EducationandDiscipline教育与规训
写一篇金生鋐的《规训与教化》的读后感
英文回答:Upon perusing Jin Shenghong's seminal work "Rules and Education", I was profoundly moved by the author's profound insights into the pivotal role of rules and education in shaping an individual's character and behavior. The book underscores the paramount importance of discipline and guidance in the upbringing of children, and the author furnishes pragmatic counsel on how parents and educators can inculcatemendable habits and values in the younger generation. Jin Shenghong's prose is captivating and thought-provoking, and he expounds his ideas in a lucid and succinct manner, facilitatingreaders'prehension and application of the principles delineated in the book.在对龚盛红的开创性作品"规则与教育"进行透视后,对作者深刻地洞察到规则与教育在塑造个人性格和行为中的关键作用,我深感感动。
这本书强调了在养育子女方面纪律和指导的特殊重要性,作者就父母和教育工作者如何在年轻一代中灌输良好的习惯和价值观提供了务实的交流。
践行教育规律:重塑未来的光辉之路
践行教育规律:重塑未来的光辉之路英文回答:Following the Laws of EducationEducation is a crucial aspect of human development and progress. It is important to understand and follow the laws of education to ensure effective and meaningful learning experiences. These laws provide guidelines and principles that help educators create a conducive environment for students to thrive and grow. Let's explore some key laws of education.1. Law of Readiness: This law emphasizes the importance of preparing students before introducing new concepts or skills. It suggests that learners should be ready and motivated to learn in order to maximize their understanding and retention. Teachers must assess students' readiness and provide appropriate scaffolding to facilitate their learning process.2. Law of Exercise: This law highlights the significance of practice and repetition in learning. It states that regular exercise and reinforcement of knowledge lead to better retention and mastery. Students should be given ample opportunities to apply what they havelearned through hands-on activities, discussions, and real-world scenarios.3. Law of Effect: This law emphasizes the impact of positive or negative consequences on learning. It suggests that students are more likely to repeat behaviors that are rewarded and avoid behaviors that are punished. Educators should provide meaningful feedback, praise achievements, and create a supportive learning environment to enhance motivation and engagement.4. Law of Association: This law focuses on the connection between new information and existing knowledge. It suggests that students learn best when they can relate new concepts to their prior understanding. Teachers should facilitate meaningful connections by using analogies, examples, and real-life applications to help students grasp complex ideas.5. Law of Intensity: This law emphasizes the importance of creating stimulating and engaging learning experiences. It suggests that learners are more likely to remember and understand information that evokes strong emotions or is presented in a memorable way. Educators should incorporate multimedia, interactive activities,and experiential learning to enhance the intensity of learning.By following these laws of education, teachers can create effective learning environments that promote student engagement, motivation, and academic success. It is essential to recognize that every learner is unique and may respond differently to various teaching methods. Therefore, educators should adapt their strategies to cater to individual needs and ensure inclusive and equitable education for all.中文回答:遵循教育规律教育是人类发展和进步的重要方面。
规训与教育学学科
Index
1.学科规训 2.教育的逆转与教育学 3.关于学科规训的反思
1.学科规训的形成--对福柯的超越
discipline :①学科、学术领域及相关课程; ②严格的训练或熏陶; ③纪律、规范准则、戒律或约束。 (1)前学科规训阶段:在这一阶段,学科(discipline) 主要指知识的分类和学习的科目。 (2)米歇尔· 福柯的开创性阶段:福柯重新强调discipline 所兼具的“学科”和“规训”双重含义。他认为任何学科都 是一种社会的规范。考试、审查是现代知识权力和现代所有 无微不至的规训控制方式中最精髓的体现。
对福柯的超越
• (3)华勒斯坦、霍斯金的拓展阶段: 一是发现了“知识—权力”结构之间起连接作用的第三 者—教育实践方式; 二是提出了“学科规训”的概念及其在学科发展、分化过 程中的重要作用。 三是揭示了学科规训制度的缘起与后果。“所谓新的知识 门类的出现,其实是新的教育实践形式带来的。”霍斯金 认为考试、评分和书写这些细微的教育实践方式改革,对 整个近代学科规训制度的生产有着无与伦比的影响。 学科规训的结果是产生新知识和备受规训、自我规训的个 体。
2.教育的逆转≠教育学的逆转
《教育与学科规训制度的缘起——意想不到的逆转 》 教育学的地位:次等学科 “培训教师”的工具性科目 作者的用意:不是把教育恢复为一门学科(错上加 错),但教育学与学科的关系并不是到此为止。 逆转:教育的权力—所有的学科都以教育为缘起, 教育实践方式是所有学科规训的根基,教育场所是 学科规训产生的场所。这种规训方式的影响通过教 育培养的人渗透到整个以书写为中心的社会中。
• 两次工业革命后,学科规训的取得了合法化地位,从而用 自己的特定形式将人类“学科化”了。 • (1)为我们的知识提供了标准和各种分析解释方法。 • (2)学科规训制度制造了一大批身体力行的践行者,他 们的思想和行为构成了社会成员认知和发展的标准与榜样。 • (3)学科规训制度与社会的知识传播和交流系统有机结 合起来,创造了丰富的对话可能,提供了就业机会,产生 了各种名誉和声望。 • 依靠这些形式,学科规训制度与社会各种机构和运行机制 有效整合起来,这正是学科规训的权力在社会中的延伸。
Education_and_Discipline原文及翻译word文本
Educati on and Discipli neBetrand RussellAny serious educational theory must consist of two parts: a conception of the ends of life , and a scienee of psychological dynamics , i.e., of the laws of mental change. Two men who differ as to the ends of life cannot hope to agree about education. The educational machine, throughout Western civilization , is dominated by two ethical theories : that of Christianity , and that of n atio nalism. These two, whe n take n seriously, are in compatible , as is beco ming evident in Germany. For my part, I hold that where they differ, Christianity is preferable , but where they agree, both are mistake n.The conception which I should substitute as the purpose of education is civilization ,a term which , as I meant it , has a defi niti on which is partly in dividual , partly social. It con sists , in the in dividual , of both in tellectual and moral qualities : in tellectually , a certa in minimum of general knowledge , technical skill in one's own profession , and a habit of forming opinions on evidenee; morally , of impartiality , kindliness , and a modicum of self-control. I should add a quality which is neither moral nor intellectual , but perhaps physiological: zest and joy of life. In com mun ities , civilizati on dema nds respect for law , justice as betwee n man and man , purposes not involving permanent injury to any section of the human race , and intelligent adaptati on of means to en ds.If these are to be the purpose of educati on , it is a questi on for the scie nee ofpsychology to consider what can be done towards realizing them , and , in particular , what degree of freedom is likely to prove most effective.On the question of freedom in education there are at present three main schools of thought , deriving partly from differences as to ends and partly from differe nces in psychological theory. There are those who say that childre n should be completely free , however bad they may be ; there are those who say they should be completely subject to authority , however good they may be ; and there are those who say they should be free , but in spite of freedom they should be always good. This last party is larger than it has any logical right to be ; Children , like adults , will not all be virtuous if they are all free. The belief that liberty will in sure moral perfecti on is a relic of Rousseauism , and would n ot survive a study of animals and babies. Those who hold this belief think that education should have no positive purpose , but should merely offer an environment suitable for spontaneous development. I cannot agree with this school , which seems too individualistic , and unduly indifferent to the importance of knowledge. We live in com mun ities which require cooperati on , and it would be utopia n to expect all the necessary cooperation to result from spontaneous impulse. The existence of a large population on a limited area is only possible owing to science andtechnique ; education must, therefore , hand on the necessary minimum of these. The educators who allow most freedom are men whose success depends upon a degree of benevolence , self-control , and trained intelligence which can hardly be gen erated where every impulse is left un checked ;their merits , therefore , are not likely to be perpetuated if their methods are undiluted. Education , viewed from a social sta ndpo int , must be someth ing more positive tha n a mere opport unity for growth. It must , of course , provide this , but it must also provide a mental and moral equipme nt which childre n cannot acquire en tirely for themselves.The argume nts in favor of a great degree of freedom in educati on are derived not from man's natural goodness , but from the effects of authority , both on those who suffer it and on those who exercise it. Those who are subject to authority become either submissive or rebellious , and each attitude has its drawbacks.The submissive lose initiative , both in thought and action ; moreover , the an ger gen erated by the feeli ng of being thwarted tends to find an outlet in bully ing those who are weaker. That is why tyranni cal in stitutio ns are self-perpetuat ing what a man has suffered from his father he inflicts upon his son , and the humiliati ons which he remembers hav ing en dured at his public school he passes on to "natives" when he becomes an empire-builder. Thus an unduly authoritativeeducati on turns the pupils into timid tyra nts , in capable of either claimi ng or tolerati ng origi nality in word or deed. The effect upon the educators is eve n worse : they tend to become sadistic discipli naria ns , glad to in spire terror , and content toin spire nothing else. As these men represe nt kno wledge , the pupils acquire a horror of knowledge , which , among the English upper class , is supposed to be part of human nature , but is really part of the well-grounded hatred of the authoritarian pedagogue.Rebels , on the other hand , though they may be necessary , can hardly be just to what exists. Moreover , there are many ways of rebelling , and only a small minority of these are wise. Galileo was a rebel and was wise ;believers in the flat-earth theory are equally rebels , but are foolish. There is a great dan ger in the tendency to suppose that opposition to authority is essentially meritorious and that unconven ti onal opinions are bound to be correct : no useful purpose is served by smashing lamp-posts or maintaining Shakespeare to be no poet. Yet this excessive rebellious ness is ofte n the effect that too much authority has on spirited pupils. And whe n rebels become educators , they sometimes en courage defia nee in their pupils , for whom at the same time they are trying to produce a perfect environment , although these two aims are scarcely compatible.What is wan ted is n either submissive ness nor rebelli on , but good nature ,and gen eral frien dli ness both to people and to new ideas. These qualities are due in part to physical causes , to which old-fashioned educators paid too little attention ; but they are due still more to freedom from the feeling of baffled impote nee which arises whe n vital impulses are thwarted. If the young are to grow into friendly adults , it is necessary , in most cases , that they should feel their environment friendly. This requires that there should be a certain sympathy with the child's important desires , and not merely an attempt to use him for some abstract end such as the glory of God or the great ness of on e's coun try. And , in teaching , every attempt should be made to cause the pupil to feel that it is worth his while to know what is being taught--at least whe n this is true. When the pupil cooperates willingly , he learns twice as fast and with half the fatigue. All these are valid reas ons for a very great degree of freedom.It is easy , however , to carry the argument too far. It is not desirable that children , in avoiding the vices of the slave , should acquire those of the aristocrat. Con sideratio n for others , n ot on ly in great matters , but also in little everyday things , is an essential element in civilization ,without which social life would be in tolerable. I am not thi nki ng of mere forms of polite ness, such as say ing "please"and "tha nk you": formal mann ers are most fully developed among barbaria ns, and diminish with every advanee in culture. I am thinking rather of willingness to take a fair share of n eeessary work , to be obligi ng in small ways that save trouble on the bala nee. It is not desirable to give a child a sense of omn ipote nee , or a belief that adults exist only to minister to the pleasures of the young. And those who disapprove of the existenee of the idle rich are hardly eonsistent if they bring up their ehildre n without any sense that work is n eeessary , and without the habits that make eon ti nu ous applieati on possible.There is ano ther eon siderati on to whieh some advoeates of freedom attaeh too little importanee. In a eommunity of ehildren whieh is left without adult in terfere nee there is a tyranny of the stron ger , whieh is likely to be far more brutalthan most adult tyranny. If two ehildren of two or three years old are left to play together , they will , after a few fights , diseover whieh is bound to be the vietor , and the other will the n beeome a slave. Where the nu mber of ehildre n is larger, one or two aequire eomplete mastery , and the others have far less liberty tha n they would have if the adults in terfered to proteet the weaker and less pug nacious. Con sideratio n for others does not , with most ehildre n , arise spontan eously ,but has to be taught , and can hardly be taught except by the exercise of authority. This is perhaps the most important argument against the abdieation of the adults.I do not thi nk that educators have yet solved the problem of comb ining the desirable forms of freedom with the neeessary minimum of moral training. the right solution , it must be admitted , is often made impossible by parents before the child is brought to an enlightened school. Just as psyehoanalysts , from their。
微观权力分析——读米歇尔·福柯的《规训与惩罚》
第24卷第11期河北法学Vol .24,No .112006年11月Hebei Law S cience Nov .,2006微观权力分析 ———读米歇尔·福柯的《规训与惩罚》韩 平收稿日期:2006-06-20作者简介:韩 平(1978-),女,山西原平人,吉林大学法学院法学理论专业2005级博士研究生。
(吉林大学理论法学研究中心,吉林长春130012)摘 要:通过对微观权力分析,指出福柯与传统自由主义“司法—论述性的分析”模式不同之处,他并没有采用合法与非法的二元对立的模式,而是将自由主义分析框架之中对权力分析所需要的价值基础从它的分析中剥离出去,因而将其自由主义社会本身中隐藏的微观权力用系谱学的方法揭示出来,指出的微观权力的隐匿性与生产性的特征。
微观权力就隐藏在社会运作体制之中,隐藏在我们的日常生活之中,并且生产出了我们所认可的真理与知识,并且形成了规训社会。
面对这样的规训社会,我们主体的本真性如何表达出来。
因此随后分析了微观权力与反抗的关系,指出了福柯与司法—论述性的权力模式的代表哈贝马斯的不同,以及福柯给出的与韦伯对于现代性中个体的出路不同的分析。
在对福柯的审美个体的反抗的进一步分析中指出,他的反抗模式在理论上可能存在暗含有基础性的可能性以及审美个体之间冲突的可能性,从而在理论上存在危险。
同时在实践中,也对福柯提倡的大众生活的日常反抗的实践效果的可行性与个人的审美体验进行了质疑。
关键词:福柯;微观权力;规训;系谱学;反抗中图分类号:DF0 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1002-3933(2006)11-0002-07Analyzing the Bio -power Theory———Reading Foucault 's Punishment and DisciplineHAN Ping(The Center for the Ju risprudence Research ,Jilin University ,Changchun 130012China )Abs tract :Analyzing the bio -pow er theory ,I point out that Foucault 's pow er theory model is different from the juridical -discur -sive model of the traditional liberalism theory ,w hich is dismissed by him and he doesn 't adopt an opposing duality w ay .Foucault rem oves of the value foundation which is needed in making an estimation ,at the same time w ho opens out the bio -pow er with genealogy methodology and considers that the pow er is purely dorman t and productive ,hence the bio -pow er secrets in the s ocial operating mechanis m and our l iving society .Therefore ,all this things result in pro -ducing the truth and the k now ledge that come into being the disciplinary society .Facing this society ,how can w e break aw ay from this suppress ing society and express ours elves actuall y ?In the third part ,I construe the relationship of the power and the resistance ,lately making a distinction betw een Habermas taking a duality of legality and illegality and al -so differing from W eber about the outlet of individual subject .Subsequently ,according to the above analyzing and rea -soning the aesthetic decis ion ,I as sume that Foucault may be in the danger of the pos sibility of underl ying the foundation and the confliction of the individual aesthetic decision in the decis ion theory .In practice ,I am al so doubt the practical feasibility of the daily resistance of the masses and the des irabil ity of the individual aesthetic resistance .K ey words :Foucault ;bio -power ;dis cipl ine ;genealogy ;res istance 米歇尔·福柯(M ichel Foucault 1926—1984)①是20世纪西方知识界最引人注目的核心人物之一,福柯与—2—DOI :10.16494/j .cn ki .1002-3933.2006.11.001让-保尔·萨特、莫里斯·梅洛-庞蒂、乔治·冈奎汉姆、路易·阿尔都塞、雅克·德里达、克德·列维-斯特劳斯、罗兰·巴特、吉尔·德勒兹等人一起,揭开了巴黎哲学、美学与政治思潮中革命性的篇章,在30年时期中产生了辉煌的著作,这种成果是我们不可匹敌的。
规训与惩罚
规训与惩罚
《规训和惩罚》是法国著名思想家、结构主义大师米歇尔·福柯(1926~1984)的代表作之一,于1975年问世。
福柯视其为“我的第一部著作”,包括他自己都对此重视有加。
本书论述关于现代灵魂与一种新的审判权力之间相互关系的历史,论述现行的科学—法律综合体的系谱。
在这种综合体中,惩罚权力获得了自身的基础、证明和规则,扩大了自己的效应,并且用这种综合体掩饰自己超常的独特性。
在对我们的时代进行诊断的哲学家圈子里,福柯是对时代精神影响最持久的。
本书的名字由起先的法文书名“Surveilleretpunir”,(直译为监视与惩罚),在福柯本人建议下改为了“DisciplineandPunish”。
这里的“discipline”即可做名字亦或做动词,具有纪律、教育、训练、校正、训诫等等多种遗憾。
其实这是他在书中立主诠释的一核心概念,也是其所创之新术语。
同时,福柯利用它的多词性和多义性,赋予它新的含义,用以指近代产生的一种特殊的权力技术,既是权力干预、训练和监视肉体的技术,同时又是制造知识的手段。
深大外院王辉——罗素 Education and Discipline
pursuit of our total perfection by means of getting to know, on all the matters which most concern us, the best which has been thought and said in the world, and, through this knowledge, turning a stream of fresh and free thought upon our stock notions and habits, which we now follow staunchly but mechanically.
Mill’s contribution:
argues that intellectual and moral pleasures (higher
pleasures) are superior to more physical forms of pleasure (lower pleasures)
I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy -
ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness--that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what--at last--I have found.
英语作文教育惩戒与规则
英语作文教育惩戒与规则Education, Discipline and Rules。
Education, discipline and rules are three essential elements of a successful society. Education enables individuals to learn and grow, discipline ensures that individuals behave appropriately, and rules provide a framework for society to function smoothly.Education is the foundation of a successful society. It equips individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary to succeed in life. Education also fosters critical thinking, creativity, and a sense of responsibility. It is through education that individuals can learn about the world around them, understand different perspectives, and develop empathy for others.Discipline is necessary to ensure that individuals behave appropriately in society. Discipline can be achieved through various means, such as punishment, rewards, orpositive reinforcement. It is important to note that discipline should not be used as a means of control or domination, but rather as a tool to help individuals understand the consequences of their actions.Rules provide a framework for society to function smoothly. They establish boundaries and expectations for behavior, and help to maintain order and stability. Rules can be formal or informal, and can be enforced through various means, such as laws, social norms, or peer pressure. It is important for individuals to understand and respectthe rules of society, as they are essential for the well-being of all members.However, it is also important to recognize that education, discipline, and rules are not always perfect or infallible. They can be influenced by various factors, such as cultural norms, personal biases, or societal pressures.It is important to continually evaluate and improve these elements to ensure that they are effective and equitable.In conclusion, education, discipline, and rules areessential elements of a successful society. They enable individuals to learn and grow, behave appropriately, and function within a framework of order and stability. However, it is important to continually evaluate and improve these elements to ensure that they are effective and equitablefor all members of society.。
Education and Discipline in China——文学赏析英语课论文
Title: Education and Discipline in ChinaAbstract:In recently years, China pays more and more attention to education. But many students run after fame and wealth blindly. They are limited with the discipline and have little will to make a deep thinking in their study and their life. The reasons causing this phenomenon is that the society pay too much attention to educate students knowledge of test content but the moral education, which leads to students attach importance to utilitarian things and ignore the development of their inner world of the heart. In this case, we should change the educational concept. We should take much count of the personality education and give students freedom to develop themselves. Key words:education; discipline; blindly; utilitarianIntroduction:The Chinese government has been trying hard to solve the problems with education for many years. As the demand for education development is increasing, contradiction is becoming more and more acute. There are a lot of problems in the education of China. Students can't completely get rid of the bondage on education thinking, and lack of the ability of independent thinking and innovation.Illusions and Realism1.Some negative phenomena of education and discipline in China.A certain number of Chinese students are unduly stereotyped. They blindly run after things that others want and ignore the true thinking inward.At a young age, our teachers repeatedly tell us to write a composition in a correct view and form. If the view is wrong, the paper would be given zero score even written well. It resulted that we don't need to think about and understand what we write means, but we can recite and copy the following words reflex.In this study way, we grow up from a primary school extended to the doctor. When we do research papers, the teacher would tell us first that we can't in a wrong viewpoint and form.What a terrible academic research it is. We have the idea in a good reason todemonstrate our thoughts. And we can perfectly self-explanatory. But, if your viewpoint or form is wrong, the experts and professors can use his point of view to sentence your viewpoint to death. For example, we appraise a student’s article in many parts, such as innovation points, words express and so on. Any parts’ lack can’t be received by professors or the leaders. It could be concluded that almost all standards is tending to be stereotyped and standardization.Nowadays, there are not many true "education thought" and "education view" in the education policy. It is just a series of "policy" or "rules", but not thought nor ideas. Freud said, sound personality development should be the overall development of the id, the ego and the superego[1]. We can find that our students now seems to have no "id", even the basic animal attribute of the pursuit of happiness is suppressed. There is not a way to do the things we want. What’s more, the superego does not exist basically. Conscience and sense of responsibility retain less in college students. It’s not that college students don't want to have the id and the superego, but they can't choose facing the reality.There is a phenomenon that a lot of inspirational books introducing some experienced people’s experience or successful cases tell the students what a firm goal we should have, and what a strong will and confidence we should have. In the guidance of the successful path, we could see those who do not obtain employment for three years and review one's exams for postgraduate schools in a university of the hostel near the basement[2]. But the goal is to promote their own political or English score from 49 points to 50 points meet a fractional line. They meet every inspiring people "success" principle, but in fact it is likely not a way to the ego. University education in China gives students "the ego" education and let the students make full use of the principle of reality and make their own benefit maximization.2.Reasons for the lake of the ego in students.At present, our university focuses too much attention on teaching students knowledge. But not pay attention to the cultivation of the morality. It can’t be denying that this method of education is very dangerous. In addition, We must pay attention to the correct method of cultivating students' moral. Some publicity stunt should beabsolutely prohibited. Growth in moral is a natural process. It’s common that some children by aid cry on TV with gratitude. Although it meets the vanity of the sponsors, it is not necessarily good to the child's self-esteem. By and large, we can know from it that the university should be managed by the real educators. University education should give the students enough freedom to seek for and find what they want and choose the correct thing they should hang on. It is the short of morality that lead to people gradually utilitarian. People run after wealth and fame so blindly that ignore the significance and worth that they seek for.In addition,education in university could be divided into two kinds. One kind of education is the dissemination of knowledge, and the other is the creation of knowledge. It’s not enough to just spread knowledge in the university education. But create knowledge could build to a first-class university. The creation of knowledge in education could provide students an open thinking. Without the limited of stereotyped, students could have the opportunity to create in knowledge.3.The things that we could do to solve the problem in a way on education.It is widely acknowledged that education should be attached importance from baby. In fact, there is not a clearly and scientific standards that how to take the education into account. Most of us give students education on knowledge of the test content. We do not pay enough attention to the students’ interest. We should change our attention from children to the adults. We should better change the practice of one-way infusion. Personality education is the most basic foundation for students’development. Everything is the castles in the air without the personality education. Students should be educated love, honesty, responsibility and so on. What’s more, students should suitable break the discipline and develop their innovative ideas.ConclusionIn fact, the purpose of education is to make the students to obtain happiness. But the intense competition in our society makes people see few place of happiness from education. On the contrary, education becomes the main tool that people use to realize competition goals. In this case, most people, no matter the educator or ones accept education, gradually become utilitarian, blindly, and lack of deep thinking to theknowledge and the education. We should change the concept of education and attach importance to students' personality development.Reference[1] The id is present at birth, just what you want .But unfortunately in the reality, what you want is not what you get.The ego works on the principle of trying to figure out how to make your way though the world, how to satisfy your pleasure. The ego symbolizes the origin of consciousness.You are trying to make your way through the world, but sometimes some desires are inappropriate and you are possibly punished for them, then superego would came out and prevent yourself.[2]郭美玲;2008年12月;The Future of the Private Education in China;《管理与创新》。
论学校规训教育对师生关系的影响
论学校规训教育对师生关系的影响师生关系是学校中最基本的人际关系,对教育教学活动有着举足轻重的影响。
学校生活中,影响师生关系的因素有很多,其中,师生之间的权力关系是一个极其关键的因素,但因为它相对隐蔽,变化不居,往往被人们忽视。
“规训”( discipline ) 是法国思想家福柯在《规训与惩罚》一书中使用的概念,用以概括近代以来一种新型的管理权力与特殊的权力技术。
福柯认为,现代学校是一个典型的规训机构,规训权力渗透在学校工作的方方面面,包括师生关系。
本文借助福柯的权力研究视角,解剖现代权力作用下师生关系的一些变化与特点。
一、规训与规训权力的特点规训除了指学科、课程,还有纪律、训练、规则、约束、惩戒等含义。
根据福柯的本意,规训是指:“近代产生的一种特殊的权力技术,既是权力干预、训练和监视肉体的技术,又是制造知识的手段。
”[ 1]规训是一种持久的运作机制,通过对人体的分配、组合与编排,达到对人体的精心操纵,以此造就“驯顺的肉体”。
规训是一种造人机制,使人体变得有用,变得好用。
说到底,规训是把人作为“人力资本”进行生产、规格化和标准化的权力技术。
福柯采用微观视角分析权力,他认为规训权力有以下几个典型特点。
1.权力是一种关系。
传统社会中,人们把权力视为一种物,一种物的占有。
福柯认为现代权力比传统权力复杂得多,它是多元的、多形态的、流动的,具有不确定性。
现代权力根本不可能固定在谁的手中,而是随着关系的变化而变化,权力纯粹是一种关系,一种结构性运动。
“权力不是某种可被获得、抓住、分享的东西,也不是人们能够控制和放弃的东西。
权力通过不计其数的点来实施,它在各种不均等和流动的关系的相互作用中来实施。
”[ 2]2.权力是一张交错的网。
福柯认为,权力是一种关系,但它不是一种自上而下的、单向的控制关系,而是一张纵横交错的网络。
“权力以网络的形式运作在这个网上,个人不仅流动着,而且他们总是既处于服从的地位又同时运用权力。
学校教育中的规训与惩罚_基于福柯规训权力理论的视角_徐金海
可见, 学校中的规训权力已经渗透到学校教育的各个过程
了一种 “内在” 的体系, 并构成了一个自上而下的关系网
与环节, 对学校教育中知识的传授及对人的训练与约束都
络, 这个网络在某种程度上也是纵向与横向的结合。 它
产生了一定的影响。
“‘控制着’ 整体, 完全覆盖着整体, 并从监督者和被不断
监督者之间获得权力效应。 在对纪律实行层层监督时, 权
三、 学校教育中规训与惩罚的影响
一
流。 其他学生按照课程等级依次向教室中心排列。 同时,
年
每个学生都有自己相应的座位, 而且座位是固定的, 若没
向性控制的关系, 而是一种相互交错的复杂的网络。 “权
有 “学科” 的释义, 也具有纪律、 训练、 训诫等含义。 福
力以网络的形式运作在这个网上, 个人不仅流动着, 而且
柯利用这个词的多义性, 赋予它新的内涵, 用以指近代产
他 们 总 是 既 处 于 服 从 的 地 位 又 同 时 运 用 权 力 。” 〔3〕 但 是 ,
机构, 这里是权力的中心, 也便于实现观察与监视, 所以
人之间, 在家庭的成员之间, 在老师和学生之间, 在有知
“完美的规训机构应能使一切都一目了然。 中心点应该既是
识和无知识之间, 存在着各种权力关系, 它们不仅仅纯粹
照亮一切的光源, 又是一切需要被了解的事情的汇聚点,
是巨大的统治权力对个人的投射; 它们是具体的、 不断变
有时是教新学生。 最后, 所有学生的全部时间不是用于教,
13
理论探索
就是用于学。 学校变成了一个学习机器, 不同水准的学生
试”)。 福柯认为检查实际上是层级监视技术与规范化裁决技
的所有时间都被恰当地结合起来, 在整个教学过程中不断
美国留学教育学专业的分类与优势
美国留学教育学专业的分类与优势1.美国留学教育学专业的分类Curriculum and Instruction(教学和课程)Educational Administration and Supervision(教育管理和督导)Education Policy(教育政策)Educational Psychology(教育心理学)Elementary Teacher Education(小学教师教育)Higher Education Administration(高级教育管理)Secondary Teacher Education(初中教育管理)Special Education(特殊教育)Student Counseling and Personnel Services(学生规划辅导和个体服务)Technical / Vocational(技术 / 职业)教学方向的专业教学课程(Curriculum and Teaching),研究各学科的教学课程;早期儿童教育(Early Childhood Education),培养早期儿童教育方面的教师;小学和中学教育(Elementary and Secondary Inclusive Education),培养中小学教育方面的教师;语言学方向的专业应用语言学(Applied Linguistics),研究与语言相关的问题,如语言的交流分析、语法的功能等;英语教学专业(TESOL),教授学生英语教学的方法和技巧;双语教学(Bilingual / Bicultural Education),培养用母语和第二语言进行教学的老师;教育心理学方向的专业教育心理学(Psychology in Education),研究教育中的心理学问题,如知识的获得、认知水平的发展等;宏观教育方向的专业教育经济学(Economics and Education),研究教育学中的经济问题,如个人在教育中的投入和产出;人类教育学(Anthropology and Education),研究学校现象、学生行为等方面;教育史(History of Education),研究教育学的发展历史;教育技术方向的专业教育技术(Technology in Education),研究利用先进的科学技术作为教学的辅助手段;学校管理方向的专业教育领导专业(Education Leadership),培养各个阶段院校的管理型人才;教育政治学(Politics and Education),研究政治机构对于教育领域的影响。
规训的教育价值及实施策略
规训的教育价值及实施策略收稿日期:2008-04-08摘要:青少年不良行为的发生与其在儿童时期没有受到良好的规训有关。
康德认为的规训是把动物性转化为人性,这种规训既不束缚儿童自由和个性的发展,又不允许儿童随其心性、放纵自流,而是为了人类能更好地适应社会发展。
规训的教育价值体现在规训符合人类发展的要求、符合社会发展的要求、符合教育发展的要求。
我们提出尊重学生的自由和权利、教师要以身作则、寻求家庭教育的配合等一些基本策略,以达到良好的规训效果。
关键词:规训;规训的教育价值;青少年不良行为我国自改革开放以来,青少年犯罪一直居高不下,不断升级,并呈现出低龄化的特点。
据调查,2005年我国校园暴力事件共发生20 143起,2006年比上一年还要高出5.1%, ① 学生的不良行为问题已经受到教育界以及社会各界的广泛关注。
本文认为,青少年不良行为的发生与其在儿童时期没有受到良好的规训有关。
因此,研究规训的教育价值及实施策略,对于正确认识和有效运用规训,防范学生不良行为的发生,保护青少年学生的健康成长,具有重要的理论价值和现实指导意义。
一、什么是规训纵观古今中外诸多学者对规训的研究成果,理解各异,但主要集中在规训是一种负面教育。
尤其是后现代学者,认为规训是起消极作用的,是完全错误的。
本文从康德教育思想这一角度出发,对规训的含义进行再认识。
英语“规训”(discipline)一词来源于词语“门徒”(disciple),意思就是引导和教。
引导和教就是成人在规训孩子时该做的事情。
德国著名哲学家、教育家康德(Immanuel Kant)在他的教育学著作《论教育学》一书中提到:“人是唯一必须受教育的被造物。
我们所理解的教育,指的是保育、规训以及连同塑造在内的教导”,“规训或训诫是把动物性转变成人性”。
②对于规训,康德采用适度的原则,给出了合适的解释。
康德认为,规训是防止人由于动物性的驱使而偏离其规定:人性。
规训的作用是消除人类原有的野性,禁止其做野蛮和危险的事情。
EducationandDiscipline教育与规训
EducationandDiscipl ine教育与规训教育与规训伯特兰•罗素任何一种严肃的教育理论都包括两部分:有关生命之目的的观念,以及有关人的心理如何运作(例如,情绪变化的规律是什么)的理论——我们没法指望两个对于生命目的理解不同的人会在教育问题上达成一致。
在整个西方文明中,教育的机制被两种价值观所主导:一种是基督教,另一种是民族主义。
如果两者的理念都被严格地执行,它们的冲突就不可避免,正如我们在德国看到的那样。
我认为,在两者产生分歧之处,基督教价值观更为可取一些;但两者达成一致之处则无一正确。
在我看来,“文明”应当替代它们作为教育的目的,而“文明” 一词的定义则兼有个人与社会的方面。
个人意义上的文明包括智识的和道德的品质:前者指必要的常识、专业的技能、根据确凿证据形成观念的习惯;后者指不偏不倚、善心以及适度的自控力。
恐怕我还得加上智识和道德之外的、大体属于生理方面的第三点——生活中的愉悅和激情。
而社会意义上的文明则包括对法律的尊重、对人与人之间正义的追求、对于任何行为都不能伤害人类族群中任何一部分的自觉意识、以及能够机智地调整方法以达到目标的素质。
假如以上就是教育的目标,那么如何实现它、尤其是在此过程中何种程度的自由收效最好,就是一个亟待解决的问题,为此我们需要诉诸心理科学。
在有关教育应当允许多少自由的问题上,目前有三种观点;其间的分歧,部分来自人们对人生目标的理解,部分来自他们所运用的心理学理论。
有些人认为,无论孩子可能会变得多坏,他们都应当被给予绝对的自由;其中一些还补充说,尽管我们给了孩子们绝对的自由,他们也总是会成为好孩子。
这群人中真正在逻辑上站得住脚的寥寥无几;就像成人一样,孩子在绝对的自由之下并不都会变得有美德。
相信自由能够保证一个人在道德上的完善,是卢梭思想的残余,并且很容易被有关动物和婴儿的研究所证伪。
卢梭主义者否认教育应当有任何积极的目标,而觉得它仅仅应当为自发的成长提供合适的环境。
规训与惩罚:高校师范生师爱教育研究
Discipline and Punishment:on the Education of Teachers′Love to Students for Normal Students in Teachers Colleges and Universities 作者: 剡自勉[1]
作者机构: [1]黔南民族师范学院教育科学学院,贵州都匀558000
出版物刊名: 黔南民族师范学院学报
页码: 78-83页
年卷期: 2020年 第2期
主题词: 师爱;公爱;廉洁从教;监督;全景敞视
摘要:师范生是即将走上教学工作岗位的专业技术人员,对师范生进行“师爱”教育,即对其师爱思想、情感、行为提前进行规范与警戒即“规训与惩罚”教育。
规训教育的内容包括理论规训、制度规训与社会舆论规训,规训方式为层级监视、规范化裁决与检查;惩罚教育按程度不同分为国家惩罚、学校惩罚与社会舆论惩罚。
“规训与惩罚”教育旨在让师范生明确:师爱的核心是责任。
在师爱的具体实施过程中,教师是教育公务员,学生是服务对象,教育行政人员、家长、其他民众等第三方是监督者。
教师廉洁从教、学生积极配合、第三方不忘监督,师爱才能正常传递。
否则,师爱就可能转化成“私爱”、偏爱甚至私恨。
因教师之间、师生之间、生生之间也存在相互监督关系,故师爱的传递是在“全景敞视”状态下进行的。
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教育与规训伯特兰·罗素任何一种严肃的教育理论都包括两部分:有关生命之目的的观念,以及有关人的心理如何运作(例如,情绪变化的规律是什么)的理论——我们没法指望两个对于生命目的理解不同的人会在教育问题上达成一致。
在整个西方文明中,教育的机制被两种价值观所主导:一种是基督教,另一种是民族主义。
如果两者的理念都被严格地执行,它们的冲突就不可避免,正如我们在德国看到的那样。
我认为,在两者产生分歧之处,基督教价值观更为可取一些;但两者达成一致之处则无一正确。
在我看来,“文明”应当替代它们作为教育的目的,而“文明”一词的定义则兼有个人与社会的方面。
个人意义上的文明包括智识的和道德的品质:前者指必要的常识、专业的技能、根据确凿证据形成观念的习惯;后者指不偏不倚、善心以及适度的自控力。
恐怕我还得加上智识和道德之外的、大体属于生理方面的第三点——生活中的愉悦和激情。
而社会意义上的文明则包括对法律的尊重、对人与人之间正义的追求、对于任何行为都不能伤害人类族群中任何一部分的自觉意识、以及能够机智地调整方法以达到目标的素质。
假如以上就是教育的目标,那么如何实现它、尤其是在此过程中何种程度的自由收效最好,就是一个亟待解决的问题,为此我们需要诉诸心理科学。
在有关教育应当允许多少自由的问题上,目前有三种观点;其间的分歧,部分来自人们对人生目标的理解,部分来自他们所运用的心理学理论。
有些人认为,无论孩子可能会变得多坏,他们都应当被给予绝对的自由;其中一些还补充说,尽管我们给了孩子们绝对的自由,他们也总是会成为好孩子。
这群人中真正在逻辑上站得住脚的寥寥无几;就像成人一样,孩子在绝对的自由之下并不都会变得有美德。
相信自由能够保证一个人在道德上的完善,是卢梭思想的残余,并且很容易被有关动物和婴儿的研究所证伪。
卢梭主义者否认教育应当有任何积极的目标,而觉得它仅仅应当为自发的成长提供合适的环境。
这种观点过于强调个体,而且对知识的重要性显得很漠然,这些是我所不能赞同的。
我们所生活的社群需要合作,而指望一切必要的合作都出自人们自发的意愿,是一种乌托邦式的空想。
如果不是因为发达的科学技术,一大群人生活在一块大小有限的地区就是不可能的;因此教育至少要传承一些基本的科技知识。
那些容许最大程度自由的教育家们,自己的成功却建立在一定程度的仁慈、自制及智识训练之上,这些几乎不可能在一个一切冲动都不受干涉的环境中养成;因此,如果他们所支持的教育方式不经修正、缓和,他们身上所具有的优点便不太可能传给下一代。
从社会的立场来看,教育绝不仅仅是提供一个成长的机缘——成长的机缘当然是必要的,然而教育还应促进儿童心理和道德上的完善,儿童不可能自发地完成它。
那种在教育中要求极大程度自由的论调,并非是因为考虑到自由是人的一种善的天性,而毋宁说是威权作用的结果,这种作用对受压迫者和压迫者都有影响。
受威权所压迫的人,要么变得驯顺,要么变得叛逆,而这两种态度都是有缺陷的。
驯顺者在思想和行动方面都会失去创造力;而且,压抑引起的愤怒常以欺凌更弱者的方式得到发泄。
这就是暴政的机制得以维系的原因:一个人把父辈给他的痛苦同样地施加给他的儿女;当他成为帝国的缔造者时,则把它在中学时所受的耻辱施加给他的“国民”。
因而,一种威权泛滥的教育把孩子们都变成了怯懦的暴君,在言行方面既不能提出自己的、又不能容忍别人的独创。
教育者受到的影响甚至更坏:他们往往变成萨德式的规训者,除了散布恐惧之外别无所求。
由于教育者们代表着知识[及其权力],学生们对知识的恐惧便与日俱增。
英国的上流社会认为这种恐惧是人性的一部分,但实际上它却揭示了人们对于充斥着威权之教育的普遍仇视。
另一方面,尽管社会确实需要一些叛逆者,但他们中对现实怀有公正之态度的却是凤毛麟角。
况且,叛逆的方式有很多,其中只有极少数是明智的。
伽利略是一个明智的叛逆者;信奉“大地是平的”的人也是叛逆者,然而却是愚蠢的。
我们很容易觉得,对于威权的反抗必定值得赞许,反传统的观点必定正确,这种倾向是危险的:砸毁路灯,或是声称莎士比亚不配被称作诗人,并不能带来任何实质上的益处。
这种过度的叛逆,往往是对具有独立见解的学生施加过多威权的恶果。
叛逆者自己成为教育者时,可能会唆使学生蔑视一切,尽管与此同时他想要为学生创造一个优异的环境,而这两个目标在绝大多数情况下水火不容。
我们需要的既不是驯顺,也不是叛逆,而是优秀的天性,和对人的、以及对新观点的普遍宽容和欣赏。
这些必要的素养,部分来自被旧式的教育家所忽视的身体层面的原因,然而更多地来自自由——当生命的冲动受到压抑,人们由此有一种无能的挫败感时,对自由的渴望便油然而生。
在多数情形下,为了使孩子成长为友善的人,我们必须让他们觉得自己生活的环境就是友善的;这就要求我们对他们基本的愿望怀有一种同情,而不仅仅是试图把他们作为达到一个抽象的目标的工具——这些目标可能是上帝之荣耀,或国之辉煌。
而且,在教育过程中,我们应当尽己所能让孩子们觉得,他们正在学的知识是值得学的——至少这些知识确实值得学的情况下理应如此。
如果孩子主动地参与学习,则其效率会加倍,而疲倦会减半。
以上种种都是对教育中应当有足够自由这一观点的有力支持。
然而,我们很容易矫枉过正。
假如孩子们为了避免奴隶的恶行,就染上了贵族的恶行,这就并不是一件值得想望的事。
无论在大事还是小事上,对他人的考虑都是文明的基本要素,没有了它,社会生活就会成为地狱。
我并不仅仅是指说“请”与“谢谢”这样的有限的礼节:这种道貌岸然的礼节在野蛮的社会中达到其顶峰,随着文化的进步却变得越来越不必要。
毋宁说我指的是自愿地参加一定量的必要工作,并且在细微之处保持自制,以免招致不必要的麻烦。
让孩子觉得自己无所不能,或者让他们觉得大人的存在仅仅是为了取悦他们,并不是件好事。
而且,如果有人觉得游手好闲也能够致富,他们所培养的孩子就会缺乏对于工作之必要的认同,并且即使出身富家也会迅速没落。
还有一点受到了某些鼓吹自由之人的忽视。
在一群不受大人监护的孩子中,强者会建立起霸权,它似乎远比成人世界的霸权要残酷。
如果两个二三岁的孩子在一起玩,他们在打了几架后就会发现谁总是能获胜,而另一个就会成为奴隶。
当孩子的数量增加时,其中的一两人掌握了绝对的统治,其余人的自由则少得可怜;而假如成人在此时介入、保护弱者,则弱者的自由会大大增加,并且孩子们会不再那么好斗。
对于多数孩子而言,推己及人并不是自发形成的品格,而是别人教给他们的,这种教育甚至往往需要在一个威权的作用下来完成。
这也许是对放纵孩子之观点的最好批驳。
我并不认为,教育家们已经明白如何将人见人爱的自由与必要的道德规训结合起来。
必须承认,由于孩子在入学之前已经受到父母的负面影响,等他们进入学校才寻求这一种平衡几乎是不可能的。
正如精神分析学者从其临床研究中所总结的:我们都是疯子。
因而,一旦父母将孩子弄得难以管束,之后负责教育的学校就会觉得所有孩子都成了“老大难”,而父母们则是十足的傻瓜。
父母以溺爱形式伪装起的专制,使孩子变得桀骜不驯,对待每个大人都满腹狐疑,也许只有给他们一段时间的绝对自由,才能改善这种情况。
相比之下,那些在家中受到悉心照料的孩子,只要觉得对自己有益,就会接受别人在细节上为自己提出的建议。
大人们只要喜爱孩子,同时也没有被自己的工作搞得焦头烂额,就能够在友好的氛围中对孩子进行至关重要的培养。
在我看来,现代的教育理论家倾向于过度强调“不干涉孩子”这一消极标准,而忽视了另一种积极的价值——即与孩子相伴是一种享受。
假如你像别人爱他们的马或狗一样爱孩子,他们就乐于接受你的忠告;并且只要你和他们打一些有趣的赌,他们就会毫无怨言地不做你所禁止的事情。
把孩子们当成是为社会做贡献的资源,换言之,把他们当成当权者个人冲动的牺牲品,并不是教育的本意——假如你整天想着把孩子教育成某一党派的扞卫者,或一具有待为了君主或国家而牺牲的躯体,他们对你就毫无感激可言。
只应当在这种意义上对孩子感兴趣:当你和孩子在一起时,就由衷地感到快乐,而不是为了任何将来的考虑。
具有这一品质的教师,很少需要干涉孩子的自由,但有必要时也能够干预,只不过这种干预并不会造成心理创伤。
不幸的是,指望操劳过度的教师们保持他们出于本能的对孩子的喜爱,全然是无稽之谈;教师必定对孩子感到厌倦,正如俗话所说,卖糖的不会觉得糖甜。
我反对教育成为一个人终身的事业:人们每天从事教育的时间不得多于两小时,而在其它时间里他们应该干着与孩子无关的活。
与孩子的交往使人疲倦,在不能采取严肃的纪律来帮助自己时尤其如此。
而疲倦终究会导致愤怒,无论教师秉持多么完美的教育理论,这种愤怒都会以某种方式发泄出来。
在教育中不可或缺的友善态度,并不是仅凭教师的自制力所能维持的。
但只要这种友善得以保持,那种把丑话说在前头、规定“淘气”的孩子将如何受罚的做法就全无必要,因为教师天然的意愿就通向正确的决策,况且只要孩子们感到了你对他们的爱,你做出的几乎所有决策都会是正确的。
规则无论多么明智,都无法取代教师的关爱与随机应变。
民族主义(Nationalism),18世纪法国大革命时期兴起、19世纪在西欧达到全面兴盛的一种意识形态,其基本思想围绕着民族国家的概念展开,要求政治的边界与民族、文化的边界相重合,鼓励人们因为民族内部的认同感而团结起来,为名族的整体利益作出一定的自我牺牲。
20世纪,民族主义在一些相对落后的国家中占据了意识形态的主导地位,而在发达国家中则开始受到批判和反思,逐渐退出历史舞台。
——中译者注,下同。
罗素这篇文章写于1935年,其时纳粹在德国猖獗活动,其民族主义采取了极权主义(Totalitarianism)的形态,政治渗入人们生活的方方面面,甚至精神世界,从而与基督教长期以来所秉承的“物质领域由国家管辖,精神领域由教会(或上帝)统领”之观念发生了激烈的冲突。
冲突的结果是纳粹基本上摧毁了德国的宗教力量。
卢梭(Jean-JaquesRousseau)有关教育的思想集中在其着作《爱弥儿》(Emile)中,其大意为:孩子的天性是善的,应当让他们在完全自由的环境中发展自己;一切有目标的教育都会扼杀孩子的天性,因而教育仅仅是一种必要的恶,其职能仅限于为孩子提供自由发展的环境。
乌托邦(Utopia)一次首先出现于文艺复兴时期英国人文主义者托马斯·莫尔()的同名着作,莫尔在其中构建了一个大同社会的幻想。
后世多用这一词指称那些看似美好、却不切实际的政治理想,因而乌托邦理想实际上至迟在柏拉图的《理想国》中就已得到了充分的表达。
这一句是在影射希特勒。
萨德侯爵(MarquisdeSade),启蒙运动时期作家。
他的名声多半来自于其作品中对于性虐待的色情描写,因此sadistic这个词指一种以虐待他人为乐的变态人格。