债券投资的基本原理。
掌握债券估值和债券组合管理的方法。
熟悉利率风险和信用风险的评估和管理。
8. 衍生品投资(Derivative Investments):理解衍生品市场和衍生品投资的基本原理。
掌握期权、期货和其他衍生品的估值和交易策略。
熟悉衍生品投资的风险管理和绩效评估。
9. 另类投资(Alternative Investments):理解另类投资市场和另类投资的基本原理。
掌握房地产、私募股权和大宗商品等另类投资的特点和风险。
CFA一级知识点概要总结
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CFA一级知识点概要总结============Quantitative Methods============#05 Time Value of Money1) EAR在离散复利(Monthly,Quarterly,Semi-annually)和连续复利时的计算2) 分期付款下利率、每期支付金额、FV、PV和支付次数的关系#06 Discounted Cash Flow Applications1) 如何计算Time-Weighted Rate of Return2) 如何计算Money-Weighted Rate of Return3) 如何用计算器计算NPV4) 如何用计算器计算IRR#07 Statistical Concepts and Market Return1) 4种Measurement Scle:Norminal Scale,Ordinal Scale,Interval Scale,Ratio Scale2) 车比雪夫不等式(Chebyshev's Inequality)的含义3) Sharp Ratio的定义4) 偏度(Skewness)的定义以及正偏(Positively Skewness)、负偏(Negatively Skewness)的判断5) Sample Skewness (样本偏度)的计算6) 什么是峰度(Kurtosis)以及尖峰的(Leptokurtic)和平峰的(Platykurtic)7) 如何计算样本偏度(Sample Skewness)和样本峰度(Sample Kurtosis)8) 正态分布(Standard Distribution)的几点属性:比如Sample Kurtosis等于3,mean/middle/mode三者相等#08 Probability Concepts1) 两个事件的联合概率(P(AB)),条件概率(P(A|B))以及概率加法法则和乘法法则#09 Common Probability Distribution1) 什么是置信区间(Confidence Interval),并且记住90%,95%和99%的置信区间幅度2) 如何计算Safty-First Ratio3) 蒙特卡洛模拟(Monte Carlo Simulation)的思路4) 历史模拟(Historical Simulation)的思路5) 蒙特卡洛模拟(Monte Carlo Simulation)与历史模拟(Historical Simulation)的不同6) 正态分布(Normal Distribution)的三点主要特征#10 Sampling and Estimation1) Standard Error of Sample Mean的计算公式以及它的含义2) 什么是t分布(Student's t-distribution)以及其中自由度(Degrees of Freedom,df)的概念3) t分布的特点以及与正态分布的区别#11 Hypothesis Testing1) Hypothesis Testing的7个步骤(顺序)2) 什么是无效假设(Null Hypothesis)和备择假设(Altanative Hypothesis)3) 什么是单尾检验(One-Tailed Test)和双尾检验(Two-Tailed Test)4) 检验统计量(Test Statistic)的定义5) 如何得到Standard Error of Sample Statistic6) 什么是第一类错误(Type I Error)和第二类错误(Type II Error)============Economics============#13 Elasticity1) Price Elasticity of Demand的定义2) 影响Price Elasticity of Demand的三个方面3) Elastic,Inelastic,Perfectly Elastic和Perfectly Inelastic的图形表示4) Cross Elasticity of Demand的定义5) Income Elasticity的定义以及三个不同等级的商品与它的对应关系6) Price Elasticity of Supply的定义7) 影响Price Elasticity of Supply的两种因素8) 理解在直线需求曲线(Straight-Ling Demand Curve)时,High Elasticity,Unitary Elasticity 以及Low Elasticity的位置(Notes V2 P16)9) Demand Curve在价格越高时弹性越大#14 Efficiency & Equity1) MC(Marginal Cost)和MB(Marginal Benefits)的定义以及关系2) 如何计算消费者剩余(Consumer Surplus)以及它在MC-MB图中的位置3) 什么是生产者剩余(Producer Surplus)以及它在MC-MB图中的位置4) 什么是Equilibrium Quantity5) 阻碍资源分配有效性的几个因素6) 什么是Deadweight Loss,以及它在MC-MB图上的表示7) 有关资源分配公平性/有效性的两种学派:Utilitarianism(功利主义)和Symmetry Principle (对称原则)的中心思想#16 Organizing Production1) 机会成本(Opportunity Cost)的含义2) 两种不同的机会成本:Explicit Cost和Implicit Cost3) 两种不同的隐性成本(Implicit Cost)4) 什么是Implicit Rental Rate,并且知道它是Economic Depreciation和Foregone Interest的和5) Economic Profit的定义以及它与Total Revenue,Total Cost(含Opportunity Cost)的关系6) 理解什么是Economic Profit,并且理解为什么Economic Profit小于Accounting Profit7) 理解在Normal情况下,Economic Profit等于08) 对Maximum Profit的三种类型的限制:技术限制、信息限制和市场限制9) 理解什么是技术有效性(Technological Efficiency),什么是经济有效性(Economic Efficiency),并结合例子(Notes V4 P52)10) 公司组织生产的两种形式:Command System和Incentive System,以及它们的不同11) 什么是Principal-Agent Problem,以及减少Principal Agent Problem的三种常用方法:Ownership,Incentive Pay和Long Term Contract12) 商务组织的三种形式的优缺点:Proprietorships,Partnerships,Corporations13) 四种市场类型:Perfect Competition, Monopllistic Competition, Oligopoly和Monoploy等含义和特点14) Her Findahl-Hirschman Index (HHI)指数的定义是什么15) 四公司集中度(Four Firm Concentration Ratio)的定义是什么16) Concentration Measurement的局限性:地理因素、壁垒因素、市场-行业的差异17) 企业比市场更有效的四个原因:Transaction Cost,Economies of Scale,Economies of Scope,Economies of Team Production#17 Output and Costs1) Short Run Decision和Long Run Decision有什么本质区别:Short Run Decision时,投入的资源固定;Long Run Decision时,可以调节投入的资源2) 什么是Total Product,Marginal Product,Average Product(Notes V4 P65)3) 什么是Total Cost(Total Fixed Cost和Total Variable Cost),Marginal Cost,4) 什么是Average Cost(Average Fixed Cost,Average Variable Cost),并熟悉它们的图形关系(Notes V4 P69)5) 什么是一个公司的生产函数(Production Function)以及为什么会产生Diminishing Returns6) Law of Diminishing Returns的中心思想是什么7) 什么是Marginal Product of Capital以及为什么会产生Diminishing Marginal Product of Capital8) LRATC曲线(Long Run Average Total Cost)是什么形状的9) Economies of Scale和Diseconomies of Scale的区别以及在LRATC曲线上的位置10) LRATC曲线上面的三个阶段Economies of Scale, Constant Returns to Scale,Diseconomies of Scale11) A TC = AFC + A VC等式的含义以及图形表示#18 Perfect Competition1) 在完全竞争市场(Perfect Competition Market)中,Price Taker的概念:价格合适可以卖出任意多;价格高出,可以卖出02) Perfect Competition的若干假定3) Perfect Competition的主要特点#19 Monopoly1) Monopoly市场的特点:没有竞争者;没有替代品;高壁垒2) Monopoly市场的两种壁垒形式:Leagal Barriers和Natural Barries3) Monopoly市场的两种价格方式:Single-Price和Price Discrimination4) 理解Price Discrimination的三个前提:Demand Curve右下斜;至少两个具有不同价格需求弹性的消费群体;消费者不能转卖5) 理解Price Discrimination的目的是为了将消费者剩余(Consumer Surplus)转变成经济收益(Economic Profit)6) Price Discrimination对Economic Profit和Consumer Surplus的影响7) 理解为什么在MC=MR时垄断者的产量最佳8) 理解为什么在垄断市场(Monopoly Market)会产生Deadeight Loss:Monoploy Market没有将Consumer Surplus+Producer Surplus最大化#20 Monopoly Competition & Oligopoly1) Monopoly Competition的特征2) 理解Monopoly Competition下,Price Demand Elasticity大3) 理解Kinked Demand Curve Model产生的原因4) 囚徒困境(Prisoners' Dilemma)是什么道理#21 Markets for Factors of Production1) 什么是Derived Demand2) Marginal Product,Marginal Revenue与Marginal Revenue Product的定义和相互关系3) 在完全竞争(Perfect Competition)环境下,MRP(Marginal Revenue Product)曲线的形状和含义4) 理解什么是Wage Rate5) 理解一个公司产出的商品的价格和它雇佣的Labor量成正比6) 理解影响Demand for Labor的几个因素:商品价格、其他生产因素(是否替代品)、技术进步水平7) 影响Labor Supply的两个因素:Substitution Effect,Income Effect是如何相互作用的:Substitution Effect导致工人用休闲时间换更多工资;Income Effect导致工人更多的用Income去休闲8) 工会(Labor Union)设法增加工人Wage Rate和保证工人就业的主要办法:Collective Bargaining,Traing to Increase MP,Restrick for importing,Increasesubstitution price9) Physical Capital和Financial Capital分别是什么10) 理解为什么Non-Renewable Resource的供应曲线是完全弹性的;为什么Renewable Resource的供应曲线是完全非弹性的11) 理解Economic Rent的经济学意义,以及它的供应曲线图形意义:Supply Curve完全弹性时,Economic Rent等于零;Supply Curve完全非弹性时,Economic Rent最大#22 Monitoring Jobs and the Price Level1) 失业率(Unemployment Rate)的计算公式,主要是其中Labor Force的意义(所有已经工作和有意工作的人群)2) 劳动力参加率(Labor-Force Participation Rate)的计算公式3) 就业人口比率(Employment-to-Population Ratio)的计算公式4) 什么是Aggregate Hours5) 什么是Real Wage Rate(一小时劳动可以换回多少商品和劳务,扣除价格水平变化),以及它和Wage Rate比较6) 失业的三种类型(Frictional Unemployment,Structural Unemployment,Cyclical Unemployment),注意区分Frictional Unemployment和Structual Unemployment的区别7) 什么是充分就业(Full Employment):没有Cyclical Unemployment8) 什么是自然失业率(Natual Rate of Unemployment):Frictional Unemployment和Structual Unemployment导致的失业率9) 什么是Potential GDP:当失业率维持在自然失业率的时候可以产生的GDP10) CPI(Consumer Price Index)的定义以及如何计算11) 哪个单位负责报告CPI,报告频率(Bureau of Labor Statistics BLS,Monthly)12) 通货膨胀率(Inflation Rate)如何计算13) CPI偏差(CPI Bias)的主要因素:New Goods,Quality Change,Commodity Substitution,Outlet Substitution#23 Aggregate Supply and Aggregate Demand1) 什么是总供给(Aggregate Supply)2) 短期总供给(Short Run Aggregate Supply SAS),长期总供给(Long Run Aggregate Supply LAS)的曲线图是什么样的3) 理解为什么LAS不受价格变化的影响,它反映了potential real output of the economy4) 什么是Potential Output(Full Employment下产生的Output)5) Potential Output正相关的几个因素:Quantity of Labor,Quantity of Capital,Technology6) 影响Money Wage Rate的两个因素:Unemployment(负相关);Inflation Expectation(正相关)7) Aggregate Demand的四个构成成分(Comsumption,Investment,Government Spending,Net Export)8) 影响Aggregate Demand曲线的三个因素(Expectation About Future Income/Inflation/Profits,Fiscal/Monetory Policies,World Economy)1) Classical Macroeconomics,Keynesian Macroeconomics和Monetarist Macroeconomics三种经济学观点的异同比较#24 Money, the Price Level, and Inflation1) Money的三种职能:Means of Payment;Unit of Account;Store of V alue2) 什么是M1,什么是M23) 理解为什么Checks Outstanding和Credit Card都不属于Money4) 三种主要的储蓄机构:Commercial Banks,Thrift Institution5) 存款机构(Depository Institution)的四种主要功能:提供流动性;金融中介;监控风险;分散贷款风险6) Fed的三种政策工具:贴现率;Bank Reserve Requirement;Open Market Operations7) 银行允许贷款量与Required Reserved Ratio之间的关系(Notes V2 P156)8) 什么是Monetary Base,它由什么构成9) 什么是现金漏损(Currency Drain)10) 货币乘数(Money Multiplier)的计算公式,以及它在Quantity of Money公式中的作用11) 理解Demand for Money与Interest Rate负相关的原理12) 什么是Money Velocity,并理解M*V=P*Y=GDP的含义#25 US Inflation, Unemployment, and Business Cycle1) Cost-Push Inflation是如何产生的:Aggregate Supply减少所致2) Demand-Pull Inflation是如何产生的:Aggregate Demand增加所导致3) 飞利浦线(Phillips Curve)是用来表达什么关系的(Inflation与失业率的关系)4) Short-Run Phillips Curve是什么形态;Long-Run Phillips Curve是什么形态5) 什么是期望通胀(Expected Inflation):在Full Employment下的通胀6) Natural Rate变化对Long-Run Phillip Curve的影响:Natural Rate增大,Long-Run Phillip Curve向右移动#26 Fiscal Policy1) 什么是Supply-Side Effects(Fiscal Policy对Supply的影响,尤其通过税收)2) 理解Laffer Curve描述的是什么原理(Notes V2 P184)3) Financing for Investment的来源主要包括哪些(National Savings,Government Savings,Borrowing from Foreigners)4) 挤出效应(Crowding Out Effect):政府扩张财政,挤出私人投资/支出机会#27 Monetary Policy1) Fed的货币政策的三个目标:扩大就业;稳定价格;稳定利率2) 理解Fed的主要货币手段是联邦基金利率(Federal Fund Rate)3) Open Market Operations是如何实现的:买入、卖出Treasury Securities#28 An Overview of Central Bank1) 中央银行实施货币政策(Monetary Policy)的工具有哪些2) Inflation Targeting指什么:将通胀率控制在一个区间内为目标的货币政策============FSA============#29 Financial Statement Analysis: Introduction1) 审计的三种结果的含义:Unqualified,Qualified,Adversed Opinion的分别的含义2) MD&A(Management's Discussion and Analysis)记录的内容是什么:一些Disclosure,Discussion3) Footnotes记录什么东西:Accounting Methods,4) Proxy Statement主要记录什么东西:有关Shareholder的信息5) Standard Auditor's Opinion的三部分内容(Notes V3 P14)6) FSA Framework的六步:State Objective and Context;Gather Data;Process Data;Analyze Date;Report Conclusion;Update#30 Financial Reporting Mechanics1) 什么是Contra Account2) 什么是Asset3) 什么是Liability4) 什么是Owners' Equity5) 什么是Income6) 什么是Expense7) 基本会计等式8) 什么是Double-Entry Accounting原则9) 什么是Accrual Basis Accounting,并解释什么是Unearned Revenue,Accrued Revenue,Prepaid Expense,Accrued Expense10) 什么是Cash Basis Accounting11) 什么是Prepaid Expenses12) 什么是Accrued Expenses13) 会用Balance Sheet、Income Statement和Cash Statement之间的金额互算14) Revenue和Unearned Revenue(Liabilities)的区别15) 知道Ending Retained Earning和Beginning Retained Earning的差等于Net Income减去Dividend Declared#31 Financial Reporting Standards1) 国际会计准则(IFSR)和美国会计准则(GAAP)的大略异同2) 国际会计准则No.1对哪些财务报表是必须的3) 什么是Proxy Statements4) 什么是MD&A5) 报表的质量:Understandability,Comparability,Relevance,Reliability6) 制作报表的两个Assumption:Accrual Basis,Going Concern Assumption分别是什么意思6) 一个完好的报表架构需要满足的几点要求:透明性(Transparency),可理解(Comprehensiveness)和一致性(Consistency)#32 Understanding The Income Statement1) Net Income与Revenue和Expense的关系:Revenue - Expense = Net Income2) 明白GnL(Gain and Loss)是Incidental Transaction产生的3) 什么是COGS:Cost of Goods Sold4) Gross Profit与Revenue的关系:Revenue - COGS = Gross Profit5) 什么是Operating Profit(Operating Profit(EBIT)= Gross Profit - Operating Expense - Depreciation Expense)以及它与Gross Profit的不同6) 明白为什么Unearned Revenue是一种负债7) GAAP下的FASB确认Revenue的四项原则是什么:Evidence of Arrangement;Product Delivered;Price Determined;Seller Sure Collecting Money8) Long-Term Contract下确认Revenue的方法:Percentage of Completion;Completed Contract9) 什么是Installment Sale,并且明白Profit根据收到的Cash确认;更有Cost Recovery Method 要求收到的Cash超过Cost时才确认Profit10) 什么是Barter Transaction以及它在GAAP和IFSR下得到Fair Value的不同方法11) Revenue的两种计量方法:Gross Reporting和Net Reporting的区别是什么(Gross Reporting 分别记Revenue和COGS;Net Reporting只记它们的差值)12) Expense确认的原则之一:Matching Principle是什么含义(Expense确认的时间要与Revenue确认的时间一致)13) Expense中的Period Cost是怎么回事,以及它的确认方式14) Straight-line Depreciation的计算方法(Notes V3 P58)15) Double-Declining Balance Depreciation的计算方法16) 关于Inventory的三种会计记录方法:FIFO、LIFO和Average Cost的原理是什么17) 无形资产(Intangible Assets)如何摊销(Amortization):分有固定使用期限(如Franchise Agreement)和没有固定使用期限(如Goodwill)两种情况18) 被停止的经营项目(Discontinued Operations)的记账原则:与其他项目分开报;对持续经营项目无影响19) 什么样的事情是Unusual Items(比如:Gain n Loss for Sale Assets);什么样的事情是Infrequent Items(比如:Impairement,Write Down,Write Off)20) 什么样的事情是Extraordinary Items21) 什么是Basic EPS以及公式,尤其清楚如何计算Weighted Average Shares22) 什么是简单资本结构(Simple Capital Structure);什么是复杂资本结构(Complex Capital Structure)23) 什么是Antidilutive Securities以及与Dilutive Securities的区别24) 什么是Diluted EPS以及公式25) 什么是Common-Size Income Statement,分母是什么26) Gross Profit Margin和Net Profit Margin的公式分别是什么,并且知道Net Sale就是Revenue27) 列举哪些收入不记入Income Statements:Issuing Stock;Reacquiring Stock;Dividend Paid;Other Comprehensive Income(FX,Pension Liability,HedgingDerivative,Available for Sale Securities)28) 什么是Available for Sale Securities29) 理解Comprehensive Income是Net Income和Other Comprehensive Income之和30) 计量Income的方法:Sale Basis Method,Percentage-of-Completion Method,Completed Contract Method,Installment Methods,Cost Recovery Method#33 Understanding Balance Sheet1) Balance Sheet的几种主要格式:Account Format;Report Format和Classified Balance Sheet2)1) 什么是Working Capital2) Current Asset包括哪些3) Long-Term Asset包括哪些4) Current Liability包括哪些5) Stakeholder Equity包括哪些6) Current Ratio如何计算7) Quick Ratio的计算#34 Understanding the Cash Flow Statement1) 呈现CFO的两种方法:Direct Method和Indirect Method分别是什么原理以及它们的异同2) Direct Method是将Cash-Basis Accounting的Income Statement直接转变成CFO的方法3) 针对CFO的Indirect Method的4个步骤以及其中涉及到的加减(Notes V3,第117页和第119页)4) 什么是Free Cash Flow以及它的计算方法5) 什么是Free Cash Flow to the Firm (FCFF)以及它分别用Net Income和CFO两种方法表示的公式6) 什么是Free Cash Flow to Equity(FCFE)以及它用CFO表示的公式7) 罗列所有Cash Flow Ratios,包括Performance Ratios和Coverage Ratios#35 Inventories1) 什么是LIFO Reserve,以及它的公式2) LIFO Reserve的重要衍生公式:FIFO COGS = LIFO COGS - (Ending LIFO Reserve - Beginning LIFO Reserve)#36 Long-Lived Asset1) 什么是ARO(Asset Retirement Obligation)2) 明白为什么每一年的ARO Expense由Depreciation Expense和Accretion Expense组成#37) Income Taxes1) Tax Payable与Income Tax Paid的不同含义2) Taxable Income的含义以及与Tax Base的不同3) Tax Loss Carryforward的含义4) 什么是Income Tax Expense并且理解它的公式(对于Tax Payable, DTL, DTA)5) 什么是Valuation Allowance并且明白它的作用6) Temporary Difference和Permanant Difference的不同含义7) 可以罗列出四种Permanant Difference的情况#38 Long-Term Liabilities & Leases1) Bond的一些名词定义:face value(maturity value, par value)、coupon rate、coupon payments、market rate、balance sheet liability(bond book value,carryingvalue)、interest expense、par bond、discount bond、premium bond2) Finance Lease和Operating Lease的异同3) Direct Financing Lease和Operating Lease对现金流分别不同的影响4) Market Rate与Bond Rate之间大小关系的比较决定Bond是Premium还是Discount的关系5) 什么是Sale Type Lease#39 Financial Analysis Techniques1) Dividend Declared的概念2) Sustainable Growth Rate的计算方法3) DSO(Days Sales Outstanding)的几种计算方法4) Inventory Turnover的计算方法5) Cash Conversion Cycle的计算方法6) Total Asset Turnover的公式7) Financial Leverage Multiplier的公式#41 Accounting Shenanigans on The Cash Flow Statement1) Stretching Out Payable是如何实现舞弊的2) Financing Of Payable是如何实现舞弊的3) Securitization of Receivable是如何实现舞弊的4) Using Stock Buybacks to Offset Dilution of Earning是如何实现舞弊的5) 如何计算Days' Sales in Accounts Payable(应付账款天数)#42 Financial Statement Analysis: Application1) 如何利用common-sized的报表预测下年的一些财务指标#43 International Standards Convergence1) Marketable Investment Securities的几种类型以及它们对Balance Sheet和Income Statement 的影响================ Corporate Finance ==================#44 Capital Budgeting1) Capital Budgeting的几个基本原则2) 什么是沉没成本(Sunk Cost)3) 什么是外部性(Externalities)4) 什么是同型装配(Cannibalization),以及它对现金流的影响5) Conventional Cash Flow Pattern与Unconventional Cash Flow Pattern的区别6) 什么是机会成本(Opportunity Cost),并且明白Capital Budgeting的现金流基于机会成本考虑7) 评估资本项目的方法之一:NVP法的原理是什么8) 评估资本项目的方法之二:IRR法的原理是什么9) 评估资本项目的方法之三:PBP法的原理是什么10) 评估资本项目的方法之四:Discounted PBP法的原理是什么11) 评估资本项目的方法之五:AAR法的原理和公式12) 罗列为什么NPV方法和IRR方法可能产生不同的衡量结果#45 Cost of Capital1) Marginal Cost of Capital的定义是什么2) 加权资本成本(Weighted Average Cost of Capital)的公式3) 清楚投资机会曲线(Investment Opportunity Schedule)和MCC Curve(Marginal Cost of Capital Curve)的形状、关系。
CFA一级各科重点解析
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CFA一级各科重点解析正在备考CFA考试的同学们,小编今天这里为大家详细说说每门科目的复习要点,希望能够对大家有所帮助。
关于每门的要点:1.数理方法(比重12%,难度B)一上来首先应该看这门,这章会详细说到计算器的用法,这样看后面几门也会方便些,这门注意下什么是MAD,CV,连续复利计算,critical value,p-value,两种假设检验的错误,4种抽样方法的不同,parametric tests 和unparametric tests,还有年金的计算就差不多了。
不过要小心年金的计算,是不是先付年金等等,这边计算起来还是要格外小心的~~~我考试的时候感觉这部分是比较简单的,基本上1分钟1题,在刚刚结束道德的摧残后,做到这里感觉格外舒心。
2.经济学(比重10%,难度B-)个人认为是CFA1级里最简单的一门,可能在第一轮准备的时候并不觉得,不过真到最后就会发现,其它科目知识点虽然简单但是庞杂得很,只有这门,只要抓住精髓,考试的时候简直是轻松的很。
这门需要注意:什么是MC,MB,MP,MRP,等各种M的东西,所有者和消费者surplus部分要认真理解下,何为资源分配的有效,各种事情对surplus,MC,MB的影响,对于各种曲线,分清楚长期和短期,公司和行业,线移动的因素,何处交点为最佳,何处交点最有效,何处是surplus,各种效应,D,MB,MR的关系,wage rate的准确含义,还有一个很重要的就是LAS,SAS和AD的影响因素(这点几乎是这门后半部分的精髓)~~~~我考试的时候这门写的最轻松写意,平均半分钟一题就画过去了~~~3.财务报表分析(比重20%,难度E)没悬念的,这部分是1级的重点也是难点,再怎么强调多多复习这部分也不为过主要知识点有:Session 7 主要讲的IFRS 和U.S. GAAP在不同情况下的区别,还有各种statements的元素构成。
Session 8 就是集中在Income statement, Balance Sheet, Cash flow statement 和各种Ratio analysis。
CFA一级经济学最新考点解析20200127
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最新CFA一级经济学考点解析对于很多想参加CFA考试的同学来说,对于CFA的考试内容还不是很了解。
我就为大家分享一下CFA考试的考试科目:1、道德与职业行为标准(Ethics and Professional Standards)2、定量分析(Quantitative)3、经济学(Economics)4、财务报表分析(Financial Statement Analysis)5、公司理财(Corporate Finance)6、权益投资(Equity Investments)7、固定收益投资(Fixed Income)8、衍生工具(Derivatives)9、其他类投资(Alternative Investments)10、投资组合管理 (Portfolio Management)经济学即是最有意思的一门学科,因为学会了经济学知识就可以和实务相结合分析宏观经济热点,但同时又是学起来最烦躁的一门学科,尤其是CFA一级经济学,内容真的是超级多!既然报名参加了CFA考试,首先还是要对得起我们的人民币,首要目标就是要通过考试!那么掌握一个好的复习方法,将会事半功倍!方法决定一切CFA一级经济学应该是三个级别中最难的,不是在于知识点的难度,而是在于内容真的是太多啦!涵盖了:微观经济学、宏观经济学、国际经济学三大块儿的内容,每一个类别的经济学内容在本科财经专业学起来,都是要学习一个学期的,而在一级经济学中他们却都要求掌握。
然而,不幸的是内容这嘛多可以和财务报表分析相媲美,但是考试占比仅仅只有10%,只有财务报表分析一半的重要性,性价比真的是非常低。
所以,在复习考试中好的备考策略显得尤为重要!如何在有限的时间里快速备考拿分呢,这就要求我们在经济学的复习中一定要抓大放小,没有必要面面俱到。
在微观、宏观、国际部分,国际经济学内容相对简单,较易拿分,每年大概5道题左右;微观部分相对来说也较易拿分,每年大概6-8道题左右;宏观部分应该是最难的,每年大概10-12道题左右。
泽稷——CFA一级《经济学考试》小技巧
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CFA一级的Economics(经济学)可算是学习商科必须掌握的基础,而且在考试中占比也达到了10%,需要引起CFA考生的重点关注。
在大学期间自己已经系统地学习过了Economics,这与CFA一级中涉及的相关知识点都是相同的。
Economics是相对简单的一门课,觉得难的大部分原因是因为考点相对比较多且零散。
CFA一级的Economics包括3个study session,一共9个reading.其中,Reading 13-15讲的是最基本的经济学原理:供求关系的产生和相关结论,这个基础概念贯穿了整个经济学。
Reading 16简单概述了微观经济中涉及的四个市场,以及相应市场下的供求关系。
Reading 17主要讲解了以国家为单位的供求关系:总供给和总需求。
Reading 18-19简单概述了Business Cycle(经济周期)的相关特征,和可能产生的社会问题:Unemployment(失业)和Inflation(通货膨胀),以及政府相应的政策措施:Monetary Policy(货币政策)和Fiscal Policy(财政政策)。
Reading 20-21对国际贸易和汇率转换做了简单的介绍。
从CFA考试的重要度来看,Reading 15、Reading 16、Reading 17和Reading19是最重要的,Reading 14是最不重要的,其它的居中。
结合CFA 考试大纲对重要Reading的考点进行了总结,以下内容建议考生们全部掌握。
Reading 15:Demand and Supply Analysis:The Firm(厂商理论) Economic profit(经济利润)的计算;Production function(生产函数)和Cost curve(成本曲线)的相关概念;Profit maximization(利润最大化)的条件。
Perfect competitive market(完全竞争市场)中的long-run equilibrium(长期均衡)和short-equilibrium(短期均衡)。
CFA一年级笔记第三部分经济学
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C F A一年级笔记第三部分经济学集团文件版本号:(M928-T898-M248-WU2669-I2896-DQ586-M1988)CFA 一级考试知识点第三部分 经济学需求函数demand function Q x d =f(P x , I , P y …) Q x d 为商品X 的需求量; P x 为商品X 的价格; I 为消费者收入; P y 为其他相关商品的(替代品或互补品)Y 的价格。
需求曲线公式也可以简化为Q x d= f(P x ),需求曲线与需求函数式互为反函数,被称为反需求函数P x = f(Q x d)ΔP ΔQ需求曲线,ΔP是价格的变化量、ΔQ是需求量的变化量,横坐标是需求曲线Q ,纵坐标是价格P ,图形是个向右下倾斜的曲线。
需求价格弹性,衡量商品需求对价格变化的敏感程度E px dE px d = (ΔQ x d ΔP x ) (P x Q x d ) 其中ΔQ x d ΔP x是需求函数的斜率,不是需求曲线的斜率。
如果题目中表达式是:Q=10-2P ,则ΔQ x d ΔP x =-2,如果P=5-1/2Q ,ΔQ x d ΔP x等于-1/2的倒数,即ΔQ x d ΔP x=-2 曲线弹性绝对值大于1,富有弹性elastic曲线弹性绝对值小于1,缺乏弹性inelastic曲线弹性绝对值等于1,单位弹性unit elastic需求价格弹性的因素:替代品的可得性availability of substitutes 与相似性closeness of substitutes 、该商品展消费者总预算的比例、反应时间、商品服务的必要性。
商品富有弹性E px d >1,价格下降需求量上升幅度会超过商品下降幅度,从而总收入或总支出增加,商品富有弹性时,价格和总收入或总支出呈反向关系。
E px d<1时,商品缺乏弹性,价格和总收入或总支出呈正向关系。
飞机经济舱富有弹性,降价会提高整体收入,商务舱价格弹性低,打折会使得整体收入降低。
cfa一知识点:微观经济学——纳什均衡
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CFA一级知识点:微观经济学——纳什均衡【专题】微观经济学:纳什均衡【问题】请问寡头垄断里面的合谋和纳什均衡有什么关系?【专家解答】纳什均衡就是博弈的双方选择的都是相对于自己来说最有利的决定(人都是追求个人的自身利益),只不过这个决定没有达到整体利益的最大化和最优化。
而合谋是寡头市场中的厂商由于相互的依赖性,建立的一种合作侵略性行为。
最终的目的是控制产量和推高价格。
典型的例子就是价格战,但是价格战最后的结果往往是陷入纳什均衡,也就是EP=0。
所以我们说合谋具有不稳定性,因为每个企业都有欺骗的动机,如果偏离了最初的目的,合谋就会自动解除,合谋不会持续。
在一个只追求个人利益的社会里,迟早是陷入囚徒困境,那么合谋在有一个非常严格的约束环境中才能持续。
各位考生,2015年CFA备考已经开始,为了方便各位考生能更加系统地掌握考试大纲的重点知识,帮助大家充分备考,体验实战,网校开通了全免费的高顿题库(包括精题真题和全真模考系统),题库里附有详细的答案解析,学员可以通过多种题型加强练习,通过针对性地训练与模考,对学习过程进行全面总结。
松开的记忆,飘落的莫名的尘埃,像起伏的微风,拂过脑海,留下一份情愁。
一条街,没有那些人,那些身影,却能来回徘徊穿梭。
街,行走时,纵然漫长,漫长,有时只为听一颗流动的心的呓语。
沉默,倔强,回望,忘记,记住,一切像断了的弦,有时希望生活简单就好,有时却又莫名的颓废其中。
有些路,只能一个人走;有些事,只能一个人去经历。
粗读加缪、萨特的存在主义,它告诉我,人就是非理性的存在。
光秃秃的枝桠、清寂的清晨、流动的阳光,飘落于心,或快意,或寂寥,映照心境,然而,有时却只属于那一刻。
总之,一切只是心情。
人生的画面一幅幅地剪辑,最后拼凑出的是一张五彩斑斓的水彩画,有艳丽的火红色,凝重的墨黑以及一抹忧郁的天蓝色。
人的记忆很奇特,那些曾经的过往,就像一幅幅的背景图,只有一个瞬间,却没有以前或以后。
比如,只能记得某个瞬间的微笑,只能在记忆的痕迹寻觅某时刻骑着单车穿过路口拐角的瞬间,却都不知晓为何微笑,为何穿过街角。
CFA一级知识点总结最全
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CFA 一级知识点总结Ethics 部分Objectiveofcodesandstandard :永远是为了maintainpublictrustin 1. Financialmarket2. Investmentprofession6个codeofethics1. Code1—ethicsandpertinentdpersons2. Code2---primacyofclient’sinterest乐享科技CFA 一级考试知识点总结 Stanhopea.Loyalty,prudenceandcare---i.如何定义客户?---考虑最终受益人!---雇佣我们的人未必就是我们的客户,要考虑最终受益人!ii.Softdollar---whenamanagerusesclientbrokeragetopurchaseresearchreporttobenefittheinvestmentmanager---比如,作为基金公司,使用证券公司的席位进行交易,肯定会支付一定的费用,这些费用来自客户,所以基金公司只能用这些softdollar为客户服务!b.Fairdealing---i.对所有客户要公平客观ii.个别的客户要求,可以征收premium的费用之后,是可以做的!条件是,其,司iii.Client或者prospectiveclient同意披露iv.以现行法律为准v.CFA进行investigate固定收益债券,金融衍生品和alternativeinvestment部分Nonrefundablebond是指不能通过发行新的债券还旧债Sinkingfundprovisions---偿债基金条款---为了保护投资者,规定经过一段时间后,每年偿还一定金额的本金。
有两种方式进行:1.Cashpayment---通过抽签形式进行2.Deliveryofsecurities---购回债券---当债券价格下跌时候,回购债券的方式比较便宜!有利于发行者的条款:1.TherighttoCall2.Acceleratedsinkingfundprovision---加速偿债条款—有利于发行者,发行者可以选择是否多还一些本金3.Prepaymentoption4.Acaponfloatingcouponrate有利于持有者的条款1.Conversionprovision2.Floor3.Putoption购买债券融资的方式有两种1.Margincall证券作为头寸----保证金的利息要比repagreement的利息要高!2.回购交易repoagreement----实际上是一种抵押融资---大多数的bond-dealer融资采用1.2.----3.Yield 4.什么是债券的1.2.3.1.2.3.1.2.3.!1.Bid-askspread2.保证金交易情况下流动性差,需要缴纳保证金!波动性风险---当波动性提高的时候,option的value会升高—那么对于有calloption的债券来说,则这个callablebond的价值降低;对于有putoption的债券来说,这个puttablebond的价值升高!---重要结论Valueofcallablebond=valueofoption-freebond-valueofthecallValueofputablebond=valueofoption-freebond+valueoftheput Overviewofbondsectorsandinstruments美国财政部发行债券的auction制度—1.Regularcycleauction---singleprice2.Regularcycleauction-multipleprice3.Adhocauctionsystem4.Tapsystem----issuanceandauctionofbondsidenticaltopreviouslyissuedbondsT-bill---不超过一年,零息债券,打折销售T-note---2-10年,有coupon,non-callableT-bond---20年或者30年TIPS—treasuryinflation-protectedsecurities通货膨胀保护债券•面值parvalue开始是1000美金;•后面每半年按照CPI指数进行调整;•最后的本金,即使通货紧缩导致调整后的面值小于1000美金,也要支付1000美金Ontherun是指新发的债券---流动性更强,反应了现行市场的信息!Debenture是无抵押的债券---theyareunsecured!1.2.3.4.1.2.3.1.登记一次,多次发行;---securitiescanbeplacedontheshelf2.不是通过承销—firmcommitment,而是通过best-effort进行销售3.到期日可能是9个月到100年!4.可以是固定息票和可以是浮动息票Structurednote结构性票据1.普通债券和金融衍生品结合起来的债务工具;2.专门面向一些特殊要求的机构投资者;3.机构投资者有时候受到限制,不能投资某些金融产品,通过结构性票据可以达到目标Commercialpaper商业票据1.270天以下;2.Unsecured3.无利息,一般贴现发行;4.一般持有到期;---likeT-bills,commercialpaperisissuedasapurediscountsecurityandmakesasinglepaymentequaltothefacev alueatmaturity;Directly-placepaperDealer-placedpaperNegotiableCDs可转让存单1.银行发行卖给客户的;2.代表银行的承诺支付一定的利息和本金3.不能提前撤销,但是可在二级市场买卖1.2.3.4.1.2.3.1.2.1.2.3.4.FED1.2.3.4.1.b.如果即期利率期望会升高,远期利率会比即期利率更高2.流动性偏好理论liquiditypreferencetheorya.投资者希望持有流动性较好的债券b.长期债券的流动性差,故利率要高3.市场分割理论marketsegmentationtheorya.远期利率和即期利率是分离的b.市场上存在着有不同期限偏好的投资者,有的喜欢远期,有的喜欢即期利率期限理论和收益率曲线的形状1.期望理论没有针对哪种图形形状a.即期利率期望升高-------向上倾斜b.即期利率期望下降-----向下倾斜2.流动偏好理论----可能是任何一种形状a.收益率曲线将有一个向上的偏差----但是不一定是向上倾斜的3.市场分割理论a.可能是任何一种形状b.Supply和demand会决定不同maturity的yieldc.Underpreferredhabitattheory,在一定maturity附近的收益率高的话,可以induce投资者购买超出其偏好的maturity的债券即期利率1.即期利率根据期限变化2.注意即期利率和YTM的区别绝对收益率差=高收益率债券的收益率-低收益率债券的收益率1.2.3.4.1.2.3.4.5.以上3,1.2.3.YTM1.2.3.4.无回购YTM实际上也就是一个内部收益率!BEY的广义理解-----已经在后面有过解释!几个概念的理解:1.Yieldtocall2.Yieldtofirstcall3.Yieldtofirstparcall4.Yieldtoworst---各个yield的比较最差的一个5.Yieldtorefunding再融资收益率---现在可赎回,但是有条款规定在一定期限内不得赎回a.Thebondthatarecallable,butnotcurrentlyrefundable,canbecalledusingfundsformsourcesthatarenotfromtheissuanceofalowercouponbond6.Yieldtoput7.Cashflowyield现金流量收益率a.针对MBS和ABS等每个月有CF的情况b.BEY=[(1+CFY)^6-1]*2影响再投资风险的因素:1.Highercoupon2.Longermaturity比较不同的couponfrequency的债券的收益率的大小----通过BEY进行转换比较!!P113例题Bootstrapping逐层剥离法1.有两个功能---a.计算即期利率2.3.1.2.3.不是Z利差1.2.以,3.Z1.2.Z3.4.5.6.1.2.Duration/convexityapproach3.完全定价法更加准确,可以用于计算任何复杂的情况4.而严格说来,久期方法则只能用于估算收益率曲线平行移动的情况可以预见,当yield发生变化的时候,高的couponrate,短的maturity的债券,其价格的变化比低couponrate长的maturity的债券的利率风险更小,债券的价格变动也小重要结论!正的凸性---1.当收益率YTM增大,其价格的下降幅度变的越来越小,而当收益率较小的时候,曲线比较陡峭,价格下降的幅度比较大!2.价格和收益率是成反比的3.收益率曲线凸向原点!4.正的凸性说明,当债券的价格上升到时候,加速上升,当价格下降的时候,减速下降!5.对于债券持有者来说,正的凸性是一个好事情;6.Thepricechangeinresponsetorisingratesissmallerthanthepricechangeinresponsetofallingratesforoption-freebonds!Negativeconvexity负的凸性1.Callable或者prepayablebond,其价格上升的空间被option限制;2.根据图形可以看出,对于callableoptionbond来说,当债券的收益率低于某个点的时候,债券的价格不能继续上升,收益率曲线呈现负的凸性---这是有利于债券发行者的;3.对于puttablebond来说,当债券收益率高于某个点的时候,债券的价格不能继续下降,收益率曲线呈现负的凸性----这是有利于债券持有者的;4.不论是call还是putoption的债券,由于option的存在,其利率风险都降低了,但是久期1.2.3.option计算得1.2.3.1.2.3.久期1.2.Portfolio1.2.凸性1.是价格收益率曲线的二阶导数;2.Convexity越大,越弯曲,通过duration计算出来的pricechange的误差就越大3.Duration的计算实际上是衡量在变化比较小的时候,将收益率曲线的变化近似成直线的变化来估计4.基于duration计算出来的债券的价格的变化,比实际的变化要大----价格的实际变化实际上要小些!----因为收益率曲线是弯曲的,而不是直的---根据图形理解记忆!5.Percentagechangeinprice=durationeffect+convexityeffect=[-duration*?y+convexity*(?y)^2]*1006.Convexity是一个好东西!使得价格上升到更多,下降的更小7.Effectiveconvexity考虑了由于内置的option对现金流的影响---是计算option的bond的正确方法基点价值basispoint基点价值万分之一的收益率变化对价格变化的价值1.Pricevalueofonebasispoint=duration*.0001*bondvalue2.可以用来计算利率风险几点重要补充:1.零息债券的duration就等于其maturity的期限!2.当市场利率下降时候,买入duration长的债券,卖出duration短的债券-----为什么?a.利率下降,债券价格上升,duration长的债券价格上升的幅度大!3.含有option的bond,由于久期较小,所以interestrisk就比较小!不论是---duration对于当以整个没有option的bond,收益越高,久期越低,利率风险越低-重要-可以从市场收益率曲线上得到证的风险,比如:calloptionputoption,不会影响到债券的价格利息风险,利息敏感度,和久期实际上就是一个意思!如何理解couponrate增加,interestrate风险降低?1.Coupon增加,说明coupon部分占整个bond的价值部分大,当利率发生变化时,由于剩余的部分的价值小,所以bond的价格变动会小些,所以ir的风险降低;2.Coupon和久期成反比,coupon增加,久期减小,所以ir风险降低债券估价的五个因素1.债券价值和投资者要求的收益率成反比-见上图;2.投资者要求的收益率高于couponrate,溢价发行,反之折价发行3.当债券接近到期日时,则债券的价格接近其面值4.长期债券的利率风险大于短期债券;5.债券价值对市场利率的敏感性不仅与maturity有关,而且也与债券所产生的预期未来现金流的期限结构有关,即与coupon的大小有关3.可摊销证券—anamortizingsecurity4.Prepaymentoption5.利率降低,提前还款的可能性增大,收到还款的再投风险增大逐层剥离法bootstrapping方法:该方法的关键之处在于:将市场上所有带票面利息的债券看成是许多个coupon和principalpayment的零息债券,这样就可以计算其即期利率—spotrate。
2012CFA一级总结(经济学部分)
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经济学部分一、微观经济学稳定均衡(能够回到均衡)和不稳定均衡1.拍卖Common value auction(拍卖物对任何bidder价值一样,但是bidder拍卖时不知道价值,eg,油田的租约,winner’s curse);Private value auction ,eg, 艺术收藏品英式拍卖ascending price auction(价高者得),sealed bid auction(每个bidder都不知道其他bidder的出价,提交最高价的bidder win),second price sealed bid auction(最高价win,但支付第二高的价格)Dutch auction(decending price auction)以一个高于所有出价的价格开始拍卖,直到降到有人愿意出价,第一个出价者买够后,第二个出价者以低于前一成交价的价格win,也有modified,所有出价者都以最后一个win的出价者的价格成交。
Single price auction所有的bid都以一个价格成交。
(看累计的成交量,以最后一个满足条件的价格成交)2.Elasticity1)Own price elasticityE=%ΔQ/%ΔP=(ΔQ/Q0)/(ΔP/P0)Percentage的变化=change in value/average value---一般用平均值!1.绝对值大于1,富有弹性,奢侈品2.绝对值小于1,缺乏弹性,0和1之间---必需品3.=1单元弹性,是总收益(P*Q)最大的point.线性D曲线,价格高的地方弹性大4.花费占收入比重大的good,弹性大5.价格弹性在长期比短期会更大2)Income elasticity of Demand=%ΔQ/%ΔI,if>0,normal goods;if<0,inferior goods3)Cross Price Elasticity of Demand=%ΔQ1/%ΔP2.if>0,good2是替代品,if<0,good2是complement价格弹性的影响因素1.对商品需求的强度2.替代品和可替代程度3.商品用途的广泛性---用途越广,弹性越高供给的价格弹性1.替代品的availability2.The time that elapsed since the price changea.Momentary supply即时供给b.Short-term supply短期供给c.Long-term supply长期供给注意:弹性不是需求曲线的斜率消费者剩余consumer surplus和生产者剩余producer surplus1.消费者愿意支付价格和实际价格的差额2.生产者剩余是市场价格超过生产的机会成本的部分3.当消费者剩余和生产者剩余都达到最大的时候,则资源得到了有效的利用!否则deadweight loss产生资源有效配置的障碍1.Price controla.Price ceilingb.Price floor2.Tax and trade restrictions3.Monopoly4.External costs在决定生产时没有考虑到的对其他人成本的影响5.External benefit6.Public goods(无论人们是否pay都可以消费的资源,国防)and common resources (大家都可以使用的,海洋捕鱼)税负:如果需求没有供给有弹性,则消费者承担的税负大,如果供给没有需求弹性大,则生产者承担的税负大。
CFA一级笔记-第五部分 公司金融
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CFA一级考试知识点第五部分公司金融公司治理corpoate governance是指对公司的内部控制和流程进行管理的系统。
传统公司治理理论称为股东理论shareholder theory,认为公司管理层最重要的责任就是最大化股东利益。
利益相关者理论stakeholder theory,不仅要关注股东,还要关注客户、供应商、雇员和其他相关利益者。
股东对高管薪水具有决定权say on pay董事会必须做到两点:勤勉义务duty of care、忠诚义务duty of loyalty。
董事会下设专门职能委员会审计委员会audit committee薪酬委员会remuneration / compensation committee提名委员会nomination committee治理委员会governance committee风险管理委员会risk committee投资委员会investment committeeESG投资,也称为ESG整合,就是在投资过程中充分考虑环境environment、社会society、治理governance三个因素。
这种投资也被称为可持续投资、责任投资或社会责任投资。
ESG应用方法主要以下四种:负面筛查法、正面筛查法、影响力投资、主题投资。
项目类型分为五类替换项目、扩张项目、新产品项目、强制性项目mandatory projects、其他项目(喜好等)分析现金流时需要关注项目能给公司带来的税后增量现金流after tax incremental cash flows,其中又包括机会成本opportunity costs和外部效应externalities两个因素。
机会成本是指公司放弃的次优项目的收益。
外部效应一方面是正外部效应,也称协同效应synergy,另一方面是负外部效应,也称利益侵蚀cannibalization.(对公司同类产品的影响)同时需要考虑到税后的因素。
CFA特许金融分析师一级知识点总结
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CFA特许金融分析师一级知识点总结
系统风险和非系统风险
1. 非系统风险是可以避免的,也叫做unique,diversifiable,或者firm-specific risk.
2. 系统风险不能规避,无法消除---也叫beta---β风险.
3. 证券系统风险的本质是,该证券与市场上所以证券协方差的加权和!因为一种证券与其他证券之间无法完全独立,所以系统风险不可能为零.
4. 投资组合的风险=系统风险+非系统风险.
5. 当组合中的股票超过30个左右的时候,其标准差基本就固定不变了,说明其他的风险是系统风险,无法消除了.
6. CML的理论表明,证券的均衡回报依赖于组合的系统风险,而不是由标准差衡量的总风险!
7. 证券组合的投资者不会因为投资多元化而获得额外利润!
8. 由标准差得出的风险最高的股票,并不一定是投资回报最高的股票!
9. 由标准差得出的风险最高的股票,并不一定是投资回报最高的股票!
10. 组合中的个股的required rate of return 由系统风险来决定!
11. CML的力量表明,非系统风险高的公司的均衡收益率要低于非系统风险低的公司股票的收益率。
原因是前者的非系统风险占比例比较高,系统风险比例低,所以其均衡收益率比较低!
各位考生,CFA备考已经开始,为了方便各位考生能更加系统地掌握考试大纲的重点知识,帮助大家充分备考,体验实战,高顿网校开通了全免费的CFA题库(包括精题真题和全真模考系统),题库里附有详细的答案解析,学
员可以通过多种题型加强练习,通过针对性地训练与模考,对学习过程进行全面总结。
绝密!CFA考试Economic学习笔记
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绝密!CFA考试Economic学习笔记距离2015年6月份CFA考试很近了,各位考生准备地怎样了?高顿网校小编为大家整理了CFA考试相关学习笔记,助你顺利通过考试!微观弹性1、当商品占收入比重小时,价格弹性也小。
2、需求的收入弹性(当收入变化时,需求的变化)necessities:positiveand low elasticity, the other way is luxuries3、供给的价格弹性:当价格与总收益的变动是反向时,处于高弹性区域。
效率与公平Public goods:公共产品会因为收益人不需负担其产出的成本而导致生产者的不积极,生产不足。
Common resource:公共资源的使用会因为极低的成本而造成过度使用。
效率与公平的两种思路:1、资源分配结果的公平:Utilitarianism2、资源分配规则的公平:Symmetry principle市场行为组织生产1、机会成本包括:Explicit cost、Implicit costa) Implicit cost 包括:i. Implicit rental rate(资本的隐性租金率):economic depreciation、foregoneinterestii. Normal profit: 企业家才能的机会成本2、经济利益economic profit(not accountingprofit):总收益减去机会成本技术、经济效率:1、 Technological efficiency:较少的特定投入量得到产出(有一种生产因素的量变少了就行)2、 Economic efficiency:较少的成本得到产出(总成本变少才算Economic efficiency)雇主雇员问题:Three methods to reduce the principal-agent problemwnership, incentive pay, long-term contracts.商业组织形式:Three types of business organization:proprietorship/partnership/corporation市场集中度:最大的4家市场占有率总和(40%-60%)、最大的50家市场占有率平方和(1000-1800)经济活动的合作方式:Market coordination , Firmcoordination(低交易成本、规模经济、范围经济、团队经济)产出和成本MP最大点对应MC最小点MP交AP于AP最大点,对应着,MC交AVC于AVC最小点。
CFA一级笔记第三部分经济学
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CFA一级笔记第三部分经济学CFA一级考试知识点第三部分经济学需求函数demand function Q x d=f(P x , I , P y…)Q x d为商品X的需求量;P x为商品X的价格; I 为消费者收入;P y为其他相关商品的(替代品或互补品)Y的价格。
需求曲线公式也可以简化为Q x d = f(P x),需求曲线与需求函数式互为反函数,被称为反需求函数P x = f(Q x d)ΔPΔQ需求曲线,ΔP是价格的变化量、ΔQ是需求量的变化量,横坐标是需求曲线Q,纵坐标是价格P ,图形是个向右下倾斜的曲线。
需求价格弹性,衡量商品需求对价格变化的敏感程度E px dE px d= (ΔQ x dΔP x ) (P xQ x d) 其中ΔQ x dΔP x是需求函数的斜率,不是需求曲线的斜率。
如果题目中表达式是:Q=10-2P,则ΔQ x dΔP x =-2,如果P=5-1/2Q,ΔQ x dΔP x等于-1/2的倒数,即ΔQ x dΔP x=-2曲线弹性绝对值大于1,富有弹性elastic曲线弹性绝对值小于1,缺乏弹性inelastic曲线弹性绝对值等于1,单位弹性unit elastic需求价格弹性的因素:替代品的可得性availability of substitutes与相似性closeness of substitutes、该商品展消费者总预算的比例、反应时间、商品服务的必要性。
商品富有弹性E px d>1,价格下降需求量上升幅度会超过商品下降幅度,从而总收入或总支出增加,商品富有弹性时,价格和总收入或总支出呈反向关系。
E px d<1时,商品缺乏弹性,价格和总收入或总支出呈正向关系。
飞机经济舱富有弹性,降价会提高整体收入,商务舱价格弹性低,打折会使得整体收入降低。
交叉弹性为正是替代品交叉弹性为负是互补品收入弹性为正是正常品(奢侈品)收入弹性为负是低档品(劣质品)需求量增加的为正效应、需求量减少的为负效应。
CFA一级学习知识重点完全情况总结
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Chartered Financial AnalystCFA 一级考试知识点总结StanhopeCFA一级知识点总结Ethics 部分Objective of codes and standard:永远是为了maintain public trust in1.Financial market2.Investment profession6个code of ethics职业道德1.Code 1—ethics and pertinented personsa.2.Code 2---primacy of client’s interesta.Integrity with investment professionb.客户利益高于自身利益3.Code 3---reasonable and independenta.必须注意reasonable careb.必须exercise independent professional judgment---必须独立判断!4.Code 4---ethical culture in the professiona.不但自己要practice,而且要鼓励别人practice—不仅仅是自己一个人去做,要所有人共同去做5.Code 5---ethnical culture in the capital market!a.促进整个capital market的integrity,推广其相关法规---增强公众对资本市场的trust!b.Capital market是基于i.Fairly pricing of risky assets;ii.Investors‘ confidence6.有关competence—能力---competence7个standard of professional conduct1.Standard 1---professionalism---knowledge of lawa.不需要成为法律专家,但是必须understand和comply with applicable law;b.当两个law发生conflict,则要遵守更加严格的法律!c.Knowingly---know or should knowd.必须attempt to stop the violation,如果不能stop, then must dissociate from the violation!必须从其中分离出去!i.Remove name from the written report;ii.Ask for a different assignmente.并不要求向有关部门report!(do not require)f.向CFA 进行书面报告report--encouraged to so2. Standard 1 ---professionalism---integrity of capital marketa.Bias from client or other groups—listed company,controlling shareholder!b.Bias from sell side analystc.Buyer side client—d.Issuer paid report---只能接受flat fee for their worke.3.Standard 1 ---professionalism---misinterpretation—不能误导客户,不能剽窃其他人的研究成果4.Standard 1 ---professionalism---misconduct---5.Standard 2---integrity of capital marketa.不能使用非公开信息!---material nonpublic information---b.mosaic theory---conclusion from analysis of public and non-material nonpublic information6.standard 3—duties to clientsa.Loyalty, prudence and care---i.如何定义客户?---考虑最终受益人!---雇佣我们的人未必就是我们的客户,要考虑最终受益人!ii.Soft dollar---when a manager uses client brokerage to purchase research report to benefit the investment manager---比如,作为基金公司,使用证券公司的席位进行交易,肯定会支付一定的费用,这些费用来自客户,所以基金公司只能用这些soft dollar为客户服务!b.Fair dealing---i.对所有客户要公平客观ii.个别的客户要求,可以征收premium的费用之后,是可以做的!条件是,其他的分析都已经公布给其他客户了iii.More critical when changes recommendationiv.Investment action---taking investment action based on research recommendationv.Prorated the allocationc.Suitabilityi.了解客户的经验,风险和回报目标ii.要有书面目标—至少一年进行更新!iii.是否和客户的书面目标相符合?iv.是否符合客户的整个total portfolio的投资目标?v.必须理解其投资组合的constraints,只能进行符合其书面目标的投资推荐!1.Investment policy statement—IPS---risk tolerance,return requirement,investment2.Constraint---time horizon, liquidity needs, tax concerns, legal and regulatoryfactors, unique circumstancesd.Performance presentationi.这里有performance presentation的规定,同时在GIPS里面也有类似规定!其区别是1.一个是自愿的---GIPS,一个是必需的;2.一个是针对公司—firm wide,一个是针对个人member和candidate3.GIPS要求公司to use accurate input data and approved calculation method, toprevent the performance record in accordance with a prescribed formate.Preservation of confidentiality---必须保密---可以不保密的情况i.违法行为ii.法律要求进行披露iii.Client或者prospective client同意披露iv.以现行法律为准v.CFA进行investigate固定收益债券,金融衍生品和alternative investment 部分Nonrefundable bond是指不能通过发行新的债券还旧债Sinking fund provisions---偿债基金条款---为了保护投资者,规定经过一段时间后,每年偿还一定金额的本金。
CFA一级学习重点记录
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CFA一级学习重点记录Q uantitative methodP99、P253Continuous compounding: EAR=eRcc-1Continuous compounding of return (Rcc) = ln(1+EAR)P141:Time-weighted rate of return(分期计算收益率,然后相乘再开根,与投入资金的时间无关)Money-weighted rate of return(IRR)P143:Bank discount yield = D/F * 360/t 即把折扣率单利年化HPY holding period yieldEAY effective annual yield = (1+HPY)365/t – 1 即把HPY按照复利年化(365)MMY money market yield(CD equivalent yield )= HPY * 360/t 即把HPY单利年化(360)BEY bond-equivalent yield = HPY * 365 / t 即把HPY按照单利年化(365): (1 + BEY/2)2 = 1 + EAY切比雪夫不等式:在k standard deviation 以内的概率至少有1-1/k2 (k>1)夏普比率Sharpe ratio = ( portfolio return – risk-free return )/standard deviation of portfolio returns条件概率P(I|O) = P(O|I)*P(I) / P(O)置信区间:Two-tailed : 90% ? 1.65 , 95% ? 1.96 , 99% ? 2.58 .One-tailed : 90% ? 1.28 , 95% ? 1.65 , 99% ? 2.33 .SFR ratio SFR比率越大,越不可能小于threshold level ? P250 中央极限定理:Standard error of the sample mean isReliability factor is 置信区间的上界如90% (a=10%)? Z=1.65 , 95% (a=5%)? Z=1.96 , 99% ? 2.58 .假设检验:Type I error: H0 is true but reject it. = significance levelType II error: H0 is false but fail to reject it. Power of the test = 1 – P (Type II error)差异假设检验:正态分布、两变量有关联,用paired comparisons test (difference 的均值检验)正态分布、方差未知、方差可相等可不相等,两变量相互独立时,用t检验。
CFA一级经济学最新考点解析20200127
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最新CFA一级经济学考点解析对于很多想参加CFA考试的同学来说,对于CFA的考试内容还不是很了解。
我就为大家分享一下CFA考试的考试科目:1、道德与职业行为标准(Ethics and Professional Standards)2、定量分析(Quantitative)3、经济学(Economics)4、财务报表分析(Financial Statement Analysis)5、公司理财(Corporate Finance)6、权益投资(Equity Investments)7、固定收益投资(Fixed Income)8、衍生工具(Derivatives)9、其他类投资(Alternative Investments)10、投资组合管理(Portfolio Management)经济学即是最有意思的一门学科,因为学会了经济学知识就可以和实务相结合分析宏观经济热点,但同时又是学起来最烦躁的一门学科,尤其是CFA一级经济学,内容真的是超级多!既然报名参加了CFA考试,首先还是要对得起我们的人民币,首要目标就是要通过考试!那么掌握一个好的复习方法,将会事半功倍!方法决定一切CFA一级经济学应该是三个级别中最难的,不是在于知识点的难度,而是在于内容真的是太多啦!涵盖了:微观经济学、宏观经济学、国际经济学三大块儿的内容,每一个类别的经济学内容在本科财经专业学起来,都是要学习一个学期的,而在一级经济学中他们却都要求掌握。
然而,不幸的是内容这嘛多可以和财务报表分析相媲美,但是考试占比仅仅只有10%,只有财务报表分析一半的重要性,性价比真的是非常低。
所以,在复习考试中好的备考策略显得尤为重要!如何在有限的时间里快速备考拿分呢,这就要求我们在经济学的复习中一定要抓大放小,没有必要面面俱到。
在微观、宏观、国际部分,国际经济学内容相对简单,较易拿分,每年大概5道题左右;微观部分相对来说也较易拿分,每年大概6-8道题左右;宏观部分应该是最难的,每年大概10-12道题左右。
2019年CFA一级notes整理经济学习题
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经济学习题MODULE QUIZ 14.1, 14.2To best evaluate your performance, enter your quiz answers online.1. Total revenue is greatest in the part of a demand curve that is:A. elasticB. inelasticC. unit elastic.2. A demand function for air conditioners is given by:QD air conditioner = 10,000 –2 P air conditioner + 0.0004 income + 30 P electric fan –4 P electricityAt current average prices, an air conditioner costs 5,000 yen, a fan costs 200 yen,and electricity costs 1,000 yen. Average income is 4,000,000 yen. The incomeelasticity of demand for air conditioners is closest to:A. 0.0004.B. 0.444.C. 40,000.3. When the price of a good decreases, and an individual’s consumption of thatgood also decreases, it is most likely that the:A. income effect and substitution effect are both negative.B. substitution effect is negative and the income effect is positive.C. income effect is negative and the substitution effect is positive.4. A good is classified as an inferior good if its:A. income elasticity is negative.B. own-price elasticity is negative.C. cross-price elasticity is negative.5. Increasing the amount of one productive input while keeping the amounts ofother inputs constant results in diminishing marginal returns:A. in all cases.B. when it causes total output to decrease.C. when the increase in total output becomes smaller.6. A firm’s average revenue is greater than its average variable cost and less than its average total cost. If this situation is expected to persist, the firm should:A. shut down in the short run and in the long run.B. shut down in the short run but operate in the long run.C. operate in the short run but shut down in the long run.7. If a firm’s long-run average total cost increases by 6% when output is increasedby 6%, the firm is experiencing:A. economies of scale.B. diseconomies of scale.C. constant returns to scale.MODULE QUIZ 15.1To best evaluate your performance, enter your quiz answers online. 1. When a firm operates under conditions of pure competition, marginal revenue always equals:A. price.B. average cost.C. marginal cost.2. In which market structure(s) can a firm’s supply function be described as its marginal cost curve above its average variable cost curve?A. Oligopoly or monopoly.B. Perfect competition only.C. Perfect competition or monopolistic competition.3. In a purely competitive market, economic losses indicate that:A. price is below average total costs.B. collusion is occurring in the market place.C. firms need to expand output to reduce costs.4. A purely competitive firm will tend to expand its output so long as:A. marginal revenue is positive.B. marginal revenue is greater than price.C. market price is greater than marginal cost.5. A firm is likely to operate in the short run as long as price is at least as great as:A. marginal cost.B. average total cost.C. average variable cost.MODULE QUIZ 15.2To best evaluate your performance, enter your quiz answers online. 1. The demand for products from monopolistic competitors is relatively elastic due to:A. high barriers to entry.B. the availability of many close substitutes.C. the availability of many complementary goods.2. Compared to a perfectly competitive industry, in an industry characterized by monopolistic competition:A. both price and quantity are likely to be lower.B. price is likely to be higher and quantity is likely to be lower.C. quantity is likely to be higher and price is likely to be lower.3. A firm will most likely maximize profits at the quantity of output for which:A. price equals marginal cost.B. price equals marginal revenue.C. marginal cost equals marginal revenue.MODULE QUIZ 15.3To best evaluate your performance, enter your quiz answers online.1. An oligopolistic industry has:A. few barriers to entry.B. few economies of scale.C. a great deal of interdependence among firms.2. Consider a firm in an oligopoly market that believes the demand curve for its product is more elastic above a certain price than below this price. This belief fitsmost closely to which of the following models?A. Cournot model.B. Dominant firm model.C. Kinked demand model.3. Consider an agreement between France and Germany that will restrict wine production so that maximum economic profit can be realized. The possible outcomes of the agreement are presented in the table below.Based on the concept of a Nash equilibrium, the most likely strategy followed by the two countries with respect to whether they comply with or default on the agreement will be:A. both countries will default.B. both countries will comply.C. one country will default and the other will comply.MODULE QUIZ 15.4To best evaluate your performance, enter your quiz answers online. 1. Which of the following statements most accurately describes a significant difference between a monopoly firm and a perfectly competitive firm? A perfectly competitive firm:A. minimizes costs; a monopolistic firm maximizes profit.B. maximizes profit; a monopolistic firm maximizes price.C. takes price as given; a monopolistic firm must search for the best price.2. A monopolist will expand production until MR = MC and charge a price determined by the:A. demand curve.B. marginal cost curve.C. average total cost curve.3. When a regulatory agency requires a monopolist to use average cost pricing, the intent is to price the product where the:A. ATC curve intersects the MR curve.B. MR curve intersects the demand curve.C. ATC curve intersects the demand curve.4. Which of the following is most likely an advantage of the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index relative to the N-firm concentration ratio? The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index:A. is simpler to calculate.B. considers barriers to entry.C. is more sensitive to mergers.5. A market characterized by low barriers to entry, good substitutes, limited pricing power, and marketing of product features is best characterized as:A. oligopoly.B. perfect competition.C. monopolistic competition.MODULE QUIZ 16.1To best evaluate your performance, enter your quiz answers online. 1. The least appropriate approach to calculating a country’s gross domestic product (GDP) is summing for a given time period the:A. value of all purchases and sales that took place within the country.B. amount spent on final goods and services produced within the country.C. income generated in producing all final goods and services produced within the country.2. Gross domestic product does not include the value of:A. transfer payments.B. government services.C. owner-occupied housing.3. When GDP is calculated by the sum-of-value-added method, what is the value ofa manufactured product in GDP?A. The sum of the product’s value at each stage of production and distribution.B. The sum of the increases in the product’s value at each stage of productionand distribution.C. The product’s retail price less the value added at each stage of productionand distribution.4. Real GDP is best described as the value of:A. current output measured at current prices.B. current output measured at base-year prices.C. base-year output measured at current prices.5. The GDP deflator is calculated as 100 times the ratio of:A. nominal GDP to real GDP.B. base year prices to current year prices.C. current year nominal GDP to base year nominal GDP.6. Which of the following measures of income is the sum of wages andbenefits, pretax profits, interest income, owners’income from unincorporated businesses, rent, and taxes net of subsidies?A. Personal income.B. National income.C. Personal disposable income.7. Which of the following statements most accurately describes personal income? Personal income:A. includes unearned income from governments, such as transfer payments.B. measures the amount of after-tax income that households can spend orsave.C. includes indirect business taxes, corporate income taxes, and retained earnings.8. If a government budget deficit increases, net exports must:A. increase, or the excess of private saving over private investment must decrease.B. decrease, or the excess of private saving over private investment must increase.C. decrease, or the excess of private saving over private investment must decrease.MODULE QUIZ 16.2To best evaluate your performance, enter your quiz answers online.1. The IS curve illustrates which of the following relationships?A. Direct relationship between aggregate income and the price level.B. Inverse relationship between aggregate income and the price level.C. Inverse relationship between aggregate income and the real interest rate.2. An economy’s potentia l output is best represented by:A. long-run aggregate supply.B. short-run aggregate supply.C. long-run aggregate demand.3. A stronger domestic currency relative to foreign currencies is most likely to result in a:A. shift in the aggregate supply curve toward lower supply.B. shift in the aggregate demand curve toward lower demand.C. movement along the aggregate demand curve towards higher prices.4. Which of the following factors would be least likely to shift the aggregate demand curve?A. The price level increases.B. The federal deficit expands.C. Expected inflation decreases.MODULE QUIZ 16.3To best evaluate your performance, enter your quiz answers online.1. Starting from short-run equilibrium, if aggregate demand is increasing faster than long-run aggregate supply:A. the price level is likely to increase.B. downward pressure on wages should ensue.C. supply will increase to meet the additional demand.2. A short-run macroeconomic equilibrium in which output must decrease to restore long-run equilibrium is most accurately characterized as:A. stagflation.B. a recessionary gap.C. an inflationary gap.3. Which of the following combinations of changes in aggregate demand and aggregate supply is most likely to result in decreasing prices? Aggregate demand:A. decreases while aggregate supply increases.B. decreases while aggregate supply decreases.C. increases while aggregate supply decreases.4. Labor productivity is most likely to increase as a result of a(n):A. increase in physical capital.B. decrease in net immigration.C. increase in the labor force participation rate.5. Long-term sustainable growth of an economy is least likely to resultfrom growth in:A. the supply of labor.B. capital per unit of labor.C. output per unit of labor.6. In a production function model of economic output, total factor productivity represents the output growth that can be accounted for by:A. capital growth but not labor growth.B. neither labor growth nor capital growth.C. the combined effects of labor growth and capital growth.7. In a developed economy, the primary source of growth in potential GDP is:A. capital investment.B. labor supply growth.C. technology advances.MODULE QUIZ 17.1To best evaluate your performance, enter your quiz answers online. 1. In the early part of an economic expansion, inventory-sales ratios are most likely to:A. increase because sales are unexpectedly low.B. increase because businesses plan for expansion.C. decrease because of unexpected increases in sales.2. The contraction phase of the business cycle is least likely accompanied by decreasing:A. unemployment.B. inflation pressure.C. economic output.3. According to which business cycle theory should expansionary monetary policy be used to fight a recession?A. Keynesian school.B. Monetarist school.C. New classical school.MODULE QUIZ 17.2To best evaluate your performance, enter your quiz answers online.1. The unemployment rate is defined as the number of unemployed asa percentage of the:A. labor force.B. number of employed.C. working-age population.2. A country’s year-end consumer price index over a 5-year period is as follows: Year 1106.5Year 2114.2Year 3119.9Year 4124.8Year 5128.1The behavior of inflation as measured by this index is best described as:A. deflation.B. disinflation.C. hyperinflation.3. Core inflation is best described as an inflation rate:A. for producers’raw materials.B. the central bank views as acceptable.C. that excludes certain volatile goods prices.4. Which of the following is least likely to reduce substitution bias in a consumer price index?A. Use a chained index.B. Use a Paasche index.C. Adjust for the bias directly using hedonic pricing.5. In which of the following inflation scenarios does short-run aggregate supply decrease due to increasing wage demands?A. Cost-push inflation.B. Demand-pull inflation.C. Both cost-push and demand-pull inflation.6. An economic indicator that has turning points which tend to occur after the turning points in the business cycle is classified as a:A. lagging indicator.B. leading indicator.C. trailing indicator.MODULE QUIZ 18.1To best evaluate your performance, enter your quiz answers online.1. Both monetary and fiscal policy are used to:A. balance the budget.B. achieve economic targets.C. redistribute income and wealth.2. Which of the following statements is least accurate? The existence and use of money:A. permits individuals to perform economic transactions.B. requires the central bank to control the supply of currency.C. increases the efficiency of transactions compared to a barter system.3. If money neutrality holds, the effect of an increase in the money supply is:A. higher prices.B. higher output.C. lower unemployment.4. If the money supply is increasing and velocity is decreasing:A. prices will decrease.B. real GDP will increase.C. the impact on prices and real GDP is uncertain.5. The money supply curve is perfectly inelastic because the money:A. supply is independent of interest rates.B. demand schedule is downward-sloping.C. supply is dependent upon interest rates.6. The Fisher effect states that the nominal interest rate is equal to the real rateplus:A. actual inflation.B. average inflation.C. expected inflation.7. A central bank’s policy goals least likely include:A. price stability.B. minimizing long-term interest rates.C. maximizing the sustainable growth rate of the economy.8. A country that targets a stable exchange rate with another country’s currency least likely:A. accepts the inflation rate of the other country.B. will sell its currency if its foreign exchange value rises.C. must also match the money supply growth rate of the other country. MODULE QUIZ 18.2To best evaluate your performance, enter your quiz answers online. 1. A central bank conducts monetary policy primarily by altering the:A. policy rate.B. inflation rate.C. long-term interest rate.2. Purchases of securities in the open market by the monetary authorities are least likely to increase:A. excess reserves.B. cash in investor accounts.C. the interbank lending rate.3. An increase in the policy rate will most likely lead to an increase in:A. business investment in fixed assets.B. consumer spending on durable goods.C. the foreign exchange value of the domestic currency.4. Qualities of effective central banks include:A. credibility and verifiability.B. comparability and relevance.C. independence and transparency.5. If a country’s inflation rate is below the central bank’s target rate, the central bank is most likely to:A. sell government securities.B. increase the reserve requirement.C. decrease the overnight lending rate.6. Monetary policy is likely to be least responsive to domesticeconomic conditions ifpolicymakers employ:A. inflation targeting.B. interest rate targeting.C. exchange rate targeting.7. Suppose an economy has a real trend rate of 2%. The central bank has set an inflation target of 4.5%. To achieve the target, the central bank has set the policy rate at 6%. Monetary policy is most likely:A. balanced.B. expansionary.C. contractionary.8. Monetary policy is most likely to fail to achieve its objectives when the economy is:A. growing rapidly.B. experiencing deflation.C. experiencing disinflation.MODULE QUIZ 18.3To best evaluate your performance, enter your quiz answers online.1. Roles and objectives of fiscal policy most likely include:A. controlling the money supply to limit inflation.B. adjusting tax rates to influence aggregate demand.C. using government spending to control interest rates.2. A government enacts a program to subsidize farmers with an expansive spending program of $10 billion. At the same time, the government enacts a $10 billion tax increase over the same period. Which of the following statements best describesthe impact on aggregate demand?A. Lower growth because the tax increase will have a greater effect.B. No effect because the tax and spending effects just offset each other.C. Higher growth because the spending increase will have a greater effect.3. A government reduces spending by $50 million. The tax rate is 30%, and consumers exhibit a marginal propensity to consume of 80%. The change in aggregate demand caused by the change in government spending is closest to:A. –$66 million.B. –$114 million.C. –$250 million.4. The size of a national debt is most likely to be a concern for policymakers if:A. Ricardian equivalence holds.B. a crowding-out effect occurs.C. debt is used to finance capital growth.5. Sales in the retail sector have been sluggish, and consumerconfidence has recently declined, indicating fewer planned purchases. In response, the president sends an expansionary government spending plan to the legislature. The plan is submitted on March 30, and the legislature refines and approves the terms of the spending plan on June 30. What type of fiscal plan is being considered, and what type of delay did the plan experience between March 30 and June 30?6. A government is concerned about the timing of the impact of fiscal policy changes and is considering requiring the compilation and reporting of economic statistics weekly, rather than quarterly. The new reporting frequency is intendedto decrease the:A. action lag.B. impact lag.C. recognition lag.7. Fiscal policy is most likely to be expansionary if tax rates:A. and government spending both decrease.B. decrease and government spending increases.C. increase and government spending decreases.8. In the presence of tight monetary policy and loose fiscal policy, the most likely 8. In the presence of tight monetary policy and loose fiscal policy, the most likely effect on interest rates and the private sector share in GDP are:MODULE QUIZ 19.1To best evaluate your performance, enter your quiz answers online. 1. The income from a financial investment in Country P by a citizen of Country Q is most likely included in:A. Country P’s GDP but not its GNP.B. Country Q’s GNP and GDP.C. Country P’s GDP and GNP2. Which of the following effects is most likely to occur in a country that increases its openness to international trade?A. Increased prices of consumer goods.B. Greater specialization in domestic output.C. Decreased employment in exporting industries.3. Which of the following statements about international trade is least accurate? If two countries have different opportunity costs of production for two goods, by engaging in trade:A. each country gains by importing the good for which it has a comparative advantage.B. each country can achieve a level of consumption outside its domestic production possibility frontier.C. the low opportunity cost producer of each good will export to the highopportunity cost producer of that good.4. With regard to the Ricardian and Heckscher-Ohlin models of international trade, the amount of capital relative to labor within a country is a factor in:A. both of these models.B. neither of these models.C. only one of these models.MODULE QUIZ 19.2To best evaluate your performance, enter your quiz answers online. 1. An agreement with another country to limit the volume of goods and services sold to them is best described as a:A. quota.B. voluntary export restraint.C. minimum domestic content rule.2. Which of the following groups would be most likely to suffer losses from the imposition of a tariff on steel imports?A. Domestic steel producers.B. Workers in the domestic auto industry.C. Workers in the domestic steel industry.3. The most likely motivation for establishing a trading bloc is to:A. increase economic welfare in the member countries.B. increase tariff revenue for the member governments.C. protect domestic industries in the member economies.4. In which type of regional trade agreement are economic policies conducted independently by the member countries, while labor and capital are free to move among member countries?A. Free trade area.B. Common market.C. Economic union.5. The goal of a government that imposes restrictions on foreign capital flows is most likely to:A. stimulate domestic interest rates.B. decrease domestic asset price volatility.C. encourage competition with domestic industries.6. Which of the following is least likely a component of the current account?A. Unilateral transfers.B. Payments for fixed assets.C. Payments for goods and services.7. A current account deficit is most likely to decrease as a result of an increase in:A. domestic savings.B. private investment.C. the fiscal budget deficit.8. Which international organization is primarily concerned withproviding economic assistance to developing countries?A. World Bank.B. World Trade Organization.C. International Monetary Fund.MODULE QUIZ 20.1To best evaluate your performance, enter your quiz answers online. 1. One year ago, the nominal exchange rate for USD/EUR was 1.300. Since then, the real exchange rate has increased by 3%. This most likely implies that:A. the nominal exchange rate is less than USD/EUR 1.235.B. the purchasing power of the euro has increased approximately 3% in termsof U.S. goods.C. inflation in the euro zone was approximately 3% higher than inflation in the United States.2. Sell-side participants in the foreign exchange market are most likely to include:A. banks.B. hedge funds.C. insurance companies.3. Suppose that the quote for British pounds (GBP) in New York is USD/GBP 1.3110. What is the quote for U.S. dollars (USD) in London(GBP/USD)?A. 0.3110.B. 0.7628.C. 1.3110.4. The Canadian dollar (CAD) exchange rate with the Japanese yen (JPY) changes from JPY/CAD 75 to JPY/CAD 78. The CAD has:A. depreciated by 3.8%, and the JPY has appreciated by 4.0%.B. appreciated by 3.8%, and the JPY has depreciated by 4.0%.C. appreciated by 4.0%, and the JPY has depreciated by 3.8%.5. Today’s spot rate for the Indonesian rupiah (IDR) is IDR/USD 2,400.00, and the New Zealand dollar trades at NZD/USD 1.6000. The NZD/IDR cross rate is:A. 0.00067.B. 1,492.53.C. 3,840.00.6. The NZD is trading at USD/NZD 0.3500, and the SEK is trading at NZD/SEK 0.3100. The USD/SEK cross rate is:A. 0.1085.B. 8.8573.C. 9.2166.MODULE QUIZ 20.2To best evaluate your performance, enter your quiz answers online.1. The spot CHF/GBP exchange rate is 1.3050. In the 180-day forward market, the CHF/GBP exchange rate is –42.5 points. The 180-day forward CHF/GBP exchange rate is closest to:A. 1.2625.B. 1.3008.C. 1.3093.2. The spot rate on the New Zealand dollar (NZD) is NZD/USD 1.4286, and the 180-day forward rate is NZD/USD 1.3889. This difference means:A. interest rates are lower in the United States than in New Zealand.B. interest rates are higher in the United States than in New Zealand.C. it takes more NZD to buy one USD in the forward market than in the spot market.3. The current spot rate for the British pound in terms of U.S. dollars is $1.533 andthe 180-day forward rate is $1.508. Relative to the pound, the dollar is trading closest to a 180-day forward:A. discount of 1.63%.B. premium of 1.66%.C. discount of 1.66%.4. The annual interest rates in the United States (USD) and Sweden (SEK) are 4% and 7% per year, respectively. If the current spot rate isSEK/USD 9.5238, then the 1-year forward rate in SEK/USD is:A. 9.2568.B. 9.7985.C. 10.2884.5. The annual risk-free interest rate is 10% in the United States (USD) and 4% in Switzerland (CHF), and the 1-year forward rate is USD/CHF0.80. Today’s USD/CHF spot rate is closest to:A. 0.7564.B. 0.8462.C. 0.8888.MODULE QUIZ 20.3To best evaluate your performance, enter your quiz answers online. 1. The monetary authority of The Stoddard Islands will exchange its currency forU.S. dollars at a one-for-one ratio. As a result, the exchange rate of the Stoddard Islands currency with the U.S. dollar is 1.00, and many businesses in the Islandswill accept U.S. dollars in transactions. This exchange rate regime is bestdescribed as:A. a fixed peg.B. dollarization.C. a currency board.2. A country that wishes to narrow its trade deficit devalues its currency. If domestic demand for imports is perfectly price-inelastic, whether devaluing the currencywill result in a narrower trade deficit is least likely to depend on:A. the size of the currency devaluation.B. the country’s ratio of imports to exports.C. price elasticity of demand for the country’s exports.3. A devaluation of a country’s currency to improve its trade deficit would most likely benefit a producer of:A. luxury goods for export.B. export goods that have no close substitutes.C. an export good that represents a relatively small proportion of consumerexpenditures.4. Other things equal, which of the following is most likely to decreasea country’s trade deficit?A. Increase its capital account surplus.B. Decrease expenditures relative to income.C. Decrease domestic saving relative to domestic investment.。
方法-CFA一级考试重点
![方法-CFA一级考试重点](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/bdd8dd746137ee06eef9188c.png)
CFA一级考试重点一级考试共十门,内容庞杂,覆盖面广,在时间有限条件下,抓大放小很有必要,所以题主想要需要知道每门科目的重点内容,真的是非常聪明的做法哦~这里简单列一下各门科目重点:道德:主要考察七大准则以及22条细则的详细规定,这部分非常十分特别重要,90%左右的考点都集中在这里,大部分精力需要花在此,要多做题。
此外,GIPS(全球业绩投资标准)的相关知识,这几年考题越发的多,也需要多留意,不过考点较为固定,做20道左右GIPS的题目,所有考点一定都能搞定了。
数量:数量学习难度不是很大,以计算题为主,掌握公式,剩下的也就是套路。
重点是掌握计算器的使用,能灵活使用计算器第三排按键进行现值终值的计算,以及计算现金流的NPV 和IRR,同时还要掌握利用计算器计算样本的参数值,如均值和方差等等。
此外,在数量里面,难点包括TWR和MWR的计算与比较、切比雪夫不等式、中心极限定理、区间估计和假设检验,这部分既是重点也是难点,需要理解。
经济:经济考点覆盖微观,宏观&国际经济学三大部分。
微观需要掌握demand&supply相关知识,弹性,还有四大市场各自的特点也是非常重要的考点;宏观要会GDP的计算,掌握IS-LM和AD-AS线相关知识,经济周期以及货币政策&财政政策相关知识;国际经济学需要掌握三大账户相关知识以及汇率相关知识财报:主要分为四个session,session6是对财报分析的介绍,简述基本术语以及记账方法等内容,要打好基础并且要重点掌握三张报表的elements&equation以及accrual accounting;session7是对财务三张报表的分析,这部分内容相当重要,是整个财报分析的基石,需要花些精力和时间去掌握利润表中revenue的确认(长期合同&分期付款)&EPS的计算,资产负债表中的financial assets的计量,现金流量表账户的classification,也就是哪些放在CFO,哪些放在CFF,哪些放在CFI,以及这三个账户的计算,还需要了解Ratio的相关知识;session 8是对具体的账户,比如存货、长期资产、长期负债等的具体分析,这部分内容也是重中之重,重点太多,不赘述;第四部分是对财报报表质量的分析,是非重点知识,作为了解。
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AVC=
X
c Cost per share ATC
AVC
Economy scale
ATC= =AVC+
MC——总成本关于 Q 的导数
TC=VC+FC
成本曲线的移动:
(1)资源 P↑,成本↑
(2)tax↑,cost↑
Diseconomy (3)regulation↑
scale
LTC cost↑
Q
Q
Q
9. 四种市场结构(profit max MR=MC)。
Elasticity
P
Inelasticity
P
高价区间弹性大,P↓,
P-E
总收入↑
1.替代品的存在
P-1
E=-1,单位弹性收入最大化
2.预算约束
低价区间弹性大,P↑, 总收入↓
D
D
需求收入弹性→1.低档品,负弹性,收入↑→D↓。2.正常商品,收入↑→D↑。 0<E<1, 必需品。E>1 奢侈品
7. law of D (边际效用 8.
(1)完全竞争(同质产品、价格接受者、无进入障(2)垄断竞争(monopolistic competition 差异化产品、负斜率 D、低障碍)
P
M
P
MC
P
ATC
MR=P=D
ATC
M
P
long
short
D
M AT
short
MR=P=D
AT
D
利润最大化
Q
long
Q
(3)垄断(monopoly 一个卖者,无替代品,进入障碍高)
经济学
1. 财政政策——凯恩斯主义(关注 AD 而非 AS,价格和工资具有向下刚性) (1) 相机决策(discretionary)→反周期政策(countercyclical)
A.recession ⇒ 扩张性↑,政府支出↓,tax 赤字↓ 扩张性财政政策:P
↑政府支出→可贷资金 D↑→i↑ ↓Tax→投资和消费 D↑
Loanable Funds
(4) supply-side 理论 集中于对供给的影响 A.扩张性 ⇒ ↓tax ⇒ 刺激生产 ⇒ S↑ ⇒ 产出↑,价格和失业率↓
B.限制性 ⇒ ↑tax ⇒ 投资cession: GS↑,失业津贴↑
B. 公司税——recession:tax↓,生产积极性↑, ⇒ 最主要的工
lag 大(adaptive)
政策时效性
lag 小(Rational)
short 扩张 P↗ GDP↗
PE
time lag= 认识+行政+见效
限制 P↘ GDP↘
行政 lag:货币政策<财政政策
long
P
见效 lag:货币政策>财政政策
扩张 P↗ GDP 不变
货币政策时滞性一般较 12~18 各月,财政政策更大。 限制 P↘ GDP 不变
AD2 R GDP
P
AD3 AD2
LRAS
SRAS
G-spending↑ ⇒ D( Loanable fund)↑ ⇒ i↑ ⇒ I↓ ⇒ AD 的增加被挤出了一部分
AD1
GDP
(3) 新古典主义(G-S↑→i↑→saving↑→i↓)
i
S1
S2
⇒ i 不变,产出不变,价格不变,失业率不变
i*
D2 D1
GD (S.G)=3% 稳定的货币供给,平
稳P 2. 平 衡 预 算 的 财 政 政策,相机决策失效 GD
5. 需求曲线移动(收入,消费者人数,价格、替代品,互补品,人口,消费者偏好,对价
格的预期)
6. 需求的价格弹性=(D 变动的百分比)/(P 变动的百分比) ⇒ 变动百分比=(△价值)/
价值的平均 ⇒ △%=
利率 ↘ ↗ ↗ ↘
↗ 本币贬值 本币贬值 本币升值
本币 ↘ ↗ ↗ ↘
Expected future exchange ratet=spot rate*
1.在 F 借款 M,一年后付 M*(1+rF) 2.将 M 按 SD/F 兑换成 N 3.将 N 在国内按 rD 投资,同时进入 一个远期合约,交割价为 fD/F 4.将 N 投资到期,所得 f 兑换成 N,, N,>M(1+rf)
购买 T-bill,货币 S↑ ⇒ i↓ 扩张 出售 T-bill,货币 S↓ ⇒ i↑ 限制
(3) 调整拆借利率
D↓,借款↑ ⇒ 准备金↓ ⇒ S↑ ⇒ i↓ 扩张 D↑,借款↓ ⇒ 准备金↑ ⇒ S↓ ⇒ i↑ 限制
货币数量论:M*V=GDP=P*Y →P=M*V/Y (V.Y 一般 fixed→M↑P↑)
C:VMP 边际产量值:MP*P D:MRP 边际收益产量值:MP*MR
price taker: P=MR→VMP=MRP price search: P>MR→VMP>MRP
(3)MRP>P 资源,企业就会增加资源的投入→MRP 是短期资源的需求曲线
(4)多种资源时候:
if
,then ↗A ↗B
Y
1.Negative slope 2.convex 3. nonintersecting
c
TC
c
M VC
FC
) 。长期的价格弹性>短期的价格弹性
X1→X2 substitution effect X2→X3 Income effect
1.
Explicit cost——operating cost Implicit cost——包含机会成本
出口具有比较优势的产品,机会成本低)。 关税 tariff↓,import↓(QDO-QSO)→Quota(政府没有获利,外国↑)
P
D
获利
W
Q
P
Pw+t Pw
BD 是损失
生产者
政府
A
B
C
D
D0
Q
几个问题的观点:
(1) 保护工作,长期不可能
(2) 创造职位,short√,long×
(3) 工资↓
×
12. 汇率
(1) Direct Quotes——DC/FC Indirect Quotes——FC/DC
bid-ask spread
bid:bank pay for FC with DC(买入价) bid<ask 直接报价
(2) cross-rate:
ask:bank sell FC for DC (卖出价) 换得少原则
↑尤其有剩余生产力 —
↓
↑
↓
—
↓
↓
↓
—
↑
↓
↑
—
具
C. 累进所得税——recession:tax 下降快于 income 下降 快
2. 货币创造中的乘数效应:乘数=1/required reserve ratio
中央银行货币政策手段
(1) 改变准备金率
降低比率,可贷资金 S↑ ⇒ i↓ 扩张 升高比率,可贷资金 S↓ ⇒ i↑ 限制
(2) 公开市场操作
(3)
forward rate—spot rate <0
DC/FC→ forward rate—spot rate >0
discount premium
(4) 利率平价 IRP
Long Short
套利方法:(1+rD)-(1+rF)* >0
(5)官方储备账户 fixed
收入 通胀 国内利率 (6)
Policy Money↗ Money↘ Fiscal↗ Fiscal↘ (7)relative PPP
(1)adaptive expect 适应性预期 (2)rational expect 理性预期→基于所有可得到数据,随机
lag 小(Rational)
short
P
P↗ GDP 不变
GD
P↘ GDP 不变
P long
P↗ GDP 不变
GDP P↘ GDP 不变
政策只对 P 有影响。 无效轮
1.货币政策
Pk
相
决
机
策 P1
B.expand ⇒ 限制性↓,政府支出↑,tax 盈余
↓政府支出→可贷资金 D↓→i↓ ↑Tax→投资和消费 D↑
限制性财政政策:P
P1 Pk
非通胀均衡
(2) 挤出效用(crowding out)
LRAS Ek
SRAS1
AD2
GDP LRAS
AD1 R GDP
LRAS1
Ek GDP
14. Monetary policy
Expand Inflation Real output 名义利率 Real interest Restrictive Inflation Real output 名义 interest Real interest
短期不可预期
短期可预期,长期
↑尤其有剩余生产力 ↑
AS
GDP1
AD’
AD
GDP*
GD
最大的 impact 是 通胀↗,其次是产 出和就业↗
P AS
E
AS
P2 P’
P1
AD2
AD1
GD
GDP* GDP’
4. 政策稳定性
①AD↑→P1↑P’→资源人力成本↑→AS↓→通胀均衡 E’(P2>P1) ②P2>P1→inflation↗→名义利率↗ ③真实利率、产出、失业率均不变
↘ 本币升值 本币升值 本币贬值
经常账户 ↗ ↘ ↘ ↗
资本账户 ↘ ↗ ↗ ↘
(DC/FC)
13. 资源