钢结构的应用前景外文翻译

合集下载

钢结构的应用前景外文翻译

钢结构的应用前景外文翻译外文资料(英文)Steel system because of their own with the light weight, high strength, the construction of such advantages, and the reinforced concrete structure, the more "high, light," the development of three unique advantages. Along with the country's economic construction, the long concrete and masonry structure dominate the market situation is changing. Steel products in the large-span space structure, lightweight steel gantry structure, multi-storey and high-rise residential areas of increasing construction, Application areas are expanding. From the West-East Gas sent, the West-East power transmission and-north water diversion project, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the 2008 Olympic venues and facilities, residential steel, development of the western region construction practice, the development of a steel construction industry and the market momentum is emerging in our country.1: the steel market development trend of the past 20 years of reform and opening up and economic development, Steel has to create a system of highly favorable environment for development.(1) from the development of the main steel material foundation : Steel is the development of steel a key factor in development. To meet the needs of the construction market, steel varieties will toward complete standardization of materials direction. Domestic steel for construction steel, in terms of quantity, variety and quality havedeveloped rapidly and hot-rolled H-beam, a color plate, Cold steel production increased significantly, the development of steel to create important conditions. Other steel-Steel, Coated Steel Plate and there has been a marked growth, product quality has been greatly improved. Refractory, weathering steel, hot-rolled thin number of H-beam steel has started a new project in the application, Steel to create the conditions for development.(2) from design, production, construction, professional level look : steel industry after years of development, Steel professional design quality in the practice of continually improving. A number of characteristics with the strength of professional institutes, research and design institutes continuously developed steel design software and new technologies. Currently, many domestic steel design software have been brought forth, they can adapt to light steel structure, the network structure, high-rise steel structures, Thin arched structure design needs. With computer technology in the engineering design of the universal application of steel structure design of the software is getting more sophisticated, To help designers complete structural analysis and design, construction mapping provides a great convenience. Steel manufacturers in the country blossom everywhere, and creating a number of strong leading enterprises. Annual output reaching 10 -- 20 million tons of size alone, more than 10 enterprises that the large domestic steel project mission, They fully equipped with the industry and international enterprises to compete on equal strength. At present,some foreign investment, joint ventures, private sector steel manufacturing enterprises in the fierce market competition winners. From the computer design, mapping, digital control, automated processing and manufacturing industries are in the lead, its products range from the traditional building structures, machinery and equipment, non-standard components, and turnkey facilitiesto the value of housing, Container products, port facilitiesdirectly to the end-user products. Steel industrialized mass production, the installation of a new steel structure engineering endless, and energy-efficient, waterproof, insulating, , and other advanced product set and integrated suite of applications, design and construction of integrated production will be raised the level of the construction industry.(3) the steel works from the view of the performance : the world's third 421-meter high Shanghai Jinmao Tower, is a leading international standard. height of 279 meters in Shenzhen SEG buildings, the span of 1,490 meters Runyang Yangtze River Bridge, span of 550 meters of the Lupu Bridge, the 345-meter-high transmission tower across the Yangtze River, and the Capital International Airport, nest national sports center, many of steel construction system of the important projects, Steel Buildings positive marks top heavy and large-span steel structure of space development.(4) from the domestic steel industry view : China has steel in housing construction light on the application of the industry as arevolution. With domestic industry to become China's new economic development and growth, lightweight steel residential housing industry will be the development of the country. And the housing industry is the prerequisite for dealing with the industrialization of matching new technologies, new materials and new systems. As the steel structure system easy to realize industrialization and standardization of production, and to go along with the wall material can be used in energy conservation, environmental protection of new materials. Therefore, the study of steel structures for residential package technology willgreatly promote domestic industry's rapid development.(5) from the government sector can guide and support : government departments guidance and support, so that as a green steel products and development workers. Steel with the traditional concrete structure, compared with light weight, high strength, good seismic performance advantages. Suitable for live load accounted for a smaller proportion of the total load of the structure, and is more suitable for large-span space structure, tall structures and is suitable for the construction of the soft ground. Is also in line with environmental protection and conservation, intensive use of resources policy, The overall economic benefits to investors increasingly are recognized objective will be to promote the designers and developers they chose steel.2: the steel market outlook of the development trend of steel, China Steel Development has tremendous market potential and prospects for development.(1) since China began in 1996 steel output of over 100 million tons, ranking first in the world. 1998 commissioning of a series of rolling H-beam steel to create a sound material basis. Steel and other materials industries, the development of the steel industry to provide good quality, complete specifications for the material. According to the market demand, the next batch of 23 will be color plate production line, hot-rolled H-beam will also be an increase in production lines, large cold-formed unit will soon be launched. By that time China will produce more than 100 color plates million tons, Hot H-beam more than 100million tons of cold and the large and medium-sized rectangular pipe and tube, in addition to the existing H-beamwelding, plate, Sheet steel and other construction, the steel industry can meet development needs. With steel production and quality continues to rise, their prices are gradually declining. Steel has been a corresponding cost of a more substantial reduction. And the steel structure supporting the use of thermal insulation, corrosion-resistant materials, fire resistant paint, various welding material and bolts, connectivity products and the technology of new materials will also continue to enhance innovation.(2) efficient and new welding technology of welding and cutting equipment and welding application development and application of materials, for the development of steel works to create a good technical condition. In ordinary steel, thin light steel structures, steel structures in tall buildings, the door frame of light steel structure,network structure, pressure plate structure, welding and the connecting bolt, steel concrete composite floor. CFST steel reinforced concrete structure and the structure of the design, construction, Statutes regulating acceptance of industry standards and has more than 20 of this issue. The steel structure norms, in order to constantly improve the system of steel lay the necessary technical foundation and basis.(3) At present, the portal frame light steel structure and pressure plate arch shell structure of cost per unit area, Similar single-storey steel and concrete structure approximately the same, or even lower; and light steel structure of the higher levels of commercialization, production and installation rate will reach each class 700 -- 1000 square meters, much faster than the reinforced concrete structure. In recent years, expansion of the market quickly. Tall steel structure of the composite price is higher than the reinforced concrete structure similar 4% -- 5%, but the seismic performance and Construction is fast, especially in high-rise buildings to be used. In November 1997 the Ministry of Construction issued the "China Building Technology Policy", made clear that development of steel construction, construction steel and construction steel construction technology specific requirements, China's long-term practice of "reasonable Steel" policy to "encourage Steel" policy. Steel will promote the popularization and application play a positive role.(4)the steel industry will see a number of characteristics with the strength of the professional design institutes, research institutes,output over 200,000 tons of large-scale steel factories, dozens offirst-class technology and advanced equipment to the construction and installation enterprises。

钢结构英文翻译对照

钢结构英文翻译对照第一篇：钢结构英文翻译对照钢结构部分术语中英文Steel structure 面积：area 结构形式：framework 坡度：slope 跨度：span 柱距：bay spacing 檐高：eave height 屋面板：roof plate 墙面板：wall plate 梁底净高: clean/net height 屋面系统: roof sys 招标文件: tender doc 建筑结构结构可靠度设计统一标准: unified standard for designing of architecture construction reliability 建筑结构荷载设计规范: load design standard for architecture construction 建筑抗震设计规范: anti-seismic design standard for architecture 钢结构设计规范: steel structure design standard 冷弯薄壁型钢结构技术规范: technical standard for cold bend and thick steel structure 门式钢架轻型房屋钢结构技术规范: technical specification for steel structure of light weight building with gabled frames 钢结构焊接规程: welding specification for steel structure 钢结构工程施工及验收规范: checking standard for constructing and checking of steel structure 压型金属板设计施工规程: design and construction specification for steel panel 荷载条件：load condition 屋面活荷载：live load on roof屋面悬挂荷载：suspended load in roof 风荷载：wind load 雪荷载：snow load 抗震等级：seismic load 变形控制：deflect control 柱间支撑X撑：X bracing 主结构：primary structure 钢架梁柱、端墙柱: frame beam, frame column, and end-wall column 钢材牌号为Q345或相当牌号，大型钢厂出品：Q345 or equivalent, from the major steel mill 表面处理：抛丸除锈Sa2.5级，环氧富锌漆，两底两面，总厚度为125UM。

结构稳定理论之钢结构设计论文英文版

Graduate Course Work Steel Structure Stability DesignSchool: China University of MiningName: Liu FeiStudent ID: TSP130604088Grade: 2013Finish Date: 2014.1.1AbstractSteel structure has advantages of light weight, high strength and high degree of industryali zation, which has been widely used in the construction engineering. We often hear this the accident case caused by its instability and failure of structure of casualties and property losses, and the cause of the failure is usually caused by structure design flaws. This paper says the experiences in the design of stability of steel structure through the summary of the stability of steel structure design of the concept, principle, analysis method and combination with engineering practice.Key words:steel structure; stability design; detail structureSteel Structure Stability DesignStructurally stable systems were introduced by Aleksandr Andronov and Lev Pontryagin in 1937 under the name "systèmes grossières", or rough systems. They announced a characterization of rough systems in the plane, the Andronov–Pontryagin criterion. In this case, structurally stable systems are typical, they form an open dense set in the space of all systems endowed with appropriate topology. In higher dimensions, this is no longer true, indicating that typical dynamics can be very complex (cf strange attractor). An important class of structurally stable systems in arbitrary dimensions is given by Anosov diffeomorphisms and flows.In mathematics, structural stability is a fundamental property of a dynamical system which means that the qualitative behavior of the trajectories is unaffected by C1-small perturbations. Examples of such qualitative properties are numbers of fixed points and periodic orbits (but not their periods). Unlike Lyapunov stability, which considers perturbations of initial conditions for a fixed system, structural stability deals with perturbations of the system itself. Variants of this notion apply to systems of ordinary differential equations, vector fields on smooth manifolds and flows generated by them, and diffeomorphisms.The stability is one of the content which needs to be addressed in the design of steel structure engineering. Three are more engineering accident case due to the steel structure instability in the real life. For example,the stadium, in the city of Hartford 92 m by 110 m to the plane of space truss structure, suddenly fell on the ground in 1978. The reason is the compressive bar buckling instability;13.2 m by 18.0 m steel truss, in 1988,lack of stability of the web member collapsed in construction process in China;On January 3, 2010 in the afternoon, 38 m steel structure bridge in Kunming New across suddenly collapsed, killing seven people, 8 people seriously injured, 26 people slightly injured.The reason is that the bridge steel structure supporting system is out of stability, suddenly a bridge collapsing down to 8 m tall. We can see from the above case, the usual cause of instability and failure of steel structure is the unreasonable structural design, structural design defects.To fundamentally prevent such accidents, stability of steel structure design is the key.Structural stability of the system provides a justification for applying the qualitative theory of dynamical systems to analysis of concrete physical systems. The idea of such qualitative analysis goes back to the work of Henri Poincaré on the three-body problem in celestial mechanics. Around the same time, Aleksandr Lyapunov rigorously investigated stability of small perturbations of an individual system. In practice, the evolution law of the system (i.e. the differential equations) is neverknown exactly, due to the presence of various small interactions. It is, therefore, crucial to know that basic features of the dynamics are the same for any small perturbation of the "model" system, whose evolution is governed by a certain known physical law. Qualitative analysis was further developed by George Birkhoff in the 1920s, but was first formalized with introduction of the concept of rough system by Andronov and Pontryagin in 1937. This was immediately applied to analysis of physical systems with oscillations by Andronov, Witt, and Khaikin. The term "structural stability" is due to Solomon Lefschetz, who oversaw translation of their monograph into English. Ideas of structural stability were taken up by Stephen Smale and his school in the 1960s in the context of hyperbolic dynamics. Earlier, Marston Morse and Hassler Whitney initiated and René Thom developed a parallel theory of stability for differentiable maps, which forms a key part of singularity theory. Thom envisaged applications of this theory to biological systems. Both Smale and Thom worked in direct contact with Maurício Peixoto, who developed Peixoto's theorem in the late 1950's.When Smale started to develop the theory of hyperbolic dynamical systems, he hoped that structurally stable systems would be "typical". This would have been consistent with the situation in low dimensions: dimension two for flows and dimension one for diffeomorphisms. However, he soon found examples of vector fields on higher-dimensional manifolds that cannot be made structurally stable by an arbitrarily small perturbation (such examples have been later constructed on manifolds of dimension three). This means that in higher dimensions, structurally stable systems are not dense. In addition, a structurally stable system may have transversal homoclinic trajectories of hyperbolic saddle closed orbits and infinitely many periodic orbits, even though the phase space is compact. The closest higher-dimensional analogue of structurally stable systems considered by Andronov and Pontryagin is given by the Morse–Smale systems.Structure theory of stability study was conducted on the mathematical model of the ideal, and the actual structure is not as ideal as mathematical model, in fact ,we need to consider the influence of various factors. For example ,for the compressive rods, load could not have absolute alignment section center; There will always be some initial bending bar itself, the so-called "geometric defects"; Material itself inevitably has some kind of "defect", such as the discreteness of yield stress and bar manufacturing methods caused by the residual stress, etc. So, in addition to the modulus of elasticity and geometry size of bar, all the above-mentioned factors affecting the bearing capacity of the push rod in different degrees, in the structure design of this influence often should be considered. Usually will be based on the ideal mathematical model to study the stability of thetheory is called buckling theory, based on the actual bar study consider the various factors related to the stability of the stability of the ultimate bearing capacity theory called the theory ofcrushing.Practical bar, component or structure damage occurred during use or as the loading test of the buckling load is called crushing load and ultimate bearing capacity. For simplicity, commonly used buckling load. About geometric defects, according to a large number of experimental results, it is generally believed to assume a meniscus curve and its vector degrees for the rod length of 1/1000. About tissue defects, in the national standard formula is not the same, allow the buckling stress curve given by the very different also, some problems remain to be further research.1.Steel structure stability design concept1.1.The difference between intensity and stabilityThe intensity refers to that the structure or a single component maximum stress (or internal force)caused by load in stable equilibrium state is more than the ultimate strength of building materials, so it is a question of the stress. The ultimate strength value is different according to the characteristics of the material varies. for steel ,it is the yield point. The research of stability is mainly is to find the external load and structure unstable equilibrium between internal resistance. That is to say, deformation began to rapid growth and we should try to avoid the structure entering the state, so it is a question of deformation. For example, for an axial compression columns, in the condition column instability, the lateral deflection of the column add a lot of additional bending moment, thus the fracture load of pillars can be far less than its axial compression strength. At this point, the instability is the main reason of the pillar fracture .1.2.The classification of the steel structure instability1)The stability problem with the equilibrium bifurcation(Branch point instability).2)The axial compression buckling of the perfect straight rod and tablet compression bucklingall belong to this category.3)The stability of the equilibrium bifurcation problem(Extreme value point instability).4)The ability of the loss of stability of eccentric compression member made of constructionsteel in plastic development to a certain degree , fall into this category.5)Jumping instability6)Jumping instability is a kind of different from the above two types of stability problem. Itis a jump to another stable equilibrium state after loss of stability balance.2.The principle of steel structure stability design2.1.For the steel structure arrangement, the whole system and the stability of the part requirements must be considered ,and most of the current steel structure is designed according to plane system, such as truss and frame. The overall layout of structure can guarantee that the flat structure does not appear out-of-plane instability,such as increasing the necessary supporting artifacts, etc. A planar structures of plane stability calculation is consistent with the structure arrangement.2.2.Structure calculation diagram should be consistent with a diagram of a practical calculation method is based on. When designing a single layer or multilayer frame structure, we usually do not make analysis of the framework stability but the frame column stability calculation. When we use this method to calculate the column frame column stability , the length factor should be concluded through the framework of the overall stability analysis which results in the equivalent between frame column stability calculation and stability calculation. For a single layer or multilayer framework, the column length coefficient of computation presented by Specification for design of steel structures (GB50017-2003) base on five basic assumptions. Including:all the pillars in the framework is the loss of stability at the same time, that is ,the critical load of the column reach at the same time. According to this assumes, each column stability parameters of the frame and bar stability calculation method, is based on some simplified assumptions or typical.Designers need to make sure that the design of structure must be in accordance with these assumptions.2.3.The detail structure design of steel structure and the stable calculation of component should be consistent. The guarantee that the steel structure detail structure design and component conforms to the stability of the calculation is a problem that needs high attention in the design of steel structure.Bending moment tonon-transmission bending moment node connection should be assigned to their enough rigidity and the flexibility.Truss node should minimize the rods' bias.But, when it comes to stability, a structure often have different in strength or special consideration. But requirement above in solving the beam overall stability is not enough.Bearing need to stop beam around the longitudinal axis to reverse,meanwhile allowing the beam in thein-plane rotation and free warp beam end section to conform to the stability analysis of boundary conditions. 3.The analysis method of the steel structure stabilitySteel structure stability analysis is directed at the outer loads under conditions of the deformation of structure.The deformation should be relative to unstability deformation of the structure or buckling. Deformation between load and structure is nonlinear relationship , which belongs to nonlinear geometric stability calculation and uses a second order analysis method. Stability calculated, both buckling load and ultimate load, can be regarded as the calculation of the stability bearing capacity of the structure or component.In the elastic stability theory, the calculation method of critical force can be mainly divided into two kinds of static method and energy method.3.1.Static methodStatic method, both buckling load and ultimate load, can be regarded as the calculation of the stability bearing capacity of the structure or component. Follow the basic assumptions in establishing balance differential equation:1)Components such as cross section is a straight rod.2)Pressure function is always along the original axis component3)Material is in accordance with hooke's law, namely the linear relationship between thestress and strain.4)Component accords with flat section assumption, namely the component deformation infront of the flat cross-section is still flat section after deformation.5)Component of the bending deformation is small ant the curvature can be approximatelyrepresented by the second derivative of the deflection function.Based on the above assumptions, we can balance differential equation,substitude into the corresponding boundary conditions and solve both ends hinged the critical load of axial compression component .3.2.Energy methodEnergy method is an approximate method for solving stability bearing capacity, through the principle of conservation of energy and potential energy in principle to solve the critical load values.1)The principle of conservation of energy to solve the critical loadWhen conservative system is in equilibrium state, the strain energy storaged in the structure is equal to the work that the external force do, namely, the principle of conservation of energy. As thecritical state of energy relations:ΔU =ΔWΔU—The increment of strain energyΔW—The increment of work forceBalance differential equation can be established by the principle of conservation of energy.2)The principle of potential energy in value to solve the critical load valueThe principle of potential energy in value refers to: For the structure by external force, when there are small displacement but the total potential energy remains unchanged,that is, the total potential energy with in value, the structure is in a state of balance. The expression is:dΠ=dU-dW =0dU—The change of the structure strain energy caused by virtual displacement , it is always positive;dW—The work the external force do on the virtual displacement;3.3.Power dynamics methodMany parts of the qualitative theory of differential equations and dynamical systems deal with asymptotic properties of solutions and the trajectories—what happens with the system after a long period of time. The simplest kind of behavior is exhibited by equilibrium points, or fixed points, and by periodic orbits. If a particular orbit is well understood, it is natural to ask next whether a small change in the initial condition will lead to similar behavior. Stability theory addresses the following questions: will a nearby orbit indefinitely stay close to a given orbit? will it converge to the given orbit (this is a stronger property)? In the former case, the orbit is called stable and in the latter case, asymptotically stable, or attracting. Stability means that the trajectories do not change too much under small perturbations. The opposite situation, where a nearby orbit is getting repelled from the given orbit, is also of interest. In general, perturbing the initial state in some directions results in the trajectory asymptotically approaching the given one and in other directions to the trajectory getting away from it. There may also be directions for which the behavior of the perturbed orbit is more complicated (neither converging nor escaping completely), and then stability theory does not give sufficient information about the dynamics.One of the key ideas in stability theory is that the qualitative behavior of an orbit under perturbations can be analyzed using the linearization of the system near the orbit. In particular, at each equilibrium of a smooth dynamical system with an n-dimensional phase space, there is acertain n×n matrix A whose eigenvalues characterize the behavior of the nearby points (Hartman-Grobman theorem). More precisely, if all eigenvalues are negative real numbers or complex numbers with negative real parts then the point is a stable attracting fixed point, and the nearby points converge to it at an exponential rate, cf Lyapunov stability and exponential stability. If none of the eigenvalues is purely imaginary (or zero) then the attracting and repelling directions are related to the eigenspaces of the matrix A with eigenvalues whose real part is negative and, respectively, positive. Analogous statements are known for perturbations of more complicated orbits.For the structure system in balance,if making it vibrate by applying small interference vibration,the structure of the deformation and vibration acceleration is relation to the structure load. When the load is less than the limit load of a stable value, the acceleration and deformation is in the opposite direction, so the interference is removed, the sports tend to be static and the structure of the equilibrium state is stable; When the load is greater than the ultimate load of stability, the acceleration and deformation is in the same direction, even to remove interference, movement are still divergent, therefore the structure of the equilibrium state is unstable. The critical state load is the buckling load of the structure,which can be made of the conditions that the structure vibration frequency is zero solution.At present, a lot of steel structure design with the aid of computer software for structural steel structure stress calculation, structure and component within the plane of strength and the overall stability calculation program automatically, can be counted on the structure and component of the out-of-plane strength and stability calculation, designers need to do another analysis, calculation and design. At this time the entire structure can be in the form of elevation is decomposed into a number of different layout structure, under different levels of load, the structure strength and stability calculation.local stability after buckling strength of the beam, it can be set up to the beam transverse or longitudinal stiffener, in order to solve the problem, the local stability of the beam stiffening rib according to Specification for Design of Steel Structures (GB50017-2003) ; Finite element analysis for a web after buckling strength calculation according to specification for design of steel structures (GB50017-2003) 4, 4 provisions. Axial compression member and a local bending component has two ways: one is the control board free overhanging flange width and thickness ratio of; The second is to control web computing the ratio of the height and thickness. For circular tube sectioncompression member, should control the ratio of outer diameter and wall thickness and stiffener according to specification for design of steel structures (GB50017-2003), 5 4 rule.4.ConclusionSteel structure has advantages of light weight, high strength and high degree of industrialization and has been widely used in the construction engineering.I believe that through to strengthen the overall stability and local stability of the structure and the design of out-of-plane stability, we could overcome structure design flaws and its application field will be more and more widely.referencesGB50017-2003,Design Code for Steel Structures[S]Chen Shaofan, Steel structure design principle [M]. Beijing: China building industry press, 2004 Kalman R.E. & Bertram J.F: Control System Analysis and Design via the Second Method of Lyapunov, J. Basic Engrg vol.88 1960 pp.371; 394LaSalle J.P. & Lefschetz S: Stability by Lyapunov's Second Method with Applications, New York 1961 (Academic)Smith M.J. and Wisten M.B., A continuous day-to-day traffic assignment model and the existence of a continuous dynamic user equilibrium , Annals of Operations Research, V olume 60, 1995 Arnold, V. I. (1988). Geometric methods in the theory of differential equations. Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, 250. Springer-Verlag, New York. ISBN 0-387-96649-8 Structural stability at Scholarpedia, curated by Charles Pugh and Maurício Matos Peixoto.。

钢结构工程施工_英文

Steel structure construction is a widely used method in modern construction industry due to its advantages of high strength, light weight, convenient transportation, and fast construction. Steelstructure construction involves the use of steel materials to build various types of structures such as buildings, bridges, and industrial plants. In this article, we will discuss the process and requirements of steel structure construction.The first step in steel structure construction is the design and planning stage. In this stage, engineers will analyze the project requirements, determine the appropriate steel materials, and design the structure. The design must consider various factors such as load-bearing capacity, stability, and durability. It is essential to choose high-quality steel materials that meet the required standards and specifications.Once the design is completed, the next step is the procurement of materials. Steel materials can be purchased from suppliers or steel mills. It is crucial to ensure that the materials meet the design specifications and quality standards. The materials should also be tested for their mechanical properties, such as tensile strength and yield strength.After the materials are procured, the construction team will begin the erection of the steel structure. The erection process involves the assembly of steel beams, columns, and other components to form the desired structure. The construction team must follow the design plans and specifications strictly to ensure the accuracy and stability of the structure. It is essential to use proper lifting equipment and safety measures during the erection process to prevent accidents and injuries.Once the steel structure is erected, the next step is the installation of the roof, walls, and other finishes. The construction team must ensure that these components are securely attached to the steelstructure and meet the required specifications. It is essential to use high-quality materials and construction methods to ensure the durability and weather resistance of the structure.After the construction is completed, the final step is the inspection and testing of the steel structure. Inspectors will examine the structure to ensure that it meets the design specifications and quality standards. They will check for any signs of damage or defects and make necessary repairs or adjustments. It is crucial to conduct thorough inspections and tests to ensure the safety and reliability of the steel structure.In conclusion, steel structure construction is a complex process that requires careful planning, procurement of high-quality materials, and skilled construction techniques. It is essential to follow the design specifications and quality standards strictly to ensure the safety, durability, and functionality of the steel structure. With proper planning and execution, steel structure construction can provide a cost-effective and efficient solution for various construction projects.。

浅谈钢结构的应用和前景

浅谈钢结构的应用和前景摘要：随着我国科学技术与文化生活的迅猛发展，住宅的功能性，居住安全性，能源效率，健康等方面的要求日益成为我们追求的目标，国内外钢结构住宅将将占据建筑的主流地位，或将取代以木质或砖为主要建筑材料的建筑。

关键词：钢结构;应用;前景Abstract: along with the science and technology and cultural life of rapid development, and the functional sex of the house, living safety, energy efficiency, health requirements increasingly become the goal of our pursuit, the steel structure housing at home and abroad will will hold the mainstream position of architecture, or will replace with wooden or brick as the main building materials of architecture.Keywords: steel structure; Application; prospects一、国外钢结构住宅的应用发展状况目前，许多国家如美国，再次积极推动钢结构低层住宅的全方位装配。

早在1996年，美国已经采用了钢框架结构建造的住宅，到目前，有20万座的小型住宅，占住宅总量的20％。

日本的钢结构建筑有四分之一层楼房，都采用了钢结构。

良好的抗震性能是人们喜欢钢结构住宅重要要原因。

在澳大利亚，房屋的百分之三十都是钢架住房。

在2000年，这一比例就达到二分之一。

在芬兰，法国，丹麦等其他一些国家，钢架系统也变得越来越流行。

尤其是在丹麦，目前已建成了大量的以钢架基础的建筑，完善了相关的住房制度。

钢结构工程施工项目英文

Abstract:This paper aims to provide an overview of the steel structure construction project, including the project background, design, materials, construction process, and challenges encountered during the project.1. Project BackgroundThe steel structure construction project is a large-scale project that involves the construction of steel structures for various purposes, such as residential buildings, commercial buildings, industrial buildings, and bridges. This project is a typical engineering project that requires careful planning, design, and execution.2. DesignThe design of the steel structure construction project is a critical stage that determines the success of the project. The design team should consider various factors, such as the project's purpose, location, climate, and load-bearing capacity. The design should be in compliance with relevant codes and standards to ensure the safety and reliability of the structure.3. MaterialsThe materials used in the steel structure construction project include steel beams, steel columns, steel plates, and other steel components. The quality of these materials is crucial to the success of the project, as poor-quality materials can lead to structural failure and safety hazards.4. Construction ProcessThe construction process of the steel structure construction project can be divided into several stages:a. Foundation construction: The foundation is the base of the steel structure, and its construction quality directly affects the stabilityand load-bearing capacity of the structure. The foundation should be in compliance with the design requirements and standards.b. Steel structure assembly: The steel structure assembly includes the assembly of steel beams, steel columns, and other steel components. The assembly should be accurate and stable to ensure the overall stability of the structure.c. Connection: The connection between steel components is crucial to the stability and load-bearing capacity of the structure. Various connection methods, such as bolted connection,焊接连接, and riveting connection, can be used depending on the design requirements.d. Coating: The steel structure should be coated to protect it from corrosion and ensure its service life. The coating process should be in compliance with relevant standards to ensure the quality of the coating.5. Challenges EncounteredDuring the steel structure construction project, various challenges may arise, such as:a. Weather conditions: Weather conditions can affect the construction progress and quality. For example, strong winds and heavy rain can lead to delays and safety hazards.b. Material quality: The quality of steel materials can affect the structure's stability and load-bearing capacity. It is essential to ensure the quality of materials before starting the construction.c. Construction technology: The construction technology used should bein line with the project requirements and standards. The construction team should be skilled and experienced to ensure the quality of the construction.6. ConclusionIn conclusion, the steel structure construction project is a complex and challenging project that requires careful planning, design, and execution. The project should adhere to relevant codes and standards toensure the safety and reliability of the structure. By addressing the challenges encountered during the project, the construction team can ensure the successful completion of the project.。

钢结构毕业设计论文(中英)

浅谈钢结构现在，钢以一种或者形式逐渐成为全球应用最广泛的建筑材料。

对于建筑构架，除了很特殊的工程之外，钢材几乎已经完全取代了木材，总的来说，对于桥梁和结构骨架，钢也逐渐代替了铸铁和炼铁。

最为现代最重要的建筑材料，钢是在19世纪被引入到建筑中的，钢实质上是铁和少量碳的合金，一直要通过费力的过程被制造，所以那时的钢仅仅被用在一些特殊用途，例如制造剑刃。

1856年贝塞麦炼钢发发明以来，刚才能以低价大量获得。

刚最显著的特点就是它的抗拉强度，也就是说，当作用在刚上的荷载小于其抗拉强度荷载时，刚不会失去它的强度，正如我们所看到的，而该荷载足以将其他材料都拉断。

新的合金又进一步加强了钢的强度，与此同时，也消除了一些它的缺陷，比如疲劳破坏。

钢作为建筑材料有很多优点。

在结构中使用的钢材成为低碳钢。

与铸铁相比，它更有弹性。

除非达到弹性极限，一旦巴赫在曲调，它就会恢复原状。

即使荷载超出弹性和在很多，低碳钢也只是屈服，而不会直接断裂。

然而铸铁虽然强度较高，却非常脆，如果超负荷，就会没有征兆的突然断裂。

钢在拉力（拉伸）和压力作用下同样具有高强度这是钢优于以前其他结构金属以及砌砖工程、砖石结构、混凝土或木材等建筑材料的优点，这些材料虽然抗压，但却不抗拉。

因此，钢筋被用于制造钢筋混凝土——混凝土抵抗压力，钢筋抵抗拉力。

在钢筋框架建筑中，用来支撑楼板和墙的水平梁也是靠竖向钢柱支撑，通常叫做支柱，除了最底层的楼板是靠地基支撑以外，整个结构的负荷都是通过支柱传送到地基上。

平屋面的构造方式和楼板相同，而坡屋顶是靠中空的钢制个构架，又成为三角形桁架，或者钢制斜掾支撑。

一座建筑物的钢构架设计是从屋顶向下进行的。

所有的荷载，不管是恒荷载还是活荷载（包括风荷载），都要按照连续水平面进行计算，直到每一根柱的荷载确定下来，并相应的对基础进行设计。

利用这些信息，结构设计师算出整个结构需要的钢构件的规格、形状，以及连接细节。

对于屋顶桁架和格构梁，设计师利用“三角剖分”的方法，因为三角形是唯一的固有刚度的结构。

钢结构桥梁中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Recent Research and Design Developments in Steel and Composite Steel-concrete Structures in USAThe paper will conclude with a look toward the future of structural steel research.1. Research on steel bridgesThe American Association of State Transportation and Highway Officials (AASTHO) is the authority that promulgates design standards for bridges in the US. In 1994 it has issued a new design specification which is a Limit States Design standard that is based on the principles of reliability theory. A great deal of work went into the development of this code in the past decade, especially on calibration and on the probabilistic evaluation of the previous specification. The code is now being implemented in the design office, together with the introduction of the SystemeInternationale units. Many questions remain open about the new method of design, and there are many new projects that deal with the reliability studies of the bridge as a system. One such current project is a study to develop probabilistic models, load factors, and rational load-combination rules for the combined effects of live-load and wind; live-load and earthquake; live-load, wind and ship collision; and ship collision, wind, and scour. There are also many field measurements of bridge behavior, using modern tools of inspection and monitoring such as acoustic emission techniques and other means of non-destructive evaluation. Such fieldwork necessitates parallel studies in the laboratory, and the evolution of ever more sophisticated high-technology data transmission methods.America has an aging steel bridge population and many problems arise from fatigue and corrosion. Fatigue studies on full-scale components of the Williamsburg Bridge in New York have recently been completed at Lehigh University. A probabilistic AASTHO bridge evaluation regulation has been in effect since 1989, and it is employed to assess the future useful life of structures using rational methods that include field observation and measurement together with probabilistic analysis. Such an activity also fosters additional research because many issues are still unresolved. One such area is the study of the shakedown of shear connectors in composite bridges. This work has been recently completed at the University of Missouri.In addition to fatigue and corrosion, the major danger to bridges is the possibility of earthquake induced damage. This also has spawned many research projects on the repair and retrofit of steel superstructures and the supporting concrete piers. Many bridges in the country are being strengthened for earthquake resistance. One area that is receiving much research attention is the strengthening of concrete piers by "jacketing" them by sheets of high-performance reinforced plastic.The previously described research deals mainly with the behavior of existing structures and the design of new bridges. However, there is also a vigorous activity on novel bridge systems. This research is centered on the application of high-performance steels for the design of innovative plate and box-girder bridges, such as corrugated webs, combinations of open and closed shapes, and longer spansfor truss bridges. It should be mentioned here that, in addition to work on steel bridges, there is also very active research going on in the study of the behavior of prestressed concrete girders made from very high strength concrete. The performance and design of smaller bridges using pultruded high-performance plastic composite members is also being studied extensively at present. New continuous bridge systems with steel concrete composite segments in both the positive moment and the negative moment regions are being considered. Several researchers have developed strong capabilities to model the three-dimensional non-linear behavior of individual plate girders, and many studies are being performed on the buckling and post-buckling characteristics of such panion experimental studies are also made,especially on members built from high-performance steels. A full-scale bridge of such steel has been designed, and will soon be constructed and then tested under traffic loading. Research efforts are also underway on the study of the fatigue of large expansion joint elements and on the fatigue of highway sign structures.The final subject to be mentioned is the resurgence of studies of composite steel concrete horizontally curved steel girder bridges. A just completed project at the University of Minnesota monitored the stresses and the deflections in a skewed and curved bridge during all phases of construction, starting from the fabrication yard to the completed bridge.~ Excellent correlation was found to exist between the measured stresses and deformations and the calculated values. The stresses and deflections during construction were found to be relatively small, that is, the construction process did not cause severe trauma to the system. The bridge has now been tested under service loading, using fully loaded gravel trucks, for two years, and it will continue to be studied for further years to measure changes in performance under service over time. A major testing project is being conducted at the Federal Highway Administration laboratory in Washington, DC, where a half-scale curved composite girder bridge is currently being tested to determine its limit states. The test-bridge was designed to act as its own test-frame, where various portions can be replaced after testing. Multiple flexure tests, shear tests, and tests under combined bending and shear, are thus performed with realistic end-conditions and restraints. The experiments arealso modeled by finite element analysis to check conformance between reality and prediction. Finally design standards will be evolved from the knowledge gained. This last project is the largest bridge research project in the USA at the present time.From the discussion above it can be seen that even though there is no large expansion of the nation's highway and railroad system, there is extensive work going on in bridge research. The major challenge facing both the researcher and the transportation engineer is the maintenance of a healthy but aging system, seeing to its gradual replacement while keeping it safe and serviceable.2. Research on steel members and framesThere are many research studies on the strength and behavior of steel building structures. The most important of these have to do with the behavior and design of steel structures under severe seismic events. This topic will be discussed later in this paper. The most significant trends of the non-seismic research are the following: "Advanced" methods of structural analysis and design are actively studied at many Universities, notably at Cornell, Purdue, Stanford, and Georgia Tech Universities. Such analysis methods are meant to determine the load-deformation behavior of frames up to and beyond failure, including inelastic behavior, force redistribution, plastic hinge formation, second-order effects and frame instability. When these methods are fully operational, the structure will not have to undergo a member check, because the finite element analysis of the frame automatically performs this job. In addition to the research on the best approaches to do this advanced analysis, there are also many studies on simplifications that can be easily utilized in the design office while still maintaining the advantages of a more complex analysis. The advanced analysis method is well developed for in-plane behavior, but much work is yet to be done on the cases where bi-axial bending or lateraltorsional buckling must be considered. Some successes have been achieved, but the research is far from complete.Another aspect of the frame behavior work is the study of the frames with semirigid joints. The American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) has published design methods for office use. Current research is concentrating on the behavior ofsuch structures under seismic loading. It appears that it is possible to use such frames in some seismic situations, that is, frames under about 8 to 10 stories in height under moderate earthquake loads. The future of structures with semi-rigid frames looks very promising, mainly because of the efforts of researchers such as Leon at Georgia Tech University, and many others.Research on member behavior is concerned with studying the buckling and post buckling behavior of compact angle and wide-flange beam members by advanced commercial finite element programs. Such research is going back to examine the assumptions made in the 1950s and 1960s when the plastic design compactness and bracing requirements were first formulated on a semi-empirical basis. The non-linear finite element computations permit the "re-testing" of the old experiments and the performing of new computer experiments to study new types of members and new types of steels. White of Georgia Tech is one of the pioneers in this work. Some current research at the US military Academy and at the University of Minnesota by Earls is discussed later in this report. The significance of this type of research is that the phenomena of extreme yielding and distortion can be efficiently examined in parameter studies performed on the computer. The computer results can be verified with old experiments, or a small number of new experiments. These studies show a good prospect fornew insights into old problems that heretofore were never fully solved.3. Research on cold-formed steel structuresNext to seismic work, the most active part of research in the US is on cold-formed steel structures. The reason for this is that the supporting industry is expanding, especially in the area of individual family dwellings. As the cost of wood goes up, steel framed houses become more and more economical. The intellectual problems of thin-walled structures buckling in multiple modes under very large deformations have attracted some of the best minds in stability research. As a consequence, many new problems have been solved: complex member stiffening systems, stability and bracing of C and Z beams, composite slabs, perforated columns, standing-seam roof systems, bracing and stability of beams with very complicatedshapes, cold-formed members with steels of high yield stress-to-tensile strength ratio, and many other interesting applications. The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) has issued a new expanded standard in 1996 that brought many of these research results into the hands of the designer.4. Research on steel-concrete composite structuresAlmost all structural steel bridges and buildings in the US are built with composite beams or girders. In contrast, very few columns are built as composite members. The area of composite Column research is very active presently to fill up the gap of technical information on the behavior of such members. The subject of steel tubes filled with high-strength concrete is especially active. One of the aims of research performed by Hajjar at the University of Minnesota is to develop a fundamental understanding of the various interacting phenomena that occur in concrete-filled columns and beam-columns under monotonic and cyclic load. The other aim is to obtain a basic understanding of the behavior of connections of wide-flange beams to concrete filled tubes.Other major research work concerns the behavior and design of built-up composite wide-flange bridge girders under both positive and negative bending. This work is performed by Frank at the University of Texas at Austin and by White of Georgia Tech, and it involves extensive studies of the buckling and post-buckling of thin stiffened webs. Already mentioned is the examination of the shakedown of composite bridges. The question to be answered is whether a composite bridge girder loses composite action under repeated cycles of loads which are greater than the elastic limit load and less than the plastic mechanism load. A new study has been initiated at the University of Minnesota on the interaction between a semi-rigid steel frame system and a concrete shear wall connected by stud shear connectors.5. Research on connectionsConnection research continues to interest researchers because of the great variety of joint types. The majority of the connection work is currently related to the seismic problems that will be discussed in the next section of this paper. The most interest in non-seismic connections is the characterization of the monotonic moment-rotationbehavior of various types of semi-rigid joints.6. Research on structures and connections subject to seismic forcesThe most compelling driving force for the present structural steel research effort in the US was the January 17, 1994 earthquake in Northridge, California, North of Los Angeles. The major problem for steel structures was the extensive failure of prequalified welded rigid joints by brittle fracture. In over 150 buildings of one to 26 stories high there were over a thousand fractured joints. The buildings did not collapse, nor did they show any external signs of distress, and there were no human injuries or deaths. A typical joint is shown in Fig. 2.2.1.In this connection the flanges of the beams are welded to the flanges of the column by full-penetration butt welds. The webs are bolted to the beams and welded to the columns. The characteristic features of this type of connection are the backing bars at the bottom of the beam flange, and the cope-holes left open to facilitate the field welding of the beam flanges. Fractures occurred in the welds, in the beam flanges, and/or in the column flanges, sometimes penetrating into the webs.Once the problem was discovered several large research projects were initiated at various university laboratories, such as The University of California at San Diego, the University of Washington in Seattle, the University of Texas at Austin, Lehigh University at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and at other places. The US Government under the leadership of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) instituted a major national research effort. The needed work was deemed so extensivethat no single research agency could hope to cope with it. Consequently three California groups formed a consortium which manages the work:(1) Structural Engineering Association of California.(2) Applied Technology Council.(3) California Universities for Research in Earthquake Engineering.The first letters in the name of each agency were combined to form the acronym SAC, which is the name of the joint venture that manages the research. We shall read much from this agency as the results of the massive amounts of research performed under its aegis are being published in the next few years.The goals of the program are to develop reliable, practical and cost-effective guidelines for the identification and inspection of at-risk steel moment frame buildings, the repair or upgrading of damaged buildings, the design of new construction, and the rehabilitation of undamaged buildings.~ As can be seen, the scope far exceeds the narrow look at the connections only. The first phase of the research was completed at the end of 1996, and its main aim was to arrive at interim guidelines so that design work could proceed. It consisted of the following components:~ A state-of-the-art assessment of knowledge on steel connections.~ A survey of building damage.~ The evaluation of ground motion.~ Detailed building analyses and case studies.~ A preliminary experimental program.~ Professional training and quality assurance programs.~ Publishing of the Interim Design Guidelines.A number of reports were issued in this first phase of the work. A partial list of these is appended at the end of this paper.During the first phase of the SAC project a series of full-scale connection tests under static and, occasionally, dynamic cyclic tests were performed. Tests were of pre-Northridge-type connections (that is, connections as they existed at the time of the earthquake), of repaired and upgraded details, and of new recommendedconnection details. A schematic view of the testing program is illustrated in Fig.2.2.2 Some recommended strategies for new design are schematically shown in Fig. 2.2.3.Fig. 2.2.3 some recommended improvements in the interim guidelinesThe following possible causes, and their combinations, were found to have contributed to tile connection failures:~ Inadequate workmanship in the field welds.~ Insufficient notch-toughness of the weld metal.~ Stress raisers caused by the backing bars.~ Lack of complete fusion near the backing bar.~ Weld bead sizes were too big.~ Slag inclusion in the welds.While many of the failures can be directly attributed to the welding and thematerial of the joints, there are more serious questions relative to the structural system that had evolved over the years mainly based on economic considerations.' The structural system used relatively few rigid-frames of heavy members that were designed to absorb the seismic forces for large parts of the structure. These few lateral-force resistant frames provide insufficient redundancy. More rigid-frames with smaller members could have provided a tougher and more ductile structural system. There is a question of size effect: Test results from joints of smaller members were extrapolated to joints with larger members without adequate test verification. The effect of a large initial pulse may have triggered dynamic forces that could have caused brittle fracture in joints with fracture critical details and materials. Furthermore, the yield stress of the beams was about 30% to 40% larger than the minimum specified values assumed in design, and so the connection failed before the beams, which were supposed to form plastic hinges.As can be seen, there are many possible reasons for this massive failure rate, and there is blame to go around for everyone. No doubt, the discussion about why and how the joints failed will go on for many more years. The structural system just did not measure up to demands that were more severe than expected. What should be kept in mind, however, is that no structure collapsed or caused even superficial nonstructural damage, and no person was injured or killed. In the strictest sense the structure sacrificed itself so that no physical harm was done to its users. The economic harm, of course, was enormous.7. Future directions of structural steel research and conclusionThe future holds many challenges for structural steel research. The ongoing work necessitated by the two recent earthquakes that most affected conventional design methods, namely, the Northridge earthquake in the US and the Kobe earthquake in Japan, will continue well into the first decade of the next Century. It is very likely that future disasters of this type will bring yet other problems to the steel research community. There is a profound change in the philosophy of design for disasters: We can no longer be content with saving lives only, but we must also design structures which will not be so damaged as to require extensive repairs.Another major challenge will be the emergence of many new materials such as high-performance concrete and plastic composite structures. Steel structures will continually have to face the problem of having to demonstrate viability in the marketplace. This can only be accomplished by more innovative research. Furthermore, the new comprehensive limit-states design codes which are being implemented worldwide, need research to back up the assumptions used in the theories.Specifically, the following list highlights some of the needed research in steel structures:Systems reliability tools have been developed to a high degree of sophistication. These tools should be applied to the studies of bridge and building structures to define the optimal locations of monitoring instruments, to assess the condition and the remaining life of structures, and to intelligently design economic repair and retrofit operations.New developments in instrumentation, data transfer and large-scale computation will enable researchers to know more about the response of structures under severe actions, so that a better understanding of "real-life" behavior can be achieved.The state of knowledge about the strength of structures is well above the knowledge about serviceability and durability. Research is needed on detecting and preventing damage in service and from deterioration.The areas of fatigue and fracture mechanics on the one hand, and the fields of structural stability on the other hand, should converge into a more Unified conceptual entity.The problems resulting from the combination of inelastic stability and low-cycle fatigue in connections subject to severe cyclic loads due to seismic action will need to be solved.The performance of members, connections and connectors (e.g., shear connectors) under severe cyclic and dynamic loading requires extensive new research, including shakedown behavior.The list could go on, but one should never be too dogmatic about the future ofsuch a highly creative activity as research. Nature, society and economics will provide sufficient challenges for the future generation of structural engineers.近期美国在钢结构和钢筋混凝土结构研究和设计方面的发展这篇文章将总结对钢结构的研究展望.1.钢结构桥梁的研究美国国家运输和公路官员协会(AASTH0)是为美国桥梁发布设计标准的权威。

钢结构的英文作文

钢结构的英文作文Steel structures are widely used in modern construction due to their strength and durability. They provide a strong framework for buildings, bridges, and other structures, and can withstand harsh weather conditions.The use of steel structures has revolutionized the construction industry, allowing for the creation of taller, more complex buildings. The versatility of steel allows for innovative and creative designs that would not be possible with traditional building materials.One of the key advantages of steel structures is their ability to be prefabricated off-site and then assembled on-site. This can significantly reduce construction time and costs, making steel structures a cost-effective option for many projects.Steel structures are also environmentally friendly, as they are often made from recycled materials and can berecycled at the end of their lifespan. This makes them a sustainable choice for construction projects.In addition to their strength and durability, steel structures also offer flexibility in terms of modifications and expansions. They can easily accommodate changes in design or function, making them a practical choice for buildings that may need to adapt to future needs.Overall, steel structures have become an integral part of modern construction, offering strength, durability, and versatility for a wide range of projects. Their use has transformed the way we build and has opened up new possibilities for architectural design and construction.。

钢结构专业英语翻译短文1

A construction project of the rebar construction plan1. Rebar binding in column1.1 Stirrup shall be bound in staggered way as per their hook direction in accordance with space and quantity designed, put around the dowel bars from lower layer and then main bar of column.1.2 Slag pressure welding shall be adopted for connection between bars.1.3 Mark the spacing distance between stirrups with chalk on main bars upright,and then move the stirrup from bottom and fix them with iron wire.1.4 Stirrup shall be perpendicular to main bars, all contact points and cornea shall be bound; non-corn points could be bound in cross shape or similar. All binding points shall be fixed firmly to avoid slant of structure. End joint of stirrup shall be arrayed in staggered way along main bars, directly contacted with main bars.1.5 Spacing of stirrup shall be closer where connection between top of column and beam and concealed column.1.6 Use cement mortar as protection layer,cushion block shall be bound on surface of main bars, spaced 800mm to guarantee the thickness of protection layer.2.Rebar binding in beam2.1 When binding occurred within formwork, mark the spacing of stirrups on formwork of main beam first, then bind reinforcements as following procedures:put the stirrups around the main bars,spaced as per marks→fix hooked bar and main bar →erect hooked bar for secondary beam and main bar, put stirrup around →erect vertical main bar →fix main bar and stirrup →fix vertical main bar →fix the main bar again. Secondary beam shall be done simultaneously.2.2 Stirrup in beam shall be perpendicular to main bar, staggered the connection joints and fixed firmly. Cornua of stirrup shall be bound with longitudinal reinforcement firmly; hook end of beam, which is 1350 for this project,shall be arrayed in staggered way.2.3 Negative moment bar and hogging bar shall be located in right position and all joints and overlapping length shall be in accordance with requirements designed.2.4 Straight thread connection will be adopted for main bar connection in beam.2.5 While there are two or three rows of bars in longitudinal direction, bars shall be spaced with short reinforcement with diameter 25mm. Longitudinal bar in secondary beam shall be supported on bearing bar of main beam in longitudinal direction.2.6 Rebar in secondary beam shall be put over rebar in main beam where they are encountered.某建筑工程的钢筋施工方案1、柱钢筋绑扎1.1 绑扎时，按设计要求的箍筋间距和数量，先将箍筋按弯钩错开，要求套在下层伸出的搭接筋上，再竖起柱子钢筋。

钢结构的应用

Firstly ,we learn the advantages of steel structure (1)Steel has High strength and light-weight (2) the material of steel is uniform (3)compared to the other material ,its plastic and toughness is very good (4)The degree of industrialization is very high,so Installation efficiency is very high. (5)in addition to those,Its structure can attain airtightly.
The application of steel structure
班级学号姓名
With the development of the high-speed economy in our country, the influence of steel structure is so important that it has been applied in every fields. The reasons of causing such a situation is that the characteristics of steel structure.
Steelmaking workshop
In the aspect of structures
TV tower
pylon
Large bridge is still the exclusive domain of steel structure

钢结构抗震中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文:Application of ACM Brace Retrofitting Countermeasure to Steel Structure AbstractAn advanced seismic retrofitting work for steel building structure with a doubtful seismic performance using ACM (Advanced Composite Material) bracing method, which consists of CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic) rod and steel sleeve, was proposed in this paper. In order to save a lot of residents’ lives against a large-damaged earthquake, the retrofitting work using ACM bracing method to steel story building structure built by an old earthquake resistant design code was conducted. ACM bracing method was more economically and quickly applied to steel two-story building structures in comparison with the steel K -shaped bracing method used as before. This kind of retrofitting countermeasure will lead to an extreme decrease in earthquake damages for the existing old steel building structures built by some old earthquake resistant design codes.1. IntroductionIt is well known in Japan that a lot of reinforced concrete story buildings built by some old earthquake resistant design codes before 1981 were destroyed in the 1995 Hyogoken NanbuEarthquake. Therefore, Japanese Government has adopted several significant politics concerning this issue since 1995 in order to reduce a lot of earthquake damages for RC and steel story building structures (referred to as S building) built before 1981 as quickly as possible. As some seismic retrofitting policies adopted by Japanese Government had been not carried out smoothly, Japanese Government has been demanding a numerical target to quickly improve a seismic retrofitting ratio for all buildings by many local self-governments in Japan. This numerical target of seismic retrofitting ratio including RC and S buildings as well as wooden houses is 90% until 2017.In general, a seismic retrofitting work for RC and S building structure using a typical steel brace requires not only a large amount of cost but also the residents' removal or temporary evacuation. It is more desirable and convenient for a lot of RC and S building owners that the seismic retrofitting work is conducted as quickly and economically as possible. It is therefore very important for structural engineer to propose a new retrofitting technique instead of X and K shape steel braces. At the present time, a seismic resistant performance of RC or S building structure is judged from a seismic index of structure, Is, evaluated by some criteria established by the Japan building disaster prevention association (Housing Bureau in the Ministry of Land, Transport and Tourism in Japan 2001; Japanese Structural Engineer Association 2006). The number of steel brace required for the seismic retrofitting work of RC and S building structures can be decided to satisfy a given seismic judgment index value, Iso.The author has already proposed a seismic retrofitting countermeasure for RC building structure using an advanced composite material (referred to as ACM) bracing method (Takatani 2008 and Takatani 2011), which consists of a carbon fiber reinforced plastic (referred to as CFRP) material, steel sleeves and anchors, in order to save a lot of residents’ lives against a large-damaged earthquake. It is well known that CFRP material has several advantages of strong and light-weight feature, good durability, and wide applicability in comparison with the steel material. In this paper, ACM bracing method is applied for the seismic retrofitting work of S two-story building structure instead of steel bracing method.2.Seismic Retrofitting Work using ACM BracingHeretofore, the steel bracing method has been used for the seismic retrofitting work of RC and S building structures in Japan. The steel brace as shown in Figure 1 (a) is used on the outside of RC building, and is usually done in the inside of structure. While, Figure 1(b) shows ACM brace installed on the outside of structure. It is more desirable and very important for a lot of RC building structure owners that an earthquake resistant reinforcement work for RC building structure can be conducted as quickly and economically as possible ,and also can be done without residents’ removal or temporary evacuation. The seismic retrofitting work conducted on the outside of RC building structure shown in Figure 1 may be more convenient for both the residents in RC buildings and their owners. It is, therefore, very important for structural engineer to propose a new seismic retrofitting technique instead of the steel brace technique under conditions with low cost and short construction period.(a)Steel brace (b) ACM braceFigure 1. Sketch for seismic retrofitting works using steel brace and ACM brace ACM bracing method was proposed in order to aim at both low cost and short construction period in comparison with the steel bracing method. ACM bracing method consists of CFRP rod and CFRP sheet, steel sleeve, and steel anchor. Figure 2 shows ACM brace rod including CFRP rod and steel sleeve for ACM bracing method. The length 600mm of steel sleeve was decided from CFRP rod pull-out experiments from steel circular cylinder sleeve, and also can bear about 500 kN pull-out force. While, CFRP rods with various diameters are shown in Figure 3, and the material properties for CFRP rod is indicated in Table 1. The diameter of CFRP rod used for ACM bracing method is 10mm, and its tensile strength is 169.5 kN. Accordingly, three CFRP rods with 10mm diameter can bear about 500kN pull-out force. An advanced Epoxy resin developed by Konishi Co. Ltd. was employed for bonding between CFRP rods and steel cylinder sleeve (Horii 2007).Figure 4 indicates steel anchors embedded in RC column, and the anchor diameter and length were decided from pull-out experiment under 500 kN shear force. Figure 5 shows steel cylinder sleeve and nuts for the ACM bracing, whose pull-out bearing capacity is about 500 kN Hisabe (2007). Also, the CFRP rod of the ACM bracing is shown in Figure 6, and the length of the CFRP rod is 500m required for ACM bracing method applied to RC 3 -story building structure. Figure 7 indicates a CFRP sheet used to make a reinforcement of RC column against tensile force due to earthquake motions.Figure 2. ACM brace using CFRP rodFigure 3. CFRP rod (Intended Type, Mitsubishi Plastics Co. Ltd.)Figure 4. Anchors for ACM brace Figure 5. Steel sleeves for ACM braceFigure 6.CFRP rod (VΦ10mm,5@100m) Figure 7. CFRP sheet for ACM brace RC column surface around an anchor was pasted and covered with four CFRP sheet layers with different directions taking into consideration a tensile force direction.Figure 8. Elevation view of RC building with the ACM braceFigure 8 illustrates two typical elevations for the seismic retrofitting work using ACM bracing method. As the anchor embedment point in Plan A shown in Figure 8 (a) is located at the intersection area of RC column and beam where many reinforcing steel bars in RC column and beam gather around, it may be not so easy for a boring workman to make an anchor hole for ACM bracing method without cutting the reinforcing steel bars in this intersection area. Therefore, PlanB shown in Figure 8 (b) was proposed instead of Plan A, and the anchor embedment point avoidsthe intersection area of RC column and beam. In addition, it is found that the static deformation ofRC building structure in Plan B is smaller than that in Plan A through the structural analyses for both Plan A and B. This is because that the rigid part around the intersection area of RC column and beam is usually assumed on the structural analysis. Conforming to custom on structural analysis, this rigid part around the intersection area is defined by the width of RC column or beam (Aoyama 1988).Figure 9 indicates RC 3-story structure retrofitted by ACM braces (Takatani 2008 and Takatani 2011). After the installation of ACM brace, the steel anchor and sleeve were treated witha tarnish preventive. After this work, the steel cover was fixed on RC column surface as shown in Figure 9. After covering work of ACM brace, the final painting work was conducted and the covering box was made waterproof.Figure 9. Completion of ACM braces3.Application of ACM Brace to Steel StructureThe seismic retrofitting work using ACM bracing method was conducted for S two-story structure shown in Figure 5. Figure 5 shows the floor plan and the elevation view of this S structure. The number of ACM brace is decided by the seismic index of structure, Is, evaluated by some criteria established by the Japan building disaster prevention association in 2001 (Housing Bureau in the Ministry of Land, Transport and Tourism in Japan 2001). The seismic index of structure, Is, must satisfy a given seismic judgment index value, Iso, of the seismic index of structure. In this case, the seismic judgment index value, Iso, is 0.7.Figure 10. Floor plan and elevation viewTable 2 shows the seismic index of structure, Is, of the S building structure. It can be seen from Table 2 that the seismic index value of structure, Is, of the first floor in X direction is less than the seismic judgment index value, Iso =0.7, and the seismic index values of structure, Is, in Y directionare more than Iso =0.7. According to the seismic index values of structure, Is es are located on the east side and the west one of this S structure.Next, the construction process of this ACM bracing method is described. Figure 11 shows steel anchor fixed on steel column, and the anchor size was decided from pull-out experiment under 500kN shear force. Figure 12 indicates steel cylinder sleeves for ACM brace, whose pull-out bearing capacity is about 500kN and length is 600mm.Figure 11. Anchors for ACM braceFigure 12. Steel sleeves for ACM braceFigure 12 shows a bracket fixed on steel column, and the steel column before ACM brace installation work is indicated in Figure 14. Figure 15 illustrates polishing work on the surface of steel column by a grinder before welding work of bracket. The welding work of bracket by a welder is shown in Figure 16. Figure 17 and 18 show a bracket fixed on steel column by the welding work. Figure 19 indicates steel anchor fixed on a bracket by the welding work.Figure 13. Steel bracket for ACM braceFigure 15. Polishing work on steel column before welding work of steel bracketFigure 16. Welding work of steel bracket and a welder Figure 17. Completion of welding work of steel bracketFigure 18. Bracket after welding work Figure 19. Steel anchor after welding workFigure 20. CFRP rod cutting work Figure 21. Steel sleeve with three CFRP rodsFigure 22. Steel sleeves before Epoxy resin Figure 23. Epoxy resin injection work into steel Injection sleevesFigure 20 indicates a cutting work of CRFP rod by a saw, and three CFRP rods are installed into each steel sleeve as shown in Figure 21. Figure 22 indicates steel sleeves before Epoxy resin injection work, and Epoxy resin injection work into steel sleeve is shown in Figure 23. Figure24shows steel sleeves after Epoxy resin injection work.Figure 25 indicates tightening work of sleeve-nut with a large screwdriver at the steel anchor. Both ends of ACM brace rod were fixed by four sleeve-nuts as shown in Figure 26 so that the tensile force of 10kN acts in the ACM brace. The shock absorbing rubber shown in Figure 27, which was newly developed by SRI Hybrid Co. Ltd., was used between the fixed anchor and the sleeve-nut.Figure 24. Steel sleeves after Epoxy Figure 25.Tighten work of steel-nut resin injection work with a screwdriverFigure 26. Completion of tightening 27. Rubber ring for shock absorbingdouble Figure steel sleeve nutsFigure 28. Steel sleeve and bracket Figure29. Steel sleeve and bracket afterafter anti-rust painting finishing painting workFigure 30. Completion of ACM brace installationAfter the installation of ACM brace, the steel anchor and sleeve are treated with a tarnish preventive as shown in Figure 28 and 29. Photo 30 indicates the installation completion view of ACM brace fixed on S structure. It is found from this photo that ACM bracing method has a scenic view from the outside of the retrofitted structure because there is not much things to obstruct the view from the inside of the structure.4.Concluding RemarksIn this paper, an advanced seismic retrofitting work for RC and S story building structures built by some old earthquake resistant design codes before 1981 was reported st a large-damaged earthquake. ACM bracing method consists of CFRP rod, steel sleeve, and steel anchor. This ACM bracing method was applied to S two- story building structure in 2010. Materials in the seismic retrofitting work using ACM bracing method and the construction process of ACM brace were described in this paper.The summary obtained in this paper is as follows.(1) ACM brace retrofitting work has several construction advantages such as short construction period and low cost in comparison with the steel bracing method. Namely, ACM bracing method has a high cost performance.(2)Although the installation work of steel braces requires a large construction machine of a crane-currying truck, the installation of ACM brace is not needed any large construction machine and also is effectively conducted under a safe operation.(3) The construction work of ACM brace retrofitting countermeasure does not require a professional engineer or an expert.This ACM bracing method may support a seismic retrofitting politics in the region where has a slightly delay in the seismic countermeasures, and can be a driving force to increase the safety of structures against a large earthquake and changes to a strong region against natural disasters. This kind of seismic retrofitting work for RC and S story building structures will lead to a decrease of earthquake damages in many countries.译文:ACM支撑加固措施在钢结构中的应用摘要一种先进的钢结构抗震改造方法在一片质疑种被提出，该方案采用了AMC（一种先进复合材料）支撑方法。

钢结构设计外文翻译参考文献

钢结构设计外文翻译参考文献In the United States。

XXX (ASD)。

Plastic Design (PD)。

and Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)。

In ASD。

stress ns are based on first-order elastic analysis。

XXX。

In PD。

first-order plastic hinge analysis is used in structural analysis。

XXX progressive collapse effects are not included in PD。

they are XXX LRFD。

first-order XXX。

and the XXX。

All three design methods require independent checks。

including K factor ns。

In this paper。

XXX structural system and its components are related。

but the current LRFD n of the American Institute of Steel n (AISC) separates them。

In practical ns。

the XXX in the effective length factor。

This is described in the excerpt from the Technical Memorandum on Social Science Research。

Volume 5.Although the maximum internal forces of the structure and the maximum internal forces of the components are interdependent (but not necessarily coexisting)。

钢结构建筑在不同领域的应用案例分析

钢结构建筑在不同领域的应用案例分析Analysis of Application Cases of Steel Structure Buildings in Different Fields:英文：Commercial Buildings:Steel structure buildings are widely utilized in the construction of commercial buildings such as shopping malls, office complexes, and retail outlets. The use of steel frames and beams allows for large, open floor plans without the need for interior support columns, providing flexibility in interior layout design. Additionally, the speed of construction associated with steel structures enables faster project completion, making it a popular choice for commercial developments.商业建筑：钢结构建筑在商业建筑如购物中心、办公大楼和零售店铺的建设中被广泛应用。

使用钢框架和横梁可以实现大型开放式楼层平面，无需室内支撑柱，提供了室内布局设计的灵活性。

此外，钢结构建筑所具备的施工速度可加快项目完工进度，使其成为商业开发中备受青睐的选择。

Industrial Facilities:Steel structure buildings play a crucial role in the construction of industrial facilities such as warehouses, factories, and manufacturing plants. The durability and strength of steel make it ideal for withstanding heavy equipment and machinery, providing a safe and robust environment for industrial operations. Moreover, the ability to accommodate large clear spans in steel structures allows for efficient use of space within industrial settings.工业设施：钢结构建筑在仓库、工厂和制造厂等工业设施的建设中起着关键作用。

钢结构工程施工英文

钢结构工程施工英文IntroductionSteel structure construction is a widely used method in modern engineering and architecture. It offers many advantages over other construction methods, such as concrete or wood, including durability, strength, flexibility, and sustainability. Steel structures are commonly used in industrial, commercial, residential, and institutional buildings, as well as in bridges, stadiums, and other large-scale structures.This article will explore the process of steel structure construction, including design, planning, fabrication, and erection. We will also discuss the importance of safety measures in steel structure construction and the benefits of using steel as a building material.Design and PlanningThe first step in steel structure construction is the design and planning phase. This involves creating detailed drawings and specifications for the structure, including the size, shape, and layout of the building. Designers must take into account factors such as wind loads, snow loads, seismic activity, and building codes when creating the design.Once the design is finalized, the next step is to develop a construction plan. This includes determining the sequence of construction activities, estimating the required materials and resources, and creating a timeline for the project. The construction plan will also outline safety procedures, quality control measures, and any special requirements for the project. FabricationAfter the design and planning phase is complete, the next step is fabrication. This involves manufacturing the steel components that will be used to build the structure. Steel fabrication typically takes place in a factory or workshop, where skilled workers use specialized equipment to cut, weld, and assemble the steel components.Steel fabrication can include the production of beams, columns, trusses, and other structural elements. These components are then transported to the construction site for erection. Fabrication must be done with precision and attention to detail to ensure that the components fit together properly and meet the design specifications.ErectionThe erection phase is when the steel components are assembled on-site to create the structure. This process requires skilled workers, such as ironworkers and crane operators, who must follow the construction plan and safety procedures to ensure a successful build. Erection begins with the placement of the foundation, which supports the weight of the structure. Steel columns and beams are then lifted into place and connected using bolts orwelding. Bracing and other support elements are added to ensure the stability of the structure. Finally, the roof and walls are installed to enclose the building.Safety MeasuresSafety is a top priority in steel structure construction, as the work can be hazardous due to the heavy materials and heights involved. Safety measures must be in place to protect workers and prevent accidents on the job site.Some common safety measures in steel structure construction include:- Providing training and safety equipment to workers- Using proper lifting and rigging techniques- Securing the work area to prevent falls- Inspecting equipment regularly for safety hazards- Following safety protocols for welding and cutting operationsBy following these safety measures, construction companies can create a safe and secure work environment for their employees.Benefits of Steel StructuresThere are many benefits to using steel as a building material in construction. Some of the key advantages of steel structures include:- Strength and Durability: Steel is a strong and durable material that can withstand a wide range of environmental conditions, including high winds, earthquakes, and fire.- Sustainability: Steel is a highly sustainable material that can be recycled and reused many times without losing its strength or properties.- Flexibility: Steel structures are flexible and can be easily modified or expanded to meet changing needs or requirements.- Speed of Construction: Steel structures can be constructed quickly and efficiently, reducing project timelines and costs.- Cost-Effective: While steel structures may have a higher initial cost compared to other materials, the long-term benefits, such as reduced maintenance and energy costs, make them a cost-effective choice.ConclusionSteel structure construction is a versatile and cost-effective method for building a wide range of structures, from industrial warehouses to commercial buildings to bridges. Byfollowing the design, planning, fabrication, and erection process, construction companies can create safe, durable, and sustainable steel structures that meet the needs of their clients. With proper safety measures in place and a focus on quality and efficiency, steel structure construction offers numerous benefits for both builders and end-users. As the demand for sustainable and resilient construction continues to grow, steel structures will play a vital role in shaping the future of the built environment.。

关于钢结构的英文作文

关于钢结构的英文作文英文：Steel structure is a popular choice for building construction due to its many advantages. Firstly, it is durable and can withstand harsh weather conditions and natural disasters such as earthquakes and hurricanes. This is because steel is a strong and flexible material that can absorb shock and resist deformation. Secondly, steel structures are easy to assemble and disassemble, making them ideal for temporary or mobile buildings such as exhibition halls or warehouses. Thirdly, steel is a sustainable material that can be recycled and reused, reducing waste and environmental impact.In addition, steel structures offer design flexibility and can be customized to meet specific requirements. For example, the shape and size of the structure can be adjusted to fit the available space and the intended use of the building. Moreover, steel structures can be combinedwith other materials such as glass, wood or concrete to create a unique and aesthetically pleasing design.However, there are also some challenges associated with steel structure construction. One of the main challenges is corrosion, which can weaken the structure over time. This can be prevented by applying protective coatings or using stainless steel. Another challenge is the cost, as steel structures can be more expensive than traditional building materials such as wood or brick. However, the long-term benefits of durability and sustainability may outweigh the initial cost.Overall, steel structure construction offers many advantages and is a viable option for building projects of various sizes and purposes.中文：钢结构是建筑施工中一个受欢迎的选择，因为它有许多优点。

应用钢结构设计外文翻译

Applied Structural Steel Design (4th Edition)by George F. Spiegel and George F. Limbrunner9-2Open Web Steel Joists, K-SeriesThe design of the K-Series joist chord is based on a steel minimum yield strength of 50,000 psi. The design of the web members may be based on a steel minimum yield strength of 36,000 psi or 50,000 psi.An example of the standard designation for K-Series joists is 22K7. The depth of this joist is 22 in. K represents the series, and the number 7 denotes the relative size of the chords of the joist. Chord sizes are designated by the numbers 3 through 12, the size increasing with increasing number. The chord and web members may vary in shape and makeup from manufacturer to manufacturer, but the design and the capacity of the joists must conform to the SJI specifications and to the standardized load tables. The K-Series standard load table and the economy table (which is used for selection) are applicable where the joists are installed up to a maximum slope of 2 in. per foot.The use of open web steel joists in any given application must be based on SJI requirements as furnished in its standard specifications. These requirements for the K-Series joists are summarized as follows:In construction that uses joists, bridging and bridging anchors are required for the primary purpose of furnishing lateral stability for the joists, particularly during the construction phase. The bridging spans between and perpendicular to the steel joists.It is required that one end of all joists be attached to their supports before allowing the weight of an erector on the joists. When bolted connections are used, the bolts must be snug tightened. All bridging must be completely installed and the joists permanently fastened into place before the application of any construction loads. Even under the weight of an erector, the joists may exhibit some degree of lateral instability until the bridging is installed. The bridging also serves the purpose of holding the steel joists in position as shown on the plans. The minimum number of rows of bridging is a function of the joist chord size and span length. A table is furnished in the standard specifications that establishes the required number of rows of bridging. Spacing of bridging rows should be approximately equal. Two permissible types of bridging may be observed in Figure 9-2. Horizontal bridging (Figure 9-2a) consists of two continuous horizontal steel members, one attached to the top chord and the other attached to the bottom chord by means of welding or mechanical fasteners. The attachment must be capable of resisting a horizontal force of not less than 700 lb. If the bridging member is a round bar, the diameter must be at least 2 in. The maximum slenderness ratia4V/rj~of-the bridging member cannot exceed 300, where k is the distance between bridging attachments and r is the least radius of gyration of the bridging member. The bridging member shall be designed for a compressive force of 0.24 times the area of the top chord. Diagonal bridging (Figure 9-2b) consists of cross-bracing with a maximum B/r of 200, with Z and r as defined previously. Where the cross-bracing members connect at their intersection, E is the distance between the intersection attachment and chord attachment. The ends of all bridginglines terminating at walls or beams must be properly anchored. A typical detail may be observed in Figure 9-2b.FIGURE 9-2 Typical bridging.Joist extensions are frequently used with K-Series joists to support a variety of over-hang conditions. Two types are shown in Figure 9-3c and d. The first is the Top Chord Extension (S Type), which has only the top chord angles extended. The second is the Extended End (R Type), in which the standard 2 and 1/2-in. end bearing depth is maintained over the entire length of the extension. The R Ty pe (reinforced) involves reinforcing the top chord. The S Type (simple) is more economical and should be specified whenever possible.Load tables for K-Series Top Chord Extension and Extended finds axe furnished by the SJI. Specific designs and load tables, however, are generally furnished by the various joist manufacturers and can be used to advantage.Ceiling extensions (Figure 9-3b) in the form of an extended bottom chord element or a loose unit, whichever is standard with the joist manufacturer, are frequently used to support ceilings that are to be attached directly to the bottom of the joists. They are not furnished for the support of suspended ceilings.FIGURE 9-3 Typical joist detailsWhen joists are used in conjunction with a corrugated metal deck and concrete slab, the cast-in-place slab should not be less than 2 in. thick.The typical standard K-Series joist is designed for a simple span subjected to uniformly distributed load for its full span length, resulting in a linear shear distribution (maximum at the supports and zero at midspan) and a parabolic moment distribution (zero at the supports and maximum at midspan). The KCS joist is a new type of K-Series joist developed to overcome some of the limitations of the standard K-Series joist. The KCS joist may be used for special design applications requiring a joist capable of supporting nonuniform loads, concentrated loads, or combinations thereof in addition to or independent of the normal uniform load.The KCS joists are designed in accordance with the SJI Standard Specifications for K-Series joists and range in depth from 10 in. to 30 in. Load tables furnished by the SJI provide the shear and moment capacity of each joist. The designer must calculate the maximum moment and shear imposed and then select the appropriate KCS joist.9-3Floor VibrationsEven when the structural design of the steel joists is accomplished in accordance with design specifications, a floor system may be susceptible to undesirable vibrations. This phenomenon isseparate and different from strength and has to do mainly with the psychological and physiologicalresponse of humans to motion. Large open floor areas without floor-to-ceiling partitions may be subject to such undesirable vibrations.The ASDS Commentary recommends a minimum depth-to-span ratio of 1/20 for a steel beam supporting a large open floor area free of partitions. In addition, the SJI requires a minimum depth-to-span ratio of 1/24 for steel joists, although a generally accepted practice for steel joist roofs and floors is to use a minimum depth-to-span ratio of 1/20. Even if these recommendations and requirements are satisfied, a vibration analysis should be made, particularly when a floor system is composed of steel joists that support a thin-concrete slab placed on steel metal deck. References 2 and 3 contain relatively brief and sufficiently accurate methods that can be used to determine (1) whether disturbing vibrations will be present in a floor system and (2) possible design solutions for the problem. Reference 4 contains insight on vibrations in steel framed floors.应用钢结构设计（第4版）by George F. Spiegel and George F. Limbrunner9-2空腹钢搁栅，K系列K系列搁栅弦的设计是基于钢弦的最小屈服强度为50000psi。

钢结构施工外文翻译

Steel Structure Construction SchemeⅠ.A brief account of steel structure workThere will be 6 8t bridge traveling cranes in production hall, welding H-section steel column and beam, structural main material is Q345B, cold bending sheet steel Z-purlin, wall and roof cladding are double-skin pressed steel sheet and thermal insulation wool.Ⅱ.Characteristic of steel structure workThe single span of the work is 18m, the height of steel column is large, single frame plane external rigidity is very small, so the key point of safety technical control is to guarantee the stability outside the structural plane.Take out 6 steel columns from grid line 9~14 in the production building, instead of 52.5m space truss as trimmer beam to support the upper structure and crane load, the installation of the space truss is a difficulty point of this work.Ⅲ.Fabrication of steel structural membersTechnical preparations prior fabrication1. Study and check the design working drawing before fabrication, make shop drawing and get approval from designer then prepare material for fabrication.2. Make a plan and program for fabrication as per the type, quantity and material of the structural members.3. Write construction techniques and technical measures, and the equipment regular examine and maintain plan, keep the machinery in good condition.Material requirements:1. Select and confirm the material for the project.2. All kinds of material should be with quality guarantee and ex-factory certificate. If there is any doubt, sampling examination should be taken according to relevant national standard, only when passed the examination material in batches can be used.3. Rust degree of steel surface should conform to the present national standard <rust and rust removal degree before painting>.4. Jointing material (welding rod, solder, flux), high strength bolt, and coating( under coat and top coating) should be with ex-factory quality certificate and conform to the design and national standard.5. If the skin of welding rod is peeled off or the core is rust, welding flux is wetting and agglomerating or melting, the high strength bolt is rust/damaged or taken from different batches, these materials are strictly prohibited.6. Anti-corrosion paint should conform to the design and relevant standard, and with quality certificate and operation instruction.Equipment and tool preparation1. Check and maintain the fabricating equipment in advance.2. The fabricating tools and measuring instrument should be with certain accuracy, and be examined and marked by the measurement testing department regularly.3. Welder should bearing the qualification certificate, and do the work within the scope stipulated in certificate. If the welding work stopped more than 6 months, the welder should be re-examined and passed the examination.Key points of steel structural member fabricationⅣ. Steel structure installation methodPreparations prior to installationAs per the requirement of steel structure installation, before installation work started, it is need to check and clear the site, insure the access for hoisting is smooth and firm, and construction power is ready, the following works are also need to do simultaneously:1. Survey the horizontal level and axial deviation of the all groups of embedded bolts, make records for the handing over with the civil work team in writing.2. The since the quantity of structural members is large and has a great variety, it must be numbered and confirmed to avoid mis-placed.3. Make necessary inspection and acceptance jointly with the employer and supervisor before installation.Transportation and storage of structural members1. Transport structural members by appropriate vehicle as per the geometric dimension and unit weight, make necessary soft mat and binding during transportation.2. While loading/unloading and moving the structural members, it must be handled gently. Insert spacer while necessary to avoid damage the painting.3. Someone must be put in charge of transportation and storage.Structure hosting and installation method1. Consideration about installation of steel structureThe type the structure in this project is a standard portal-framed structure with moving crane beam, external rigidity of a single frame is small, the sequence of mobilization of structure is start from grid line 1, first install steel frame at grid line 1~2, bracing to column and roof installed and adjusted simultaneously to form a stable space system, then moved to grid line 29. Steel column to be hoisted and installed through Singe-Crane-Rotating-method, the steel beam to be hoisted through Two-Crane-Lifting-method after assembled on the ground. Truss trimmer to be assembled with bolts on the ground and hoisted through Two-Crane-Lifting-method. Space between crane beam and roof purlin is 3.5m, it is enough for minimum hosting space, and can be done after the structure installed or alternated in.2. Hoisting and installation and adjustment of steel columnSteel column to be hoisted through Rotating Method.Someone must be in charge of hoisting and installation, safety, quality and technology to be talked over in details before hoisting.For the efficient hosting, while piling the columns, put the binding point/column footing center/base center at a same arc.While the column is being hoisted slowly 20cm above the floor, stop hoisting for a while to check the sling and crane, open the swing brake, then put the column down at 40~100 mm to the installation plane, align to the datum line, direct the crane descend, insert the column to the anchor bolt and fixed temporarily, tie the column at two direction to stable the column structure.After initial adjustment of the column, only when the vertical deviation controlled within 20mm then can remove the hook of crane, check the verticality with theodlite, any deviation to be adjusted immediately, while adjustment is being done, observe the bottom and level control block to avoid horizontal level deviation.Vertical adjustment of the column, fix two theodlites to the longitudinal and transverse axis, first aim at the column bottom wing or center line then move upward to the column top, if the center line drifted off the line of sight, to adjust the tie rope or support, make the column to be vertical through prying. Usually to erect a row of columns first then to do adjustment. At that time, two theodlites can be placed at one side of longitudinal and transverse axis, deviation to the centerline not more than 3m. while hoisting roof truss or installing vertical members, the steel column must be re-check and adjusted.2. Hoisting and installation of steel beam3. After the steel beam turned over and positioned, trial hoist must be done repeatedly and bond again , while trial hoist is being carried out it must be lifted slowly, the best state is that uniform force at each point and the beam will not deformed, then to hoist and rotate to the designed position, pull the controlling rope buckled on the beam in advance by hand on the ground, rotating to the position, fix the column and beam connecting hole with high strength bolt. Since the first hoisted beam length is 46m, 5 guy ropes should be tied, while fixing it, check the verticality with pendant. The second and the after beams to be fixed temporarily by the roof purlin and tie beam..4. Re-check the column while hoisting the beam, normally use the chain block and steel wire rope, the rope to be removed till the beam installed. The steel beam ridge line must be controlled. Make the deviation between the truss and the column ends center line be equal, so that all the roof truss to be at a same center line.The connection of the high density boltMaterial1. The bolt, nut and washers will be accompanied with the quality pass certificate of which is complied with the national standard and the specification.2. The bolt, nut and washers should be in uniform. The thread should not be worn-out. It should be in clean and dry state and be kept in the storage according to the specification.Preparation to the bolt before installation1. Check each part of the installation is in right position and make sure that the installation is comply with t he “Regulation for check and acceptance to the quality of steel structure work” code no. GB50205-20012. Check the main material with the hole is correct in diameter and the size. Make sure that the smooth is met the specified requirement. If there is thread on the main material, we immediately remove it.3. We shall familiar with the installation construction drawing and program schedule and make full preparation to the work spanner and the other related equipment.4. Preparation to the measuring toolsThe workmanship1. The connection to the steel plate must be straight, the side and hole should contain no thorn to make sure the surface is closely attached. If there is the bending, we shall make necessary adjustment and avoid the damage to the fraction surface.2. Before fixing, we shall clean dirty oil and paint on the hole side.3. Before installation, we shall use temporary bolt to fix in position, the number will be more than one third of the total number for the connected bolt. The method is pre adjust the steel hole and put the temporary bolt inside and then use the nut to screw it. There will be two temporary bolts in each point. Not allowed to use the high density bolt to be served as the temporary bolt. After one section is completed, then to check it and confirmed then to carry out the work with the high density bolt.4. While install the high density bolt, we shall make sure that the central position is check and no mistake and then procedure the work of the high density bolt (This project adopt the double nut screw tight). The washer will be put on one side of the nut and be sure not in opposite direction. If the bolt cannot be through the hole freely, we shall use the knife to adjust the hole and then procedure the work. It should not use the force to go through the hole so as to avoid the damage to the thread. Clean the thorn after adjusting the hole.5. The tight for high density bolt: This work will be in two stage, the first stage is called preliminary tight, the tight force is about 50%-60% of the designed pre-pull force. The second stage is called the final tight. The tight force will reach the designed pull force. The deviation will be less than ±10%. The pre-pull force will be determined according to the designed specification. During the work, the spanner force formula will be Tc=k*Pc*d k=0.11~0.15 Pc(designed pre-pull force) d=the diameter of the bolt.6. Check the turn space spanner mark record and the bolt construction record. If there is any questioning, we shall check the preliminary tight record.Quality standard1. The high density bolt’s type, specification and the technical condition should be comply with the designed specification and the related standard. We must carry out the test to determine the turn space coefficient and recheck bolt pre-pull force and check the quality pass certificate and the test report.2. The connection surface for the bolt in friction coefficient will be complied with the designed requirement and the related specification. On its surface, there should be no rust, thorn, welding remaining, dirty oil and paint, etc.3. The high density bolt must be tight in two stage, the quality of the preliminary and final tight should be complied with the construction regulation and the related specification.4. The high density bolt will be put through in the same direction and the thread rings should less than 2 rings.5. The friction surface between shall complied with the designer and the regulation for steel structure check and acceptance requirement.Items to be taken in consideration during the installation for high density boltQuality control1. The surface with rust, dirty oil, thorn and welding remaining should be cleaned.2. After treating the friction surface should be reached the anti slide coefficient requirement. The use of the high density bolt and the nut, washers should be uniform and be used at the same time not allowed to exchange.3. Treat the part’s friction surface. While installation, there will be no dirty oil and soil, etc4. While installation the part, the friction surface should keep dry and avoid to work in rain.5. Before installation, we shall check and recheck the connected steel plate and make necessary adjustment to the bending.6. While installation, we shall not use the hammer to hit the bolt to avoid the thorn of the bolt be damaged.7. We shall check and measure the spanner timely to the preliminary and the final tight of the high density bolt. We shall make sure the precise and do the necessary record. The tight work will be carried on in right procedure.Major safety technical measures1. To use the flexible spanner the size will fit the nut. While work high above the ground, we shall use the fixed spanner. If we are using the flexible spanner, we shall be tied with safety belt.2. While assemble the steel part to connect the bolt, we shall avoid to use the hand intesting the screw hole. The hand will be on the side of the steel plate.Ⅴ.The roof panel installation methodThe installation of the color steel sheet composed of the detailed part design, production sequence, transport and installation, etc. Every part of the work and the method is the key link to the project’s completion, sa fety, and quality. The installation work will be carried out after the steel structure work has been completed with the formality of the check and accept certificate.Detailed part design workThis part of the detailed design plays a key role to the installation. We shall magnify every connection point on the original drawing so as to instruct the work and workmanship procedure. The followings are the main content for the detailed design:1. The roof coverage arrangement2. The connect point enlarge drawing (include the treatment to gutter, the joint, facial and flush)3. Detailed part design flowProject →construction joint design→edit drawing→check→audit→sent→issue Preparation for the color steel sheet installation1. Before the installation of the color steel sheet, we shall check the size between the structure parts, the level and the quality. If there is any bending on steel structure parts, we shall carry out the adjustment work immediately.2. Before the installation of the color steel sheet, we shall check those already installed cool bend thin plate part of which should not be heavy loaded or welded.3. Before the installation of the color steel sheet, we shall make sure that the pull pole or the press pole are tight and the purlin are in right position. The twisted angle for prulin should less than 3°.4. Before the installation of color steel sheet, we shall check all the cool bended structure whether the parts are treated with the rust protected, fire protected, convenient for inspection, brush, paint, avoid water collected and sealed the end of the steel structure part.5. The temporary stack for color steel sheet should be arranged according to the general construction layout to put in position. We shall prepare a solid compacted, flat area with good drainage system and convenient transportation for color steel sheet and temperature reserve cotton. We shall also make sure that the area will have the measures to be covered with plastic clothe to protect the rain water.6. We shall make sure that the installation tools, equipment, protect items, connect parts, prop and the accessories to the color steel sheet are fully prepared. All these will be tested and qualified. These items will be in storage with a full time person to lookafter.7. We shall make sure that the staff will be fully understand the technical, quality, safety of the work before undertaking the roof installation work. We shall make them fully understand the construction drawings, work method, safety operation, quality requirement. We shall recheck the axis for the installation parts, the level, etc.The installation method of Color plate1. The installation of roof panel started from the gable. Survey and set a datum positioning line at the lower end of roof in advance to guarantee the accuracy of installation, then install in order.2. Check the roof panel in lengths (normally ten panels) during installation, to check the straightness of the two end of the panel and the parallelism to avoid that it will be inclined or fan-shaped. Necessary adjustment to be done during installation, micro-adjustment to be done one by one to meet the requirement of quality.3. Joint of roof panel in length direction will be over-lapped on the bracing members, lapping length is 250mm.4. Reliable sealant to be done to lap at the length direction of the roof panel, silicone or weather strip to be filled at two ends, 15mm apart from the panel end. Bottom panel over-lapping length is 80~100mm, sealant might not be done at over-lap.5. Leave 50mm gap between two panels at ridge, it is preferable to bent the panel upward at 80” to form a flashing. The pressed steel panel to be projected 120mm at gutter, bent downward at 10” to form a drip.6. Over-lap of flashing board not less than 100mm, with enough width and rolled edge, spacing of joints not more than 50mm. Sealant to be done to over-lap for water-tightness.7. At roof ridge and interface between upper and lower span, flashing and roof panel to be jointed by over-lap, lap not less 200mm, insert waterproof closure in lap.Ⅵ. Wall panel installation1. Wall panel to be installed prior to roof eaves gutter with special purpose hoisting and clamping apparatus.2. The first wall panel to be installed as per the gable outside corner line, use theodlite and or pendant to fix the datum line.3. Screw to be fixed to the top and bottom end of the wall panel for temporary positioning, when a group (about 10) of panels laid and adjusted, fasten the screw to the wall purlin.4. Mark the position of screw between wall panel and purlin, it should be even to the purlin and be uniformly arranged.5. Install the panel to be over-lapped in length direct from bottom to top, the over-lapto be arranged at the position wall purlin, inter panel over-lapping length is 80－100mm, outer panel over-lapping length is 120mm, sealant might not be needed at over-lap.6. Inspection to be done by rooms for wall panel, use theodlite or hang the pendant at column center line to survey the verticality.7. Gable panels to be cut at different length as per the roof pitch, then to install it. Add end closure to gable eave flashing if necessary.8. Gable flashing to be done started from eave up to the ridge after the roof and wall panel installed. Outside corner panel to be down from bottom to top, rivet to be used for the joints to wall panel, spacing as per the technical requirement.9. Door and window flashing started from top to the two sides, use wall purlin or door/window frame for fixing. If it is to be connected to the pressed plate, use rivet for joint. Flashing at opening on wall, it’s top to be installed inside the wall panel, bottom outside the wall panel. To fix the wall panel and flashing to the wall purlin with self-tapping screw.10. Joints between flashings to be sealed with silicone, and if wrong screw hole opened on the wall, it must be filled.Ⅶ. Fireproofing coatingPreparations1. To fulfill the high requirement of appearance, and the coating must be fireproofing as per the design, so the top coating to be done with non-air spray-on method.2. The fireproof coating should be with ex-factory quality certificate and ex-factory certificate.3. Before fireproofing coating done, the surface of structural members should be free from rust and dust. Apply complementary anti-rust undercoat to the exposed area on the installed structural members and joints.4. Check the receiving surface before coating, to see whether it is free from rust, oil, and dust etc. Make sure the material , machinery and scaffolding are ready.Working process chatReceiving surface clearin g→apply under coat→drying→repeat as per product requirement→filler→grinding→spray fireproof coating 4 layers (metal gloss)Technological operation main points1. To get good adhesion, thickness of dry film of the first layer of coating should be not more than 200μm, after 24 hours apply next layer, the after layers thickness not more than 300μm to fulfill the requirement of fireproofing limit.2. Spraying distance to be controlled within 300~380mm, spraying range 30~50cm for large object, 10~30cm for small object, normally it is 30cm.3. Angle between spray nozzle and the object surface is 30°~80°，spray gun running speed is 0.1~1.0m/minPoints for attention1. On present market, there are varied kinds of fireproof coating, applying method is basically the same, but the thickness should refer to the product direction and testing report issued by govenment firefighting department.2. Environment requirement for coating: the air temperature should be above 3℃, coating should not be done outdoor if it rains, condensation of surface or air humidity exceed 85%.3. After last layer of undercoat finished, scraping the surface, and then followed by 4 layers of spraying coating.4. While coating be done on the ground, leave the mark of number of the structural members. Considering spoil and damage may occur, leave certain thickness for touch-up coating high above the ground to match the color.Acceptance standard of quality1. There should be no mistake, misses, peeling and rusting. The coating should be uniform no obvious riveling, runs, air bubbles etc.2. The second layer of fireproof coating must be applied only when the first layer get dried completely, otherwise it will be riveling, peeling. It’s thickness to be tested and accepted as per the product direction and testing result issued by qualified firefighting department.3. Cover the coating which is not filmed when it rain, cover the painted structural members or any other part which might be spoiled with PVC membrane.Ⅷ. Safety guarantee measuresSafety working measures1. All constructer must be abide strictly by national safety rules and regulations, make self-protection conscientiously.2. All constructer must be trained and educated with professional safety knowledge, and go to working bearing the certificate.3. Appoint full time safety supervisor to the site. Appoint full time safety administrator to each working team to form a effective safety network..4. Arrange different safety measures to different works, make records, organize inspections.Safety points for attention at construction site1. Firmly carry out national stipulation of <Safety technique operation rules of building and installation>2. Strengthening site construction management, constructing road to be level, smooth, and hardened, material and structural members to be piled and stored stably and in order.3. No smoking on site, in workshop and temporary warehouse, equip with firefighting device.4. Provide safety protection cover and ground protection to electrical equipment, someone must be put in charge of machine operation, each machine to be installed with a electric shock protector.5. Provide sufficient protective glasses, mask and safety shoes to staff on site.6. All material and structural piled and stored stably and in order in proper place. Structural members must be fixed while piling and assembling, no walking ahead to the moving members.7. Pry up object with hands, it is prohibited to ride on the crower and carry the crower under arms. Do not overexert oneself while using crower work high above the ground.8. Check the spring board, scaffolding, swinging scaffold, scaling ladder, rope and safety netting etc prior to work high above the ground.9. No one allowed to go into the hoisting site, do not stand under the crane cantilever. The hoisting director can not stand ahead to the heavy object to be hoisted. Running stably while hoisting, the hook can be removed only when the hoisted members in position and fixed temporarily or connected reliably.10. When the wind speed reaches 10m/s, part of hoisting work should be stopped, when it reaches 15m/s, all the work must be stopped. No welding outdoor in rain. Check the structural members after rain and wind make sure the blinding and support be firm, slip-resistance work need to be done.11. Clear the site after each shift, keep the road smooth, cut off the power after work, check the working site after work make sure no fire dangerous.Safety of construction electricity1. Make temporary construction electricity organization design or electricity safety technical measures and fireproof measures.2. Establish safety electricity system. Select experienced professional electrician to the site.3. Construction electricity is to be arranged as per the construction electricity scheme. One equipment provided with one gear, and connected with reliable ground protection.4. If the construction site and outside line share with one power supply system, theelectrical equipment must be protected with ground connection or zero circuit, but should be all the same , part ground protection part zero circuit is prohibited.5. Ground connecter can not use aluminium conductor, vertical ground connecter prefer steel angle, steel tube or round steel but not screw-threaded steel.6. Distribution box and switch box preferably to be made of steel plate or good quality insulated material, thickness of steel plate not less than 1.5mm.Spacing between the fixed distribution and switch box bottom should within 1.3m to 1.5m; Spacing for portable boxes within 0.6 m to 1.5m. All these boxes to be protected free from rain and dust, inlet and outlet for conducting wire should be at the bottom of the boxes.7. One equipment use one switch box, a switch box can not be shared by two or more equipment (including socket), main distribution box and switch box must be equipped with electric leakage protective device, rated leakage action time should be reasonably disposed.8. All the distribution and switch box should be marked with name and usage, sign of branch., someone must to be put in charge of the work, provide lock to it, inspect and maintain once a month. Use qualified fuse.9. All the electrical equipment and its device, safety, protection, use and maintain must be accord with the requirement of JGJ46—88<Construction site temporary electricity safety technical rules>. Bold safety sign and operation rules board to be provided.10. Daily safety inspection is to be taken on site for electric line and equipment. Any problem is to be settled down by certain person within the fixed time.ⅨQuality guarantee measuresFabrication quality guarantee measures1. Organize a internal full time inspection team to carry out regular and irregular inspection or spot checks.2. Operating workers to be educated and trained by the full time inspection team before work.3. Inspect each process by 3 steps: initial inspection, self inspection and specialized inspection, only when it passed the specialized inspection then next procedure can be proceed.4. Strictly check on the raw material, take necessary test. Material which has not been tested must not be used in advance.5. Welding flaw detection , tensile strength and skid resistance coef. test is to be taken as per relative stipulations.6. Arrange reasonable schedule for fabrication work, fix the time for each process and link, chase and feedback and adjust it promptly.。

钢结构英语及翻译

中文翻译
过去十年中，二阶或高等分析的概念在各种国内设计规范中被描述，例如结构钢建筑负载和抗性因子设计规格( 1986 ) 和澳大利亚标准 ( AS4100 1990 ) 。不同于线性分析用规范中的元设计方程来执行构件强度反不稳定性和二阶效应的检查，二阶分析自动地包括这些非线性条件的效果。结果是应力允许二阶P-δ和P-△效应，可被自动地计算并与屈服应力或设计强度相比较，以便在分析中不再需要因几何形状的巨变而扩大力矩的经验方法，结果更方便、精确。此外，二阶与高等分析--包括更精确的构件力-力矩计算的各种线性和非线性条件，并提供更有效和更精确的结构强度、稳定性和适用性估计方法，可望被工程师广泛接受，提供一个有效的分析法是可行的。"综合设计和分析进展"针对使用复杂的二阶分析去实施规范需要的应用钢框架设计。一不完整性和它的方向，线性和非线性模型之间的一致性因为需要对每构件几个元件作二阶分析，和沿构件的负载。建议的方法包括这些条款以便它能直接用于实现高等分析要求的设计和应用钢框架。
In the past decade, the concept of a second-order or an advanced analysis has been described in various national design codes of practice such as the Load and Resistance Factor Design Specifi- cation for Structural Steel Buildings ( 1986 ) and the Australia standards ( AS4100 1990 ) . Unlike the 1inear analysis where checking of member strength against instability and second-order effect is carried out by the element design formulas in the codes, the second-order analysis automatically includes the effects of these nonlinear terms. As aresult of this, stress, allowing for the second- order P-δand P-△ effects,can be automatically computed and compared with the factored yield stress, or the design strength, in the analysis so that the empirical approach to amplify the moment due to a large change of geometry becomes unnecessary, resulting in much convenience and accuracy. In addition, the second-order and advanced analysis--including various linear and nonlinear terms for a more accurate computation of member forces and moments-provides a much more effective and accurate means of assessing the strength, stability, and serviceability of a structure and is expected to be widely accepted by the engineer, provided that an effective and robust analysis method is available This "integrated design and analysis approach "is aimed at using a sophisticated second-order analysis to design practical steel frames fulfilling the design code requirements. A literature survey shows that typical second-order analysis methods ignore many important characteristics and requirements for practical design, including the member initial imperfection and its direction, consistency between the linear and the nonlinear models due to the need to use several elements per member for a second-order analysis, and loads along members. The proposed method includes these terms so that it can be used to directly design real and practical steel frames fulfilling the advanced analysis requirement.

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

外文资料（英文）Steel system because of their own with the light weight, high strength, the construction of such advantages, and the reinforced concrete structure, the more "high, light," the development of three unique advantages. Along with the country's economic construction, the long concrete and masonry structure dominate the market situation is changing. Steel products in the large-span space structure, lightweight steel gantry structure, multi-storey and high-rise residential areas of increasing construction, Application areas are expanding. From the West-East Gas sent, the West-East power transmission and-north water diversion project, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the 2008 Olympic venues and facilities, residential steel, development of the western region construction practice, the development of a steel construction industry and the market momentum is emerging in our country.1： the steel market development trend of the past 20 years of reform and opening up and economic development, Steel has to create a system of highly favorable environment for development.（1） from the development of the main steel material foundation : Steel is the development of steel a key factor in development. To meet the needs of the construction market, steel varieties will toward complete standardization of materials direction. Domestic steel for construction steel, in terms of quantity, variety and quality have developed rapidly and hot-rolled H-beam, a color plate, Cold steel production increased significantly, the development of steel to create important conditions. Other steel-Steel, Coated Steel Plate and there has been a marked growth, product quality has been greatly improved. Refractory, weathering steel, hot-rolled thin number of H-beam steel has started a new project in the application, Steel to create the conditions for development.（2） from design, production, construction, professional level look : steel industry after years of development, Steel professional design quality in the practice of continually improving. A number of characteristics with the strength of professional institutes, research and design institutes continuously developed steel design software and new technologies. Currently, many domestic steel design software have been brought forth, they can adapt to light steel structure, the network structure, high-rise steel structures, Thin arched structure design needs. With computer technology in the engineering design of the universal application of steel structure design of the software is getting more sophisticated, To help designers complete structural analysis and design, construction mapping provides a great convenience. Steel manufacturers in the country blossom everywhere, and creating a number of strong leading enterprises. Annual output reaching 10 -- 20 million tons of size alone, more than 10 enterprises that the large domestic steel project mission, They fully equipped with the industry and international enterprises to compete on equal strength. At present, some foreign investment, joint ventures, private sector steel manufacturing enterprises in the fierce market competition winners. From the computer design, mapping, digital control, automated processing and manufacturing industries are in the lead, its products range from the traditional building structures, machinery and equipment, non-standard components, and turnkey facilitiesto the value of housing, Container products, port facilities directly to the end-user products. Steel industrialized mass production, the installation of a new steel structure engineering endless, and energy-efficient, waterproof, insulating, , and other advanced product set and integrated suite of applications, design and construction of integrated production will be raised the level of the construction industry.（3） the steel works from the view of the performance : the world's third 421-meter high Shanghai Jinmao Tower, is a leading international standard. height of 279 meters in Shenzhen SEG buildings, the span of 1,490 meters Runyang Yangtze River Bridge, span of 550 meters of the Lupu Bridge, the 345-meter-high transmission tower across the Yangtze River, and the Capital International Airport, nest national sports center, many of steel construction system of the important projects, Steel Buildings positive marks top heavy and large-span steel structure of space development.（4） from the domestic steel industry view : China has steel in housing construction light on the application of the industry as a revolution. With domestic industry to become China's new economic development and growth, lightweight steel residential housing industry will be the development of the country. And the housing industry is the prerequisite for dealing with the industrialization of matching new technologies, new materials and new systems. As the steel structure system easy to realize industrialization and standardization of production, and to go along with the wall material can be used in energy conservation, environmental protection of new materials. Therefore, the study of steel structures for residential package technology will greatly promote domestic industry's rapid development.（5） from the government sector can guide and support : government departments guidance and support, so that as a green steel products and development workers. Steel with the traditional concrete structure, compared with light weight, high strength, good seismic performance advantages. Suitable for live load accounted for a smaller proportion of the total load of the structure, and is more suitable for large-span space structure, tall structures and is suitable for the construction of the soft ground. Is also in line with environmental protection and conservation, intensive use of resources policy, The overall economic benefits to investors increasingly are recognized objective will be to promote the designers and developers they chose steel.2： the steel market outlook of the development trend of steel, China Steel Development has tremendous market potential and prospects for development.（1） since China began in 1996 steel output of over 100 million tons, ranking first in the world. 1998 commissioning of a series of rolling H-beam steel to create a sound material basis. Steel and other materials industries, the development of the steel industry to provide good quality, complete specifications for the material. According to the market demand, the next batch of 23 will be color plate production line, hot-rolled H-beam will also be an increase in production lines, large cold-formed unit will soon be launched. By that time China will produce more than 100 color plates million tons, Hot H-beam more than 100 million tons of cold and the large and medium-sized rectangular pipe and tube, in addition to the existing H-beamwelding, plate, Sheet steel and other construction, the steel industry can meet development needs. With steel production and quality continues to rise, their prices are gradually declining. Steel has been a corresponding cost of a more substantial reduction. And the steel structure supporting the use of thermal insulation, corrosion-resistant materials, fire resistant paint, various welding material and bolts, connectivity products and the technology of new materials will also continue to enhance innovation.（2） efficient and new welding technology of welding and cutting equipment and welding application development and application of materials, for the development of steel works to create a good technical condition. In ordinary steel, thin light steel structures, steel structures in tall buildings, the door frame of light steel structure, network structure, pressure plate structure, welding and the connecting bolt, steel concrete composite floor. CFST steel reinforced concrete structure and the structure of the design, construction, Statutes regulating acceptance of industry standards and has more than 20 of this issue. The steel structure norms, in order to constantly improve the system of steel lay the necessary technical foundation and basis.（3） At present, the portal frame light steel structure and pressure plate arch shell structure of cost per unit area, Similar single-storey steel and concrete structure approximately the same, or even lower; and light steel structure of the higher levels of commercialization, production and installation rate will reach each class 700 -- 1000 square meters, much faster than the reinforced concrete structure. In recent years, expansion of the market quickly. Tall steel structure of the composite price is higher than the reinforced concrete structure similar 4% -- 5%, but the seismic performance and Construction is fast, especially in high-rise buildings to be used. In November 1997 the Ministry of Construction issued the "China Building Technology Policy", made clear that development of steel construction, construction steel and construction steel construction technology specific requirements, China's long-term practice of "reasonable Steel" policy to "encourage Steel" policy. Steel will promote the popularization and application play a positive role.（4）the steel industry will see a number of characteristics with the strength of the professional design institutes, research institutes, output over 200,000 tons of large-scale steel factories, dozens of first-class technology and advanced equipment to the construction and installation enterprises。

钢结构的应用前景外文翻译

钢结构的应用前景外文翻译

钢结构英文翻译对照

结构稳定理论之钢结构设计论文英文版

钢结构工程施工_英文

浅谈钢结构的应用和前景

钢结构工程施工项目英文

钢结构毕业设计论文(中英)

钢结构桥梁中英文对照外文翻译文献

钢结构的英文作文

钢结构专业英语翻译短文1

钢结构的应用

钢结构抗震中英文对照外文翻译文献

钢结构设计外文翻译参考文献

钢结构建筑在不同领域的应用案例分析

钢结构工程施工 英文

关于钢结构的英文作文

应用钢结构设计外文翻译

钢结构施工外文翻译

钢结构英语及翻译

钢结构工程施工英文