托福阅读基础同位语
老托福阅读真题及答案：passage11
老托福阅读真题及答案:passage11为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面小编给大家带来老托福阅读真题及答案:passage 11，希望大家喜欢！老托福阅读真题及答案:passage 11Plants are subject to attack and infection by a remarkable variety of symbiotic species and have evolved a diverse array of mechanisms designed to frustrate the potential colonists. These can be divided into preformed or passive defense mechanisms and inducible or active systems. Passive plant defense comprises physical and chemical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens, such as bacteria, or render tissues unpalatable or toxic to the invader. The external surfaces of plants, in addition to being covered by an epidermis and a waxy cuticle, often carry spiky hairs known as trichomes, which either prevent feeding by insects or may even puncture and kill insect larvae. Other trichomes are sticky and glandular and effectively trap and immobilize insects.If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants. The success of the Colorado beetle in infesting potatoes, for example, seems to be correlated with its high tolerance to alkaloids that normally repel potential pests. Other possible chemical defenses, while not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycoproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes that degrade cell walls. These enzymes are often produced by bacteria and fungi.Active plant defense mechanisms are comparable to the immune system of vertebrate animals, although the cellular and molecular bases are fundamentally different. Both, however, are triggered in reaction to intrusion, implying that the host has some means of recognizing the presence of a foreign organism. The most dramatic example of an inducible plant defense reaction is the hypersensitive response. In the hypersensitive response, cells undergo rapid necrosis — that is, they become diseased and die —after being penetrated by a parasite; the parasite itself subsequently ceases to grow and is therefore restricted to one or a few cells around the entry site. Several theories have been put forward to explain the basis of hypersensitive resistance.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The success of parasites in resisting plant defense mechanisms(B) Theories on active plant defense mechanisms(C) How plant defense mechanisms function(D) How the immune system of animals and the defense mechanisms of plants differ2. The phrase "subject to" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) susceptible to(B) classified by(C) attractive to(D) strengthened by3. The word "puncture" in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) pierce(B) pinch(C) surround(D) cover .4. The word "which" in line 12 refers to(A) tissues(B) substances(C) barriers(D) insects5. Which of the following substances does the author mention as NOT necessarily being toxic to the Colorado beetle?(A) resins(B) tannins(C) glycosides(D) alkaloids6. Why does the author mention "glycoproteins" in line 17?(A) to compare plant defense mechanisms to the immune system of animals(B) to introduce the discussion of active defense mechanisms in plants(C) to illustrate how chemicals function in plant defense(D) to emphasize the importance of physical barriers in plant defense7. The word "dramatic" in line 23 could best be replaced by(A) striking(B) accurate(C) consistent(D) appealing8. Where in the passage does the author describe an active plant-defense reaction?(A) Lines 1-3(B) Lines 4-6(C) Lines 13-15(D) Lines 24-279. The passage most probably continues with a discussion of theories on(A) the basis of passive plant defense(B) how chemicals inhibit a parasitic relationship.(C) how plants produce toxic chemicals(D) the principles of the hypersensitive response.正确答案:CAABD CADD托福阅读易错词汇的整理1) quite 相当 quiet 安静地2) affect v 影响, 假装 effect n 结果, 影响3) adapt 适应 adopt 采用 adept 内行4) angel 天使 angle 角度5) dairy 牛奶厂 diary 日记6) contend 奋斗, 斗争content 内容, 满足的context 上下文contest 竞争, 比赛7) principal 校长, 主要的 principle 原则8) implicit 含蓄的 explicit 明白的9) dessert 甜食 desert 沙漠 v 放弃 dissert 写论文10) pat 轻拍 tap 轻打 slap 掌击 rap 敲，打11) decent 正经的 descent n 向下, 血统 descend v 向下12) sweet 甜的 sweat 汗水13) later 后来 latter 后者 latest 最近的 lately adv 最近14) costume 服装 custom 习惯15) extensive 广泛的 intensive 深刻的16) aural 耳的 oral 口头的17) abroad 国外 aboard 上(船，飞机)18) altar 祭坛 alter 改变19) assent 同意 ascent 上升 accent 口音20) champion 冠军 champagne 香槟酒 campaign 战役21) baron 男爵 barren 不毛之地的 barn 古仓22) beam 梁，光束 bean 豆 been have 过去式23) precede 领先 proceed 进行，继续24) pray 祈祷 prey 猎物25) chicken 鸡 kitchen 厨房26) monkey 猴子 donkey 驴27) chore 家务活 chord 和弦 cord 细绳28) cite 引用 site 场所 sight 视觉29) clash (金属)幢击声 crash 碰幢，坠落 crush 压坏30) compliment 赞美 complement 附加物31) confirm 确认 conform 使顺从32) contact 接触 contract 合同 contrast 对照33) council 议会 counsel 忠告 consul 领事34) crow 乌鸦 crown 王冠 clown 小丑 cow 牛35) dose 一剂药 doze 打盹36) drawn draw 过去分词 drown 溺水托福阅读学术词汇的解析什么是学术词汇在托福阅读的课堂上，经常有学生对繁杂的学术词汇头疼不已。
托福阅读算分方法评分标准
托福阅读算分方法评分标准很多同学都迫切想知道的托福阅读是怎么算分的问题。
托福阅读评分标准怎样的?下面就是店铺给大家整理的托福阅读算分方法，希望对你有用!托福阅读算分方法从OG中我们可以看出托福阅读的算分方法，是这样的：The Reading Section score is based on your performance on multiple-choice items. Except for the last question of each set，you received one point for each of the questions you answered correctly. The total points that you received were than converted to a score on a scale from 0-30. The reported score for the Reading Section will always be on this scale of 0-30.The last question in each set is worth 2 points. These questions were scored as follows：If you had： You received1 correct answers 0 points2 correct answers 1 point3 correct answers 2 points关于托福阅读评分标准的解读：1. 这里所说的转换(convert)，不同版本的试卷因难度不同有不同的转换标准，所以新托福阅读是没有固定的评分表的。
2. 所以，计算新托福阅读的分数，不要计算对多少题，而是算拿到多少原始分“Raw Point T otal(0-45)”，然后再参照评分表，计算最后的分数(0-30)。
十大技巧教你识破出题人意图
360教育集团介绍，托福阅读考试题，每道题都有着出题人的考点意图，所以看清题，读懂题是必须的。
做好每一道题，首先要明白出题人的意图，或者我们可以理解为“题型”，而托福阅读的每种题型的问法提法都有各自的特点，下面我们就来看看这10大类型的题有着怎样的特点，以及怎样找答案。
一、列举和并列句列举指的是： First,... Second,... Third,.。
等逐条列出。
并列句是指：A ，B and C，即逐项列出。
它们共同的特征是列出二点或三点以上的条目。
该类型语言点常考的题型是“细节性问题”，主要有两种：1. Which 题型该题型只要求从并列的三顶中选一项作为答案，其它条目与题目无关。
在这种情况下，往往题目的答案出自最后一个选项。
2 . EXCEPT 题型该题型俗称“三缺一”题型，即题目 4 个选项中有三个符合文章内容，剩下一个不符合，题目便是要求选出这个不符合文章内容的选项。
例如： All of the following are mentioned as types of evidence concerning handedness EXCEPT 这种题型只适合于考并列、列举句，这是因为它要求其三个选项一定是文章中出现的，也就是并列或列举之处。
利用这一特点。
我们在读文章的时候就可多留意，如看到并列、列举句，可预想其有可能被考到;如发现题目中有“三缺一”题型，则应到并列、列举处找答案。
二、否定及转折句托福听力段落题型及解题要点如何用逆向搜索法得高分如何提高托福听力水平否定句是指带有 NO 或 NOT ， NEVER 等否定词的句子，而转折句则指带有 HOWEVER ， BUT 或RATHER 等关联词引导的句子，它们可以用下面的句型说明： A is not B ， as C ， but is D 。
对于以上的句型常出“推断性问题”。
三、举例句句中由 as 或 such as ， for example 等引导的短语或句子为举例句，常考“推断性问题”和“细节性问题”。
TOEFL阅读法总结
阅读法总结下面来讲讲我的阅读方法和分析思路：一、阅读步骤：我把它总结成几个短句：１．１０秒预览. 花很短的时间预览文章全部。
预览什么？（１）特征词，人名，地名，大写字母，acronym(考考你什么意思)，特殊的斜体字还由数字。
目的是看出本文的性质，是人文科学？还是自然科学，是人物介绍，还是新事物说明，还是新发现的介绍，还是讲历史或者考古学等等。
（２）１＋１＋１。
就是文章的每段首末句，文章的最后一句。
目的就是理解文章的主题。
要注意这个时间加起来（肯定没有１０秒那么短）大概就是１分钟，所以以后改叫６０秒预览．现在你有了大致的主题在脑海中，好了，现在进行第二步.２．详略得当的细读原文。
Peter反对所谓的快速阅读，我认为文章应该全部读过去，只是在以下几个地方可以加速阅读（１）类比的地方：把什么比做什么，重点看被比做的对象，原来的对象略读（我说的略读意思是理解但不分析）（２）列举的地方：看一至两个列举项就可以，了解其特征即可，其他部分一扫而过。
（３）举例的地方：如果看懂了作者的观点，举例可以略读，但是没看懂观点，必须细读例子。
（４）人名地名：用词首大写字母代替，能区分张三李四，烟台西安就可以。
（５）同位语：地位并列，看懂一个就可以（当然在对比型的文章中就都要看，这里就体现出了刚才１０秒预览的作用，在对文章性质的理解基础上，可以很好的取舍，决定对文章阅读的详略）３．５秒回想在读完每一段的时候，千万不要直接进入下一段，这时候不要看文章，试着在头脑里回想刚才读过的那段在讲什么，再次归纳段主题，并和刚才3+1+1过程中得到的文章主题比较，做出修正。
其实这样做是很有道理的，你一定看过老杨的１７天，它说短期的记忆周期是５分钟，所以我们的５秒回想其实就是复习，加深了记忆。
许多人觉得他们阅读读完了对文章印象一片空白，就是因为没有及时复习。
４．完成上面的步骤，我们就算读完了文章，最后在脑海里把你对文章的认识做一点修改，形成你通过刚才阅读得到的知识体系，下面就是用来做题了。
托福阅读长难句分析方法
托福阅读长难句分析方法（经典版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制单位：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文，如演讲稿、总结报告、合同协议、方案大全、工作计划、学习计划、条据书信、致辞讲话、教学资料、作文大全、其他范文等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, this shop provides you with various types of classic sample essays, such as speech drafts, summary reports, contract agreements, project plans, work plans, study plans, letter letters, speeches, teaching materials, essays, other sample essays, etc. Want to know the format and writing of different sample essays, so stay tuned!托福阅读长难句分析方法托福阅读的难点之一就是长难句，能否快速分析出长难句是托福阅读提升做题速度的关键。
托福阅读方法技巧总结
托福阅读方法技巧总结托福阅读方法技巧总结关于阅读方法技巧的介绍内容,了一些相关资料给大家参考，觉得有用的话就快快收藏吧。
下面来讲讲我的阅读方法和分析思路：我把它总结成几个短句：1. 10秒预览. 花很短的时间预览文章全部。
预览什么?(1)特征词，人名，地名，大写字母，acronym(考考你什么意思)，特殊的斜体字还由数字。
目的是看出本文的性质，是人文科学?还是自然科学，是人物介绍，还是新事物说明，还是新发现的介绍，还是讲历史或者考古学等等。
(2)1+1+1。
就是文章的每段首末句，文章的最后一句。
目的就是理解文章的主题。
要注意这个时间加起来(肯定没有10秒那么短)大概就是1分钟，所以以后改叫60秒预览.现在你有了大致的主题在脑海中，好了，现在进展第二步.2. 详略得当的细读原文。
Peter反对快速阅读，我认为文章应该全部读过去，只是在以下几个地方可以加速阅读(1)类比的地方：把什么比做什么，重点看被比做的对象，原来的对象略读(我说的略读意思是理解但不分析)(2)列举的地方：看一至两个列举项就可以，了解其特征即可，其他部分一扫而过。
(3)举例的地方：如果看懂了作者的观点，举例可以略读，但是没看懂观点，必须细读例子。
(4)人名地名：用词首大写字母代替，能区分张三李四，烟台西安就可以。
(5)同位语：地位并列，看懂一个就可以(当然在比照型的文章中就都要看，这里就表达出了刚刚10秒预览的作用，在对文章性质的理解根底上，可以很好的取舍，决定对文章阅读的详略)3. 5秒回想在读完每一段的时候，千万不要直接进入下一段，这时候不要看文章，试着在头脑里回想刚刚读过的那段在讲什么，再次归纳段主题，并和刚刚3+1+1过程中得到的文章主题比较，做出修正。
其实这样做是很有道理的，你一定看过老杨的17天，它说短期的记忆周期是5分钟，所以我们的5秒回想其实就是复习，加深了记忆。
许多人觉得他们阅读读完了对文章印象一片空白，就是因为没有及时复习。
托福黄金阅读技巧：长难句分析
托福黄金阅读技巧：长难句分析长难句是我们做托福阅读是最怕遇到的，现在小编分享一些长难句分析给大家，希望对你们的学习有帮助。
长难句分析：二战之后的加拿大Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country's impressive population growth.(倒装结构Basic to any understanding…is…)要理解二战之后20年中的加拿大，就必须了解该国惊人的人口增长。
分句1：Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War分句2：is分句3：the country's impressive population growth分句1，2，3共同构成倒装句，正常的语序应该是3，2，1，即：该句的正常语序是The country's impressive population growth is basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War.本句是一个简单句，只不过使用了倒装，谓语动词是is.长难句分析：昆虫的数量The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests does not seem surprising，considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species.(同位语从句fact that…;定语从句that comprise the bulk…)【译句】考虑到组成大部分物种的昆虫的巨大数量，认为半数的已知物种栖息在世界的雨林中这一事实看起来并不令人吃惊。
托福阅读的常见文章结构
托福阅读的常见文章结构了解托福阅读的常见文章结构对我们做题是非常有帮助的，为了方便大家备考，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读的常见文章结构，来看看吧!托福阅读的常见文章结构托福考试作为一门专业衡量语言能力的测试，无论是阅读还是听力，所涉及的篇章都是属于学术性的，尤其是阅读这一部分，根据ETS在《新托福考试官方指南》中所说，阅读文章均摘录于大学教科书，一般是对某一学科或主题的介绍性内容，主要目的是评估考生对"学术性文章"的理解程度。
而从ETS十大题型的设置来看，阅读考试考察的是由最基本的词汇到句子，再到文章逻辑关系以及段落理解，最后还通过小结题和图表题考察对全文的掌握。
对于很多考生来说，最后一大题也就是文章小结和表格题最为头疼，因为所要看的内容实在太多，在有限的时间限制之下实在是毫无头绪，只能乱选一气。
但其实只要我们搞清楚托福阅读文章常见的结构，完全可以在很短时间内抓住文章脉络拿下最后一道大题。
所有的阅读文章，无论文章背景是什么，结构无非会分为以下几种，《新托福考试官方指南》上把托福文章结构类型大致分为四类：classification(分类)，comparison/contrast(比较)，cause/effect(因果)，problem/solution(问题与解决方法)。
Classification指的是文章对某一个大的话题进行分类讨论，这类文章结构非常清晰，能够让我们一目了然。
以TPO17的《Symbiotic Relationships》为例，文章讨论的大的话题是symbiotic relationship(共生关系)，然后再第一段就直接写明有3种symbiotic relationships，然后接下来分段论述3种共生关系分别有什么样的特点：paragrph2-3-- parasitism(寄生), paragraph4--commensalism(片利共生), paragraph5--mutualism(互利共生),最后再用很简短的一句话稍作总结。
五条实用的托福阅读指代题口诀
五条实用的托福阅读指代题口诀托福阅读文章太复杂看不懂怎么办1.托福阅读逻辑信号词：同类信息There has been an upsurge of interest in chamber music. Likewise opera is receiving a boost from increased record sales.“likewise”这一信号词显示了前面所提到的idea后面还要再一次出现。
因此，阅读时见到这样的信号词无须放慢阅读速度。
这样的信号词还包括：and, furthermore, more, than, that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance, for example2.托福阅读逻辑信号词：转折关系I'd like to go but I'm too busy.“but”前后是完全不同的信息描述，它向读者显示了作者的思路在这里有了转折。
阅读时，碰到这样的信号词我们需放慢阅读速度，以准确获取作者真正想要说明的意思。
这类信号词还有：although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, yet3.托福阅读逻辑信号词：因果关系As a result of the pilots'strike, all flights have had to be cancelled.All flights have had to be cancelled as a result of the pilots'strike.所有航班被取消的原因是因为飞行员们的罢工;飞行员们的罢工导致了所有的航班不得不被取消。
显示因果关系的信号词还有：for, thus, because, for this reason, so, therefore, as, since, consequently4.托福阅读逻辑信号词：论述顺序Internet speeds communication between companies, among co-workers through video-conferences, and among other individuals. First, media companies use the Internet for online news, or to broadcast audio and video, including live radio and television programs, while individuals use the Internet for communication, entertainment, finding information, buying and selling goods and services. Second,the notion of distance disappears thanks to the Internet. People also enjoy instant messaging to exchange text messages or pictures in real time, with real-time video and sound. Finally, scientists and scholars use the Internet to perform research, distribute lecture notes or course materials to students, they communicate with colleagues, and can also publish papers and articles.抓住了这样的信号词就把握住了作者叙述的顺序，也就分清了相对独立的论据。
托福阅读中近义词分类整理
托福阅读中近义词分类整理托福阅读考试中出现了很多近义词，不要觉得很难，在考试之前如果熟悉掌握这些近义词那么在考试的时候就不会手足无措了，下面是为大家整理一些托福阅读常出现的近义词。
托福阅读中近义词分类整理阅读近义词完全汇总：ded=extra( 答案还有continuing) anchor=hold in a place abstract = concrete 文中找反意Advance = improvement accomplished = achieved Admit (permit to enter) =let in Adjusted = modificated (adjusted adj.调整过的 ) Annually = yearlyavenue (大路，手段方法) = means advent--introduce(不确定)a matter of speculation--supposition(speculation的同义词) adjusted--modificated advance--improvementaccumulate-- collect/press down，(它在原文的句子是the diamonds accumulate in the 什么地方，是因为它的什么什么的特点)appeal--attractionattachment to --preference forarray=range n.排列, 编队, 军队, 衣服, 大批vt.部署, 穿着, 排列attendant-- accompanyingascribed to--assumed to be true of afford--provide/purchase/originate/require available--obtainable apparent--obvious alertbeckon= invitebeckoning (引诱人的, 令人心动的)=invitingBreed = reproduce (breed v.(使)繁殖, 教养, 抚养n.品种, 种类 ) beckoning=inviting breed--reproduce budding brilliant--bright barriers boost --raise boom--expansion beneficial--advantageous classicconstant = stablecounter of = in the opposition of continual = constant consistently= regularly counter of = in the opposite of Critical = significant Critical = significant critical --important critical --essential chisel==carvecounter of--in the opposite of constantly -----regularly(i guess) classic--typicalclose--careful (其他选项为final/instant/restricted) n. 结束couple--associate commemorate--celebrate correspondence 一致harmonies confine--limit camouflage--hide constituent--component counterpart --versionconsequently--therefore / thus convert--transform "demise"--decline, demand=needdelineate这个我可能错了，但根据上下文，及其象trace detrimental = harmfuldurable=lastingfor instance=for examplefast (go without food) (not sure , donot affect you adversely) forage==feed findingflourishing--thrivingfragment--break upGap (笔试：gap 缺口，裂口 = opening) Generate 产生, 发生Given = particular gaphence =therefore harsh =drastic hazard=dangerhaul (拖拉, 拖运 )= pullHeightening (提高，升高) = increasing hider = interfere (笔试：hide = conceal) highlight /layer==inner Hub 中心=center Hydroelectric (adj.水力发电的 ) highlight/layer---inner hider-interfereheightening--increasing host--great number世纪末19世纪初美国制造业的革新.其中有一题tailors, butchers and a (host) of trades began to ... hub--center,hollow n.洞, 窟窿, 山谷 adj.空的, 虚伪的, 空腹的, 凹的 adv.<口>彻底vi.形成空洞 vt.挖空, 弄凹hamper--make difficulty heed--notice hold -- propose hold--keep up heighten--increase："indigenous"----native (in the context), incorporable = includedimmediately = closest( 说类人猿是人类最近的进化祖先) In and of themselves (not sure) = aloneIncorporable= Included (Incorporable adj.可结合的, 可包含的 ) indemention Initiate =begin;Instant = moment (adj. N. 片刻，瞬间) Invariably = always initiate =begin;托福阅读近义词选择技巧生词不必害怕托福阅读考试中对单词量的要求还是很大的，即使单词量很大了，也难免会遇上生僻词的情况，而托福考试中选用的文章说明性特别强，往往是自定义—自解释的模式，遇到生词，即使不知道什么意思，也可以根据上下文语境弄清它们之间的关系，运用逻辑推理的方法作出正确的答案。
老托福阅读试题及答案：PASSAGE7
老托福阅读试题及答案：PASSAGE7为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面小编给大家带来老托福阅读真题及答案:passage 7，希望大家喜欢!老托福阅读试题及答案：PASSAGE 7As Philadelphia grew from a small town into a city in the first half of the eighteenth century, it became an increasingly important marketing center for a vast and growing agricultural hinterland. Market days saw the crowded city even more crowded, as farmers from within a radius of 24 or more kilometers brought their sheep, cows, pigs, vegetables, cider, and other products for direct sale to the townspeople. The High Street Market was continuously enlarged throughout the period until 1736, when it reached from Front Street to Third. By 1745 New Market was opened on Second Street between Pine and Cedar. The next year the Callowhill Market began operation.Along with market days, the institution of twice-yearly fairs persisted in Philadelphia even after similar trading days had been discontinued in other colonial cities. The fairs provided a means of bringing handmade goods from outlying places to would-be buyers in the city. Linens and stockings from Germantown, for example, were popular items.Auctions were another popular form of occasional trade. Because of the competition, retail merchants opposed these as well as the fairs. Although governmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were less than successful, the ordinary course of economic development was on the merchants' side, as increasing business specialization became the order of the day. Export merchants became differentiated from their importing counterparts, and specialty shops began to appear in addition togeneral stores selling a variety of goods.One of the reasons Philadelphia's merchants generally prospered was because the surrounding area was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic growth. They did their business, after all, in the capital city of the province. Not only did they cater to the governor and his circle, but citizens from all over the colony came to the capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the meetings of the courts of justice.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Philadelphia's agriculture importance(B) Philadelphia's development as a marketing center(C) The sale of imported goods in Philadelphia(D) The administration of the city of Philadelphia2. It can be inferred from the passage that new markets opened in Philadelphia because(A) they provided more modem facilities than older markets(B) the High Street Market was forced to close(C) existing markets were unable to serve the growing population(D) farmers wanted markets that were closer to the farms.3. The word "hinterland " in line 3 is closest in meaning to(A) tradition(B) association(C) produce(D) region4. The word "it" in line 6 refers to(A) the crowded city(B) a radius(C) the High Street Market(D) the period5. The word "persisted" in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) returned(B) started(C) declined(D) continued6. According to the passage , fairs in Philadelphia were held(A) on the same day as market says(B) as often as possible(C) a couple of times a year(D) whenever the government allowed it7. It can be inferred that the author mentions "Linens and stockings" in line 12 to show that they were items that(A) retail merchants were not willing to sell(B) were not available in the stores in Philadelphia(C) were more popular in Germantown man in Philadelphia(D) could easily be transported8. The word "eradicate" in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) eliminate(B) exploit(C) organize(D) operate9. What does the author mean by stating in lines 15-16 that "economic development was on the merchants' side "?(A) Merchants had a strong impact on economic expansion.(B) Economic forces allowed merchants to prosper.(C) Merchants had to work together to achieve economic independence(D) Specialty shops near large markets were more likely to be economically successful.10. The word "undergoing" in line 21 is closest in meaning to(A) requesting(B) experiencing(C) repeating(D) including正确答案： BCDCD CBABB备考托福阅读有哪些需要注意的事项?1、对托福阅读题型需了解托福阅读总共包含了三篇文章，每篇文章的单词数在650～750个单词之间，对应考试试题一般在12道左右，这些题目的类型包含：总结题、图表题、词汇题、推断题、修辞目的题、事实信息题等题目。
关于托福阅读句型结构的整理
关于托福阅读句型结构的整理摘要：关于托福阅读句型结构的整理.本文为大家介绍一些托福阅读文章中常出现的句型的结构，大家在做托福阅读真题时时不妨多多熟悉一下这些结构，相信对大家的文章理解一定有所帮助。
一、英语句子结构的原则1、谓动单一性原则在一个句子里，有且只有一个谓语动词。
2、主句单一性原则在一个句子中，有且只有一个主句。
(从句可以有若干个)二、三大从句1、名词性从句主语从句宾语从句同位语从句引导词 (what/how/that/why/whether)结构主语从句what+VO=n. for eg.what+SV=n. What you said is right.形式宾语 Make it possible for sb.to dothat/how/why/whether+SVO=n.That the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs is known.It is known that the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs.(形式主语居多)**形式主语和强调句的区别形式主语 It + v + (that +SVO)=n.n.=it强调句 It is/was + A + that + BSVO=A+B而且通常情况下 It is/was……是强调句同位语从句同位语的实质 n1,n2—n1=n2S,n,VO.=S,引+svo,VO前面的成分不应当在后面充当成分。
The fact, that the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs, is known.可接同位语的名词多为抽象名词，例如：view/idea/suggestion/fact/reason/conclusion……**同位语和定语从句的区别同位语的句子中，前面的成分不应当在后面充当成分。
The fact, that the sun is round.定语从句中，引导词充当成分。
如何应对托福阅读长难句
如何应对托福阅读长难句应对托福阅读长难句你需要打好这些基础, 长难句复杂修饰成分介绍，今天我给大家带来了应对托福阅读长难句你需要打好这些基础，希望能够帮助到大家，下面我就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
应对托福阅读长难句你需要打好这些基础长难句复杂修饰成分介绍托福阅读长难句基础：扩大词汇量不可否认，掌握句子结构对于分析长难句十分重要，但是要想彻底明白句子的含义，除了掌握句子结构之外，还要有丰富的词汇量。
由于托福阅读文章偏学术性，因此不可避免地会出现一些学术词汇。
然而，托福文章所涉及的文章体裁十分广泛，想穷尽所有考试中的学术词汇是不切实际的。
我们只需在练习时把遇到的学术词汇进行整理，仅仅以“认识单词”为目标，不求会写、会说，这样来积累一定的学术词汇，以保证考试遇到相关学术词汇时头脑中有一个基本的概念。
托福阅读长难句基础：巩固语法知识长难句之所以看不懂，是因为句子结构分析不清楚。
而句子结构分析不清楚，其根本原因就是语法知识掌握得不够牢固。
要想把句子结构分析清楚，首先要掌握英语中的五大基本句型。
这五种基本句型分别是：1. 主+谓(例：I swim.)2. 主+谓+宾(例：I ate an apple.)3. 主+谓+宾+宾补(例：She found the computer useful.)4. 主+谓+双宾(例：He gave me a book.)5. 主+系+表(He is a doctor.)掌握以上这几种基本句型可以帮助你迅速找到句子的主干，而找到句子的主干是分析句子结构的关键。
长难句之所以会感觉到难，是因为句子中含有很多修饰性成分，这些修饰性成分往往给考生分析句子结构带来干扰。
因此，考生有必要了解常见的修饰性成分都有哪些。
托福阅读长难句常见复杂修饰性成分介绍1. 从句(定语从句、状语从句、同位语从句等)例：This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valley. 这是一个由which引导的定语从句，先行词是前面的trees。
英语考试作文-7个标点符号正确使用 让你的托福写作不扣分
英语考试作文7个标点符号正确使用让你的托福写作不扣分如果细心的考生就会发现，你在看大神们晒分的时候极少看到托福写作满分的，那是因为在托福写作考试当中，令大家失分的因素太多了，其中最常见的就是标点符号的失分了，这个也可能是大家最容易忽略的一个失分点，那么有哪些标点符号大家要注意呢?这里托福范文TOEFL写作栏目编辑为大家整理了6个标点符号的正确使用方法，希望可以帮助到大家。
一、逗点1.在并列连词(and, but, for, nor,or, yet )前使用，用来连接句中的各分句。
The principal reason for this is that noneof them possesses chlorophyll, and since they cannot synthesize their owncarbohydrates, they obtain their supplies either from the breakdown of deadorganic matter or from other living organisms.2.用逗号来分隔一系列单词、词组和从句。
Furthermore the walls of fungal cells arenot made of cellulose, as those of plants are, but of another complex sugarlike polymer called chitin, the material from which the hard outer skeletons ofshrimps, spiders, and insects are made.They are a major cause of structural damageto building timbers, a cause of disease in animals and humans, and one of thegreatest causes of agricultural losses.3.逗号用来分隔与句子其他部分密切相连的简短插入语或旁白。
托福阅读中的语法问题
托福阅读中的语法问题一.级及绝对性词汇文章中若出现 must, all, only, anyone, always, never 等绝对性词汇或 first ,most beautiful等级词汇，往往是考题要点，一般出“细节性题目”。
这是因为它们都有一个共同的特点，那就是概念绝对，答案，无论是出题还是做题，不会产出歧义和疑问，所以很容易出题，答案绝对准确。
相反地，如果文章中出现相对性的词汇，例如 Some of the people chose red hats,some chose greenhats,and others blue ones. 其中 some 为相对性词汇，如果我们出这样一道题：What color hats did somepeople choose? 那么就没有准确的答案，因为有可能为 red,green或 blue ，给评卷带来困难。
二.同位语及插入语文章中带有由 thatis，i.e.，or等词汇引导的名词词组，放在一个名词后面，为同位语;插入语是指副词、不定式、分词、从句等结构故在句首，句中或句尾，不做句子成分，但修饰整个句子、表达作者感情的语法结构。
三.因果句句中若有如下结构或词汇的称为因果句：(1) 因果连词：because，since，for，as，therefore，so，consequently 等(2)表示因果的动词：cause，result in，originate from等;(3)表示因果的名词：base,basis,result,consequence等，这些因果句都是指明某两个事件之间因果关系的，尤为出题者所青睐。
因为通过出题能够考查文中两个事件内在的因果关系。
此种句型一般出“推断性问题”。
四.段落句文章各段第一句( 段首句 )和末段员后一句( 文尾句)都是十分重要的地方，往往是文章作者表达中思想，实行总结综述的地方，所以常出(1)主题性问题，(2)细节性问题(3)结构性问题。
TOEFLJunior常见语法及填空题答题技巧
TOEFLJunior常见语法及填空题答题技巧在TOEFLJunior考试中，尤为头疼的就数语法。
为此，可乐留学TOEFLJ栏目为考生收集整理了TOEFLJunior常见语法，赶快往下查阅吧~——TOEFLJunior常见语法——名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
一、同位语从句同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。
同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。
例如：The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。
I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。
二、宾语从句名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。
引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。
1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。
例如：He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。
We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。
托福阅读基础同位语
同位语连接词
• 从属连词that, whether ✓ An approval whether we will be allowed to study abroad has not come down to us so far
同位语
同位语从句 同位语成分
名词性词+解释说明
He was prepared to prove his theory that two different weights would fall to the ground at the same time.
They are faced with the problem whether they should continue to work.
我们讨论的这些情况很重要。 他的实验成功了，这让大家都很高兴。
其他-名词中心词
✓ I wonder where she comes from. ✓ Whether it rains or shines, we will have outdoor sports
tomorrow ✓ Put the guide- book where we can all see it. ✓ The suggestion whether we should set up a company needs
• 对应关系 ✓ I shall never forget the day when we first met. ✓ Do you still have a vivid recollection when we first met
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与定语从句之比较 • 从句作用 We have no notion where this idiom can be used. Let's think of a situation where this idiom can be used. • 职责功能(that) He is a man that you can safely depend on. I have a belief that you can safely depend on him • 对应关系 I shall never forget the day when we first met. Do you still have a vivid recollection when we first met
It appeared that (1 Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families (2that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution.)1)2
In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord，and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group，a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century．
that是否做成分/意义不同 the rumor that he spread everywhere turned out to be untrue. the rumor that Tom was a thief turned out to be untrue. 他到处散布的那个谣言，结果证明是假的。 有人谣传Tom是窃贼，结果证明是假的。 the fact that we talked about is very important. the fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.
People in the United States in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect that unprecedented change in the nation's economy would bring social chaos．
I have been left with the knowledge (that it's better to expect nothing than to give everything and then be disappointed). The statement by the driver of the vehicle that he did not see the lorry was rejected by the court. The latest purported taped message from Osama Bin Laden has raised concern among Eropean intelligence and law enforcement officials that their countries are now on his hit list. Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.
同位语连接词
• 从属连词that, whether An approval whether we will be allowed to study abroad has not come down to us so far • 连接代词what, which, who It's hard to make a decision who would be the proper person in charge of that factory. We now come to the main problem, what the cause of his crime was and who induced him to commit it.
In the railroads' prime years，between 1 890 and 1920， there were a few individuals in the United States，most of them with solid railroading experience behind them，who made a profession of writing about railroading--works offering the ambience of stations，yards，and locomotive cabs．
I have no idea which I shall choose.
• 连接副词how, when, where, why We haven' t ye settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation. He had no idea how many people were drowned in the flood.
我们讨论的这些情况很重要。 他的实验成功了，这让大家都很高兴。
其他-名词中心词
I wonder where she comes from. Whether it rains or shines, we will have outdoor sports tomorrow Put the guide- book where we can all see it. The suggestion whether we should set up a company needs great consideration.
• • (关联词+非完整句) 关联词+(完整句)
右括号的条件
• 句子终结(冒号、感叹号、分号) • 后续内容与当前内容无关 • 连接句子的并列连词之前或者分号之前
Other researchers have found that disapproval of the marriage by friends and family is an important indicator of instability ahead since this disapproval represents not only a prediction by people who know the couple but also a vote of non-confidence from those who could have helped bind the couple together.
同位语
同位语从句 同位语成分
名词性词+解释说明
He was prepared to prove his theory that two different weights would fall to the ground at the same time.
They are faced with the problem whether they should continue to work. I have no idea when he will return.
TOEFL READING
Sherry
Review
定语 状语 独立主格
按照什么顺序来理解拆解后关系代词；标点符号--冒号和句号 主句专一 ：1个主句；N+1个关联词 并列 嵌套
句子之间的关联方式
括号匹配发法
左括号的条件
Keen observers and quick learners，they are astute about the intentions of other creatures，including researchers，and adept at avoiding them.
It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution.
The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the North, though less spectacularly. In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord，and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group，a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century．