harvard reference写法标准及案例参考
论文哈佛大学引用标准格式
Harvard Referencing System GuideMotivation For This DocumentIn academic work, you are expected to follow certain rules of conduct in your study. Specifically, whenever you create an assignment, essay, presentation, group project, or other work which will be submitted for discussion or for evaluation, then your work needs to be of academic standard. Not doing so may cause your grade to be reduced significantly, perhaps even to the point of failure.“Academic standard” is quite a vague term and can be di fferent things to different people. However, for business students you can imagine that your work should try to emulate the work of other people in the field of business. In particular, this includes work which you see in professional journals, the work of your professors and the writers of your textbooks.Of course, you are not expected to be able to produce leading edge content in your work, but the format of your work should follow the same academic standard as professional writers in your field at least in terms of structure, referencing, and layout.This document only discusses the elements of referencing which are required for “Academic standard” work. Other elements of your work such as its structure and layout are also important, but these are not discussed here.Referencing can be done in many ways. For your programme, the standard method of referencing is the “Harvard System of References”. This system is very common world-wide, and is nearly universally understood. However in your professional career or in other other academic programmes, you may be required to use other systems of referencing. You are responsible for being aware of the local standards required in any work which you produce.In most reference systems, the idea is to leave the main text of your work uncluttered, but to still provide clear hints to the reader about where they can look for further information. Thus, most reference systems are actually implemented in two parts: a citation, and a bibliographic entry. A citation is just a shorthand marker that you insert into the body of your work to allow the reader to find a resource such as a book or an article or a television programme or whatever. The format for this is specified by the system of referencing you are using. In the case of the Harvard System, a citation looks like “Smith (2002)”. A bibliographic entry provides a complete description of the actual resource in a standard form. It contains just enough information for readers to find the resource for themselves. Again, the Harvard System of referencing has its own unique way of expressing this information.What This Document IsThis work is taken largely from an online guide to the Harvard System at the University of the West of England website (UWE, 2005).This is a guide to the Harvard System of References and is based on British Standards 1629:1989 and 5605:1990. As these standards do not yet include references to electronic resources we include our own recommendations for these below. These recommendations follow current common practice.This document provides a series of guidelines for citations (also known as attributions) and their accompanying bibliographic entries. These guidelines however are not completely rigid: you have some flexibility in how you do both citations and bibliographic entries. But it is important that you decide, within the flexibility allowed by the guidelines, your specific way of making them. Whatever that way is, you should be absolutely consistent within your work (i.e., within yourassignment/report/presentation). Inconsistency is sloppy and viewed as unprofessional. Of course, if your professor or supervisor imposes other constraints on you, then you should follow those as well.General Comments About Electronic ResourcesThe general recommendation for electronic resources is that you need to include all the usual information for print resources. In addition, you need to indicate that the resource is online, where it was found online, and when it was found online. Details of this are provided below.Furthermore, for any electronic resource which has a printed counterpart (e.g., an electronic book, or electronic newspaper, etc.), you should present the information in a similar way in both cases. For example, if your bibliographic entries to printed books includes the title of the book quoted and in italics (“like this”) then your bibliographic entry to electronic books should also present the title in the same way.Citation in the text of your work.IntroductionA citation is simply a reference to a resource. The resource could be a page in a book, a magazine article, a television programme, or even a telephone call. In the Harvard System, a citation is simply the author's name, plus the date of publication (though in the case of an authour who publishes more than one resource in a given year, you need to add an optional letter “a”, “b”, etc., to distinguish between these resources). This simple method lets you look up the bibliographic entry easily, and also lets you see directly who is being quoted or referenced. The full details of the resource (the title of the book and the publisher, for example) are provided in the bibliography section.Here is an example of a citation:...the work of Jones (1991a) shows that lipids are...When you write a report or give a presentation you include citations for a number of reasons:•As a shorthand method of allowing your readers to understand any background material which may be important in understanding your work.•As a way of giving credit to other people for their ideas, techniques, opinions, or theories•As a way of proving that statements you make have a foundation in reality (e.g., that your quotations were really made by some other persons, that the theories or results that you mention are really published somewhere, that the data you quote is real, etc.)•As a way of giving specific references to other data, ideas, techniques, opinions and theories which you are using in your work, so that other people can evaluate your work and/or compare it to the work of others.When do you create citations in your work? Here are some situations where you should create citations:•Whenever you mention a theory or a definition of a concept, you should provide a reference to the reader so that they can look up exactly what you mean. Ideallythe reference you choose would be one which provides further information onyour theory/concept, but perhaps also a general discussion of the area with othercompeting theories or alternative definitions.•Whenever you quote data that you did not gather yourself through primary research, then you need to say where you got it from, and you do this by citing the source of the data which you mention.•Whenever you mention an opinion or quotation of somebody else, you should provide a reference to the reader so they can look it up.Where do you create citations in your work? The citations you provide in your work are put into the text just after the place where the theory/concept/data/quotation/opinion (or whatever it is that needs explanation)It is important to note that every citation in your work should be linked to a corresponding bibliographic entry at the end of your work. In general, if you wish to cite a particular book at several places in your work (e.g, you reference a theory on p.17 of the book, a quotation from p.39 of the book, and some data from p.82 of the book), then you should:•make individual citations at each place in your work, and noting the page number in the book. e.g.,•...according to the theory of Smith (Smith, 1996, p.17)...•...and Smith (1996, p.39) stated: “economics is a pure science”, by which...•...but other data indicates that only 0.9% (Smith, 1996, p.82) of...•Make a single bibliographic entry describing the book. e.g.,•Smith, J. 1996. “Economics”. Toronto. University of Toronto Press. In general, don't duplicate your references.Primary Resources（第一手资料）Almost all of the time you will reference primary resources. “Primary resources” are simply resources which you have actually seen/heard/read. In the text of your work you make a reference to a primary resource simply by using the author's surname and year of publication. There are a number of equivalent ways to do this, depending on the style you wish to employ.If the author's name occurs naturally in a sentence, then just give the year in brackets:...as defined by Mintzberg (1983)If not, then both name and year are shown in brackets:In a recent study (Handy, 1987) management is described as..If the same author has published more than one cited document in the same year these are distinguished by lower case letters attached to the year of publication:Drucker (1989a)If there are two authors both names should be given before the date:Gremlin and Jenking (1981)...If there are three or more authors only the surname of the first author should be given, followed by 'et al.' (which is the short form of a phrase meaning, “and others”): Kotler et al. (1987)If the author is unknown, use ‘Anon.’ to indicate “anonymous author”:Anon. (1967)Secondary Resources（二手资料）In some cases you may wish to quote some resource that has been referred to in something you have read. This generally happens when the original resource is not available to you. Such resources are called “secondary resources”. Secondary resources should be avoided if at all possible.The general principle to follow in this case is that you must create a bibliographic entry to describe the primary resource (i.e., to the book which you have read). This bibliographic entry is done in the normal way. However, the citation in the body of your work will be a little different: you must cite both the secondary resource and the primary resource you have read.Here are some examples which will make this clearer:Examples:Rowley (1991) cites the work of Melack and Thompson (1971) whodeveloped the McGill Archaeology questionnaire.Melack and Thompson (1971, cited by Rowley 1991) developed the McGill Archaeology questionnaire.Rowley (1991, citing Melack and Thompson 1971) refers to the McGillArchaeology questionnaire.In each of these cases, in your list of references the work by Rowley would be the only one included.Creating Bibliographic References.（建立参考书目格式）Every citation in your work will link to exactly one bibliographic entry. However, onebibliographic entry might be linked to many citations.Where do you put your bibliographic entries? In the Harvard System, they are all placed in one sectio n of your work, usually titled something like “Bibliography” or “References”. The Bibliography section follows the main body of your work.Format of the Bibliography Section（参考书目的格式）The format of the bibliography section is quite simple. It begins with something which announces that this is the bibliography section. For example, a title at the top of the first page, “Bibliography” which is in larger type and centred on the page. Or, a separate page with the title “References” in large type and centre d on the page. In either case, following this section heading are the bibliographic entries.In the Harvard System, the bibliographic entries are listed in sorted order. The sorting is done based on the following elements, in order of importance:•the first author's surname.•The first author's initials.•The date of publication.•An optional letter (a,b,c,d,...) distinguishing different publications by the same author in the same year.You will note that these elements are the same ones which make up the citation which you will use in the body of your work. This makes a clear link between any citation in the body of your work, and the bibliographic entries. Some examples will make this clear:Anderson, B. 2005. “...”Jones, H. 2004. “...”Jones, Q. 1996. “...”Jones, Q., 1999. “...”Jones, Q., 1999a. “...”Jones, Q., 1999b. “...”Smith, A. 1762. “...”Between each bibliographic entry you should normally insert a little space to allow the reader to see where one entry ends and another one begins. For example, a blank line or blank half line between entries would make your bibliography easier to read. All modern word processing software can do this for you.When you are doing research, you should collect references to each kind of material in a consistent way. If there is a resource to which you wish to make a reference, but is of a kind which is not mentioned here, then you should consult a more detailed source. There are many such sources available on the internet.Individual Bibliographic Entries（建立可供读者查阅的参考书目格式）The most important principle in making references is that the reader should be able tolocate the resource solely from the bibliographic information that you have provided. The rest of this section describes what information needs to be provided when creating bibliographic references for different kinds of resources.Note that electronic versions of resources (e.g., electronic books or articles) which can be also found in other media (e.g., printed) are referenced through bibliographic entries which are identical to their non-electronic counterparts, but with a somewhat standard additional part. Thus, an online book would be referenced as for a printed book, but would have in addition to the information needed for a printed book the following: After Title:“[online]”After Remainder of Bibliographic Entry:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Reference to a book or a report.（书、报告）You need to provide the following information, in order:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title. (in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Edition. (if not the first).Publisher.Place of publication.Plus for electronic resources the following phrases and data:After Title:“[online]”After Place of Publication:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（书）HEMINGWAY, E., 2003. Better reading French: a reader and guide toimproving your understanding of written French. : McGraw-Hill.DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 2002. National service framework fordiabetes: delivery strategy. : Department of Health.Online Examples:HEMINGWAY, E., 2003. Better reading French: a reader and guide toimproving your understanding of written French [online]. : McGraw-Hill.Available from: [Accessed 25 August 2004].DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 2002. National service framework fordiabetes: delivery strategy [online]. : Department of Health. Available from: /assetRoot/04/03/28/23/04032823.pdf [Accessed 5May 2004].For books without individual authors use ANON.Example:ANON. 1991. Turbo assembler: users' guide version 2.0. , CA: Borland. Reference to a contribution in a book.（注释）The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Contribution.“eds.” List o f Editor(s)for each editor: Editor's surname, followed by Editor's initials “in” Title of Book (in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Edition. (if not the first).Publisher.Place of publication.Page numbers of contribution.Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（注释）SMITH, C.,1980. Problems of information studies in history. In: S. STONE, ed. Humanities information research. : CRUS, 1980, pp 27-30.WESTMORLAND, L., 2000. Taking the flak: operational policing, fear and violence. In: G. LEE-TREWEEK, ed. Danger in the field: risk and ethics in social research [online]. : Routledge, pp 26-42. Available from:/ [Accessed 25 May 2004].NOTE: When referring to specific pages in a book 'pp' is used. Use 'p' if referring to a single page.Reference to a journal article.（期刊）Some journal articles are published in print only, some in print and online (of which someare exact copies and some will appear in a different format), and some online only. In all cases, the version you cite should be the version that you have seen.The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Article.Title of Journal.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Volume NumberPart Number. (in brackets).Page numbers. (optional)Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（期刊）NICOLLE, L.,1990. Data protection: laying down the law. ManagementComputing, 13(12), pp 48-49, 52.CHRISTENSEN, P., 2004. The health-promoting family: a conceptualframework for future research. “Social Science and Medicine” [online],59(2), pp 223-243. Available from:/science/journal/02779536 [Accessed 5 May 2004].SANDLER, M.P., 2003. The art of publishing methods. “Journal of Nuclear Medicine” [online], 44, pp 661-662. Available from:/content/vol44/issue5/index.shtml [Accessed 5May 2004].C.M., KROESEN, K., et al., 2004. Complementary and alternativemedicine: a concept map. “BMC Complementary and AlternativeMedicine” [online] 4:2 (13 February 2004). Available from:/content/pdf/1472-6882-4-2.pdf [Accessed 5 May 2004].Reference to a newspaper article.（报纸）The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Article.Title of Newspaper.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Date Published.Page numbers. (optional)Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（报纸）BOOTH, J., 2004. Blair plans annual UK-China summit. Guardian [online]11 May, p 6. Available from:/guardian/2004/05/11/pdfs/gdn_040511_brd_6 _2263446.pdf [Accessed 25 May 2004].HASSELL, N., 2004. Gilts investors take profits. Times [online] 10 August.Available from: /xchange-international[Accessed 8 August 2004].Reference to a conference paper.（会议论文）The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of contribution“in” (in italics)List of Editor(s) of the Conference Proceedingsfor each editor: Editor's surname, followed by Editor's initials.Title of Conference Proceedings.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Date of Conference.Place of Conference.Publisher (if known)Page numbers.Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（会议论文）SILVER, K.,1989. Electronic mail the new way to communicate. In: D.I.RAITT, ed. 9th International Information Meeting, 3-5 December 1988. :Learned Information, pp 323-330.Reference to an Act of Government.（政府法案）Reader needs to know:Name of Issuing BodyYear of PublicationName of Act (in italics and/or underline and/or quoted)Other Identifier Numbers/Codes/Chapter NumbersPlace of PublicationPublisher.Example:（政府法案）Parliament. 2002. Football (disorder) (Amendment) Act 2002. Chapter 12. : The Stationery Office.Reference to a Command paper.（行政公文）Reader needs to know:Name of Committee/Department/Working Group/CommissionYear of PublicationTitle (in italics and/or underlined and/or in quotes)Place of PublicationPublisher.Other Identifying Codes, if any, in brackets.Example:（行政公文）Department of Trade and Industry. 2001. Productivity and enterprise: aworld class competition regime. : The Stationery Office. (Cm 5233). Reference to a thesis.（论文）Use similar method to a book.Example:LEVINE, D.,1993. A parallel genetic algorithm for the set partitioningproblem. Ph.D. thesis, Illinois Institute of Technology.Reference to a film, video and television broadcast.（电影、视频和电视广播）The reference for films and videos should include: title, year, material designation, subsidiary originator (director is preferred), production details - place: organisation. Example:。
Harvard referencing 3 哈佛大学参考文献格式指导 - (世界顶尖大学专用版)
References/BibliographyHarvard StyleBased on Style manual for authors, editors and printers/ revised by Snooks & Co. 2002Quick guide - How to USE IT•There are various ways of setting out references / bibliographies for an assignment.NOTE •Before you write your list of references/bibliography check with yourlecturer/tutor for the bibliographic style preferred by the AcademicDepartment.•The following are examples of one style previously known as the Harvard style based on AGPS style but now revised by Snooks & Co, 2002. The style is based on the author-date system for books, articles and “non-books”.•Your bibliography should identify an item (e.g. book, journal article, cassette tape, film, or internet site) in sufficient detail so that others may identify it and consult it.•Your bibliography should appear at the end of your essay/report with entries listed alphabetically.•If you have used sources from the Internet, these should be listed in your bibliography.FOR A BOOKThe details required in order are:1. name/s of author/s, editor/s, compiler/s or the institution responsible2. year of publication3. title of publication and subtitle if any (all titles must be underlined or italicised)4. series title and individual volume if any5. edition, if other than first6. publisher7. place of publication8. page number(s) if applicable• One authorBerkman, RI 1994, Find it fast: how to uncover expert information on any subject, HarperPerennial, New York.Explanation of above citation• Two or more authorsCengel, YA & Boles, MA 1994, Thermodynamics: an engineering approach, 2nd edn,McGraw Hill, London.Cheek, J, Doskatsch, I, Hill, P & Walsh, L 1995, Finding out: information literacy for the21st century, MacMillan Education Australia, South Melbourne.• Editor(s)Pike, ER & Sarkar, S (eds) 1986, Frontiers in quantum optics, Adam Hilger, Bristol.Jackson, JA (ed.) 1997, Glossary of geology, 4th edn, American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Va.• Sponsored by institution, corporation or other organisationInstitution of Engineers, Australia 1994, Code of ethics, Institution of Engineers, Australia, Barton,A.C.T.• SeriesBhattacharjee, M 1998, Notes of infinite permutation groups, Lecture notes in mathematicsno.1698, Springer, New York.• EditionZumdahl, SS 1997, Chemistry, 4th edn, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.• Chapter or part of a book to which a number of authors have contributedBernstein, D 1995, ‘Transportation planning’, in WF Chen (ed.), The civil engineering handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton.• No author or editorKempe's engineer's year-book 1992, Morgan-Grampian, London.The details required, in order, are:1. author2. year of submission3. title4. name of degree5. name of institution issuing degree6. location of institutionExelby, HRA 1997, ‘Aspects of gold and mineral liberation’, PhD thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane.The details required, in order, are:1. name/s of author/s of the article2. year of publication3. title of article, in single quotation marks4. title of periodical (underlined or italicised)5. volume number6. issue (or part) number7. page number(s)• Journal articleHuffman, LM 1996, ‘Processing whey protein for use as a food ingredient’, Food Technology,vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 49-52.Explanation of above citation• Conference paper (published)Bourassa, S 1999, ‘Effects of child care on young children’, Proceedings of the third annual meeting of the International Society for Child Psychology, International Society for Child Psychology, Atlanta, Georgia, pp. 44-6. (Example from Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002)• Conference paper (unpublished)Bowden, FJ & Fairley, CK 1996, ‘Endemic STDs in the Northern Territory: estimations ofeffective rates of partner change’, paper presented to the scientific meeting of the RoyalAustralian College of Physicians, Darwin, 24-25 June. (Example from Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002)• Newspaper articleSimpson, L 1997, ‘Tasmania’s railway goes private‘, Australian Financial Review, 13 October, p. 10.The details required are the same as for a book, with the form of the item (eg videorecording, tape, computer file, etc.) indicated after the year.Get the facts (and get them organised)Williamstown, Vic.Dr Brain thinking gamesThe details required, in order, are:1. corporate body issuing standard2. year of publication3. title of standard4. number of standard including identifier of issuing country or body5. publisher of standard6. place of publicationInternational Organization for Standardization 1982, Steels - Classification - Part 1: Classification of steels into unalloyed and alloy steels based on chemical composition, ISO 4948-1:1982,International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.The details required, in order, are:1. name/s of inventor/s2. date of issue3. title of patent4. number of patent, including country of issueCookson, AH 1985, Particle trap for compressed gas insulated transmission systems, US Patent 4554399.The details required, in order, are:1. issuing body2. date3. title of map4. series5. publisher6. place of publicationDepartment of Mines and Energy, Queensland 1996, Dotswood, Australia 1:100 000 Geological Series, Sheet 8158, Department of Mines and Energy, Queensland, Brisbane.•This could include sources from full text compact disk products, electronic journals or other sources from the Internet.•The basic form of the citations follow the principles listed for print sources (see above)1. name/s of author/s2. date of publication Note: If you cannot establish the date of publication, use n.d. (nodate).3. title of publication4. edition, if other than first5. type of medium, if necessary6. date item viewed7. name or site address on internet (if applicable)Weibel, S 1995, ‘Metadata: the foundations of resource description’, D-lib Magazine, viewed 7January 1997, </dlib/July95/07weibel.html>.ASTEC 1994, The networked nation, Australian Science, Technology and Engineering Council,Canberra, viewed 7 May 1997, <.au/astec/net_nation/contents.html>.• If no author is given, the title is used as the first element of a citation.Dr Brain thinking games 1998, CD-ROM, Knowledge Adventure Inc., Torrance, California.Information obtained by interview, telephone call, letter, email, etc. should be documented in the text. “Details of a personal communication do not need to be included in a reference list” i.e. You may not need to include personal communications in the list of references at the end of the essay.When interviewed on 15 June 1995, Dr Peter Jones explained that …This was later verbally confirmed (P Jones 1995, pers. comm., 15 June).There are variations on documents produced by government agencies.The following example includes both the name of the sponsoring agency and the specific author.Department of Veterans’ Affairs 2000, Payments to Vietnam veterans: a summary, report prepared by S Baslum, Department of Veteran Affairs, Canberra.The following example requires the name of the sponsoring agency only.Institution of Engineers, Australia 1994, Code of ethics, Institution of Engineers, Australia, Barton,A.C.T.• In an author-date, a textual citation generally requires only the name of the author(s) and the year of publication (and specific page(s) if necessary).• This may appear at the end of a sentence, before the full stop.• Alternatively, the author’s surname may be integrated into the text, followed by the year of publication in parentheses.• The full reference must be listed at the end of your essay.• If two or more works by different authors are cited at the same time, separate them with a semicolon.• If two or more works by the same author are cited at the same time, do not repeat the author's name. Separate the years of publication by a comma.• If there are more than two works by the same author, published in the same year, add the letters 'a', 'b', etc. to the year to distinguish the works. Also add these letters to the year in the list ofreferences at the end of the essay.• If there are more than three authors, list only the first, followed by 'et al.'• If you cannot establish the year of publication, use 'n.d.' (no date).ExamplesIt is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable (Moir & Jessel 1991).It is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable (Moir & Jessel 1991, p. 94).Moir and Jessel (1991) have shown that it is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable.Moir and Jessel (1991, pp. 93-4) have shown that it is futile to maintain that the sexes areinterchangeable.The implications for land degradation have been much debated (Malinowski, Miller & Gupta 1995;Thomson 1999).Subsequent investigation confirmed these results (Watson & Clark 1996, 1998).Public housing remains a neglected area (ACOSS 1997a, 1997b).Other researchers have questioned these findings (Larson et al. 1987).Recent advances have been made in this area (Bolton n.d.).NOTE: • A list of references contains details only of those works cited in the text.• A bibliography includes sources not cited in the text but which are relevant to the subject, listed alphabeticallyIf you require further information, refer to:For print sources Snooks & Co 2002, Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, rev.Snooks & Co., John Wiley & Sons, Canberra.For electronic sourcesLi, X & Crane, N 1993, Electronic style: a guide to writing electronic information,Meckler, Westport.Ask at the Information Desk in any Branch Library or check theLibrary’s Web Page ~ .au/useit/Updated 19 May 2003。
哈佛reference 格式
哈佛reference 格式
在学术研究中，参考文献是一种合理、系统地表明文献整合活动的重要书写形式。
全世界学术界普遍认可哈佛参考文献格式（Harvard Reference Style），它是在国际学术出版行业19世纪80年代由哈佛大学出版社首次推出的参考文献格式，目前已被广泛用于出版物的整理格式，特别是英语国家的学术出版物。
首先，哈佛参考文献格式中的参考文献要求内容完整、准确、系统，因此会有较为详细的标题、著者、出版者、出版发行、出版日期等要求。
另外，它还有一个独特的标记功能，即在文中内容引用外部文献时，可以在括号内写上对应文献的标号，从而实现对文中引用外部文献的直接索引。
在哈佛参考文献格式中，文献分类又分为三类：书籍、期刊文献和网络文献。
其中，书籍参考文献要求给出书籍的作者、书名、出版日期以及出版信息等；期刊文献要求给出文章的发表者、文章的题目、期刊名称及出版日期、页码等；而网络文献要求给出网页地址、发布者、发布日期、出版日期、可用性等。
同时，哈佛参考文献格式还规定了文献书写格式：引用文献所有信息的排列方式以及之间的空格和括号的使用。
书籍中，必须提及作者、书名、出版商；期刊文献中，必须提及作者、文献标题、期刊名称等；网络文献中，必须提及发布者、文献题目、网址等。
以上就是哈佛参考文献格式的基本内容，这是一种完善的学术参考文献书写形式，它结构完整、内容丰富，不仅可以反映文献整
合活动，还可以更好地反映书写人对文献的研究角度，使文献更具著作价值和学术价值。
哈佛参考文献格式将使学术书写更加完善，为研究者提供更加方便的参考依据。
Harvard(哈佛)格式标注参考文献
LoginSearch for:Print viewAdministratorsChicago Press, Chicago, IL.Patton, M.Q. (1990), Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods , 2nd ed., Sage, Newbury Park, CA.A chapter from an edited bookSurname, A.N.(year of publication)"Title of chapter"in Editor surname, initials (Ed.)Title of BookEditionPublisherPlace of publicationChapter page numbers.ExampleBourdieu, P.(1977), "The forms of capital", in Richardson, J.G. (Ed.), Handbook of Theory and Researchfor the Sociology of Education, Greenwood Press, New York, NY, pp. 311-56.A translated workSurname, A.N.(year of publication)Title of BookEditionTranslated by Translator name, initialsPublisherPlace of publication.ExampleBourdieu, P. (1977), Outline of a Theory of Practice, translated by Nice, R., Cambridge University Press,Cambridge.Journal articlesSurname, A.N.(year of publication)"Article title"Journal TitleVolume number, Issue number (if it exists)Article page numbers.ExampleBaron, R.M. and Kenny, D.A. (1986), "The moderator-mediator variable distinction in socialpsychological research", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 51, pp. 1173-82.Guthrie, J. and Parker, L. (1997) "Editorial: Celebration, reflection and a future: a decade of AAAJ",Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal , Vol. 10 No.1, pp. 3-8Electronic sourcesNB this refers to a source which is only available electronically, and not to sources which you may have accessed electronically but which are also available in print form, such as an article from an Emerald journal accessed via the Web.These follow the same convention of referencing as for printed sources, but include elements unique to the Web: Name(year of publication)"Article title"available at: full url(accessed date)For the last two elements, please try to remember the following conventions:When giving the url, "http://" should only be included if the address does not include "www"(accessed date) is important because of the lack of permanence of Internet sites.ExampleBetter Business Bureau (2001), "Third-party assurance boosts online purchasing", available at:/about/press/2001/101701.asp (accessed 7 January 2002).Hummingbird (2002), Hummingbird corporate website, available at: (accessed 2January 2002).Leeds Metropolitan University (2002), "Business Start-Up@Leeds Met", available at:/city/bus_startup.htmPitkow, J. and Kehoel, C. (1997), "GVU's WWW user surveys", available at: Ballantyne, D. (2000), "Dialogue and knowledge generation: two sides of the same coin in relationshipmarketing", paper presented at the 2nd WWW Conference on Relationship Marketing, November 1999-February 2000, Monash University and MCB University Press, available at:/services/conferen/nov99/rm/paper3.htmlAn electronic journal would be referenced as follows:Surname, A.N.(year of publication)"Article title"Journal TitleVolume number, Issue numberArticle page numbersAvailable at: url(accessed date)ExampleSwaminathan, V., Lepkoswka-White, E. and Rao, B.P. (1999), "Browsers or buyers in cyberspace? Aninvestigation of electronic factors influencing electronic exchange", Journal of Computer-MediatedCommunication, Vol. 5 No. 2, available at: www. / jcmc/vol5/ issue2/Conference papersSome papers may not be published in journals but may be delivered at a conference and then published as part of the proceedings of that conference, in which case, use one of the following styles as appropriate.ExampleLodi, E., Veseley, M. and Vigen, J. (2000), "Link managers for grey literature", New Frontiers in GreyLiterature, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Grey Literature, Washington, DC, October4-5, 1999, GreyNet, Amsterdam, pp. 116-34.Naude, P. and Holland, C. (1998), "Marketing in the information domain", in Halinen-Kaila, A. andNummela, N. (Eds), Interaction, Relationships and Networks: Visions for the Future, Proceedings of the14th Annual IMP Conference, pp. 245-62.Stauss, B. and Weinlich, B. (1995), "Process-oriented measurement of service quality by applying thesequential incident technique", paper presented at the Fifth Workshop on Quality Management inServices, EIASM, Tilburg.Strandvik, T. and Storbacka, K. (1996), "Managing relationship quality", paper presented at the QUIS5Quality in Services Conference, University of Karlstad, Karlstad.As you see, some of the above references give the date of the conference, others do not; if in doubt, follow the convention used by the conference.Government or commercial reportsParticularly when writing a case study, you may want to refer to company or government documents. In which case, the organization may become the author and the form of entry would be as follows:Organization name(year of publication)Title of reportPublisher and place of publication (may be same as author).ExampleApollo Enterprises (1993), Annual Report , p. 8.Ernst and Ernst (1978), Social Responsibility Disclosure: 1978 Survey, Ernst and Ernst, Cleveland, OH.Bank of England (2003), Quarterly Report on Small Business Statistics, Bank of England, London.Department for Trade and Industry (DTI) (2002), White Paper on Enterprise, Skills and Innovation, DTI,London.European Commission (1998), Fostering Entrepreneurship in Europe: Priorities for the Future, EuropeanCommission, Brussels.Yorkshire Forward (1999), Regional Economic Strategy, Yorkshire Forward, Leeds...Some guidelines to remember for all source typesIf all the above seems complicated, it's worth remembering that the Harvard system is actually quite logical. Bear in mind the following guidelines:The entry always begins with the author's surname, followed by initials, followed by the date in brackets.Authors' surnames and initials are always inverted, i.e. Other, A.N. (whether you are referring to the author of anarticle/chapter, or the editor of the work within which the work is found).If more than one entry by the same author, put in order of dates.Publications, whether book or journal titles, are always in italic, with significant words only capitalized. Make sure that the journal title is exactly the same, e.g. use of &/and.Excerpts from publications, i.e. book chapters, journal articles, always come in "quotes", with only the first word, proper names, and German nouns, capitalized.The name of the publisher is shown before the place of publication (as it would be in an address). Abbreviations for US states should be in short capitalized form, e.g. CA, MA, rather than Ca., Mass., and should be added as necessary.Electronic references follow the same conventions as printed ones, followed by "available at:" and the URL. Only retain "http://" if the address does NOT include www. Also, state the date when last accessed (accessed ...).Use commas to separate elements of the entry.。
哈佛体系reference格式
哈佛体系reference格式
哈佛参考文献格式，也称为哈佛引用格式，是一种常见的文献引用格式。
它最早发源于清华大学发行的“黑塞和黑塞词典”，由麻省理工学院的著名的文献管理专家拉尔夫罗素提出，被广泛应用于学术论文中。
哈佛参考文献格式在拉尔夫罗素引用文献格式基础上，加入了更多关于电子出版物、计算机程序和图片等新媒体的参考文献，能够照顾到当代多样化的文献参考需求。
二、哈佛引用格式的特点
1、引用格式具有一致性：哈佛引用格式坚持只使用一种引用格式，使文献引用更加统一，使其他人更容易理解文章中的引用。
2、引用格式更新迅速：哈佛参考文献格式与不断发展的新媒体保持同步更新，以适应当今多样化的文献引用需求。
3、引用融入文本：哈佛引用格式要求引用内容融入文章的段落中，而不是单独引用，使文献引用更加紧凑，更加有说服力。
4、引用格式清晰明了：哈佛引用格式用字母或数字表示出文献引用顺序，使文章中的引用顺序更加清晰明了。
三、哈佛引用格式的应用
1、学术论文：哈佛参考文献格式在学术论文中应用十分普遍，论文作者可以使用此格式对文献引证进行统一管理，使参考文献更加规范完整，使文章表达更加严谨。
2、科技文凭：在科技文凭的课程描述中，哈佛引用格式也有着广泛的应用，使文凭更具可信度。
3、会议论文：在各类会议发布的论文中，哈佛引用格式也有着广泛的应用，使论文的引用内容更加严谨。
四、结论
从上面可以看出，哈佛参考文献格式在学术论文、科技文凭、会议论文等文献参考方面的应用十分普遍，值得我们深入学习和掌握。
哈佛参考文献格式采用统一的格式进行引用，能够使文献引用更加规范，使参考文献的内容更加完整，也为文献参考带来了很大的便利。
哈弗参考文献格式harvard referencing
Harvard referencing: a guide for SoM students IntroductionAcademic work demands that you consider the work of other writers and researchers. To use their work without acknowledgement is to steal the ideas of other people and is called plagiarism.You should acknowledge the sources which have informed your work by citing them in the text of your work, and referencing them at the end of your essay, project report, dissertation or thesis. Otherwise, you run the risk of being accused of academic misconduct.There are several widely used methods for writing references. The School of Management uses the Harvard system. If you do not use this method properly you will lose marks.What sources of information should I be reading?Before you use any document, you should consider the quality of the information it provides. Articles published in refereed academic journals are the most authoritative, because they have been through a thorough checking process known as peer review. Books may not have been checked so rigorously by their publishers. Articles in newspapers and trade magazines are not checked as carefully as those in refereed academic journals so may not be as reliable. And information found on the Internet needs to be treated with caution, as anyone can put material there, accurate or otherwise!How do I put a citation in my text?To avoid being accused of plagiarism, you need to put a citation in the text you are writing whenever you mention another person’s work. This applies whether you are summarising or paraphrasing their ideas or quoting their words directly.Basically, all you need to do is to write the author’s or editor’s surname and the year of publication like this (Hales, 1986) or like this as discussed by Hales (1986). You may sometimes have a corporate author, rather than a personal author, like this (British Retail Consortium, 2007). If you have used two documents by the same author published in the same year, distinguish them by adding a suffix like this (Lowe, 2005a; Lowe, 2005b). If there are two or more authors or editors for a document, put them all in your citation like this (Riley, Ladkin and Szivas, 2002). If you want to cite several works together, because they all support your argument about a particular point, list them chronologically, and if there is more than one for a particular year put those in alphabetical order, like this (Hales, 1986; Wrigley and Lowe, 1996; Howard, 2001; Sigala, Lockwood and Jones, 2001; Riley, Ladkin and Szivas, 2002; Lowe, 2005b; Key Note, 2006; Lee-Kelley, 2006; Sadler-Smith, 2006).If you are quoting another author’s words, it is important that you make this clear by using quotation marks and including the page numbers in your citation like this “Many businesses now operate in a knowledge economy that is networked, digital, virtual, fast-moving, global and uncertain.” (Sadler-Smith, 2006, p.30).How do I write a reference?The full reference for each of the documents you have cited in your text should be put in a list of references at the end of your work.For a journal article, you need to include the author or authors (surname followed by initials), the year of publication (and suffix if used) (in brackets), the title of the article (in quotation marks), the name of the journal (in italics), the volume number, the part or issue number (in brackets), and the page numbers (use p. for one page, pp. for more than one page).Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003a) "The effects of waitexpectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing, 79(4), pp.259-268.For some journals, you may have to put the date instead of the volume and part numbers.Howard, M. (2001) "If it ain't broke, don't fix it", Financial Management, May, p.14.Pettit, L. (2005) "Forte at sixty", Caterer and Hotelkeeper, 8 December, pp.26-30.For a book, you need to include the authors or editors (use ed. in brackets for one editor, eds. for more than one editor), the year of publication, the title of the book (in italics), the edition (except for the 1st edition; use edn. for edition), the place of publication, and the publisher.Bender, D.A. and Bender, A.E. (1999) Bender's dictionary of nutrition and foodtechnology. 7th edn. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing.Wrigley, N. and Lowe, M.S. (eds.) (1996) Retailing, consumption and capital:towards the new retail geography. Harlow: Longman.For a chapter in an edited book, you need to include the author of the chapter, the date of publication, the title of the chapter (in quotation marks), the word in, the editor of the book, the title of the book (in italics), the edition, the place of publication, the publisher, and the page numbers of the chapter.Baxter, I. and Chippindale, C. (2005) "Managing Stonehenge: the tourism impact and the impact on tourism", in Sigala, M. and Leslie, D. (eds.) International culturaltourism: management, implications and cases. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, pp.137-150.If you used an electronic version of a journal article or a book, you should also include the name of the online database (in italics), the word Online [in square brackets], the phrase Available at followed by the URL, and the word Accessed followed by the date you read the document (in brackets).Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003b) "The effects of waitexpectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing, 79(4), pp.259-268. ScienceDirect[Online]. Available at: (Accessed: 26 November 2007).Sadler-Smith, E. (2006) Learning and development for managers: perspectives from research and practice. Oxford: Blackwell. NetLibrary [Online]. Available at: (Accessed: 22 November 2007).For a web page, you need to include the author, the date of publication (or last updated), the title, the URL, and the date you read the document.Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (2007) Whistleblowing. Available at: /subjects/empreltns/whistleblw/whistle.htm?IsSrchRes=1(Accessed: 30 November 2007).What should my list of references look like?Something like this. Note that all types of publication are included in a single list, and that the list is arranged alphabetically.Baxter, I. and Chippindale, C. (2005) "Managing Stonehenge: the tourism impact and the impact on tourism", in Sigala, M. and Leslie, D. (eds.) International cultural tourism: management, implications and cases. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, pp.137-150.Bender, D.A. and Bender, A.E. (1999) Bender's dictionary of nutrition and food technology. 7th edn. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing.British Retail Consortium (2007) British Retail Consortium 2007. Norwich: The Stationery Office.Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (2007) Whistleblowing. Available at: /subjects/empreltns/whistleblw/whistle.htm?IsSrchRes=1 (Accessed: 30 November 2007).Chef2Chef Culinary Portal (2007) Available at: / (Accessed: 4 December 2007).Egmond, T. van (1999) Het verschijnsel toerisme: verleden, heden, toekomst. Leiden: Toerboek.Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003a) "The effects of wait expectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing, 79(4), pp.259-268.Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003b) "The effects of wait expectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing, 79(4), pp.259-268. ScienceDirect [Online]. Available at: (Accessed: 26 November 2007).Hales, C.P. (1986) "What do managers do?: a critical review of the evidence", Journal of Management Studies, 23(1), pp.88-115.Howard, M. (2001) "If it ain't broke, don't fix it", Financial Management, May, p.14.Key Note (2006) Mobile telecommunications: market report. Hampton: Key Note. Leatherhead Food International (no date) FoodlineWeb. Available at:/FoodWeb/ (Accessed: 4 December 2007).Lee-Kelley, E. (2006) Trust and identification in the virtual team : exploring the bases of trust and the processes of intra-group identification. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Surrey.Lowe, M.S. (2005a) "The regional shopping centre in the inner city: a study of retail-led urban regeneration", Urban Studies, 42(3), pp.449-470.Lowe, M.S. (2005b), "Revitalizing inner city retail?: the impact of the West Quay development on Southampton", International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 33(9), pp.658-668.Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2005) Cite them right: the essential guide to referencing and plagiarism. Newcastle upon Tyne: Pear Tree Books.Pettit, L. (2005) "Forte at sixty", Caterer and Hotelkeeper, 8 December, pp.26-30.Riley, M., Ladkin, A. and Szivas, E. (2002) Tourism employment: analysis and planning. Clevedon: Channel View.Sadler-Smith, E. (2006) Learning and development for managers: perspectives from research and practice. Oxford: Blackwell. NetLibrary [Online]. Available at: (Accessed: 22 November 2007).Sigala, M., Lockwood, A. and Jones, P. (2001) "Strategic implementation and IT: gaining competitive advantage from the hotel reservations process", International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 13(7), pp.364-371.Wrigley, N. and Lowe, M.S. (eds.) (1996) Retailing, consumption and capital: towards the new retail geography. Harlow: Longman.What do I do if there is no author?If there is no obvious personal author or corporate author, the title can be used instead, both as the citation in your text (Chef2Chef Culinary Portal, 2007) and in your reference list.Chef2Chef Culinary Portal (2007) Available at: / (Accessed: 4December 2007).What do I do if there is no date of publication?If there is no obvious date of publication, you should put (no date).Leatherhead Food International (no date) FoodlineWeb. Available at:/FoodWeb/ (Accessed: 4 December 2007).Can I include documents in languages other than English?Yes, these should be included in their original language.Egmond, T. van (1999) Het verschijnsel toerisme: verleden, heden, toekomst. Leiden: Toerboek.What about other types of publication, such as newspaper articles, company reports, and market research reports?There is a longer list of examples of references at/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/LIBRARY/FINDING/BIBREFS/HARVARD %20REFERENCING%20SOM.PDF. This covers all the types of publication that are likely to be used by management students, including custom textbooks, conference papers, law reports, and theses and dissertations. For further information, see a book by Pears and Shields (2005).Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2005) Cite them right: the essential guide to referencing and plagiarism. Newcastle upon Tyne: Pear Tree Books.What is secondary referencing?There may be occasions when you want to mention someone’s work which has been referred to in a document you have read, even though you haven’t actually read the ori ginal piece of work yourself. This is known as secondary referencing.In your text you might say something like this. Barney in 1999, quoted by Sadler-Smith (2006, p.30), said that ... . In your list of references you should include Sadler-Smith but not Barney. If anyone wants to read Barney’s document, they will be able to find the details of it in Sadler-Smith’s list of references.What is a bibliography? And how does it differ from a list of references?A bibliography is a comprehensive list of all the documents published on a particular subject. The list of references that you put at the end of your academic work should only include the documents that you have read for that particular piece of work. Check that everything you have cited in your text (except secondary references) is included in your list of references, and that everything in your list of references has been cited in your text.I’m worried that I haven’t done my references properly. Do you have any further advice?The purpose of writing a reference for a document you have read is to enable someone else to find a copy of the same document. So check that the details you have given are correct and complete. In particular, double check the spelling of the author’s name and the accuracy of volume numbers, page numbers, dates and URLs. And make sure you have made a note of all the details you need for the reference, while you have the original document in front of you - if you photocopy a chapter from a book and forget to write down which book it came from, you could waste a lot of time later trying to find out which book it was!。
参考文献格式harvard latex
标题：深度解析Harvard参考文献格式及其在LaTeX中的应用在学术圈中，参考文献的格式化和引用规范一直备受重视。
在众多格式中，Harvard风格的参考文献格式以其简洁清晰、易于阅读和使用而备受青睐。
为了更好地掌握这一格式，以及在学术写作中的应用，本文将从Harvard参考文献格式的基本规则、在LaTeX中的实现、以及个人观点和理解等方面展开讨论。
一、Harvard参考文献格式的基本规则1. 作者姓氏+出版年份根据Harvard格式，参考文献的引用通常是将作者的姓氏和出版年份放在括号中，用以标注引用的具体信息。
例如：(Smith, 2010)2. 引用格式在论文或学术著作中，需要按照Harvard格式援引他人观点或研究成果，强调引文标注的准确性和规范性。
此时，要根据作者的姓氏和出版年份将引文放在括号中。
比如：“……(Smith, 2010)认为……”3. 文献列表在参考文献的列举中，需要按照作者的姓氏首字母的顺序进行排列，并包括详细的出版信息。
比如书籍的引用格式为：“Smith, J. (2010). Title. Publisher.”二、Harvard参考文献格式在LaTeX中的应用在LaTeX中，可以通过一些特定的包实现Harvard参考文献格式的自动化管理，极大地提高了写作效率和质量。
其中，最常用的包包括natbib和apacite等。
使用这些包，可以轻松地实现文中引用格式和参考文献列表的自动生成，极大地减轻了作者的工作负担。
三、个人观点和理解在我看来，Harvard参考文献格式以其简洁明了、方便规范的特点在学术写作中发挥着重要作用。
它不仅使得读者能够清晰地了解引用信息的来源和时间，同时也方便了作者对文献进行管理和归纳。
在LaTeX中的应用更是提高了写作效率，使得学术著作更加规范和专业。
总结Harvard参考文献格式作为一种简洁规范的引用规范，在学术写作中扮演着重要的角色。
通过LaTeX的应用，更是使得其在学术著作中的使用变得更加便捷和高效。
哈佛引用格式（文字版）
1.文内引用格式无论是否直接引用还是改写，只要不是你自己的观点，都必须在文中以及reference页上面说明。
文内引用主要是需要注明作者及年份。
比如说你引用或改写了一段别人的作品，作者的名字是James Robert，日期为1992，但根据不同的表达方式，格式略有不同（1）如果作者没有很自然的在正文中出现，则需要在括号中写上作者的姓以及日期（姓，日期）There is some evidence (Jones, 1992) that these figures are incorrect.（2）如果作者的姓或名字出现在正文中，则在姓或名字的后面直接加括号，写上日期Jones (1992) has provided evidence that these figures are incorrect.（3）如果有两个作者，则都要写出来。
（姓and 姓，年份）It is claimed that government in the information age will “work better and cost less”(Bellamy and Taylor 1998, p.41).需要注意的是，这里有直接引用（有双引号的部分）。
直接引用就是抄的原话，必须用双引号标出，并且在文内引用的括号内写上页码。
（1）和（2）都是改写的句子，所以没有加页码（4）两个以上的作者，（第一个作者的姓et al. 日期）et al代表and other的意思…adoptive parents were coping better with the physical demands of parenthood and found family life more enjoyable (Levy et al. 1991).（5）如果一个作者在一年当中发表了多部作品，并且你需要引用到同一个作者在这个年分当中的多个作品，为了区分，在时间的后面分别加上a，b，c。
Harvard Reference examples
Harvard Reference examplesThe following list provides you with Harvard Reference formats for each item and gives you both in-text and bibliography examples. Harvard formats have been based on the following texts which can be found in the Library:British Standards Institute. (1990). BS5605:1990. Recommendations for citing and referencingpublished material. Milton Keynes: BSI.Neville, C. (2007). The Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism. Open UP Study Skills.Maidenhead: Open University Press.Pears, R & Shields, G. (2006) Cite Them Right: The Essential Guide to Referencing and Plagiarism.Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Northumbria University Press.Acts of Parliament (UK Statutes)Format:Country. Name of Act: Name of Sovereign. Chapter Number – in italics or underlined. (Year ofPublication – in brackets). Place of Publication: Publisher.#Bibliography example:Great Britain. Human Rights Act 1998: Elizabeth ll. Chapter 42. (1998). London: The Stationery OfficeIn-text example:The Human Rights Act 1998 indicated that……“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks” (Author‟s Surname, Year of Publication, p. –followed by page number – in brackets)Archive material/Special collectionsFormat:Author - Surname, Initials (Year of publication - in brackets). Title-in italics or underlined [Materialtype–in square brackets]. Collection, shelfmark. Archive/Library, City.Bibliography example:Turner, P.S. (1906). Image of an Artist [Manuscript]. Holden Collection. 600. Holden Library. London.In-text example:(Turner, 1906)“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks” (Author‟s Surname, Year of Publication, p. –followed by page number – in brackets)AtlasAtlases can be referenced in the same format as a book. If no author is available then the title of theAtlas can be used.Format:Atlas with Author:Author/Originator - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication – in brackets). Title of Atlas in italics or underlined. Series title and volume - if available. Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.Atlas- no Author:Title of Atlas – in italics or underlined. (Year of publication - in brackets). Series title and/or volume – if available. Edition - if not the first. Place of publication: Publisher. Bibliography example:Wagner, S A. (2004). Color Atlas of the Autopsy. Boca Raton: CRC PressThe Times Concise Atlas of the World. (2000). 8th Ed. London: Times BooksIn-text example:(Wagner, 2004)As can be seen in The Times Concise Atlas of the World (2000)Author: Contribution/Chapter in a BookHarvard Referencing examples /infoservices/library/find/references/Harvard2Format:Author - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication - in brackets). Title ofchapter/contribution. In: Author or Editor of Publication - Surname, Initials with (ed.) or (eds.) – in brackets, if relevant. Book Title - initalics or underlined. Series title and volume - if available. Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication:Publisher.Bibliography example:Marshall, W A. (1975). The Child as a Mirror of his Brain‟s Development. In: Sants, J & Butcher, H J.(eds). Development Psychology. Aylesbury, Bucks: Hazell Watson & Viney Ltd.In-text example:If you refer to an author who has contributed/produced a chapter in an edited book you will need to cite their name in the body of your work. The Bibliography must contain details of both the author providing the contribution and the author/editor(s) of the book (see above bibliography example for format)(Marshall, 1975)As noted by Marshall (1975)“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks” (Author‟s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page number – in brackets)Blogs (weblogs)References from blogs will need to commence with the name of the blog owner and include the dateand title of the posting (see example):Format:Named owner of the Blog- Surname, Initials. (Year of posting - in brackets). Title of blog entry - initalics or underlined. [Online –in square brackets]. Date the blog entry was written. Available from -URL. [Accessed: followed by date in square brackets]Bibliography example:Batts, Shelly. (2007). Antioxidants in Berries Increased by Ethanol (but are daiquiris healthy). [Online]April 24th 2007. Available from: /retrospectacle/2007/04/antioxidants_in_berries_increa_1.php . [Accessed: 2nd May 2008].In-text example:(Batts, 2007) …As can be seen in Batts (2007) results.“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks” (Author‟s Surname, Year of Publication, p. –followed by page number - in brackets)Book (1 author)Format:Author - Surname, Initials. (ed.) or (eds.)-in brackets for editor(s). (Year of publication - in brackets).Book Title - in italics or underlined. Series title and volume - if available. Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.Bibliography example:Neville, C. (2007). The Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism. Maidenhead: Open University Press.In-text examples:(Neville, 2007)Neville (2007) commented that…“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks” (Author‟s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page number – in brackets)Book (2 authors)Format:Author - Surname, Initials. & Author - Surname, Initials. (ed.) or (eds.) - in brackets for editor(s).(Year of publication - in brackets). Book Title - in italics or underlined. Series title and volume – if available. Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher. Bibliography example:Middleton, V. T. C. & Hawkins, R. (1998). Sustainable Tourism: A Marketing Perspective. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.In-text examples:(Middleton & Hawkins, 1998)As stated by Middleton & Hawkins (1998)“Direct quotation are placed in double quotations marks” (First Author‟s Surname & Second Author‟s Surname. Year of Publication, p. – followed by page number – in brackets)Book (3 authors)Harvard Referencing examples /infoservices/library/find/references/Harvard3Format:Author - Surname, Initials. Author - Surname, Initials & Author - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication- in brackets). Book Title - in italics or underlined. Series title and volume - if available. Edition - if notthe first. Place of Publication: Publisher.Bibliography example:Bradbury, I., Boyle, J. & Morse, A., (2002). Scientific Principles for Physical Geographers. Harlow: Prentice Hall.In-text example:(Bradbury, Boyle & Morse, 2002)As noted by Bradbury, Boyle & Morse (2002)“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks” (First Author‟s Surname, Second Author‟sSurname & Third Author's Surname. Year of Publication, p. – followed by page number –in brackets)Book (4 or more authors)Format:Author - Surname, Initials. Et al. (Year of publication - in brackets). Book Title - in italics or underlined.Series title and volume - if available. Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.Bibliography example:Campbell, N. A. et al (2008). Biology. 8th Ed. London: Pearson.In-text examples:(Campbell et al, 2008)As concluded by Campbell et al. (2008)…“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks” (Author‟s Surname et al. Year of Publication,p. – followed by page number – in brackets)Book (Editor/s)If the book has an editor then (ed.) or (eds.) – both in brackets, is added after the author‟s name.Format:Author - Surname, Initials. (ed.) or (eds.) - in brackets for editor(s) (Year of publication - in brackets).Book Title - in italics or underlined. Series title and volume - if available. Edition - if not the first. Placeof Publication: Publisher.Bibliography example:Fontana-Giusti, G. (ed.) (2008). Designing Cities for People: Social, Environmental and PsychologicalSustainability. London: Earthscan.Brenner, N. and Keil, R. (eds.) (2006). The Global Cities Reader. London: Routledge.In-text examples:(ed. Fontana-Giusti, 2008)(eds. Brenner & Keil, 2006)Books (part of a series)Format:Author - Surname, Initials. (ed.) or (eds.) - in brackets for editor(s) (Year of publication - in brackets).Book Title - in italics or underlined. Series title and volume - if available. Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.Bibliography example:McIlroy, D. (2003). Studying @ University: How to be a Successful Student. Sage Essential StudySkills. London: Sage.In-text example:(McIlroy 2003)The evidence supports McIlroy‟s (2003) theory that…..“direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks” (Author‟s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page number)Book (multiple works by an author in the same year)Harvard Referencing examples /infoservices/library/find/references/Harvard4If you refer to an author who has produced more than one work in the same year youwill need to adda lower case alphabetical letter after the year of publication i.e. 2000a, 2000b.Format:Author - Surname, Initials. (ed.) or (eds.) - in brackets for editor(s) (Year of publication andalphabetical letter - in brackets). Book Title - in italics or underlined. Series title and volume - ifavailable. Edition - if not the first. Place of publication: Publisher.Bibliography example:Carlson, N. R. (2007a). Foundations of Physiology and Psychology. 7th Ed. Boston, Mass: Pearson Allyn& Bacon.Carlson, N. R. (2007b). Physiology of Behaviour. London: Pearson Allyn & Bacon.In-text example:(Carlson, N. R. 2007a)(Carlson, N. R. 2007b)Carlson (2007a) commented that…Carlson (2007b) indicated that…….“direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks” (Author‟s Surname, Year of Publication, p. –followed by page number)Book (Electronic)Format:Author - Surname, Initial(s). (Year of publication - in brackets). Title - in italics or underlined. [Online – in square brackets] City of publication: Publisher. Available from - URL. [Accessed: followed by date insquare brackets]Bibliography example:Sadler, P. (2003). Strategic management. [Online] Sterling. VA Kogan Page. Available from: /Reader/. [Accessed: 6/5/2008]In-text example:(Sadler, 2003)As identified by Sadler (2003)“direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks” (Author‟s Surname, Year of Publication, p. –followed by page number – in brackets)British StandardsThe information you need to reference correctly can be found on the title page of the standard.Format:Author of Standard – Surname, Initials. (Year of publication - in brackets). Standard Number: YearTitle of the standard in italics or underlined. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher. Bibliography example:British Standards Institute. (1990). BS5605:1990. Recommendations for citing and referencing published material. Milton Keynes: BSIIn-text example:(British Standards Institute, 1990)“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks” (Author‟s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page number – in brackets)CD-ROMS (accompanying books)Many books now have a CD-ROM accompanying them. When using material from this source thefollowing information needs to be included in your referenceFormat:Author – Surname, initials or name of originator of item if no author present. (Year of publication - inbrackets). Title of the main publication. [CD-ROM – in square brackets]. Place of Publication: publisherBibliography example:Barnes, C. (1997). Working with Technology. [CD-ROM] London: TechPress.Who’s who 1897-1998. (1998) [CD-ROM] London: Oxford University Press.In-text example:(Who‟s who 1998)(Barnes. 1997)“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks” (Author‟s Surname, Year of Publication, p. –followed by page number – in brackets)Command Papers/Official PublicationsHarvard Referencing examples /infoservices/library/find/references/Harvard5Format:Country. Name of Committee, Department or Royal Commission (Year of publication – in brackets)Title of publication - in italics or underlined. Place of Publication: Publisher. (Paper number – if available in brackets).Bibliography examples:Great Britain. Healthcare Commission, Audit Commission for Local Authorities in England and Wales.National Audit Office. (2006). Tackling Child Obesity: First Steps. London: Stationery Office.Great Britain. Department of Health. (1995). London’s Ambulance Service: Government response to the Second Report from the Health Committee Session 1994-95. London: H.M.S.O. (Cm 3009)In-text example:(Great Britain. Healthcare Commission, Audit Commission for Local Authorities in England and Wales.National Audit Office. 2006).Statistics from the Great Britain Healthcare Commission, Audit Commission for Local Authorities in England and Wales. National Audit Office. (2006) show that………(Great Britain. Department of Health. 1995).As indicated by the Great Britain Department of Health (1995)“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks” (Author‟s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page number – in brackets)Computer Games/ProgramsFormat:Originator or Author. (year of publication - in brackets). Game or program title - in italics or underlined. [Medium of item - in square brackets]. Series information and any dates or numeric information - if necessary. Place of Publication: PublisherBibliography example:Electronic Arts. (2003). The Sims. [DISC] PlayStation2. London: Electronic Arts Inc.In-text example:If you refer to a game or program in the body of your work, the title will need to be underlined or placed in italics:....as can be seen in The Sims (2003)Conference PapersConference Papers are similar to authors who contribute chapters to books, i.e. the contribution appears as part of a wider publication.Format:Author / Editor - Surname, Initials or Authoring body or group. (Year of publication - in brackets). Titleof Paper. In - Full Title of Conference - in italics or underlined. Series title and numbers if available.Location and Date of Conference. Place of Publication: Publisher. Page numbers of paper. Bibliography example:Fish, J. (2008). Managing changes in the workplace. In Professional Managers Conference. Blackpool,Monday 18th to Wednesday 20th February 2008. Blackpool: PubM. pp. 42-45.In-text example:(Fish 2008)Fish (2008) noted that…..“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks” (Author‟s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page number – in brackets)Conference ProceedingsFormat:Author / Editor - Surname, Initials or Authoring body or group. (Year of publication - in brackets). Full Title of Conference Report - in italics or underlined. Series title and numbers - if available. Location and Date of Conference. Place of Publication: Publisher Bibliography examples:Harris, C. and Murton, J. B. (2005). Cryospheric Systems: Glaciers and Permafrost: Selected Contributions to a Conference of the same name. Geological Society Special Publication 242. TheGeological Society of London. January 2003. London: The Geological Society.Management Centre International. (2002). Third European conference on knowledge management.Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, 24-25 September 2002. Reading: MCIL.In-text examples:(Harris & Murton. 2005)(Management Centre International. 2002)Harris & Murton (2005) support this theory…..As indicated by research from Management Centre International (2005)Harvard Referencing examples /infoservices/library/find/references/Harvard6“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks” (Author‟s Surname, Year of Publication, p. –followed by page number – in brackets)Corporate authors (groups, committees, companies)(Includes publications by groups, committees, government departments, companies, etc.) Format:Name of issuing body (Year of publication in brackets). Title of publication – in italics or underlined,Place of publication: Publisher, (Report Number – if available in brackets)Bibliography Example:Great Britain. Department of Energy. (1977). Tidal Power Barrages in the Seven Trent Estuary: RecentEvidence on their Feasibility. London: H. M.S. O. (Energy Papers 23)Sport Industry Research Centre. (2005). Sport Market Forecasts 2005-2009. Sheffield: Sport IndustryResearch Centre.In-text example:(Great Britain. Department of Energy. 1977)The Great Britain Department of Energy (1977) concluded that…….(Sport Industry Research Centre. 2005)Figures from the Sport Industry Research Centre (2005) show that…….“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks” (Author‟s Surname, Year of Publication, p. –followed by page number – in brackets)Dance (live performance)Format:Choreographer – Surname, initials. (Premier date - in brackets). Title – in italics or underlined. [Venue,place of performance and date seen – in square brackets]Bibliography example:Jones, R. (2007). Hungarian Folk Dance. [Victoria Hall, Stoke on Trent. 16th December 2007]In-text Example:(Hungarian Folk Dance, 2007)Dance (DVD/ Video)Format:Director/producer – Surname, initials. (Year published or first transmission in brackets). Title of Videoor programme – in italics or underlined [Material type e.g.DVD/video – in square brackets], Productioncompany or publisher [further details to identify dance works]Bibliography example:Jones, L. (2005). Ballet Moves [DVD] Dance Mat Ltd. [clips of various ballets illustrating professionaltechniques]In-text example:(Ballet Moves, 2005)DictionariesIn some cases Dictionaries may not have authors so your citation or reference can use the title of thework.Formats:Dictionary Author/Editor present:Author - Surname, Initials. (ed.) or (eds.)-in brackets for editor(s) (Year of publication - in brackets)Dictionary Title – in italics or underlined. Series title and/or volume - if available. Edition - if not thefirst. Place of Publication: Publisher.Dictionary- no Author:Title of Dictionary – in italics or underlined. (Year of publication - in brackets). Series title and/orvolume - if available. Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher. Bibliography examples:Hawkins, J. M. (ed.) (1986). The Oxford Reference Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Engineering. (2003). 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-HillIn-text examples:(Hawkins 1986)(McGraw-Hill 2003)As noted by Hawkins (1986)McGraw-Hill (2003) indicated that…..“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks” (Author‟s Surname, Year of Publication, p. –followed by page number – in brackets)Discussion ListHarvard Referencing examples /infoservices/library/find/references/Harvard7References from a discussion list will need to commence with the name of the author of a posting tothe list.Format:Name/sender of discussion posting - Surname, Initials. (Year of posting - in brackets). Title ofdiscussion posting - in italics or underlined. [Online –in square brackets]. Date the entry was written.Name of discussion list. Available from – discussion list address. [Accessed: followed by date in squarebrackets]Bibliography example:Morgan, K. (2007). Teaching Referencing Skills. [Online] April 24th 2007. RefZone Discussion ListAvailable from: /RefZoneLISTS [Accessed: 2nd May 2008].In-text example:(Morgan. 2007)…As can be seen in Morgan (2007) results.E- BooksFormat:Author - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication - in brackets). Title - in italics or underlined. [Online – in square brackets] Place of publication: Publisher. Available from - URL. [Accessed: followed by date in square brackets]Bibliography example:Sadler, P. (2003). Strategic management. [Online] Sterling. VA Kogan Page. Available from: /Reader/. [Accessed: 6/5/2008]In-text example:(Sadler, 2003)As identified by Sadler (2003)“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks” (Author‟s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page number – in brackets)Email communicationIf you use personal email communication to support your assignment please ensure that you have theconsent of those involved in the email.Format:Sender of email - Surname, Initials. (Year of communication – in brackets) Title of communication – in italics or underlined. [Medium of communication – in square brackets] Receiver of Communication – Surname, initials. Day and month of communicationBibliography example:Morgan, K. (2008). Refzone. [E-mail]. Message to: A.Hatton. 10 April 2008.In-text example:(Morgan 2008)“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks” (Author‟s Surname, Year of Publication, p. – followed by page number – in brackets)Encyclopaedia entryEncyclopaedias often contain entries or articles by a collection of authors. Hence, when citing and referencing from Encyclopaedias use the same format as you would when referencing an author‟s contributory chapter or article in a book.Format:Author - Surname, Initials. (ed.) or (eds.)-in brackets for editor(s) (Year of publication - in brackets)Title of entry or article. In: Author or Editor of Publication - Surname, Initials with (ed.) or (eds.) - ifrelevant. Title of Encyclopaedia - in italics or underlined. Series title and/or volume - if available.Edition - if not the first. Place of Publication: Publisher.Bibliography example:Ghiselin, M. T. (2001). Darwin, Charles (Darwinism). In: Levin, S. A. (ed) Encyclopaedia of Biodiversity. Volume 2 D-FI. London: Academic PressIn-text example:(Ghiselin 2001)As suggested by Ghiselin (2001)….“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks” (Author‟s Surname, Year of Publication, p. –followed by page number – in brackets)Exhibition cataloguesHarvard Referencing examples /infoservices/library/find/references/Harvard8Cite and reference Exhibition Catalogues in the same format as a book. However, if the exhibitioncatalogue has no author, use the title of the gallery or museum.Format:Author - Surname, Initials. or Gallery/Museum name. (ed.) or (eds.)-in brackets for editor(s) (Year ofpublication - in brackets). Catalogue Title - in italics or underlined. Series title and volume - ifavailable. Edition - if not the first. Place of publication: Publisher.Bibliography example:Reed, P. (2005). Groundswell: constructing the contemporary landscape: published on the occasion ofthe exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art, New York, 25th February – 16 May 2005. New York:Museum of Modern Art.Museum of Modern Art. (2006). Edvard Munch: the modern life of the soul: published on the occasionof the exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art, New York 17 February – 8 May 2006 with anintroduction by Kynaston McShine. New York: Museum of Modern Art.In-text examples:(Reed, 2005)(Museum of Modern Art. 2006)As Reed (2005) suggests…….As the Museum of Modern Art (2006) exhibition highlights……“Direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks” (Author‟s Surname, Year of Publication, p. –followed by page number – in brackets)Film on video/DVDFormat:Title - in italics or underlined. (Year of distribution - in brackets). Format type i.e. film, animated film.Directed by – name of directors. [Material type – in square brackets]. Place of distribution: DistributionCompany.Bibliography examples:Requiem for a Dream. (2000). Film. Directed by Darren Aronofsky. [DVD]. UK: Momentum PicturesChicken Run. (2000). Animated Film. Directed by Peter Lord and Nick Park. [VHS] UK: PatheDistribution.In-text example:If you refer to a film in the body of your work, the title will need to be underlined or placed in italics:(Chicken Run, 2000)…this is highlighted by Harry‟s character in the film Requiem for a Dream (2000).Image in a bookImages, art work, graphs and charts from books are not referenced in the same way as book chapters.In-text you need to mention the image or art work and the page number, but in the Bibliography youwill need to reference the source (book, etc.) where you found the image, art work, etc. Bibliography format:Author - Surname, Initials. (ed.) or (eds.)-in brackets for editor(s) (Year of publication - in brackets)Book Title - in italics or underlined. Series title and volume - if available. Edition - if not the first. Placeof Publication: Publisher.Bibliography example:If you refer to an image in your work from a book, for example a photograph from the following book,you will need to reference the source (book) where the item can be found:Fish, J. (2004). Photographs and Art. London: Fish and Sons.In-text:In-text references to works of art, images, etc. in a book are highlighted in the text by italics orunderlining the title of the work and following it with the (surname of the author, Year of Publication, p.– followed by page number where the image can be located – in brackets)The photograph Night time by Bloggs in 2001 (Fish. 2004. p.67) shows.....This was highlighted in Blogg‟s Night time (Fish. 2004. p. 67).Interview (you have conducted)Harvard Referencing examples /infoservices/library/find/references/Harvard9Format:Name of person interviewed - Surname, Initials. (Year of interview – in brackets). Titleof interview –in italics or underlined. [Interview – medium of source]. Date the interview was conducted.Bibliography example:Hatton, A. (2008). Development of library support for early years students. [Interview] 24th April2008.In-text example:(Hatton, 2008)..as indicated by Hatton (2008)Interview (recorded)Format:Name of person interviewed - Surname, Initials. (Year of interview – in brackets). Interview withAuthor and Date – in italics of underlined.. Place of interview. [Cassette recording in possession ofauthor]Bibliography example:Hatton, A. (2008). Interview with A.Hatton on 15th April 2008. Stoke on Trent. [Cassette recording inpossession of author]In-text example:(Hatton, 2008)….as noted by Hatton (2008)Journal article (printed journal article)Printed article format:Author(s) - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication – in brackets). Title of article. Title of journal - initalics or underlined. Volume number. (Part number/month – in brackets). P. followed by pagenumbers.Bibliography examples:Trefts, K. & Blaksee, S. (2000). Did you hear the one about Boolean operators? Incorporating comedyinto library instruction. Reference Services Review. 28 (4) p. 369-378.In-text example:(Trefts & Blaksee 2000)This supports Trefts & Blaksee‟s (2000) evidence that……“direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks” (Author‟s Surname, Year of Publication, p. –followed by page number – in brackets)Journal article (online/electronic journal article)Online article format:Author(s) - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication – in brackets). Title of article. Title of journal - initalics or underlined. [Online – in square brackets] Volume number. (Part number/month – n brackets).P followed by page numbers. Available from - URL. [Accessed: followed by date in square brackets]Bibliography example:Wilson, J. (1995). Enter the cyberpunk librarian: future directions in cyberspace. Library Review[Online] 44 (8) p.63-72. Available from: [Accessed30/01/2008]In-text example:(Wilson, J. 1995)According to Wilson (1995)….“direct quotations are placed in double quotations marks” (Author‟s Surname. Year of Publication, p. –followed by page number – in brackets)Law ReportsWhen referencing Law Reports, square brackets are used for the year of publication when the date isessential for finding the report. Round brackets are used when the date is an assistance to when a casewas reported in law reports which also have continuous volume numbers.Format:Names of parties – in italics. [Year – in square brackets or round brackets – see above]. Date and/orvolume – if available and abbreviated name of the report and number of first page. Bibliography example:Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech AHA. [1986]. A.C. 112Parkinson v Axon. (1951). 2 K.B. 678In-text example:As highlighted in Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech AHA [1986]。
Harvard(哈佛)格式标注参考文献
LoginSearch for:Print viewAdministratorsChicago Press, Chicago, IL.Patton, M.Q. (1990), Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods , 2nd ed., Sage, Newbury Park, CA.A chapter from an edited bookSurname, A.N.(year of publication)"Title of chapter"in Editor surname, initials (Ed.)Title of BookEditionPublisherPlace of publicationChapter page numbers.ExampleBourdieu, P.(1977), "The forms of capital", in Richardson, J.G. (Ed.), Handbook of Theory and Researchfor the Sociology of Education, Greenwood Press, New York, NY, pp. 311-56.A translated workSurname, A.N.(year of publication)Title of BookEditionTranslated by Translator name, initialsPublisherPlace of publication.ExampleBourdieu, P. (1977), Outline of a Theory of Practice, translated by Nice, R., Cambridge University Press,Cambridge.Journal articlesSurname, A.N.(year of publication)"Article title"Journal TitleVolume number, Issue number (if it exists)Article page numbers.ExampleBaron, R.M. and Kenny, D.A. (1986), "The moderator-mediator variable distinction in socialpsychological research", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 51, pp. 1173-82.Guthrie, J. and Parker, L. (1997) "Editorial: Celebration, reflection and a future: a decade of AAAJ",Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal , Vol. 10 No.1, pp. 3-8Electronic sourcesNB this refers to a source which is only available electronically, and not to sources which you may have accessed electronically but which are also available in print form, such as an article from an Emerald journal accessed via the Web.These follow the same convention of referencing as for printed sources, but include elements unique to the Web: Name(year of publication)"Article title"available at: full url(accessed date)For the last two elements, please try to remember the following conventions:When giving the url, "http://" should only be included if the address does not include "www"(accessed date) is important because of the lack of permanence of Internet sites.ExampleBetter Business Bureau (2001), "Third-party assurance boosts online purchasing", available at:/about/press/2001/101701.asp (accessed 7 January 2002).Hummingbird (2002), Hummingbird corporate website, available at: (accessed 2January 2002).Leeds Metropolitan University (2002), "Business Start-Up@Leeds Met", available at:/city/bus_startup.htmPitkow, J. and Kehoel, C. (1997), "GVU's WWW user surveys", available at: Ballantyne, D. (2000), "Dialogue and knowledge generation: two sides of the same coin in relationshipmarketing", paper presented at the 2nd WWW Conference on Relationship Marketing, November 1999-February 2000, Monash University and MCB University Press, available at:/services/conferen/nov99/rm/paper3.htmlAn electronic journal would be referenced as follows:Surname, A.N.(year of publication)"Article title"Journal TitleVolume number, Issue numberArticle page numbersAvailable at: url(accessed date)ExampleSwaminathan, V., Lepkoswka-White, E. and Rao, B.P. (1999), "Browsers or buyers in cyberspace? Aninvestigation of electronic factors influencing electronic exchange", Journal of Computer-MediatedCommunication, Vol. 5 No. 2, available at: www. / jcmc/vol5/ issue2/Conference papersSome papers may not be published in journals but may be delivered at a conference and then published as part of the proceedings of that conference, in which case, use one of the following styles as appropriate.ExampleLodi, E., Veseley, M. and Vigen, J. (2000), "Link managers for grey literature", New Frontiers in GreyLiterature, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Grey Literature, Washington, DC, October4-5, 1999, GreyNet, Amsterdam, pp. 116-34.Naude, P. and Holland, C. (1998), "Marketing in the information domain", in Halinen-Kaila, A. andNummela, N. (Eds), Interaction, Relationships and Networks: Visions for the Future, Proceedings of the14th Annual IMP Conference, pp. 245-62.Stauss, B. and Weinlich, B. (1995), "Process-oriented measurement of service quality by applying thesequential incident technique", paper presented at the Fifth Workshop on Quality Management inServices, EIASM, Tilburg.Strandvik, T. and Storbacka, K. (1996), "Managing relationship quality", paper presented at the QUIS5Quality in Services Conference, University of Karlstad, Karlstad.As you see, some of the above references give the date of the conference, others do not; if in doubt, follow the convention used by the conference.Government or commercial reportsParticularly when writing a case study, you may want to refer to company or government documents. In which case, the organization may become the author and the form of entry would be as follows:Organization name(year of publication)Title of reportPublisher and place of publication (may be same as author).ExampleApollo Enterprises (1993), Annual Report , p. 8.Ernst and Ernst (1978), Social Responsibility Disclosure: 1978 Survey, Ernst and Ernst, Cleveland, OH.Bank of England (2003), Quarterly Report on Small Business Statistics, Bank of England, London.Department for Trade and Industry (DTI) (2002), White Paper on Enterprise, Skills and Innovation, DTI,London.European Commission (1998), Fostering Entrepreneurship in Europe: Priorities for the Future, EuropeanCommission, Brussels.Yorkshire Forward (1999), Regional Economic Strategy, Yorkshire Forward, Leeds...Some guidelines to remember for all source typesIf all the above seems complicated, it's worth remembering that the Harvard system is actually quite logical. Bear in mind the following guidelines:The entry always begins with the author's surname, followed by initials, followed by the date in brackets.Authors' surnames and initials are always inverted, i.e. Other, A.N. (whether you are referring to the author of anarticle/chapter, or the editor of the work within which the work is found).If more than one entry by the same author, put in order of dates.Publications, whether book or journal titles, are always in italic, with significant words only capitalized. Make sure that the journal title is exactly the same, e.g. use of &/and.Excerpts from publications, i.e. book chapters, journal articles, always come in "quotes", with only the first word, proper names, and German nouns, capitalized.The name of the publisher is shown before the place of publication (as it would be in an address). Abbreviations for US states should be in short capitalized form, e.g. CA, MA, rather than Ca., Mass., and should be added as necessary.Electronic references follow the same conventions as printed ones, followed by "available at:" and the URL. Only retain "http://" if the address does NOT include www. Also, state the date when last accessed (accessed ...).Use commas to separate elements of the entry.。
哈佛参考文献格式
维基百科，自由的百科全书哈佛参考文献格式[1]是一种罗列引用的方式，它将引用文献的其中一部分用括号包含起来，放在正文之内。
与之相对的是传统的将参考文献标注于文末（尾注）。
[2][3]目录• 1 参考文献o1.1 引用o1.2 书目• 2 延伸阅读• 3 参见引用[编辑]1. ^Harvard System of Referencing Guide. Anglia RuskinUniversity. 21 May 2012 [4 September 2012].2. ^"Author-date system, Chicago Manual of Style,Williams College Libraries, accessed 25 October 2010.3. ^ Pears, R and Shields, G Cite them right : the essentialreferencing guide (2008) ISBN 978-0-9551216-1-6书目[编辑]•American Psychological Association (2001). Citations in Textof Electronic Material, APA Style.•British Standards Institution (1990). Recommendations forciting and referencing published material, 2nd ed., London:British Standards Institution.•Chernin, Eli (1988). "The 'Harvard system': a mysterydispelled", British Medical Journal. October 22, 1988,pp. 1062–1063.•The Chicago Manual of Style (2003), 15th ed.Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN0-226-10403-6 (hardcover). ISBN0-226-10404-4 (CD-ROM).•Council of Science Editors (2006). Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, andPublishers, 7th ed. Reston, VA (USA): CSE.ISBN0-9779665-0-X•Mark, Edward Laurens (1881). Maturation, fecundation, and segmentation of Limax campestris, Binney", Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College,Volume 6.•Modern Language Association of America (2009). The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7th ed. NewYork: MLA. ISBN 1-60329-024-9•MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (2008).Modern Language Association, 3rd edition. ISBN0-87352-297-4•Roediger, Roddy (April 2004). "What should they be called", APS Observer,17 (4), 2009, accessed 11 March2009.•"Lamont Libraries Lead RefWorksWorkshops" (2006). Harvard College Library. •"Research Service Libraries Take Part in PilotProject" (2009). Harvard University Library, February 18,2009, accessed 11 March 2009.•Turabian, Kate L., et al. (2007). A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 7th ed.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.ISBN 0-226-82336-9•"Citation Tools" at Harvard Libraries (2008) –Includes hyperlinked "Tool Comparisons: RefWorks, EndNote,Zotero".•American Library Association (ALA) (November 2003). ALA Standards Manual.•Anglia Ruskin University Library (updated 2010). "Harvard System of Referencing Guide".•Mullan, W.M.A. (updated 2010). " Harvard referencegenerator for citing references".•Council of Science Editors (CSE), previously named Councilof Biology Editors (CBE) (2009). "Scientific Style andFormat: Introduction" and"Reference Links"–Includessection on "Grammar and Style" with hyperlinked "Citing theInternet: Formats for Bibliographic Citations".)•Duke University Library (last modified, 2 June 2008). "CitingSources: Documentation Guidelines for Citing Sources andAvoiding Plagiarism"–Provides hyperlinked "CitationGuides" pertaining to the most commonly used citationguidelines, including parenthetical referencing; includes:APA, Chicago, CBE, CSE, MLA, and Turabian styleguidelines.•Harvard College Library (2008). "Research Guides".(Compiled by the Staff of Harvard College Library.)•Harvard College Writing Program, HarvardUniversity (2008). Resources for Students: Guides to UsingSources.•University of Leeds Library (2009). "References and citationsexplained", accessed 25 October 2010.•University of Southern Queensland Library (2008). YourGuide to the Harvard AGPS ReferencingSystem and "Harvard Style (AGPS) - Web sources",accessed 25 October 2010.•Victoria University of Technology (2009). Harvard(AGPS) Style: Harvard (AGPS) Style: A Guide toReferencing Sources Used in Assignments], accessed 25October 2010.•ISO 690•文后参考文献著录规则分类：•文献学。
哈佛参考文献格式具体写法
哈佛注释体系（Harvard System），也叫“作者－日期法”(Author-date method)。
根据哈佛体系，每一个引文，无论直接还是间接，都应分别在两处注明：在文中引用处注明；在全书或全文最后的参考书目（bibliography）处注明。
起源哈佛参考文献注释体系起源于美国，20世纪50、60年代开始流行，尤其在物理学和自然科学研究领域使用最多，近年来社会科学中也开始流行。
怎样呈现参考文献参考文献的呈现方式有一定的规范，本文仅就目前较为普遍使用的哈佛体系（Harvard System）作一介绍。
因为我们的学术研究中越来越多地参考英文文献，我们也通过在国外的刊物上发表我们的研究成果而使世界认识我们，这样我们就有必要熟悉它的要求并遵守其规范，否则当我们向国外的学术刊物投稿时，会由于参考文献的不合规范而不被录用，同时，也不能为国内外的读者提供进一步研究的信息。
哈佛注释体系（Harvard System），也叫“作者－日期法”（Author-date method）。
根据哈佛体系，每一个引文，无论直接还是间接，都应分别在两处注明：在文中引用处注明；在全书或全文最后的参考书目（bibliography）处注明。
在文中引用处的注释规范1．当作者姓名在句子中自然出现时，给出作者姓和出版年份，将出版年份放在小括号内。
比如，In a recent study Harvey （1993）argued that ...。
2．当作者姓名不在句子中自然出现时，姓和出版年份都放在括号中，比如，A recent study (Harvey,1993）shows that…。
3．被引用的作者在同一年中出版了两部以上著作或发表了两篇以上的论文，用小写字母 a.b.c等予以区别，放在年份后面，如，Johnson （1989a) discussed the subject…。
4．如果被引用著作有两位作者，要将两位作者的姓同时给出，如，Matthews and Jones （1992）have proposed that…。
Harvard(哈佛)格式标注参考文献
LoginSearch for:Print viewAdministratorsChicago Press, Chicago, IL.Patton, M.Q. (1990), Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods , 2nd ed., Sage, Newbury Park, CA.A chapter from an edited bookSurname, A.N.(year of publication)"Title of chapter"in Editor surname, initials (Ed.)Title of BookEditionPublisherPlace of publicationChapter page numbers.ExampleBourdieu, P.(1977), "The forms of capital", in Richardson, J.G. (Ed.), Handbook of Theory and Researchfor the Sociology of Education, Greenwood Press, New York, NY, pp. 311-56.A translated workSurname, A.N.(year of publication)Title of BookEditionTranslated by Translator name, initialsPublisherPlace of publication.ExampleBourdieu, P. (1977), Outline of a Theory of Practice, translated by Nice, R., Cambridge University Press,Cambridge.Journal articlesSurname, A.N.(year of publication)"Article title"Journal TitleVolume number, Issue number (if it exists)Article page numbers.ExampleBaron, R.M. and Kenny, D.A. (1986), "The moderator-mediator variable distinction in socialpsychological research", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 51, pp. 1173-82.Guthrie, J. and Parker, L. (1997) "Editorial: Celebration, reflection and a future: a decade of AAAJ",Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal , Vol. 10 No.1, pp. 3-8Electronic sourcesNB this refers to a source which is only available electronically, and not to sources which you may have accessed electronically but which are also available in print form, such as an article from an Emerald journal accessed via the Web.These follow the same convention of referencing as for printed sources, but include elements unique to the Web: Name(year of publication)"Article title"available at: full url(accessed date)For the last two elements, please try to remember the following conventions:When giving the url, "http://" should only be included if the address does not include "www"(accessed date) is important because of the lack of permanence of Internet sites.ExampleBetter Business Bureau (2001), "Third-party assurance boosts online purchasing", available at:/about/press/2001/101701.asp (accessed 7 January 2002).Hummingbird (2002), Hummingbird corporate website, available at: (accessed 2January 2002).Leeds Metropolitan University (2002), "Business Start-Up@Leeds Met", available at:/city/bus_startup.htmPitkow, J. and Kehoel, C. (1997), "GVU's WWW user surveys", available at: Ballantyne, D. (2000), "Dialogue and knowledge generation: two sides of the same coin in relationshipmarketing", paper presented at the 2nd WWW Conference on Relationship Marketing, November 1999-February 2000, Monash University and MCB University Press, available at:/services/conferen/nov99/rm/paper3.htmlAn electronic journal would be referenced as follows:Surname, A.N.(year of publication)"Article title"Journal TitleVolume number, Issue numberArticle page numbersAvailable at: url(accessed date)ExampleSwaminathan, V., Lepkoswka-White, E. and Rao, B.P. (1999), "Browsers or buyers in cyberspace? Aninvestigation of electronic factors influencing electronic exchange", Journal of Computer-MediatedCommunication, Vol. 5 No. 2, available at: www. / jcmc/vol5/ issue2/Conference papersSome papers may not be published in journals but may be delivered at a conference and then published as part of the proceedings of that conference, in which case, use one of the following styles as appropriate.ExampleLodi, E., Veseley, M. and Vigen, J. (2000), "Link managers for grey literature", New Frontiers in GreyLiterature, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Grey Literature, Washington, DC, October4-5, 1999, GreyNet, Amsterdam, pp. 116-34.Naude, P. and Holland, C. (1998), "Marketing in the information domain", in Halinen-Kaila, A. andNummela, N. (Eds), Interaction, Relationships and Networks: Visions for the Future, Proceedings of the14th Annual IMP Conference, pp. 245-62.Stauss, B. and Weinlich, B. (1995), "Process-oriented measurement of service quality by applying thesequential incident technique", paper presented at the Fifth Workshop on Quality Management inServices, EIASM, Tilburg.Strandvik, T. and Storbacka, K. (1996), "Managing relationship quality", paper presented at the QUIS5Quality in Services Conference, University of Karlstad, Karlstad.As you see, some of the above references give the date of the conference, others do not; if in doubt, follow the convention used by the conference.Government or commercial reportsParticularly when writing a case study, you may want to refer to company or government documents. In which case, the organization may become the author and the form of entry would be as follows:Organization name(year of publication)Title of reportPublisher and place of publication (may be same as author).ExampleApollo Enterprises (1993), Annual Report , p. 8.Ernst and Ernst (1978), Social Responsibility Disclosure: 1978 Survey, Ernst and Ernst, Cleveland, OH.Bank of England (2003), Quarterly Report on Small Business Statistics, Bank of England, London.Department for Trade and Industry (DTI) (2002), White Paper on Enterprise, Skills and Innovation, DTI,London.European Commission (1998), Fostering Entrepreneurship in Europe: Priorities for the Future, EuropeanCommission, Brussels.Yorkshire Forward (1999), Regional Economic Strategy, Yorkshire Forward, Leeds...Some guidelines to remember for all source typesIf all the above seems complicated, it's worth remembering that the Harvard system is actually quite logical. Bear in mind the following guidelines:The entry always begins with the author's surname, followed by initials, followed by the date in brackets.Authors' surnames and initials are always inverted, i.e. Other, A.N. (whether you are referring to the author of anarticle/chapter, or the editor of the work within which the work is found).If more than one entry by the same author, put in order of dates.Publications, whether book or journal titles, are always in italic, with significant words only capitalized. Make sure that the journal title is exactly the same, e.g. use of &/and.Excerpts from publications, i.e. book chapters, journal articles, always come in "quotes", with only the first word, proper names, and German nouns, capitalized.The name of the publisher is shown before the place of publication (as it would be in an address). Abbreviations for US states should be in short capitalized form, e.g. CA, MA, rather than Ca., Mass., and should be added as necessary.Electronic references follow the same conventions as printed ones, followed by "available at:" and the URL. Only retain "http://" if the address does NOT include www. Also, state the date when last accessed (accessed ...).Use commas to separate elements of the entry.。
Harvard格式In-Text Reference写作规范---英国翰思教育
Harvard格式是我们留学生论文写作最常见的格式，尤其是在英国。
Harvard格式由两部分组成:文中文献出处(in-text reference)和文后参考文献目录(reference list)，今天小编就先给大家整理一下in-text referencing的写作范方法，后续会在另外开文为大家讲述reference list的写作方法，希望大家持续支持我们。
In-text referencing:在文中一旦提及他人的观点，就应注明文献出处，格式为：（作者姓,出版时间）Reference list:所有文中（In-text）提到的参考文献在文后都要将其详细信息列出来。
下面我们先来看看In-text reference。
基本格式：（姓,出版年）Tips:外国人名的组成部分为，第一部分是名（first name），最后一部分是姓（family name），其他中间的全部是middle name。
所以大家在引用时，找到作者名字中最后的部分，就是他的姓了。
姓在任何情况下都不能缩写。
情况一：有作者一个作者：列出作者姓；(Gibson,2005).两个作者:列出两个作者的姓；(Gibson&Myers,2005).三个作者：列出所有作者姓，后面的两个作者姓用&连接；(MacLennan,Myers&Taylor,2005).四个作者或以上：只列出第一个作者的姓，其他作者用et al.替代；(Bair et al.2005).小编看到一些同学在引用三个作者的时候就用上了et al.代替这个是非常错误的。
情况二：没有作者1.当引用观点时不知道观点的作者是谁，可以用'Anonymous'或'Anon'代替；Marketing strategy(Anon.,1999).2.用书名、文章名或网页名替代；(BBC,2005),(Tesco,2005).直接引用原文句子：需指出句子出自的页码；(Schein,1997,p.20).同一处引用多个文献：用分号分隔各引文，并按作者、年、标题排序(Adams et al.,2003;MacLennan,Myers&Taylor,2006)。
harvard reference文中引用格式
标题：深度解析Harvard Reference文中引用格式在学术写作中，引用格式是非常重要的一环，不仅可以展现学术严谨性，还可以向读者展示你的研究广度和深度。
其中，Harvard Reference是一种常见的引用格式，它要求作者在文中引用其他来源时，应当注明引用的来源、作者和出处，以及出版年份。
今天，我们将深度解析Harvard Reference文中引用格式的重要性、详细规则和个人见解。
一、Harvard Reference文中引用格式的重要性1.1 引用格式的重要性在学术写作中，引用可以帮助我们展现对学术研究的尊重和认可，同时可以让读者了解到我们所参考的文献和资料。
采用规范的引用格式至关重要。
1.2 Harvard Reference的特点Harvard Reference作为一种广泛使用的引用格式，其主要特点是将作者的姓氏和出版年份直接引用在文中，而具体的引用信息则在引用列表中提供。
这种格式简洁明了，方便读者查找具体的引用文献。
二、Harvard Reference文中引用格式的详细规则2.1 文中引用格式在文中引用其他来源时，需要按照以下格式进行：(作者姓氏, 出版年份)。
如果是直接引用他人的原话，还需要在引用的地方标注具体的页码。
例如：(Smith, 2010, p.25)。
2.2 引用列表格式在文章的末尾，需要列出所有引用的文献和资料，按照以下格式进行：作者姓氏，作者名字初始。
出版年份。
文章或书名。
出版地点：出版社。
例如：Smith, J. (2010). The Art of Academic Writing. London: Academic Press.2.3 特殊情况处理当文中有多个来源需要引用时，需要按照出版年份顺序排列，当年份相同的情况下则按照作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。
对于特殊类型的文献，如报纸、网络来源等，也有相应的引用格式规则。
三、个人观点和理解3.1 对于学术研究的重要性在我的看来，Harvard Reference文中引用格式的重要性不言而喻。
harvard文章格式
harvard文章格式
哈佛引用格式是学术论文和研究报告中常用的一种引用格式，
其目的是确保对他人的研究成果和观点进行准确和适当的引用。
哈
佛引用格式的主要特点是在文中引用作者的姓氏和出版年份，同时
在文末列出完整的参考文献列表。
在哈佛引用格式中，正文引用的格式为“(作者姓氏, 出版年)”，例如，“根据Smith (2010) 的研究结果显示……”。
如果
直接引用他人的文字，则需要在引用的句子或段落后注明页码，例如，“这一观点得到了支持(Jones, 2015, p. 25)”。
在文末列出的参考文献列表中，需要按照作者姓氏的字母顺序
排列，如果同一作者有多篇文献，则按照出版年份的先后顺序排列。
每一条参考文献的格式为：作者姓氏，作者名字的首字母缩写，出
版年份，文章或书名，出版地点，出版者。
如果是期刊文章，则还
需要包括期刊名称、卷号和页码。
例如：
Smith, J. (2010). The impact of climate change on
global economies. Journal of Environmental Economics, 25(2), 123-135.
在哈佛引用格式中，对于网页、报纸、电子书等不同类型的文献，也有相应的引用格式要求，需要根据具体情况做出调整。
总之，哈佛引用格式要求在正文中清晰地标注引用来源，并在
文末提供完整的参考文献列表，以保证学术研究的严谨性和可信度。
Harvard(哈佛)格式标注参考文献
LoginSearch for:Print viewAdministratorsChicago Press, Chicago, IL.Patton, M.Q. (1990), Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods , 2nd ed., Sage, Newbury Park, CA.A chapter from an edited bookSurname, A.N.(year of publication)"Title of chapter"in Editor surname, initials (Ed.)Title of BookEditionPublisherPlace of publicationChapter page numbers.ExampleBourdieu, P.(1977), "The forms of capital", in Richardson, J.G. (Ed.), Handbook of Theory and Researchfor the Sociology of Education, Greenwood Press, New York, NY, pp. 311-56.A translated workSurname, A.N.(year of publication)Title of BookEditionTranslated by Translator name, initialsPublisherPlace of publication.ExampleBourdieu, P. (1977), Outline of a Theory of Practice, translated by Nice, R., Cambridge University Press,Cambridge.Journal articlesSurname, A.N.(year of publication)"Article title"Journal TitleVolume number, Issue number (if it exists)Article page numbers.ExampleBaron, R.M. and Kenny, D.A. (1986), "The moderator-mediator variable distinction in socialpsychological research", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 51, pp. 1173-82.Guthrie, J. and Parker, L. (1997) "Editorial: Celebration, reflection and a future: a decade of AAAJ",Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal , Vol. 10 No.1, pp. 3-8Electronic sourcesNB this refers to a source which is only available electronically, and not to sources which you may have accessed electronically but which are also available in print form, such as an article from an Emerald journal accessed via the Web.These follow the same convention of referencing as for printed sources, but include elements unique to the Web: Name(year of publication)"Article title"available at: full url(accessed date)For the last two elements, please try to remember the following conventions:When giving the url, "http://" should only be included if the address does not include "www"(accessed date) is important because of the lack of permanence of Internet sites.ExampleBetter Business Bureau (2001), "Third-party assurance boosts online purchasing", available at:/about/press/2001/101701.asp (accessed 7 January 2002).Hummingbird (2002), Hummingbird corporate website, available at: (accessed 2January 2002).Leeds Metropolitan University (2002), "Business Start-Up@Leeds Met", available at:/city/bus_startup.htmPitkow, J. and Kehoel, C. (1997), "GVU's WWW user surveys", available at: Ballantyne, D. (2000), "Dialogue and knowledge generation: two sides of the same coin in relationshipmarketing", paper presented at the 2nd WWW Conference on Relationship Marketing, November 1999-February 2000, Monash University and MCB University Press, available at:/services/conferen/nov99/rm/paper3.htmlAn electronic journal would be referenced as follows:Surname, A.N.(year of publication)"Article title"Journal TitleVolume number, Issue numberArticle page numbersAvailable at: url(accessed date)ExampleSwaminathan, V., Lepkoswka-White, E. and Rao, B.P. (1999), "Browsers or buyers in cyberspace? Aninvestigation of electronic factors influencing electronic exchange", Journal of Computer-MediatedCommunication, Vol. 5 No. 2, available at: www. / jcmc/vol5/ issue2/Conference papersSome papers may not be published in journals but may be delivered at a conference and then published as part of the proceedings of that conference, in which case, use one of the following styles as appropriate.ExampleLodi, E., Veseley, M. and Vigen, J. (2000), "Link managers for grey literature", New Frontiers in GreyLiterature, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Grey Literature, Washington, DC, October4-5, 1999, GreyNet, Amsterdam, pp. 116-34.Naude, P. and Holland, C. (1998), "Marketing in the information domain", in Halinen-Kaila, A. andNummela, N. (Eds), Interaction, Relationships and Networks: Visions for the Future, Proceedings of the14th Annual IMP Conference, pp. 245-62.Stauss, B. and Weinlich, B. (1995), "Process-oriented measurement of service quality by applying thesequential incident technique", paper presented at the Fifth Workshop on Quality Management inServices, EIASM, Tilburg.Strandvik, T. and Storbacka, K. (1996), "Managing relationship quality", paper presented at the QUIS5Quality in Services Conference, University of Karlstad, Karlstad.As you see, some of the above references give the date of the conference, others do not; if in doubt, follow the convention used by the conference.Government or commercial reportsParticularly when writing a case study, you may want to refer to company or government documents. In which case, the organization may become the author and the form of entry would be as follows:Organization name(year of publication)Title of reportPublisher and place of publication (may be same as author).ExampleApollo Enterprises (1993), Annual Report , p. 8.Ernst and Ernst (1978), Social Responsibility Disclosure: 1978 Survey, Ernst and Ernst, Cleveland, OH.Bank of England (2003), Quarterly Report on Small Business Statistics, Bank of England, London.Department for Trade and Industry (DTI) (2002), White Paper on Enterprise, Skills and Innovation, DTI,London.European Commission (1998), Fostering Entrepreneurship in Europe: Priorities for the Future, EuropeanCommission, Brussels.Yorkshire Forward (1999), Regional Economic Strategy, Yorkshire Forward, Leeds...Some guidelines to remember for all source typesIf all the above seems complicated, it's worth remembering that the Harvard system is actually quite logical. Bear in mind the following guidelines:The entry always begins with the author's surname, followed by initials, followed by the date in brackets.Authors' surnames and initials are always inverted, i.e. Other, A.N. (whether you are referring to the author of anarticle/chapter, or the editor of the work within which the work is found).If more than one entry by the same author, put in order of dates.Publications, whether book or journal titles, are always in italic, with significant words only capitalized. Make sure that the journal title is exactly the same, e.g. use of &/and.Excerpts from publications, i.e. book chapters, journal articles, always come in "quotes", with only the first word, proper names, and German nouns, capitalized.The name of the publisher is shown before the place of publication (as it would be in an address). Abbreviations for US states should be in short capitalized form, e.g. CA, MA, rather than Ca., Mass., and should be added as necessary.Electronic references follow the same conventions as printed ones, followed by "available at:" and the URL. Only retain "http://" if the address does NOT include www. Also, state the date when last accessed (accessed ...).Use commas to separate elements of the entry.。
哈佛引用参考
哈佛引用参考
以下是一些常用的哈佛引用格式的示例，具体格式要根据您引用的资源类型（例如书籍、期刊文章、网页等）进行相应调整：
书籍：
作者姓氏，名字首字母. (出版年). 书名. 出版地: 出版商.
期刊文章：
作者姓氏，名字首字母. (出版年). 文章标题. 期刊名，卷号（期号），页码.
网页：
作者姓氏，名字首字母. (发布年). 标题 [网页]. 可获取的URL.
例如：
书籍：
Smith, J. (2010). The Power of Habit. New York: Random House.
期刊文章：
Johnson, L. M. (2018). The effects of sleep on cognitive performance. Journal of Sleep Research, 27(3), e12698.
网页：
World Health Organization. (2020). Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Situation. [Online]. Available at:
https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coro navirus-2019
请确保根据您的具体引用内容进行必要的信息和格式调整，并在引用时仔细检查和核对。
另外，每个学术机构和出版物可能都有自己的引用要求和规定，请您根据指定的引用规范进行准确的引用格式。