科技雅思第二次课
剑桥雅思4test2reading2阅读全文解析
剑桥雅思4test2reading2阅读全文解析剑桥雅思4test2reading2阅读全文解析分享给大家。
本篇阅读内容讲述的是医学的科技类的文章，所以理解起来有一定的难度，对于一开始备考雅思阅读的烤鸭们来说可能就会感觉很受挫，但是只要大家认真分析，弄得词汇，还是会发现这类题还是有一定的攻克技巧的。
首先，我们一起来认识一下本文的一些生词和高频词，这里有比较详细的词汇注解，大家在做题的时候可以参考一下。
1. alternative二者择其一，另类的 ;alternative medicine另类医学，另类疗法2. Therapies治疗3. Acupuncture针刺疗法4. Orthodox正统的，传统的5. loath勉强，不情愿6. Prescribe规定，开处方7. hand in glove合作，勾结，亲密的8. herbal草药的，草本的 9. remedies补救措施，10. turnover流通量，营业额11. scientifically系统地，合乎科学地 12. Disenchantment醒悟，清醒，不抱幻想13. empirically以经验为主的 14.eroded侵蚀，消弱 15.chiropractor按摩师，脊椎指压治疗师, naturopath理疗家，自然治疗医师, osteopath整骨医生, acupuncturist 针灸医生，herbalist草药医生 16. Clientele客户，委托人 17. exodus大批离去 18. Concurs同意，一致19. bottom line要点，关键之处 20. musculo-skeletal肌肉骨骼 21. respiratory呼吸的，与呼吸有关的22. chronic慢性的，长期的 22. adjunct附属的，附属物了解了词汇大关，小编觉得就不得不说说长难句的分析。
下面小编为大家带来了3个相对比较有难度的句子进行分析，一起来看看吧：1.Australia has been unusual in the Western world in having a very conservative attitude to natural or alternative therapies, according to Dr. Paul Laver a lecturer in Public Heath at the University of Sydney.难句类型：主系表结构(现在完成时态)+介词短语(in having……)做后置定语修饰主语，+插入语(according to……)难词注解：conservative保守的难句翻译：悉尼大学公共健康系博士Paul Laver在一次演讲中说到，澳大利亚不管是在自然医学和另类疗法中都持有非常保守的态度，因此它在西方国家中是与众不同的。
剑桥雅思阅读5test2翻译及答案
剑桥雅思阅读5test2翻译及答案雅思阅读是块难啃的硬骨头，需要我们做更多的题目才能得心应手。
下面小编给大家分享一下剑桥雅思阅读5test2原文翻译及答案解析，希望可以帮助到大家。
剑桥雅思阅读5原文(test2)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.BAKELITEThe birth of modern plasticsIn 1907, Leo Hendrick Baekeland, a Belgian scientist working in New York, discovered and patented a revolutionary new synthetic material. His invention, which he named ‘Bakelite,’was of enormous technological importance, and effectively launched the modern plastics industry.The term ‘plastic’ comes from the Greek plassein, meaning ‘to mould’. Some plastics are derived from natural sources, some are semi-synthetic (the result of chemical action on a natural substance), and some are entirely synthetic, that is, chemically engineered from the constituents of coal or oil. Some are ‘thermoplastic’, which means that, like candlewax, they melt when heated and can then be reshaped. Others are ‘thermosetting’: like eggs, they cannot revert to their original viscous state, and their shape is thus fixed for ever. Bakelite had the distinction of being the first totally synthetic thermosetting plastic.The history of today’s plastics begins wit h the discovery of a series of semi-synthetic thermoplastic materials in the mid-nineteenth century. The impetus behind the development ofthese early plastics was generated by a number of factors —immense technological progress in the domain of chemistry, coupled with wider cultural changes, and the pragmatic need to find acceptable substitutes for dwindling supplies of ‘luxury’ materials such as tortoiseshell and ivory.Baekeland’s interest in plastics began in 1885 when, as a young chemistry student in Belgium, he embarked on research into phenolic resins, the group of sticky substances produced when phenol (carbolic acid) combines with an aldehyde (a volatile fluid similar to alcohol). He soon abandoned the subject, however, only returning to it some years later. By 1905 he was a wealthy New Yorker, having recently made his fortune with the invention of a new photographic paper. While Baekeland had been busily amassing dollars, some advances had been made in the development of plastics. The years 1899 and 1900 had seen the patenting of the first semi-synthetic thermosetting material that could be manufactured on an industrial scale. In purely scientific terms, Baekeland’s major contribution to the field is not so much the actual discovery of the material to which he gave his name, but rather the method by which a reaction between phenol and formaldehyde could be controlled, thus making possible its preparation on a commercial basis. On 13 July 1907, Baekeland took out his famous patent describing this preparation, the essential features of which are still in use today.The original patent outlined a three-stage process, in which phenol and formaldehyde (from wood or coal) were initially combined under vacuum inside a large egg-shaped kettle. The result was a resin known as Novalak which became soluble and malleable when heated. The resin was allowed to cool in shallow trays until it hardened, and then broken up and ground intopowder. Other substances were then introduced: including fillers, such as woodflour, asbestos or cotton, which increase strength and moisture resistance, catalysts (substances to speed up the reaction between two chemicals without joining to either) and hexa, a compound of ammonia and formaldehyde which supplied the additional formaldehyde necessary to form a thermosetting resin. This resin was then left to cool and harden, and ground up a second time. The resulting granular powder was raw Bakelite, ready to be made into a vast range of manufactured objects. In the last stage, the heated Bakelite was poured into a hollow mould of the required shape and subjected to extreme heat and pressure, thereby ‘setting’ its form for life.The design of Bakelite objects, everything from earrings to television sets, was governed to a large extent by the technical requirements of the molding process. The object could not be designed so that it was locked into the mould and therefore difficult to extract. A common general rule was that objects should taper towards the deepest part of the mould, and if necessary the product was molded in separate pieces. Moulds had to be carefully designed so that the molten Bakelite would flow evenly and completely into the mould. Sharp corners proved impractical and were thus avoided, giving rise to the smooth, ‘streamlined’ style popular in the 1930s. The thickness of the walls of the mould was also crucial: thick walls took longer to cool and harden, a factor which had to be considered by the designer in order to make the most efficient use of machines.Baekeland’s inve ntion, although treated with disdain in its early years, went on to enjoy an unparalleled popularity which lasted throughout the first half of the twentieth century. It became the wonder product of the new world of industrialsexpansion —‘the material of a thousand uses’. Being both non-porous and heat-resistant, Bakelite kitchen goods were promoted as being germ-free and sterilisable. Electrical manufacturers seized on its insulating properties, and consumers everywhere relished its dazzling array of shades, delighted that they were now, at last, no longer restricted to the wood tones and drab browns of the preplastic era. It then fell from favour again during the 1950s, and was despised and destroyed in vast quantities. Recently, however, it has been experiencing something of a renaissance, with renewed demand for original Bakelite objects in the collectors’ marketplace, and museums, societies and dedicated individuals once again appreciating the style and originality of this innovative material.Questions 1-3Complete the summary.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.Some plastics behave in a similar way to 1……… in that they melt under heat and can be moulded into new forms. Bakelite was unique because it was the first material to be both entirely 2……… in origin, and thermosetting.There were several reasons for the research into plastics in the nineteenth century, among them the great advances that had been made in the field of 3…………a nd the search for alternatives to natural resources like ivory.Questions 4-8Complete the flow-chart.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 4-8 on your answer sheet.The Production of Bakelite图片6Questions 9 and 10Choose TWO letters A-E.Write your answers in boxes 9 and 10 on your answer sheet.NB Your answers may be given in either order.Which TWO of the following factors influencing the design of Bakelite objects are mentioned in the text?A the function which the object would serveB the ease with which the resin could fill the mouldC the facility with which the object could be removed from the mouldD the limitations of the materials used to manufacture the mouldE the fashionable styles of the periodQuestions 11-13Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this11 Modern-day plastic preparation is based on the same principles as that patented in 1907.12 Bakelite was immediately welcomed as a practical and versatile material.13 Bakelite was only available in a limited range of colours.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-27, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.What’s so funny?John McCrone reviews recent research on humorThe joke comes over the headphones: ‘Which side of a dog has the mos t hair? The left.’ No, not funny. Try again. ‘Which side of a dog has the most hair? The outside.’ Hah! The punchline is silly yet fitting, tempting a smile, even a laugh. Laughter has always struck people as deeply mysterious, perhaps pointless. The writer Arthur Koestler dubbed it the luxury reflex: ‘unique in that it serves no apparent biological purpose. ’Theories about humour have an ancient pedigree. Plato expressed the idea that humor is simply a delighted feeling of superiority over others. Kant and Freud felt that joke-telling relies on building up a psychic tension which is safely punctured by the ludicrousness of the punchline. But most modern humor theorists have settled on some version of Aristotle’s belief that jokes are based on a reaction to or resolution of incongruity, when the punchline is either a nonsense or, though appearing silly, has a clever second meaning.Graeme Ritchie, a computational linguist in Edinburgh, studies the linguistic structure of jokes in order to understand not only humor but language understanding and reasoning in machines. He says that while there is no single format for jokes, many revolve around a sudden and surprising conceptual shift. A comedian will present a situation followed by an unexpected interpretation that is also apt.So even if a punchline sounds silly, the listener can see there is a clever semantic fit and that sudden mental ‘Aha!’ is the buzz that makes us laugh. Viewed from this angle, humor is just a form of creative insight, a sudden leap to a new perspective.However, there is another type of laughter, the laughter of social appeasement and it is important to understand this too.Play is a crucial part of development in most young mammals. Rats produce ultrasonic squeaks to prevent their scuffles turning nasty. Chimpanzees have a ‘play-face’ — a gaping expression accompanied by a panting ‘ah ah’ noise. In humans, these signals have mutated into smiles and laughs. Researchers believe social situations, rather than cognitive events such as jokes, trigger these instinctual markers of play or appeasement. People laugh on fairground rides or when tickled to flag a play situation, whether they feel amused or not.Both social and cognitive types of laughter tap into the same expressive machinery in our brains, the emotion and motor circuits that produce smiles and excited vocalisations. However, if cognitive laughter is the product of more general thought processes, it should result from more expansive brain activity.Psychologist Vinod Goel investigated humour using the new technique of ‘single event’ functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). An MRI scanner uses magnetic fields and radio waves to track the changes in oxygenated blood that accompany mental activity. Until recently, MRI scanners needed several minutes of activity and so could not be used to track rapid thought processes such as comprehending a joke. New developments now allow half-second ‘snapshots’ of all sorts of reasoning and problem-solving activities.Although Goel felt being inside a brain scanner was hardly the ideal place for appreciating a joke, he found evidence that understanding a joke involves a widespread mental shift. His scans showed that at the beginning of a joke the listener’s prefrontal cortex lit up, particularly the right prefrontal believed to be critical for problem solving. But there was also activity in the temporal lobes at the side of the head (consistent withattempts to rouse stored knowledge) and in many other brain areas. Then when the punchline arrived, a new area sprang to life — the orbital prefrontal cortex. This patch of brain tucked behind the orbits of the eyes is associated with evaluating information.Making a rapid emotional assessment of the events of the moment is an extremely demanding job for the brain, animal or human. Energy and arousal levels may need to be retuned in the blink of an eye. These abrupt changes will produce either positive or negative feelings. The orbital cortex, the region that becomes active in Goel’s experiment, seems the be st candidate for the site that feeds such feelings into higher-level thought processes, with its close connections to the brain’s sub-cortical arousal apparatus and centres of metabolic control.All warm-blooded animals make constant tiny adjustments in arousal in response to external events, but humans, who have developed a much more complicated internal life as a result of language, respond emotionally not only to their surroundings, but to their own thoughts. Whenever a sought-for answer snaps into place, there is a shudder of pleased recognition. Creative discovery being pleasurable, humans have learned to find ways of milking this natural response. The fact that jokes tap into our general evaluative machinery explains why the line between funny and disgusting, or funny and frightening, can be so fine. Whether a joke gives pleasure or pain depends on a person’s outlook.Humor may be a luxury, but the mechanism behind it is no evolutionary accident. As Peter Derks, a psychologist at William and Mary Colleg e in Virginia, says: ‘I like to think of humour as the distorted mirror of the mind. It’s creative, perceptual, analytical and lingual. If we can figure out how the mindprocesses humor, then we’ll have a pretty good handle on how it works in general.’Questions 14-20Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this14 Arthur Koestler considered laughter biologically important in several ways.15 Plato believed humour to be a sign of above-average intelligence.16 Kant believed that a successful joke involves the controlled release of nervous energy.17 Current thinking on humour has largely ignored Aristotle’s view on the subject.18 Graeme Ritchie’s work links jokes to artificial intelligence.19 Most comedians use personal situations as a source of humour.20 Chimpanzees make particular noises when they are playing.Questions 21-23The diagram below shows the areas of the brain activated by jokes.Label the diagram.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 21-23 on your answer sheet.Questions 24-27Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-G below.Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 24-27 on your answer sheet.24 One of the brain’s most difficult tasks is to25 Because of the language they have developed, humans26 Individual responses to humour27 Peter Derks believes that humourA react to their own thoughts.B helped create language in humans.C respond instantly to whatever is happening.D may provide valuable information about the operation of the brain.E cope with difficult situations.F relate to a person’s subjective views.G led our ancestors to smile and then laugh.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.The Birth of Scientific EnglishWorld science is dominated today by a small number of languages, including Japanese, German and French, but it is English which is probably the most popular global language of science. This is not just because of the importance of English-speaking countries such as the USA in scientific research; the scientists of many non-English-speaking countries find that they need to write their research papers in English to reach a wide international audience. Given the prominence of scientific English today, it may seem surprising that no one really knew how to write science in English before the 17th century. Before that, Latin was regarded as the lingua franca1 for European intellectuals.The European Renaissance (c. 14th-16th century) is sometimes called the ‘revival of learning’, a time of renewed interest in the ‘lost knowledge’ of classical times. At the same time, however, scholars also began to test and extend this knowledge. The emergent nation states of Europe developed competitive interests in world exploration and the development of trade. Such expansion, which was to take the English language west to America and east to India, was supported by scientific developments such as the discovery of magnetism and hence the invention of the compass improvements in cartography and —perhaps the most important scientific revolution of them all —the new theories of astronomy and the movement of the Earth in relation to the planets and stars, developed by Copernicus (1473-1543).England was one of the first countries where scientists adopted and publicised Copernican ideas with enthusiasm. Some of these scholars, including two with interests in language —John Wallis and John Wilkins — helped found the Royal Society in 1660 in order to promote empirical scientific research.Across Europe similar academies and societies arose, creating new national traditions of science. In the initial stages of the scientific revolution, most publications in the national languages were popular works, encyclopaedias, educational textbooks and translations. Original science was not done in English until the second half of the 17th century. For example, Newton published his mathematical treatise, known as the Principia, in Latin, but published his later work on the properties of light — Opticks — in English.There were several reasons why original science continued to be written in Latin. The first was simply a matter of audience. Latinwas suitable for an international audience of scholars, whereas English reached a socially wider, but more local, audience. Hence, popular science was written in English.A second reason for writing in Latin may, perversely, have been a concern for secrecy. Open publication had dangers in putting into the public domain preliminary ideas which had not yet been fully exploited by their ‘author’. This growing concern about intellectual property rights was a feature of the period — it reflected both the humanist notion of the individual, rational scientist who invents and discovers through private intellectual labour, and the growing connection between original science and commercial exploitation. There was something of a social distinction between ‘scholars and gentlemen’ who understood Latin, and men of trade who lacked a classical education. And in the mid-17th century it was common practice for mathematicians to keep their discoveries and proofs secret, by writing them in cipher, in obscure languages, or in private messages deposited in a sealed box with the Royal Society. Some scientists might have felt more comfortable with Latin precisely because its audience, though international, was socially restricted. Doctors clung the most keenly to Latin as an ‘insider language’.A third reason why the writing of original science in English was delayed may have been to do with the linguistic inadequacy of English in the early modern period. English was not well equipped to deal with scientific argument. First it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second, it lacked the grammatical resources required to represent the world in an objective and impersonal way, and to discuss the relations, such as cause and effect, that might hold between complex and hypothetical entities.Fortunately, several members of the Royal Society possessed an interest in Language and became engaged in various linguistic projects. Although a proposal in 1664 to establish a committee for improving the English language came to little, the society’s members did a great deal to foster the publication of science in English and to encourage the development of a suitable writing style. Many members of the Royal Society also published monographs in English. One of the first was by Robert Hooke, the society’s first curator of experiments, who described his experiments with microscopes in Micrographia (1665). This work is largely narrative in style, based on a transcript of oral demonstrations and lectures.In 1665 a new scientific journal, Philosophical Transactions, was inaugurated. Perhaps the first international English-language scientific journal, it encouraged a new genre of scientific writing, that of short, focused accounts of particular experiments.The 17th century was thus a formative period in the establishment of scientific English. In the following century much of this momentum was lost as German established itself as the leading European language of science. It is estimated that by the end of the 18th century 401 German scientific journals had been established as opposed to 96 in France and 50 in England. However, in the 19th century scientific English again enjoyed substantial lexical growth as the industrial revolution created the need for new technical vocabulary, and new, specialized, professional societies were instituted to promote and publish in the new disciplines.lingua franca: a language which is used for communication between groups of people who speak different languages Questions 28-34Complete the summary.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 28-34 on your answer sheet.In Europe, modern science emerged at the same time as the nation state. At first, the scientific language of choice remained 28…………… . It allowed scientists to communicate with other socially privileged thinkers while protecting their work from unwanted exploitation. Sometimes the desire to protect ideas seems to have been stronger than the desire to communicate them, particularly in the case of mathematicians and 29…………… . In Britain, moreover, scientists worried that English had neither the 30…………… nor the 31………… to e xpress their ideas. This situation only changed after 1660 when scientists associated with the 32………… set about developing English. An early scientific journal fostered a new kind of writing based on short descriptions of specific experiments. Although English was then overtaken by 33……… , it developed again in the 19th century as a direct result of the 34……………….Questions 35-37Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 35-37 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this35 There was strong competition between scientists in Renaissance Europe.36 The most important scientific development of the Renaissance period was the discovery of magnetism.37 In 17th-century Britain, leading thinkers combined their interest in science with an interest in how to express ideas.Questions 38-40Complete the table.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.Science written in the first half of the 17th centuryLanguage used Latin EnglishType of science Original 38…………Examples 39………… EncyclopaediasTarget audience International scholars 40…………, but socially wider剑桥雅思阅读5原文参考译文(test2)BAKELITE The birth of modern plastics酚醛塑料——现代塑料的诞生In 1907, Leo Hendrick Baekeland, a Belgian scientist working in New York, discovered and patented a revolutionary new synthetic mater ial. His invention, which he named ‘Bakelite,’ was of enormous technological importance, and effectively launched the modern plastics industry.1907年，比利时科学家Leo Hendrick Baekeland在纽约工作时发现了一种全新的合成材料，并申请了专利。
13-雅思培训-顾家北-词汇-145号学员100句第二次课13-24句翻译笔记-017
13. 平等的教育能帮助解决学生学习成绩不好equal access to education can help students to have a good academic performance正确的句子：Equal access to education can help tackle educational underachievement.－equal education 教育均等，同等教育equal education opportunity ，equal access to education－solve problems，tackle problems，handle problems－underachievement n.underachiever-access to 到某个地方，（有机会）使用什么东西－disadvantaged adj－fair 公正公平，在此处不合适－poor academic performance14. 接触不同的文化可以促进创新Being contaxt with different cultures can help involution.与人的接触，拼写也是错的，contact，也没有help involution这个搭配的哦正确的句子：Exposure to different cultures can encourage creativity.-expose to , sb. Be exposed to-boost/raise/improve / build morale , confidence-creativity n. 创造力creation un. 创作cn. 创造的产物15. 政府应该重视社会福利，尤其是医疗服务the government should pay attention to public welfare, especially medicine service s正确的句子：The government should give priority to welfare services, especially the healthcare.-priority u/cn. 具体的事情时可数－focus用在大环境不合适－give emphasis on sth-service c/un16.教育或许决定了人的工作机会education may decide people's working opportunities.正确的句子：Education may hold the key to one’s job prospect.-decide 主语通常是人／官方／政府不合适determine-job／career prospect-one’s 等限定词后面名词不再是裸奔，可不加s－may 情态动词后面加动词原型maybe 动词－人用‘s ，物用of17. 使用化石资源会对环境造成破坏the usage of fossil resourses may be harmful to environment.正确的句子：The use of fossil fuels can cause damage to the environment.－Environment cn 加s或者the18.建造住宅楼有助于解决城市的拥堵问题building living houses is helpful to solve cities' congestiontraffic congestion，注意住着楼的搭配哦正确的句子：Building apartment blocks helps solve overcrowding in cities.句子结构：主语+及物动词(helps)+宾语(solve overcrowding)，省略了to, 本来是不定式to solve overcrowding)－overcrowding－it is helpful to do sth. 之类用法？19．贫穷的人可以通过努力工作来提高社会地位poor people can improve social status by hard working正确的句子：People from disadvantaged backgrounds can improve their social status by working hard.－the poor ，the disadvantaged the 表示一类人－class 可数，status 不可数have／enjoy high status20. 因为全球化，人们需要和来自不同背景的人工作because of globlization people need to work with people who have different backgroundsglobalization正确的句子：Because of globalisation, people need to work with those from diverse backgrounds.注：这里的those 就是其他人的意思，不能说those people，这样会和主语重复。
雅思口语知识点解析chapter 2
Chapter 2 Talking about studyWhat’s your major? 你的专业是什么？Introduction：在雅思考试中，，作为考官对你个人背景了解之一的常问问题就是“专业”，其中包括最基本的个人专业的英文表达，选择专业的原因，是否喜爱自己的专业。
如果是高中在读的同学虽然还没有专业，不过也可以说说自己是文科生arts students还是理科生science students。
并且可以谈谈自己以后想学的专业。
在此节中重点要掌握如何表达自己的专业，和对专业喜爱的原因。
Task 1: you are going to hear two conversations, while listening, underline some useful phrases about Study.Conversation 1:Ann：Steve, who are the two women over there?Steve：Oh, their names are Shirley and Linda. Hi, Shirley. This is Ann. She is from Canada. Ann：Hello. Shirley, nice to meet you.Shirley：Hi, Ann. Nice to meet you, too. What do you study here?Ann：I’m studying Biology. And what’s your subject?Shirley：It’s engineering.Ann：Hi, Linda. What are you studying here?Linda：I’m studying Arts.Ann：Oh, that sounds interesting.Steve：Shirley. And Linda are from the UK.Ann：Oh, where are you from in the UK?Shirley：I’m from Edinburgh.Linda：And I come from Leeds.Conversation 2:Lily: What’s your major?Mike: I come to China just to study Chinese.Lily: Where are you studying now?Mike: At the Beijing Language and Culture University.Lily: How many years have you studied?Mike: I've already studied for three years. One year left for graduation.Lily: Are you going back to your country after graduation?Mike: Yes, I'll return to my country and look for a job.Lily: Is it difficult to find a job?Mike: Not very difficult, because there is not many people in my country who know Chinese.Lily: Mike, tell me why you chose to study Chinese?Mike: well, to be honest, I chose it based on my personal interest. You know, since I was a boy I have always been interested in language. And I reckon Chinese is a very interesting language to study.Lily: Good. Wish you good luck.Mike: Thanks.Task 2: Pair Work. Now, role-play the conversations in Task 1 with your partner. Then it is required for you to remember these phrases and expressions below. Inquiring about study:What are you studying? / What’s your major? / What’s your subject? 你的专业是什么What subjects do you like most and what subjects do you dislike most?你最喜欢/最不喜欢的专业是什么Why did you choose this major? 你为什么选择这个专业？What do you think of your major? 你觉得你的专业怎么样？Answering:I major in Finance. I am studying Finance. My subject is Finance. 我是金融专业的。
雅思听说第二次课for student
Houses, flats and rooms
fully furnished flat, newly-built, run-down studio flat/apartment, threebedroom flat, two-storey house, duplex, veranda, balcony, spacious/cozy/airy/comfy/cramped /dingy room
Relationship/Friendship
strike up/develop a friendship, cement/spoil a friendship, a casual acquaintance, firm friends/a friend for life, platonic relationship, a relationship that can stand the test of time, love at first sight, be desperately in love, make a commitment to each other, unconditional love/love unconditionally, get hitched/tie the knot
听力练习
• 剑7 TEST 1, Section 1(travelling)
• • • • • • • • •
Airport shuttle booking form To: Milton Date: 6_____ No. of passengers: one Bus time: 7____pm Type of ticket: single Name: Janet 8_____ Flight No: 9_____ From: London Heathrow Address in Milton: Vacation Motel, 24, Kitchener Street Fare: $35 Credit Card No: (visa)10______
科技雅思第二次课
雅思写作内容：一．大作文整体结构开头段（三要素：背景，引题，自己立场）主体段（正方/反方，让步/转折）结尾段（重述立场和分论点，建议）二．3种问法对应的文章框架结构Discuss both views and give your opinion.(蓝P199)To what extent do you agree or disagree.(蓝P202)作业：1.掌握同义词替换（资料）2.掌握得分句型3.积累话题词汇和素材(蓝）4.掌握两种不同问法的答题要点Discussion 类例题1：教育类In recent years, many young people have decided to further their study abroad. What are the benefits and drawbacks of studying abroadIn recent years, many young people have decided to further their study abroad. Some people claim that there are more benefits than drawbacks of studying abroad, do you agree or disagree Benefits:Broaden /expand one’s horizons/vision, open minded, enrich knowledgeAcquire / obtain advanced science and technology / concepteasy access to first-rate educational facilitiesthe latest development of …../up-to-date/field of studycultivate one’s independence / take care/ protectlearn to get alone with people from different cultural backgroundslanguage environmentmore opportunities to obtain a decent job/well-paid/future careerBe beneficial to / be conductive toMixed / international mindsetBetter living environmentIntroduce our culture to western worldself-betterment / self- realization / the best self Disadvantages:Costly/ financial burden, ordinary /average, cover / afford, living cost / tuition costStudying abroad might cause a financial burden for ordinary families; many of them cannot afford the high living and tuition cost.Fail to adapt themselves to the new environment / oversea life / cultural differencePsychological: Loneliness / homesick / far away from home, no companyLanguage barrierResult in a serious brain-drain, huge loss of talentSupervision / supervisor/ some/ tend to ignore their studiesTemptation/go astraySelf-discipline, self-control, immature, cannot distinguish right from wrong / imitate / bad behaviorTime-management skill / study plan/ schedule / priorityWorkoutSocial circleculture shockBody paragraph:Topic sentenceFirst, firstly, first of all, first and foremost, to begin with, to start withSecond, meanwhile, in addition, besides, moreover, furthermore, what’s moreFinally, lastly, last but not the leastOn the one hand,…On the other hand,…For one thing,….For another,…People’s living standards have improved over the years and many parents tend to pay more attention to their children’s education. Therefore, more and more young people choose to go abroad to pursue their higher education. Frankly speaking, studying overseas has both its advantages and disadvantages. (45)Critics / opponents argue that there are many good reasons against further study abroad.For one thing, living far away from home, students will suffer from loneliness and homesickness. Overseas students often feel disoriented and depressed from lack of adequate/sufficient knowledge and understanding of the local customs and lifestyle.For another, many students do not want to return to their native country after graduation because most of them want to seek a more comfortable life and a brighter future overseas. This may result in a serious brain-drain and our country will inevitably incur a huge loss of talents. (96)Proponents claim that overseas study has so many advantages. First of all, it can broaden the students’experience a totally different culture. The knowledge of high technology and social customs acquired in the other countries helps them to become more open-minded.Secondly, in terms of academic development, overseas study possesses several distinct advantages. Students can learn advanced science and technology. The book resources are more up-to-date. The professors are aware of all the latest development in their fields. Therefore the standard of teaching is much higher.Thirdly, when they finish studies abroad, they will have more choices in their future careers.All the above merits are conductive to their self-betterment and self-realization.In my opinion, while oversea study has its drawbacks, the advantages are obvious.It can broaden one’s horizon. Students have easy access to the first rate facilities and the latest development in science and technology. When they finish their study, students have more job opportunities.Therefore, as long as it is financially feasible, an oversea education may do a person more good than harm. (64) Discussion 类例题2：科技类What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Internet Advantages:Convenience (life, study,work)Share informationMake friendsApply to the education and workImprove work efficiencyArgument类例题1：科技+教育类Distance education vs. Traditional educationMany people use distance-learning programs to study at home, but some people think that it cannot bring the benefit as much as attending college or university. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion (041113, 081023, 100515) Distance education:Flexible – time, locationConvenient -CostInformation rangeEfficiency –DistractionInteraction –Skills – writing skills, …Traditional educationFace-to-face interactionEfficiency – feedback, help immediately,Skills –communication skill, interpersonal skill, corporation skill, team building, ….Make friends – expand our social circle, built social network开头段band：With the technology developing, more and more people like studying at home by computers. So there is a hot topic on whether this way is good for people. In my opinion, I think people should study at universities. (38band：So rapid is the progress of technology that a growing number of teenagers are keen on studying at home by media like computers or TV. Thus, a topic is being discussed on whether this method is more benefit than those who studying at universities. Personally speaking,I tend to this view that universities are good place for studying. (58)让步段：Undeniably,it is convenient for teenagers to study at home.Obviously,compared with going to universities, studying at home can save time and money. Besides, only by clicking the mouse can students gain large information which they need. However,quite a few children have to face some physical health problems like short sight, if they spend too much time watching computers or TV. (63)理由1：However, the most vital merit of studying at universities is that some abilities can be cultivated, like interpersonal skills. If youths always face computers, they might do not know how to make friends or communicate with others. But, on the contrary, universities are good places which can provide some opportunities for children to share their experiences, interests and hobbies with others. (62)理由2：Moreover / W hat’s more,….To sum up, although using computers and TV for learning is benefit for students, they can obtain more precious experience at colleges or universities. For my part, I support the view that it is necessary for teenagers to go to universities or colleges.(43)。
雅思口语第二部分的答题时间
【导语】雅思⼝语第⼆部分是整个⼝语考试答题核⼼的开始，所以对于雅思⼝语第⼆部分的答题，⼤家⼀定要给予相应的重视。
以下是整理的雅思⼝语第⼆部分的答题时间，欢迎阅读！1.雅思⼝语第⼆部分的答题时间 1.PartII答题时如果考⽣说的太少，甚⾄说不到1分钟会影响得分吗? 雅思⼝语考试要求是要说到1-2分钟,考官会试图让学⽣继续下去。
通常学⽣说的少是因为他们⼝语⽔平不⾼，词汇语法有限，⽆法流畅持续地表达⾃⼰的想法。
如果因此考⽣只说到40-45秒钟,通常只能得较低的分。
当然最后的得分是看三个部分的整体表现。
2.PartII答案过长，以⾄于2分钟结束了都没开始回答卡⽚上的最后⼀个问题，这样会影响得分吗? ⾸先，考官只会给考⽣2分钟的时间作答，这个对每位考⽣都是公平的。
其实没有答完卡⽚上的问题并不会被直接扣分。
但是我们⽐较建议考⽣多在卡⽚上的最后⼀个问题上延展话题，应为前⾯的⼏个问题往往是客观问题，例如时间、地点、⼈物等，⽽最后⼀个问题则是有关考⽣的主观看法和感受的，这样的问题给考⽣提供了更⼤的发挥空间，⽐如可以使⽤更加丰富的词汇、句型，从更好地⽽展⽰⾃⼰的⼝语能⼒。
通过上⾯的这两个问题和相应的答案，我们就可以看到在雅思⼝语第⼆部分答题当中，答题时间是很关键的⼀环，所以⼤家宁可多说⼀些，也不要说的太少，以免影响⼤家的⼝语成绩。
2.雅思⼝语第⼆部分出现的问题及应对策略 雅思⼝语考试中第⼆部分，需要考⽣需要就⼀个话题展开讨论，并需要有⼀定的深度。
那么，平时如何准备这个部分的呢？ 有了第⼀个阶段磨合，考⽣在雅思⼝语第⼆个阶段就会就轻松很多，所谓的轻松是指考⽣不⽤有太多的顾虑和猜想，例如，这个考官是什么性格的？她/他发美⾳还是澳⾳？紧张劲也会消失很多，但是这个阶段考⽣还不能放松警惕，因为这个阶段的挑战性更强。
考⽣需要就⼀个话题展开讨论，并需要有⼀定的深度，不像第⼀阶段那样轻描淡写就可以了，考试时间为3～4分钟。
这⾥所涉及的话题范围⽐较⼴泛，具体包括国家或家乡⽣活，⽂化，风俗习惯或个⼈的某个经历，此外还有⼀些抽象的概念，例如⼴告，愿望，理想等话题。
雅思第二次 素材的寻找
Mission Statement 素材的寻找有学生的QQ签名是“我写得不是雅思作文，是寂寞”。
何出此言呢，源于题目读懂了，却一时不知写什么，该怎么写。
因此看懂题目后的素材寻找就变得至关重要了。
有人建议头脑风暴找素材，但需要一定的线索。
那么具体可以从哪些方面考量呢？An idea that can be put into action is far better than an idea only exists as an idea.以下有三种方法供同学们参考。
1分类法2替代法3裸奔法分类法；当题目的讨论对象 A 过于广泛或者抽象时，请将讨论对象具体化，对其加以分类为A1 与A2 。
比如分成两类，那么素材就比原来增加了一倍，一分为二，从不同角度看待一个事物也是雅思写作的一个特点，具体说明：Sample: 1Sending criminals to the prison is not the best method of dealing with them. Education and job training are better ways to help them. Do you agree or disagree?直接从犯罪分子入手写作，范围较为广，不易展开，实际写作中易于突然中断，不妨将CRIMINALS这个庞大的人群一分为二，分为重刑犯与轻型罪犯，这样各自归档，恶性犯罪的蹲监入狱，轻型罪犯接受教育，全文分为四段来写一目了然。
第一段：引入背景，社会犯罪率在升高，对待犯罪的惩处有不同的看法Since the crime rate is rising now, how to deal with criminals has become a relatively new issue in newspapers and on television in recent years. Opinions to this are deeply divided.第二段：将犯罪分子一分为二，恶性犯罪犯本应送进监狱，甚至枪毙也不为过For the extremely violent criminals, such as murderers, robbers who kill their victims, they should be sentenced to longer years in prison, and some can even be sentenced to death if that will do justice.第三段：对于罪孽不深重的犯罪分子要让他们接受教育On the other hand, some minor criminals who do wrong to others on impulse but are ready to reform should be granted another chance. 这样更有利于他们改造if these misfits could be given some education and job training, they would not only learn some practical skills, but also have the courage to start a brand new life.第四段：总结，惩罚的目的不是惩罚本身T o conclude, I firmly believe thepurpose of any punishment in not punishment itself, but to prevent potential crimes and teach the criminals a lesson on the value of a normal life and freedom.从善意出发，同意用教育的方式改造犯人更为合理，Education and training would work more effectively in achieving this end than prison, at least for most minor criminals.链接犯罪类常用词汇扩展：违反法律：violate the law 不良行为，非法行为：misdeed:(formal) a wrong or illegal action. e.g. he now repents of his past misdeeds.贩毒犯：trafficker 走私贩：smuggler 故意破坏公物者：vandal 死刑犯:prisoners sentenced to death, capital prisoners 团伙成员：gangster: a number of a violent group of criminals 嫌疑犯: suspect: (someone who is thought to be guilty of a crime)少年犯：young offender\juvenile offender\ juvenile delinquent 惯犯：habitual criminals e.g. The new law will ensure that habitual criminals receive tougher punishments than first-time offenders. 不知悔改的罪犯：hardened criminals e.g. T eenagers should not be sent to prison to mix with hardened criminals. 罪犯：lawbreaker e.g. The penalties must be severe enough to deter lawbreakers. 司法系统：the judicial system.Sample：2Some people think old buildings should be destroyed and replaced with modern buildings. Do you agree or disagree?老房子包含的范围非常广，直接入手有困难，那么从拆或者不拆的角度看，老房子可以分成几个类？当然了，两大类：应该拆的和不应该拆的。
雅思口语part2话题范文之科学
雅思口语part2话题范文之科学雅思口语的备考需要我们不断地去积累，下面小编给大家带来雅思口语part2话题范文之科学，一起来看看吧！雅思口语Part2话题语料：science you are interested inTopic：Describe a science that you are interested in.You should say:l what it isl why it is appealingWhen was the first time you had access to it话题语料：1.I am truly not a science-centered person, but two aspects of it fascinate me. In college I enjoyed biology. It is interesting to learn how the body works. I still remember the concept of osmosis from an experiment, and how lactic acid works in muscles. In an elementary course I took on teaching science I discovered the science involved in cooking. It was fascinating andI thoroughly enjoyed it. Applying it to real life fascinates me!2.I loved balancing equations and solving for unknowns in chemistry. Doing all the tests on a mysterious substance was so like a puzzle...I LOVE puzzles. It was fun, and even better when you reached the correct conclusion. I probably would have continued in my Biology/chemistry major if my chemistry professor in college hadn't told me that the way to better grades in his class was to wear shorter skirts and sit in the front row. What a domesticated mammalian quadraped! Ah, science!3.I love the opportunity and exposure to the life sciences. To learn something I've never known about and to feel as if I understand the concepts brings a sense of fulfillment to me. Lifescience is my favorite because it shows the perfect synchronicity of the living world.雅思口语Part2&3新题：科学领域An area of science that you are interested in (such as physics, mathematics)You should say:What it isWhen you started to become interested in itWhat you have learnt from itAnd explain why you have interest in itPart31. What is your opinion of modern education in school?2. What school subjects do you think are most important, why?3. What school subjects do you think will be the most important in the future?4. What school subjects do you think will be the most useful in adult life?5. What are the advantages of studying computing in high school?雅思口语Part2范文：科学Topic:Describe a science that you are interested in.You should say:what branch of science it iswhen you studied ithow you studied itand explain why you are interested in it.Sample answer:I would like to talk about chemistry,a branch of physical science (自然科学) that studies thecomposition,structure,properties and change of matter (物质).Chemistry is a compulsory course for third-year junior school students and for all senior high-school science students. I,of course,studied it since the last year in junior high school.In high schools,most students are apt to learn chemistry by doing numerous quizzes, someeven by rote (死记硬背).I，instead，took a unique approach.Before each class，I would get fully prepared;do my best to find the law(规律)of reaction among the atoms (原子),molecules(分子) or chemicals bonds(化学键) etc,and search relevant information online. Also,I watched videos of cutting-edge (尖端的) scientific discoveries and intriguing/compelling/scintillating (有趣的)stories of the scientists mentioned in the chapter I was going to study. Apart from those,I engrossed myself in chemical experiments,as long as I was available.In my first Chemistry class,I was fascinated by the structures,shapes,colors,and smells of chemicals my teacher showed to the class. Ever since then, my passion/zest(极大的兴趣) for chemistry has been ignited. I very much wanted to delve into(钻研),and unveil the myth of (揭开神秘面纱),Chemistry.雅思口语part2话题：描述一个科技产品该雅思口语话题参考文本【介绍科技的背景】VR,AKA virtual reality, is a computerized scenario that simulates a lifelike experience.【介绍科技的使用】The immersive environment, that is to say, can be similar to the real world through a headset, or a smart phone.【描述感受1-互动性强】The reason why people are indulging in this is that it allows a person with VR equipment to look aroundthe artificial world and even interact with virtual features. For those who are obsessed, it is like a seventh heaven.【描述感受2-游戏与VR结合很酷】VR can be the rage when it comes to the combination of VR and video games. Let’s say we are now in a virtual world created by VR and all the items in the video game are within reach. And we can experience every detail with the help of VR. It is like, in plain words, the whole game world is in front of you. It is the pinnacle of technological experience. Wouldn’t that be fun?该雅思口语话题关键词1. lifelike adj. 逼真的2. that is to say 也就是说，表示进一步的解释3. the seventh heaven 指神的居住地，是一个幸福的地方。
剑桥雅思阅读6原文（test2）及答案解析
剑桥雅思阅读6原文(test2)及答案解析雅思阅读是块难啃的硬骨头，需要我们做更多的题目才能得心应手。
下面小编给大家分享一下剑桥雅思阅读6test2原文翻译及答案解析，希望可以帮助到大家。
剑桥雅思阅读6原文(test2)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on the following pages.Questions 1-5Reading Passage 1 has five marked paragraphs, A-E.Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi Avoiding an overcrowded centreii A successful exercise in people poweriii The benefits of working together in citiesiv Higher incomes need not mean more carsv Economic arguments fail to persuadevi The impact of telecommunications on population distributionvii Increases in travelling timeviii Responding to arguments against public transport1 Paragraph A2 Paragraph B3 Paragraph C4 Paragraph D5 Paragraph EAdvantages of public transportA new study conducted for the World Bank by Murdoch University’s Institute for Science and Technology Policy (ISTP) has demonstrated that public transport is more efficient than cars. The study compared the proportion of wealth poured into transport by thirty-seven cities around the world. This included both the public and private costs of building, maintaining and using a transport system.The study found that the Western Australian city of Perth is a good example of a city with minimal public transport. As a result, 17% of its wealth went into transport costs. Some European and Asian cities, on the other hand, spent as little as 5%. Professor Peter Newman, ISTP Director, pointed out that these more efficient cities were able to put the difference into attracting industry and jobs or creating a better place to live.According to Professor Newman, the larger Australian city of Melbourne is a rather unusual city in this sort of comparison. He describes it as two cities: ‘A European city surrounded by a car-dependent one’. Melbourne’s large tram network has made car use in the inner city much lower, but the outer suburbs have the same car-based structure as most other Australian cities. The explosion in demand for accommodation in the inner suburbs of Melbourne suggests a recent change in many people’s preferences as to where they live.Newman says this is a new, broader way of considering public transport issues. In the past, the case for public transport has been made on the basis of environmental and social justice considerations rather than economics. Newman, however, believes the study demonstrates that ‘the auto-dependent city model is inefficient and grossly inadequate in economic as wellas environmental terms’.Bicycle use was not included in the study but Newman noted that the t wo most ‘bicycle friendly’ cities considered —Amsterdam and Copenhagen — were very efficient, even though their public transport systems were ‘reasonable but not special’.It is common for supporters of road networks to reject the models of cities with good public transport by arguing that such systems would not work in their particular city. One objection is climate. Some people say their city could not make more use of public transport because it is either too hot or too cold. Newman rejects this, pointing out that public transport has been successful in both Toronto and Singapore and, in fact, he has checked the use of cars against climate and found ‘zero correlation’.When it comes to other physical features, road lobbies are on stronger ground. For example, Newman accepts it would be hard for a city as hilly as Auckland to develop a really good rail network. However, he points out that both Hong Kong and Zurich have managed to make a success of their rail systems, heavy and light respectively, though there are few cities in the world as hilly.A In fact, Newman believes the main reason for adopting one sort of transport over another is politics: ‘The more democratic the process, the more public transport is favored.’ He considers Portland, Oregon, a perfect example of this. Some years ago, federal money was granted to build a new road. However, local pressure groups forced a referendum over whether to spend the money on light rail instead. The rail proposal won and the railway worked spectacularly well. In the years that have followed, more and more rail systems have been put in, dramatically changingthe nature of the city. Newman notes that Portland has about the same population as Perth and had a similar population density at the time.B In the UK, travel times to work had been stable for at least six centuries, with people avoiding situations that required them to spend more than half an hour travelling to work. Trains and cars initially allowed people to live at greater distances without taking longer to reach their destination. However, public infrastructure did not keep pace with urban sprawl, causing massive congestion problems which now make commuting times far higher.C There is a widespread belief that increasing wealth encourages people to live farther out where cars are the only viable transport. The example of European cities refutes that. They are often wealthier than their American counterparts but have not generated the same level of car use. In Stockholm, car use has actually fallen in recent years as the city has become larger and wealthier. A new study makes this point even more starkly. Developing cities in Asia, such as Jakarta and Bangkok, make more use of the car than wealthy Asian cities such as Tokyo and Singapore. In cities that developed later, the World Bank and Asian Development Bank discouraged the building of public transport and people have been forced to rely on cars — creating the massive traffic jams that characterize those cities.D Newman believes one of the best studies on how cities built for cars might be converted to rail use is The Urban Village report, which used Melbourne as an example. It found that pushing everyone into the city centre was not the best approach. Instead, the proposal advocated the creation of urban villages at hundreds of sites, mostly around railway stations.E It was once assumed that improvements in telecommunications would lead to more dispersal in the population as people were no longer forced into cities. However, the ISTP team’s research demon strates that the population and job density of cities rose or remained constant in the 1980s after decades of decline. The explanation for this seems to be that it is valuable to place people working in related fields together. ‘The new world will largely depend on human creativity, and creativity flourishes where people come together face-to-face.’Questions 6-10Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this6 The ISTP study examined public and private systems in every city of the world.7 Efficient cities can improve the quality of life for their inhabitants.8 An inner-city tram network is dangerous for car drivers.9 In Melbourne, people prefer to live in the outer suburbs.10 Cities with high levels of bicycle usage can be efficient even when public transport is only averagely good.Questions 11-13Look at the following cities (Questions 11-13) and the list of descriptions below.Match each city with the correct description, A-F.Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.11 Perth12 Auckland13 PortlandList of DescriptionsA successfully uses a light rail transport system in hilly environmentB successful public transport system despite cold wintersC profitably moved from road to light rail transport systemD hilly and inappropriate for rail transport systemE heavily dependent on cars despite widespread povertyF inefficient due to a limited public transport systemREADING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.GREYING POPULATION STAYS IN THE PINKElderly people are growing healthier, happier and more independent, say American scientists. The results of a 14-year study to be announced later this month reveal that the diseases associated with old age are afflicting fewer and fewer people and when they do strike, it is much later in life.In the last 14 years, the National Long-term Health Care Survey has gathered data on the health and lifestyles of more than 20,000 men and women over 65. Researchers, now analysing the results of data gathered in 1994, say arthritis, high blood pressure and circulation problems —the major medical complaints in this age group —are troubling a smaller proportion every year. And the data confirms that the rate at which these diseases are declining continues to accelerate. Other diseases of old age —dementia, stroke, arteriosclerosis and emphysema — are also troubling fewer and fewer people.‘It really raises the question of what should be considered normal ageing,’ says Kenneth Manton, a demographer from Duke University in North Carolina. He says the problems doctors accepted as normal in a 65-year-old in 1982 are often not appearing until people are 70 or 75.Clearly, certain diseases are beating a retreat in the face of medical advances. But there may be other contributing factors. Improvements in childhood nutrition in the first quarter of the twentieth century, for example, gave today’s elderly people a better start in life than their predecessors.On the downside, the data also reveals failures in public health that have caused surges in some illnesses. An increase in some cancers and bronchitis may reflect changing smoking habits and poorer air quality, say the researchers. ‘These may be subtle influences,’ says Manton, ‘but our subjects have been exposed to worse and worse pollution for over 60 years. It’s not surprising we see some effect."One interesting correlation Manton uncovered is that better-educated people are likely to live longer. For example, 65-year-old women with fewer than eight years of schooling are expected, on average, to live to 82. Those who continued their education live an extra seven years. Although some of this can be attributed to a higher income, Manton believes it is mainly because educated people seek more medical attention.The survey also assessed how independent people over 65 were, and again found a striking trend. Almost 80% of those in the 1994 survey could complete everyday activities ranging from eating and dressing unaided to complex tasks such as cooking and managing their finances. That represents a significant drop in the number of disabled old people in the population. If thetrends apparent in the United States 14 years ago had continued, researchers calculate there would be an additional one million disabled elderly p eople in today’s population. According to Manton, slowing the trend has saved the United States government’s Medicare system more than $200 billion, suggesting that the greying of America’s population may prove less of a financial burden than expected.The increasing self-reliance of many elderly people is probably linked to a massive increase in the use of simple home medical aids. For instance, the use of raised toilet seats has more than doubled since the start of the study, and the use of bath seats has grown by more than 50%. These developments also bring some health benefits, according to a report from the MacArthur Foundation’s research group on successful ageing. The group found that those elderly people who were able to retain a sense of independence were more likely to stay healthy in old age.Maintaining a level of daily physical activity may help mental functioning, says Carl Cotman, a neuroscientist at the University of California at Irvine. He found that rats that exercise on a treadmill have raised levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor coursing through their brains. Cotman believes this hormone, which keeps neurons functioning, may prevent the brains of active humans from deteriorating.As part of the same study, Teresa Seeman, a social epidemiologist at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, found a connection between self-esteem and stress in people over 70. In laboratory simulations of challenging activities such as driving, those who felt in control of their lives pumped out lower levels of stress hormones such as cortisol. Chronicallyhigh levels of these hormones have been linked to heart disease.But independence can have drawbacks. Seeman found that elderly people who felt emotionally isolated maintained higher levels of stress hormones even when asleep. The research suggests that older people fare best when they feel independent but know they can get help when they need it.‘Like much research into ageing, these results support common sense,’ says Seeman. They also sho w that we may be underestimating the impact of these simple factors. ‘The sort of thing that your grandmother always told you turns out to be right on target,’ she says.Questions 14-22Complete the summary using the list of words, A-Q, below.Write the correct letter, A-Q in boxes 14-22 on your answer sheet.Research carried out by scientists in the United States has shown that the proportion of people over 65 suffering from the most common age-related medical problems is 14 ..............and that the speed of this change is 15.............. . It also seems that these diseases are affecting people 16.............. in life than they did in the past. This is largely due to developments in 17.............., but other factors such as improved 18.............. may also be playing a part. Increases in some other illnesses may be due to changes in personal habits and to 19.............. . The research establishes a link between levels of 20.............. and life expectancy. It also shows that there has been a considerable reduction in the number of elderly people who are 21.............., which means that the 22.............. involved in supporting this section of the population may be less than previously predicted.A costB fallingC technologyD undernourishedE earlierF laterG disabled H more I increasingJ nutrition K education L constantM medicine N pollution O environmentalP health Q independentQuestions 23-26Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-H, below.Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.23 Home medical aids24 Regular amounts of exercise25 Feelings of control over life26 Feelings of lonelinessA may cause heart disease.B can be helped by hormone treatment.C may cause rises in levels of stress hormones.D have cost the United States government more than $200 billion.E may help prevent mental decline.F may get stronger at night.G allow old people to be more independent.H can reduce stress in difficult situations.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.NumerationOne of the first great intellectual feats of a young child is learning how to talk, closely followed by learning how to count. From earliest childhood we are so bound up with our system of numeration that it is a feat of imagination to consider theproblems faced by early humans who had not yet developed this facility. Careful consideration of our system of numeration leads to the conviction that, rather than being a facility that comes naturally to a person, it is one of the great and remarkable achievements of the human race.It is impossible to learn the sequence of events that led to our developing the concept of number. Even the earliest of tribes had a system of numeration that, if not advanced, was sufficient for the tasks that they had to perform. Our ancestors had little use for actual numbers; instead their considerations would have been more of the kind Is this enough? rather than How many? when they were engaged in food gathering, for example. However, when early humans first began to reflect on the nature of things around them, they discovered that they needed an idea of number simply to keep their thoughts in order. As they began to settle, grow plants and herd animals, the need for a sophisticated number system became paramount. It will never be known how and when this numeration ability developed, but it is certain that numeration was well developed by the time humans had formed even semi-permanent settlements.Evidence of early stages of arithmetic and numeration can be readily found. The indigenous peoples of Tasmania were only able to count one, two, many; those of South Africa counted one, two, two and one, two twos, two twos and one, and so on. But in real situations the number and words are often accompanied by gestures to help resolve any confusion. For example, when using the one, two, many type of system, the word many would mean, Look at my hands and see how many fingers I am showing you. This basic approach is limited in the range of numbers that it can express, but this range will generally suffice when dealing withthe simpler aspects of human existence.The lack of ability of some cultures to deal with large numbers is not really surprising. European languages, when traced back to their earlier version, are very poor in number words and expressions. The ancient Gothic word for ten, tachund, is used to express the number 100 as tachund tachund. By the seventh century, the word teon had become interchangeable with the tachund or hund of the Anglo-Saxon language, and so 100 was denoted as hund teontig, or ten times ten. The average person in the seventh century in Europe was not as familiar with numbers as we are today. In fact, to qualify as a witness in a court of law a man had to be able to count to nine!Perhaps the most fundamental step in developing a sense of number is not the ability to count, but rather to see that a number is really an abstract idea instead of a simple attachment to a group of particular objects. It must have been within the grasp of the earliest humans to conceive that four birds are distinct from two birds; however, it is not an elementary step to associate the number 4, as connected with four birds, to the number 4, as connected with four rocks. Associating a number as one of the qualities of a specific object is a great hindrance to the development of a true number sense. When the number 4 can be registered in the mind as a specific word, independent of the object being referenced, the individual is ready to take the first step toward the development of a notational system for numbers and, from there, to arithmetic.Traces of the very first stages in the development of numeration can be seen in several living languages today. The numeration system of the Tsimshian language in British Columbia contains seven distinct sets of words for numbers according tothe class of the item being counted: for counting flat objects and animals, for round objects and time, for people, for long objects and trees, for canoes, for measures, and for counting when no particular object is being numerated. It seems that the last is a later development while the first six groups show the relics of an older system. This diversity of number names can also be found in some widely used languages such as Japanese.Intermixed with the development of a number sense is the development of an ability to count. Counting is not directly related to the formation of a number concept because it is possible to count by matching the items being counted against a group of pebbles, grains of corn, or the counter’s fingers. These aids would have been indispensable to very early people who would have found the process impossible without some form of mechanical aid. Such aids, while different, are still used even by the most educated in today’s society due to their convenience. All counting ultimately involves reference to something other than the things being counted. At first it may have been grains or pebbles but now it is a memorised sequence of words that happen to be the names of the numbers.Questions 27-31Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-G, below.Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.27 A developed system of numbering28 An additional hand signal29 In seventh-century Europe, the ability to count to a certain number30 Thinking about numbers as concepts separate from physical objects31 Expressing number differently according to class of itemA was necessary in order to fulfil a civic role.B was necessary when people began farming.C was necessary for the development of arithmetic.D persists in all societies.E was used when the range of number words was restricted.F can be traced back to early European languages.G was a characteristic of early numeration systems.Questions 32-40Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 32-40 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this32 For the earliest tribes, the concept of sufficiency was more important than the concept of quantity.33 Indigenous Tasmanians used only four terms to indicate numbers of objects.34 Some peoples with simple number systems used body language to prevent misunderstanding of expressions of number.35 All cultures have been able to express large numbers clearly.36 The word ‘thousand’ has Anglo-Saxon origins.37 In general, people in seventh-century Europe had poor counting ability.38 In the Tsimshian language, the number for long objects and canoes is expressed with the same word.39 The Tsimshian language contains both older and newer systems of counting.40 Early peoples found it easier to count by using their fingers rather than a group of pebbles.剑桥雅思阅读6原文参考译文(test2)PASSAGE 1 参考译文：Advantages of public transport公共交通的优势A new study conducted for the World Bank by Murdoch University’s Institute for Science an d Technology Policy (ISTP) has demonstrated that public transport is more efficient than cars. The study compared the proportion of wealth poured into transport by thirty-seven cities around the world. This included both the public and private costs of building, maintaining and using a transport system.默多克大学的科技政策研究所(ISTP)为世界银行做的最新研究表明，公共交通工具的效率髙于小汽车。
雅思口语考试如何回答与科技和创新相关的问题
雅思口语考试如何回答与科技和创新相关的问题科技和创新是当代社会的重要话题，也是雅思口语考试中常见的话题之一。
在面对与科技和创新相关的问题时，考生需要注意准确回答问题，展现自己的语言表达能力和思考深度。
下面将介绍几种不同类型的问题以及相应的回答技巧，帮助考生更好地应对此类问题。
1. 对于科技的态度在面对与科技态度相关的问题时，考生可以采取以下几种回答方式：1) 直接回答问题：例如，问题是“What is your attitude towards new technologies?”（你对新技术持什么态度？），考生可以简洁明了地回答“I am very positive towards new technologies because they make our lives more convenient and efficient.”（我对新技术持非常积极的态度，因为它们使我们的生活更加方便和高效。
）2) 陈述观点并给出原因：例如，问题是“What is your opinion on the impact of technology on societ y?”（你对科技对社会的影响持什么看法？），考生可以回答“Technology has greatly impacted society in various aspects. On one hand, it has improved communication and facilitated information access. On the other hand, it has also caused concerns about privacy and job displacement.”（科技在各个方面对社会产生了巨大影响。
一方面，它改善了沟通和促进了信息获取。
另一方面，它也引发了对隐私和失业问题的担忧。
）2. 对于创新的看法在回答与创新相关的问题时，考生可以采用以下策略来作答：1) 表达喜好：例如，问题是“What kind of innovation interests you the most?”（什么样的创新最吸引你？），考生可以回答“My interest lies in technological innovations that aim to solve environmental issues, such as renewable energy and waste management solutions.”（我对旨在解决环境问题的技术创新非常感兴趣，如可再生能源和废物管理解决方案。
雅思阅读科技篇
科技篇1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on the following Reading Passage.Islands That FloatIslands are not known for their mobility but, occasionally it occurs. Natural floating islands have been recorded in many parts of the world ( Burns et al 1985 ). Longevity studies in lakes have been carried out by Hesser, and in rivers and the open sea by Boughey ( Smithsonian Institute 1970). They can form in two common ways: landslides of (usually vegetated) peaty soils into lakes or seawater or as a flotation of peat soils ( usually bound by roots of woody vegetation) after storm surges, river floods or lake level risings.The capacity of the living part of a floating island to maintain its equilibrium in the face of destructive forces, such as fire, wave attack or hogging and sagging while riding sea or swell waves is a major obstacle. In general, ocean-going floating islands are most likely to be short-lived; wave wash-over gradually eliminates enough of the island's store of fresh water to deplete soil air and kill vegetation around the edges which, in turn, causes erosion and diminishes buoyancy and horizontal mobility.The forces acting on a floating island determine the speed and direction of movement, and are very similar to those acting on floating mobile ice chunks during the partially open-water season ( Peterson 1965). In contrast to such ice rafts, many floating islands carry vegetation, perhaps including trees which act as sails. Burns et al examined the forces acting and concluded that comparatively low wind velocities are required to mobilise free-floating islands with vegetation standing two meters or more tall.The sighting of floating islands at sea is a rare event; such a thing is unscheduled, shortlived and usually undocumented. On July 4th, 1969, an island some 15 meters in diameter with 10 -15 trees 10 -12 meters tall was included in the daily notice to mariners as posing a shipping navigation hazard between Cuba and Haiti. McWhirter described the island as looking "... as though it were held together by a mangrove-type matting; there was some earth on it but it looked kind of bushy around the bottom, like there was dead foliage, grass-like material or something on the island itself. The trees were coming up out of that. It looked like the trees came right out of the surface brown layer. No roots were visible". By the 14th of July, the island had apparently broken up and the parts had partially submerged so that only the upper tree trunks were above the water. By July 19th, no trace of the island was found after an intensive six hour search.Another example albeit freshwater, can be found in Victoria, Australia —the floating islands of Pirron Yallock. Accounts of how the floating islands were formed have been given by local residents. These accounts have not been disputed in the scientific literature. Prior to 1938, the lake was an intermittent swamp which usually dried out in summer. A drainage channel had been excavated at the lowest point of the swamp at the northern part of its perimeter. This is likely to have encouraged the development or enlargement of a peat mat on the floor of the depression. Potatoes were grown in the centre of the depression where the peat rose to a slight mound. The peat was ignited by afire in 1938, which burned from the dry edges towards a central damp section. A track was laid through the swamp last century and pavement work was carried out in 1929/30. This causeway restricted flow between the depression and its former southern arm. These roadworks, plus collapse and partial infilling of the northern drainage channel, created drainage conditions conducive to a transition from swamp to permanent lake.The transformation from swamp to lake was dramatic, occurring over the winter of 1952 when rainfall of around 250mm was well above average. Peat is very buoyant and the central raised section which had been isolated by the fire, broke away from the rocky, basalt floor as the water level rose in winter. The main island then broke up into several smaller islands which drifted slowly for up to 200 meters within the confines of the lake and ranged in size from 2 to 30 meters in diameter. The years immediately following experienced average or above average rainfall and the water level was maintained. Realignment of the highway in 1963 completely blocked the former southern outlet of the depression, further enhancing its ability to retain water. The road surface also provided an additional source of runoff to the depression.Anecdotal evidence indicates that the islands floated uninterrupted for 30 years, following their formation. They generally moved between the NW and NE sides of the lake in response to the prevailing winds. In 1980, theRural Water Commission issued a nearby motel a domestic licence to remove water from the lake and occasionally water is taken for the purpose of firefighting. The most significant amount taken for firefighting was during severe fires in February 1983. Since then, the Pirron Yallock islands have ceased to float, and this is thought to be related to a drop in the water level of approximately 600 mm over the past 10 -15 years. The islands have either run aground on the bed or the lagoon or vegetation has attached them to the bed.Floating islands have attracted attention because they are uncommon and their behaviour has provided not only explanations for events in myth and legend but also great scope for discussion and speculation amongst scientific and other observers.Peat = a dark brown substance that is formed by plants dying and becoming buriedAdapted from " The Floating Islands of Pirron Yallock, Victoria" by J. A. PetersonQuestions 1-5Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage? In boxes 1 - 5 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1. Natural floating islands occur mostly in lakes.2. Floating Islands occur after a heavy storm or landslide.3. The details of the floating island at sea near Cuba and Haiti were one of many seagoing islands in that area.4. Floating islands at sea sink because the plants on them eventually die.5. Scientists and local residents agree on how the Pirron Yallock Islands were formed.Questions 6 ~9Look at the following people ( questions 6-9) and the list of statements below.Match each person to the correct statement.Write the correct letter A—H in boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet.6. Burns7. Peterson8. McWhirter9. HesserQuestions 10 -13Complete the labels on Diagram B below.Write the correct letter A—H in boxes 10- 13 on your answer sheet.Diagram A: Before Pirron Y allock Island formationDiagram B: After Pirron Y allock Island formation『12 』科技篇2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14 which are based on the following Reading Passage. Questions 1-7Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs A—GFrom the list of headings below, choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph.1. Paragraph A2. Paragraph B3. Paragraph C4. Paragraph D5. Paragraph E6. Paragraph F7. Paragraph GThe Grapes of WinterIf an artist must suffer to create great art, so does the wine-maker when it comes to producing icewine.A. Icewine, or Eiswein as the Germans call it, is the product of frozen grapes. A small portion of the vineyard is left unpicked during the fall harvest, those grapes are left on the vine until the mercury drops to at least -7°C. At this temperature, the sugarrich juice begins to freeze. If the grapes are picked in their frozen state and pressed while they are as hard as marbles, the small amount of juice recovered is intensely sweet and high in acidity. The amber dessert wine made from this juice is an ambrosia fit for Dionysus® himself — very sweet, it combines savours of peach and apricot.B.The discovery of icewine, like most epicurean breakthrough was breakthroughs was accidental. In 1794, wine producers in the German duchy of Franconia made virtue of necessity by pressing juice from frozen grapes. They were amazed by an abnormally high concentration of sugars and acids which until then had been achieved only by drying the grapes on straw mats before pressing or by the effects of Botrytis cinerea, a disease known as "root rot". Botrytis cinerea afflicts grapes in autumn, usually in regions where there is early morning fog and humid, sunny afternoons. A mushroom-like fungus attaches itself to the berries, puncturing their skins and allowing the juice to evaporate. The world's great dessert wines, such as Santernes, Riesling and Tokay Aszy Essencia, are made from grapes afflicted by this benign disease.C. It was not until the mid-19th century in the Rheingau region of northwestern Germany that winegrowers made conscious efforts to produce icewine on a regular basis. But they found they could not make it every year since the subzero cold spell must last several days to ensure that the berries remain frozen solid during picking and the pressing process, which alone can take up to three days or longer. Grapes are 80 percent water. When this water is frozen and driven off under pressure and shards of ice, the resulting juice is wonderfully sweet. If the ice melts during a sudden thaw, the sugar in each berry is diluted.D. To ensure the right temperature is maintained, in Germany the pickers must be out well before dawn to harvest the grapes. Not all grapes are suitable for icewine. Only the thickskinned, late-maturing varieties such as Riesling and Vidal can resist such predators as grey rot, powdery mildew, unseasonable warmth, wind, rain and the variety of fauna craving a sweet meal. Leaving grapes on the vine once they have ripened is an enormous gamble. If birds and animals don't get them, mildew and rot or a sudden storm might. So growers reserve only a small portion of their Vidal or Riesling grapes for icewine, a couple of hectares of views at most. A vineyard left for icewine is a sorry sight. The mesh-covered vines are denuded of leaves and the grapes are brown and shrivelled, dangling like tiny bats from the frozen canes. The stems of the grape clusters are dry and brittle. A strong wind or an ice storm could easily knock the fruit to the ground. A twist of the wrist is all that is needed to pick the grapes. But when the wind howls through the vineyard, driving the snow before it and the wind chill factor can make a temperature of -10°seem like -40°, harvesting icewine grapes becomes a decidedly uncomfortable business. Pickers fortified with tea and brandy, brave the elements for two hours at a time before rushing back to the winery to warm up.E.Once the tractor delivers the precious boxes of grapes to the winery, the really hard work begins. Since the berries must remain frozen, the pressing is done either outdoors or inside the winery with the doors left open. The presses have to be worked slowly otherwise the bunches will turn to a solid block of ice yielding nothing. Some producers throw rice husks into the press to pierce the skins of the grapes and create channels for the juice to flow through the mass of ice. Sometimes it takes two or three hours before the first drop of juice appears.F. A kilogram of unfrozen grapes normally produces sufficient juice to© ferment into one bottle of wine. The juice from a kilogram of icewine grapes produces one-fifth of that amount or less depending on the degree of dehydration caused by wind and winter sunshine. The longer the grapes hang on the vine, the less juice there is. So grapes harvested during a cold snap in December will yield more icewine than if they are picked in February. The oily juice, once extracted from the marble-hard berries, is allowed to settle for three or four days. It is then clarified of dust and debris by racking from one tank to another. A special yeast is added to activate fermentationin the stainless steel tanks since the colourless liquid is too cold to ferment on its own. Because of the high sugars, the fermentation is slow and can take months. But when the wine is finally bottled, it has the capacity to age for a decade or more.G.While Germany may be recognised as the home of icewine, its winemakers cannot produce it every year. Canadian winemakers can and are slowly becoming known for this expensive rarity as the home-grown product garners medals at international wine competitions. Klaus Reif of the Reif Winery at Niagara-on-the-Lake has produced icewine in both countries. While studying oenology, the science of winemaking, he worked at a government winery in Neustadt in the West German state of Rheinland-Pfalz. In 1983 he made his first Canadian icewine from Riesling grapes. Four years later he made ice-wine from Vidal grapes grown in his uncle's vineyard at Niagara-on-the-Lake. "The juice comes out like honey here" says Reif, "in Germany it drops like ordinary wine".(ferment = the breakdown of sugar into alcohol in winemaking.Adapted from " Grapes of Winter" by Tony Aspler, Canadian Geographic)Questions 8-10Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or DWrite your answers in boxes 8- 10 on your answer sheet.8. Growers set aside only a small area for icewine grapes becauseA. not all grapes are suitable.B. nature attacks them in various ways.C. not many grapes are needed.D. the area set aside makes the vineyard look extremely untidy.9. Rice husks are used because theyA. stop the grapes from becoming ice blocks.B. help the berries to remain frozen.C. create holes in the grapes.D. help producers create different tastes.10. According to Klaus Reif, Canadian icewineA. flows more slowly than German wine.B. tastes a lot like German icewine.C. is better than German icewine.D. is sweeter than German icewine.Questions 11 -14Complete each of the following statements ( questions 11-14) with the best ending A—G from the box below.Write the appropriate letters A—G in boxes 11 - 14 on your answer sheet.11. Franconia icewine makers12. Famous dessert winemakers13. Icewine grape pickers in Germany14. Canadian icewine makers科技篇3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14 which are based on the following Reading Passage.How to Handle the SunThe medical world appears to be divided on the effects of the sun upon the human body. From statements like, "There is no known relationship between a tan and health" to " perhaps sun-tanned skin absorbs the ultraviolet rays and converts them into helpful energy", there are some things which are still the topic of research. Doctors agree on one of the benefits of the sun — vitamin D. It is well known that vitamin D is acquired from the direct rays of the sun — an entirely separate miracle from sun tanning. The sun's ultraviolet rays penetrate only a tiny amount into the human skin, but in the process they irradiate an element in the skin called ergosterol, which is the substance that stores up reserves of vitamin D received from the sun. This is both healthful and beneficial for human skin.All around the Western World, people have developed an obsession with the sun. In many western countries, a sun tan has become the trade-mark of a healthy, active, outdoor person. The basic reddish hue just beneath the surface of our skin is the outward reflection of the millions of red corpuscles flowing through tiny blood vessels. This is most noticeable in the pure skin of a baby which can change in a moment from porcelain white (with anger or a switch in temperature) to crimson. In Caucasians, this colouring is somewhat hidden by an acquired layer of sun-made pigment, which varies in tone according to the complexion and occupation of the individual.Locale plays a big part in the effectiveness of the sun tan. Mountain tops and beaches are nonpareil sun spas because they receive far purer sunlight than the rest of the land. Urban areas with their smoke and smog act as a filter removing all the healthful properties of the sun. Perhaps the seashore is best of all, with its air estimated to have at least a fifth of a percent more oxygen than inland ether — free of city and inland dust, tars, pollen and allergens.The sun has long been called nature's greatest health giver and healer and has played a chief role at health resorts ever since August Rollier, the Swiss father of heliotherapy, opened his first high-Alps sanatorium in 1903. Dr. W. W. Coblentz suggests that the sun cure is a major factor in the treatment of at least 23 skin diseases, ranging from acne and eczema to ulcers and wounds. Another specialist, Dr. Richard Kovacs writes, " Sun treatment is often helpful to persons suffering from general debility —repeated colds, respiratory diseases, influenza and the like." "After a long winter, the return to the sun", writes Dr. Leonard Dodds, the British sunlight scholar, "is a general stimulus to the body, more potent if applied after a period when it has been lacking which gradually loses its effect if exposure is over prolonged, even when not excessive."Over many years of study dermatologists have proven that excessive exposure to sunlight over a period of years is responsible for a large proportion of skin cancer amongst the population. Those with the greatest chance of doing permanent damage to their skin are the year-round outdoor workers —90% of which occurs on the heavily exposed hands and face. The first line of defence against permanent sun damage is the skins' own natural fatty matter and sweat, which combine to form an oily acid surface shield against the ultra violet rays. At the beach, the salt water washes away this natural oily coat, the hot sun overworks the sweat glands so that the excess becomes ineffective and the dry wind and hot sun combine to dehydrate the skin itself. Over the years, women have shown far greater wisdom in the care of their skin than men. Since the ladies of ancient Egypt first began to apply the fat of the so-called sacred temple cats to their faces, women have been tireless in waging this battle against damage to the skin from the sun. Both sexes now contribute annually to a multimillion dollar global sun screen business.Other parts of the human body which tend to suffer from exposure to the sun are the eyes and hair. Many years ago, optometrists undertook studies in America to examine the influence of the sun upon the eyes by studying Atlantic City lifeguards and found that even a few hours in the bright sun without sunglasses could cause a significant loss of vision — a loss that might take several weeks from which to recover. So gradual was the change that the lifeguards were unaware that their sight had been affected. The solution to this problem was to introduce sunglasses as a standard part of the lifeguard uniform. These were dark enough to absorb the sun's harmful UV rays and most of its infrared and ultraviolet rays.Of a lesser impact is the effect of the sun upon hair. The penalty of the sun's parching is a brittle dryness. Hair care professionals recommend a nutritional cream treatment with a substance containing lanolin to bring your hair back its natural softness; these usually come in the form of leave-in conditioners, and should be applied frequently, just as you would a sunscreen for the skin. Or, easier still, wear a hat. Wearing a hat has a dual effect: it protects the hair and helps to prevent the most dangerous of outdoor afflictions — sunstroke.Questions 1 -4Look at the following people ( Questions 1-4) and the list of statements below.Match each person with the correct statement.Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 1 -4 on your answer sheet.1. Richard Kovacs2. August Rollier3. W. W. Coblentz4. Leonard DoddsA. believes that the benefits of the sun are not scientifically provableB. claims to have discovered the vitamin released in the skin by the sunC. suggests that the sun is an excellent healerD. invented the first sun screenE. suggests that the sun assists with common illnessesF. thinks that initially the sun is of great benefit to the bodyG. is unsure about the benefits of the sunH. thinks location is very important in maximising benefit from the sunQuestions 5-9Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage? In boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this5. Most doctors are in agreement when it comes to the health benefits of the sun.6. Beaches are best for a sun tan because the air has far less pollution.7. Women applied fat to their skin for protection from the sun.8. Extended exposure of the eyes to the sun can lead to blindness.9. The human eye cannot heal itself when it is damaged by the sun.Questions 10 -14Complete the summary using the words from the box.Write your answers in boxes 10 - 14 on your answer sheet.Handling the SunMany doctors agree that skin cancer can be caused by excessive exposure to the sun. As far as the human body is concerned, it is primarily the face and hands that are(10) When human skin is exposed to the sun, the body has a defence: a (11) of the skin's natural oils and acids. For some time, women have been more effective than men in (12) for their skin. Eyes are a significant part of the body which are negatively affected by the sun. The damage often goes undetected because it happens quite (13) On the other hand, hair becomes quite dry and brittle when exposed to the sun for an extended period. A lanolin-based conditioner is recommended by hair care professionals to (14) this problem. Perhaps a simple be the best solution for hair.。
雅思考试 2021年2月27日雅思考试回忆及解析附范文
2021年2月27日雅思考试回忆及解析听力本场考试难度一般，4篇题目都为旧题。
P1考查咨询，也是听力中最常出现的一种题型，剑桥雅思中也有很多类似的场景，考查2道基本功的题目，其余答案词都较为简单，考生要注意单复数；P2为租用自行车场景，考查了流程匹配题和地图题，考生务必熟悉方位词表达；P3为学术场景，题型为单选和匹配，注意同义替换和干扰项；P4为生物场景，最近几场考试考查生物场景的比例高，答案词不难，注意听前预测词性和内容。
Part 1新题／旧题：旧题场景：咨询场景主题：儿童托管中心报名题型及数量：10填空1-4) Completions1Place of work: the hospital2Other people who pick up the children: their uncle3Which day(s) child care is required: Thursday 4 Fee will be paid: on every week5-10) Table completions5大女儿 daughter L 年龄：age of 96小女儿daughter A’s diet: allergic to eggs7And the son doesn’t eat fruits8Son likes the giving the gift of a book9Daughters would choose the classes of dancing10Son would choose the classes playing tennis考点：基本功可参考真题：C13Test1Section1, C8Test3Section1,C9Test2Section1Part 2新题／旧题：旧题场景：咨询场景主题：租用自行车的说明题型及数量：5流程匹配+5地图11-15）Matching 流程配对How to rent a bicycle in the city List of choicesA helmetB lightsC screenD keyboardE buttonF lockerCitywide schemes11Go to station, and touch in the screen12You input the password number button and13Ease the locker14Put on helmet before setting offAfter usage, put the bike back in the rack15When lights on16-20) MapMatching places16Coffee bar—C17Totally security place—D18Workshop—I19Locker room—A20Hair dryer—E考点：同义替换可参考真题：C11Test1Section2, C11Test4Section2Part 3新题／旧题：旧题场景：学术场景主题：音乐和数学的关系题型及数量：6单选+4匹配21-26）Multiple choices21The two students agreed that the purpose of the presentation is A to show the relevance of the topic22The similarities between music and math is their C counting23They need to add _____ in their presentation A surprising elements24They want to find outA whether music can help math25The purpose of Blacksmith is to C ****26They need to do further study on C ****27-30) matching27musical instrument—B (too much time)28playing clapping games—C (too easy)29film of piano—F30different music—A (make audience confused)考点：干扰，同义替换可参考真题：C11Test1Section3, C14Test1Section3Part 4新题／旧题：旧题场景：生物场景主题: 非洲水果树题型及数量：10填空31-40) completions31For dealing with the problem of nutrition32Their attributes were ignored by science and big business 1990s:33It was part of the programme called green revolution34And a nut tree known locally as Njansan35And we knew nothing about their reproduction36Some of “famine foods” have already been domesticated by accident 37 Marula is now used to make juice, a liqueur called Amarula Cream and cosmetic oils38Research found that local farmers wanted fruits that were sweet39 Local farmers play a key role in developing and testing new varieties 40 Now there are several hundred. Many are independent business, makingsignificant profits考点：同义替换，结构转换，干扰项可参考真题：C10Test1Section4, C13Test3Section4, C15Test1Section4 阅读本场考试延续周四考试的模型，三篇文章全部都是新题。
剑桥雅思阅读9原文翻译及答案(test2)
剑桥雅思阅读9原文翻译及答案(test2)剑桥雅思阅读9原文(test2)1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.A. Hearing impairment or other auditory function deficit in young children can have a major impact on their development of speech and communication, resulting in a detrimental effect on their ability to learn at school. This is likely to have major consequences for the individual and the population as a whole. The New Zealand Ministry of Health has found from research carried out over two decades that 6-10% of children in that country are affected by hearing loss.B. A preliminary study in New Zealand has shown that classroom noise presents a major concern for teachers and pupils. Modern teaching practices, the organization of desks in the classroom, poor classroom acoustics, and mechanical means of ventilation such as air-conditioning units all contribute to the number of children unable to comprehend the teacher’s voice. Education researchers Nelson andSoli have also suggested that recent trends in learning often involve collaborative interaction of multiple minds and tools as much as individual possession of information. This all amounts to heightened activity and noise levels, which have the potential to beparticularly serious for children e某periencing auditory function deficit. Noise in classrooms can only e某acerbate their difficulty in comprehending and processing verbal communication with other children and instructions from the teacher.C. Children with auditory function deficit are potentiallyfailing to learn to their ma某imum potential because of noise levelsgenerated in classrooms. The effects of noise on the ability of children to learn effectively in typical classroom environments are now the subject of increasing concern. The International Institute of Noise Control Engineering (I-INCE), on the advice of the World Health Organization, has established an international working party, which includes New Zealand, to evaluate noise and reverberation control for school rooms.D. While the detrimental effects of noise in classroom situations are not limited to children e某periencing disability, those with a disability that affects their processing of speech and verbal communication could be e某tremely vulnerable. The auditory function deficits in question include hearing impairment, autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention deficit disorders (ADD/ADHD).E. Autism is considered a neurological and genetic life-long disorder that causes discrepancies in the way information is processed. This disorder is characterized by interlinking problems with social imagination, social communication and social interaction. According to Janzen, this affects the ability to understand andrelate in typical ways to people, understand events and objects in the environment, and understand or respond to sensory stimuli. Autism does not allow learning or thinking in the same ways as in children who are developing normally. Autistic spectrum disorders often result in major difficulties in comprehending verbal information and speech processing. Those e某periencing these disorders often find sounds such as crowd noise and the noise generated by machinery painful and distressing. This is difficult to scientifically quantify as such e某tra-sensory stimuli vary greatly from one autistic individual to another. But a child who finds any type of noise in their classroomor learning space intrusive is likely to be adversely affected in their ability to process information.F. The attention deficit disorders are indicative of neurological and genetic disorders and are characterized by difficulties with sustaining attention, effort and persistence, organization skills and disinhibition. Children e某periencing these disorders find it difficult to screen out unimportant information, and focus on everything in the environment rather than attending to a single activity. Background noise in the classroom becomes a major distraction, which can affect their ability to concentrate.G. Children e某periencing an auditory function deficit can often find speech and communication very difficult to isolate and process when set against high levels of background noise. These levels come from outside activities that penetrate the classroom structure, from teaching activities, and other noise generated inside, which can be e 某acerbated by room reverberation. Strategies are needed to obtain the optimum classroom construction and perhaps a change in classroom culture and methods of teaching. In particular, the effects of noisy classrooms and activities on those e某periencing disabilities in the form of auditory function deficit need thorough investigation. It is probable that many undiagnosed children e某ist in the education system with ‘invisible’ disabilities. Their needs are less likely to be met than those of children with known disabilities.H. The New Zealand Government has developed a New Zealand Disability Strategy and has embarked on a wide-ranging consultation process. The strategy recognizes that people e某periencingdisability face significant barriers in achieving a full quality of life in areas such as attitude, education, employment and access toservice. Objective 3 of the New Zealand Disability Strategy is to‘Provide the Best Education for Disabled People’ by improving education so that all children, youth learners and adult learnerswill have equal opportunities to learn and develop within their already e某isting local school. For a successful education, the learning environment is vitally significant, so any effort to improve this is likely to be of great benefit to all children, but especially to those with auditory function disabilities.I. A number of countries are already in the process of formulating their own standards for the control and reduction of classroom noise. New Zealand will probably follow their e某ample. The literature to date on noise in school rooms appears to focus on the effects on schoolchildren in general, their teachers and the hearing impaired. Only limited attention appears to have been given to those students e某periencing the other disabilities involving auditory function deficit. It is imperative that the needs of these children are taken into account in the setting of appropriate international standards to be promulgated in future.Questions 1-6Reading Passage 1 has nine sections, A-I.Which section contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-I, in bo某es 1-6 on your answer sheet.1 an account of a national policy initiative2 a description of a global team effort3 a hypothesis as to one reason behind the growth in classroom noise4 a demand for suitable worldwide regulations5 a list of medical conditions which place some children more at risk from noise than others6 the estimated proportion of children in New Zealand with auditory problemsQuestions 7-10Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passagefor each answer.Write your answers in bo某es 7-10 on your answer sheet.7 For what period of time has hearing loss in schoolchildren been studied in New Zealand?8 In addition to machinery noise, what other type of noise can upset children with autism?9 What term is used to describe the hearing problems of schoolchildren which have not been diagnosed?10 What part of the New Zealand Disability Strategy aims to give schoolchildren equal opportunity?Questions 11 and 12Choose TWO letters, A-F.Write the correct letters in bo某es 11 and 12 on your answer sheet.The list below includes factors contributing to classroom noise. Which TWO are mentioned by the writer of the passage?A current teaching methodsB echoing corridorsC cooling systemsD large class sizesE loud-voiced teachersF playground gamesQuestion 13Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in bo某 13 on your answer sheet.What is the writer’s overall purpose in writing this article?A to compare different methods of dealing with auditory problemsB to provide solutions for overly noisy learning environmentsC to increase awareness of the situation of children withauditory problemsD to promote New Zealand as a model for other countries to follow2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Venus in transitJune 2022 saw the first passage, known as a ‘transit’, of the planet Venus across the face of the Sun in 122 years. Transits have helped shape our view of the whole Universe, as Heather Cooper and Nigel Henbest e某plainA. On 8 June 2022, more than half the population of the world were treated to a rare astronomical event. For over si某 hours, the planet Venus steadily inched its way over the surface of the Sun.This ‘transit’ of Venus was the first since 6 December 1882. Onthat occasion, the American astronomer Professor Simon Newcomb led a party to South Africa to observe the event. They were based atgirls’ school, where — it is alleged — the combined forces ofthree schoolmistresses outperformed the professionals with the accuracy of their observations.B. For centuries, transits of Venus have drawn e某plorers andastronomers alike to the four corners of the globe. And you can put it all down to the e某traordinary polymath Edmond Halley. In November 1677, Halley observed a transit of the innermost planet, Mercury, from the desolate island of St Helena in the South Pacific. He realized that, from different latitudes, the passage of the planet across the Sun’s disc would appear to di ffer. By timing the transit from two widely-separated locations, teams of astronomers could calculate the paralla某 angle — the apparent difference in position of an astronomical body due to a difference in the observer’s position. Calculating this angle would allow astronomers to measure what was then the ultimate goal: the distance of the Earth from the Sun. This distance is known as the ‘astronomical unit’ or AU.C. Halley was aware that the AU was one of the most fundamental of all astronomical measurements. Johannes Kepler, in the early 17th century, had shown that the distances of the planets from the Sun governed their orbital speeds, which were easily measurable. But no-one had found a way to calculate accurate distances to the planets from the Earth. The goal was to measure the AU; then, knowing the orbital speeds of all the other planets round the Sun, the scale of the Solar System would fall into place. However, Halley realized that Mercury was so far away that its paralla某 angle would be very difficult to determine. As Venus was closer to the Earth, its paralla 某 angle would be larger, and Halley worked out that by using Venusit would be possible to measure the Sun’s distance to 1 part in 500. But there was a problem: transits of Venus, unlike those of Mercury, are rare, occurring in pairs roughly eight years apart every hundred or so years. Nevertheless, he accurately predicted that Venus would cross the face of the Sun in both 1761 and 1769 —though he didn’tsurvive to see either.D. Ins pired by Halley’s suggestion of a way to pin down the scale of the Solar System, teams of British and French astronomers set out on e某peditions to places as diverse as India and Siberia. But things weren’t helped by Britain and France being at war. The person who deserves most sympathy is the French astronomer Guillaume Le Gentil. He was thwarted by the fact that the British were besieging his observation site at Pondicherry in India. Fleeing on a French warship crossing the Indian Ocean, Le Gentil saw a wonderful transit —but the ship’s pitching and rolling ruled out any attempt at making accurate observations. Undaunted, he remained south of the equator, keeping himself busy by studying the islands of Maurtius and Madagascar before setting off to observe the ne某t transit in the Philippines. Ironically after travelling nearly 50,000 kilometres, his view was clouded out at the last moment, a very dispirting e某perience.E. While the early transit timings were as precise as instruments would allow, the me asurements were dogged by the ‘black drop’ effect. When Venus begins to cross the Sun’s disc, it looks smeared not circular — which makes it difficult to establish timings. Thisis due to diffraction of light. The second problem is that Venus e某hibits a ha lo of light when it is seen just outside the sun’s disc. While this showed astronomers that Venus was surrounded by a thick layer of gases refracting sunlight around it, both effects made it impossible to obtain accurate timings.F. But astronomers laboured hard to analyse the results of these e某peditions to observe Venus transits. Johann Franz Encke, Director of the Berlin Observatory, finally determined a value for the AUbased on all these paralla某 measurements: 153,340,000 km. Reasonably accurate f or the time, that is quite close to today’s value of 149,597,870 km, determined by radar, which has now superseded transits and all other methods in accuracy. The AU is a cosmic measuring rod, and the basis of how we scale the Universe today. The paralla某 principle can be e某tended to measure the distances to the stars. If we look at a star in January —when Earth is at one point in its orbit — it will seem to be in a different position from where it appears si某 months late. Knowing the widthof Earth’s orbit, the paralla某 shift lets astronomers calculatethe distance.G. June 2022’s transit of Venus was thus more of an astronomical spectacle than a scientifically important event. But such transits have paved the way for what might prove to be one of the most vital breakthroughs in the cosmos — detecting Earth-sized planets orbiting other stars.Questions 14-17Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-G, in bo某es 14-17 on your answer sheet.14 e某amples of different ways in which the paralla某 principle has been applied15 a description of an event which prevented a transit observation16 a statement about potential future discoveries leading on from transit observations17 a description of physical states connected with Venus whichearly astronomical instruments failed to overcomeQuestions 18-21Look at the following statements (Questions 18-21) and the list of people below.Match each statement with the correct person, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in bo某es 18-21 on your answer sheet.18 He calculated the distance of the Sun from the Earth based on observations of Venus with a fair degree of accuracy.19 He understood that the distance of the Sun from the Earth could be worked out by comparing obsevations of a transit.20 He realized that the time taken by a planet to go round the Sun depends on its distance from the Sun.21 He witnessed a Venus transit but was unable to make any calculations.List of PeopleA Edmond HalleyB Johannes KeplerC Guillaume Le GentilD Johann Franz EnckeQuestion 22-26Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In bo某es 22-26 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this22 Halley observed one transit of the planet Venus.23 Le Gentil managed to observe a second Venus transit.24 The shape of Venus appears distorted when it starts to pass in front of the Sun.25 Early astronomers suspected that the atmosphere on Venus was to某ic.26 The paralla某 principle allows astronomers to work out howfar away distant stars are from the Earth.3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.A neuroscientist revealshow to think differentlyIn the last decade a revolution has occurred in the way that scientists think about the brain. We now know that the decisions humans make can be traced to the firing patterns of neurons in specific part of the brain. These discoveries have led to the field know as neuroeconomics, which studies the brain’s secrets to success in an economic environment that demands innovation and being able to do things differently from competitors. A brain that can do this is an iconoclastic one. Briefly, an iconoclast is a person who does something that others say can’t be done.This definition implies that iconoclasts are different from other people, but more precisely, it is their brains that are different in three distinct ways: perception, fear response, and social intelligence. Each of these three functions utilizes a different circuit in the brain. Naysayers might suggest that the brain is irrelevant, that thinking in an original, even revolutionary, way is more a matter of personality than brain function. But the field ofneuroeconomics was born out of the realization that the physical workings of the brain place limitations on the way we make decisions. By understanding these constraints, we begin to understand why some people march to a different drumbeat.The first thing to realize is that the brain suffers from limited resources. It has a fi某ed energy budget, about the same as a 40 watt light bulb, so it has evolved to work as efficiently as possible. This is where most people are impeded from being an iconoclast. For e某ample, when confronted with information streaming from the eyes, the brain will interpret this information in the quickest way possible. Thus it will draw on both past e某perience and any other source of information, such as what other people say, to make sense of what it is seeing. This happens all the time. The brain takes shortcuts that work so well we are hardly ever aware of them. We think our perceptions of the world are real, but they are only biological and electrical rumblings. Perception is not simply a product of what your eyes or ears transmit to your brain. More than the physical reality of photons or sound waves, perception is product of the brain.Perception is central to iconoclasm. Iconoclasts see things differently to other people. Their brains do not fall into efficiency pitfalls as much as the average person’s brain. Iconoclasts, either because they were born that way or through learning, have found ways to work around the perceptual shortcuts that plague most people. Perception is not something that is hardwired into the brain. It is a learned process, which is both a curse and an opportunity for change. The brain faces the fundamental problem of interpreting physical stimuli from the senses. Everything the brain sees, hears, or toucheshas multiple interpretations. The one that is ultimately chosen is simply the brain’s best theory. In technical terms, these conjectures have their basis in the statistical likelihood of one interpretation over another and are heavily influenced by past e某perience and, importantly for potential iconoclasts, what other people say.The best way to see things differently to other people is to bombard the brain with things it has never encountered before. Novelty releases the perceptual process from the chains of past e某perience and forces the brain to make new judgments. Successful iconoclasts have an e某traordinary willingness to be e某posed to what is fresh and different. Observation of iconoclasts shows that they embrace novelty while mot people avoid things that are different.The problem with novelty, however, is that it tends to trigger the brain’s fear system. Fear is a major impediment to thinking like an iconoclast and stops the average person in his tracks. There are many types of fear, but the two that inhibit iconoclastic thinking and people generally find difficult to deal with are fear of uncertainty and fear of public ridicule. These may seem like trivial phobias. But fear of public speaking, which everyone must do from time to time, afflicts one-thirds of the population. This makes it too common to be considered a mental disorder. It is simply a common variant of human nature, one which iconoclasts do not let inhibit their reactions.Finally, to be successful iconoclasts, individuals must selltheir ideas to other people. This is where social intelligence comes in. Social intelligence is the ability to understand and managepeople in a business setting. In the last decade there has been an e 某plosion of knowledge about the social brain and how the brain works when groups coordinate decision making. Neuroscience has revealed which brain circuits are responsible for functions like understanding what other people think, empathy, fairness, and social identity. These brain regions play key roles in whether people convince others of their ideas. Perception is important in social cognition too. The perception of someone’s enthusiasm, or reputation, can make or break a deal. Understanding how perception becomes intertwined with social decision making shows why successful iconoclasts are so rare.Iconoclasts create new opportunities in every area from artistic e某pression to technology to business. They supply creativity and innov ation not easily accomplished by committees. Rules aren’t important to them. Iconoclasts face alienation and failure, but can also be a major asset to any organization. It is crucial for success in any field to understand how the iconoclastic mind works.Questions 27-31Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in bo某es 27-31 on your answer sheet.27 Neuroeconomics is a field of study which seeks toA cause a change in how scientists understand brain chemistry.B understand how good decisions are made in the brain.C understand how the brain is linked to achievement in competitive fields.D trace the specific firing patterns of neurons in different areas of the brain.28 According to the writer, iconoclasts are distinctive becauseA they create unusual brain circuits.B their brains function differently.C their personalities are distinctive.D they make decisions easily.29 According to the writer, the brain works efficiently becauseA it uses the eyes quickly.B it interprets data logically.C it generates its own energy.D it relies on previous events.30 The writer says that perception isA a combination of photons and sound waves.B a reliable product of what your senses transmit.C a result of brain processes.D a process we are usually conscious of.31 According to the writer, an iconoclastic thinkerA centralizes perceptual thinking in one part of the brain.B avoids cognitive traps.C has a brain that is hardwired for learning.D has more opportunities than the average person.Questions 32-37Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?In bo某es 32-37 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this32 E某posure to different events forces the brain to thinkdifferently.33 Iconoclasts are unusually receptive to new e某periences.34 Most people are too shy to try different things.35 If you think in an iconoclastic way, you can easily overcome fear.36 When concern about embarrassment matters less, other fears become irrelevant.37 Fear of public speaking is a psychological illness.Questions 38-40Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-E, below.Write the correct letter, A-E, in bo某es 38-40 on your answer sheet.38 Thinking like a successful iconoclast is demanding because it39 The concept of the social brain is useful to iconoclasts because it40 Iconoclasts are generally an asset because their way of thinkingA requires both perceptual and social intelligence skills.B focuses on how groups decide on an action.C works in many fields, both artistic and scientific.D leaves one open to criticism and rejection.E involves understanding how organizations manage people.剑桥雅思阅读9原文参考译文(test2)1 参考译文：帮助新西兰听觉障碍儿童A儿童的听觉障碍或其他听觉功能的缺陷会对他们的言语与交流能力的发展产生重大的影响，导致他们在学校的学习能力也受到不利影响。
雅思口语part2新题：interestingsubject
This is an important issue and I cant really be accurate because as I mention before I am not aware of the way schools function these days, but I will answer from my experience so far.
P.S. 谈到这么优秀的物理老师，一定不要忘了Describe someone who is knowledgeable(点击查看)描述一个博学的人 这篇话题卡。
我非常喜欢物理。事实上，这也是我在高中成绩最好的科目。通过它，我觉得自己对这个世界的了解更加深刻了。
I love physics. In fact, it was my best subject back in high school. I feel I have a better understanding of how the world works through it. 说道老师的问题，考官在第一部分还会问道与老师相关的问题，不可掉以轻心。
Do you think it is necessary to give comment or criticism to teachers?
I strongly believe that criticising teachers isnt the appropriate course of action. The best and most effective method is giving comment and making plausible and constructive conversations about the issues that concern parents and students. Everyone should bears in mind that teaching is an amazingly difficult and fundamental occupation and parents should collaborate and interact with teachers and not assail them. Besides, it would be good to think that from the moment that someone chose to become a teacher, they want the best for their students educational level.
雅思英语写作科技类笔记及作业讲解
科技类一、原因状语从句1. Since computer science has been developing so fast in the modern society, numerous students choose this major as their inclination when they attend universities.2. People need not have frequent face-to-face contact with each other in business as they do in the past, fo r computers can handle and convey majority of information which once must be dealt with at a meeting.3. Computers are widely accepted by people in the information age, as they, to some extent, make many things which are considered as unaccomplished tasks in the past become available and true in the present.4. Majority of people impute/attribute the great social transformation to the development and revolution of science and technology which is closely related to their daily life.二、条件状语从句1. If robots can be manipulated much more precisely and flexibly by computers to accomplish some sorts of tasks which may be dangerous or complex to the human being, our work will be more secure and simple with highproductivity as well.2. Provided/suppose that the usage of multi-media technology is widely adopted by schools during teaching and learning, the teaching level will be enormously heightened in the long run.3. The computer software industry will develop much more healthily in the future in China on condition that the authorities concerned strengthen the protection of the copy right.三、核心词汇e-commerce电子商务cyber safety网络安全online transaction在线交易net/cyber/internet网络e-learning在线学习distance learning 远程教育,远程学习discussion room讨论室computer-assisted learning计算机辅助学习mobile phone手机、移动电话bluetooth蓝牙ring tone电话铃音electromagnetic field电磁场MP3 playback Mp3播放Invade privacy侵犯隐私Wireless technology无线技术SMS: short message service手机短信、短信服务Motivation动机Laptop笔记本电脑、便携式电脑Hacker黑客Online shopping网络购物Security issue安全问题Distance education远程教育Online course在线课程,网络课程Online forum网络论坛Internet infrastructure网络基础设施Cellular telephone移动电话、手机Radiation辐射Built-in camera内置摄像头Internet browsing网页浏览Memo备忘录Microwave emission放射微波Wireless fidelity: Wi-Fi无线保真Surf on the net上网Hi-tech features高科技功能Website网站Convenient方便的Productivity生产力Geographical barrier地理障碍Digital数字、数码Electronic电子的Virtual world虚拟世界Infringe the privacy侵犯隐私Pirate['paiərit]剽窃Security安全With the click of a mouse/ present鼠标轻点In a virtual world在一个虚拟的世界An information age信息时代Be lost in迷失于、沉湎于Stay in touch with保持联系Cause damage to one’s healt h损害某人的健康Log on the Internet登陆互联网Have/gain access to any information or knowledge获得任何信息/知识Cutting-edge technology尖端科技Information explosion信息爆炸Due to the proliferation of the Internet由于互联网的普及With an increasing popularity of mobile phones随着手机的不断流行Innovation创新Labor-saving machinery劳力节省机械Biotechnology生物技术Telecommunication电信、远程通讯Space exploration太空探索Hacker黑客Conventional method常规方法Online retailer网络零售商Netizen ['netizən]网民Cost-effective划算的、成本节约型Blog博客Cybercrime网络犯罪Offensive攻击的、无礼的Pornography [pɔ:'nɔɡrəfi]色情Violence暴利Illegal gambling非法赌博Questionable contents可以内容、有问题的内容四、万能思路Positive impacts:1. improve work efficiency2. convenience, with the click of a mouse, cost-effective3. promote and facilitate communication4. obtain information in various ways, enrich one’s knowledge Negative impacts: 1. invade one’s privacy 2. less quality family time, increasing work pressure 3. security issue, cyber crimes 4. questionable contents, pornography, violence5. physical problem, radiation, weaken eyesight, less outdoor exercise6. psychological problem, indulge in virtual world, become solitary, be isolated from the real world, weaken the relationships with family members and friends Eg. 1 The range of technology is increasing the gap between the rich and the poor. To what extent do you agree? Give reasons for your answer and include relevant examples from your own knowledge and experience. 提纲：观点：不是科技而是社会财富分配不均导致的。
王陆雅思听力高分班讲义
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12. What will the reviewer concentrate on today? A. theatre B. dance C. exhibitions
13. How many circuses are there in the festival? A. one B. two C. several
14. Where does Circus Romano perform? A. in a theatre B. in a tent C. in a stadium
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剑桥雅思阅读4（test2）原文翻译及答案解析
剑桥雅思阅读4(test2)原文翻译及答案解析雅思阅读是块难啃的硬骨头，需要我们做更多的题目才能得心应手。
下面小编给大家分享一下剑桥雅思阅读4test2原文翻译及答案解析，希望可以帮助到大家。
剑桥雅思阅读4原文(test2)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Lost for wordsMany minority languages are on the danger listIn the Native American Navajo nation, which sprawls across four states in the American south-west, the native language is dying. Most of its speakers are middle-aged or elderly. Although many students take classes in Navajo, the schools are run in English. Street signs, supermarket goods and even their own newspaper are all in English. Not surprisingly, linguists doubt that any native speakers of Navajo will remain in a hundred years’time.Navajo is far from alone. Half the world’s 6,800 languages are likely to vanish within two generations —that’s one language lost every ten days. Never before has the planet’s linguistic diversity shrunk at such a pace. ‘At the moment, we are heading for about three or four languages dominating the world,’says Mark Pagel, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Reading. ‘It’s a mass extinction, and whether we will ever rebound from the loss is difficult to know.’Isolation breeds linguistic diversity: as a result, the world is peppered with languages spoken by only a few people. Only 250 languages have more than a million speakers, and at least 3,000have fewer than 2,500. It is not necessarily these small languages that are about to disappear. Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 speakers. What makes a language endangered is not just the number of speakers, but how old they are. If it is spoken by children it is relatively safe. The critically endangered languages are those that are only spoken by the elderly, according to Michael Krauss, director of the Alassk Native Language Center, in Fairbanks.Why do people reject the language of their parents? It begins with a crisis of confidence, when a small community finds itself alongside a larger, wealthier society, says Nicholas Ostler, of Britain’s Foundation for Endangered Languages, in Bath. ‘People lose faith in their culture,’ he says. ‘When the next generation reaches their teens, they might not want to be induced into the old traditions.’The change is not always voluntary. Quite often, governments try to kill off a minority language by banning its use in public or discouraging its use in schools, all to promote national unity. The former US policy of running Indian reservation schools in English, for example, effectively put languages such as Navajo on the danger list. But Salikoko Mufwene, who chairs the Linguistics department at the University of Chicago, argues that the deadliest weapon is not government policy but economic globalisation. ‘Native Americans have not lost pride in their language, but they have had to adapt to socio-economic pressures,’he says. ‘They cannot refuse to speak English if most commercial activity is in English.’ But are languages worth saving? At the very least, there is a loss of data for the study of languages and their evolution, which relies on comparisons between languages, both living and dead. When an unwrittenand unrecorded language disappears, it is lost to science.Language is also intimately bound up with culture, so it may be difficult to preserve one without the other. ‘If a person shifts from Navajo to English, they lose something,’ Mufwene says. ‘Moreover, the loss of diversity may also deprive us of different ways of looking at the world,’says Pagel. There is mounting evidence that learning a language produces physiological changes in the brain. ‘Your brain and mine are different from the brain of someone who speaks French, for instance,’ Pagel says, and this could affect our thoughts and perceptions. ‘The patterns and connections we make among various concepts may be structured by the linguistic habits of our community.’So despite linguists’best efforts, many languages will disappear over the next century. But a growing interest in cultural identity may prevent the direst predictions from coming true. ‘The key to fostering diversity is for people to learn their ancestral tongue, as well as the dominant language,’ says Doug Whalen, founder and president of the Endangered Language Fund in New Haven, Connecticut. ‘Most of these languages will not survive without a large degree of bilingualism,’ he says. In New Zealand, classes for children have slowed the erosion of Maori and rekindled interest in the language. A similar approach in Hawaii has produced about 8,000 new speakers of Polynesian languages in the past few years. In California, ‘apprentice’programmes have provided life support to several indigenous languages. Volunteer ‘apprentices’ pair up with one of the last living speakers of a Native American tongue to learn a traditional skill such as basket weaving, with instruction exclusively in the endangered language. After about 300 hours of training they are generally sufficiently fluent to transmit the language to the nextgeneration. But Mufwene says that preventing a language dying out is not the same as giving it new life by using it every day. ‘Preserving a language is more like preserving fruits in a jar,’he says.However, preservation can bring a language back from the dead. There are examples of languages that have survived in written form and then been revived by later generations. But a written form is essential for this, so the mere possibility of revival has led many speakers of endangered languages to develop systems of writing where none existed before.Questions 1-4Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.There are currently approximately 6,800 languages in the world. This great variety of languages came about largely as a result of geographical 1…… . But in today’s world, factors such as government initiatives and 2……are contributing to a huge decrease in the number of languages. One factor which may help to ensure that some endangered languages do not die out completely is people’s increasing appreciation of their 3…… . This has been encouraged through programmes of language classes for children and through ‘apprentice’schemes, in which the endangered language is used as the medium of instruction to teach people a 4……. Some speakers of endangered languages have even produced writing systems in order to help secure the survival of their mother tongue.’Questions 5-9Look at the following statements (Questions 5-9) and the listof people in the box below. Match each statement with the correct person A-E.Write the appropriate letter A-E in boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.5 Endangered languages cannot be saved unless people learn to speak more than one language.6 Saving languages from extinction is not in itself a satisfactory goal.7 The way we think may be determined by our language.8 Young people often reject the established way of life in their community.9 A change of language may mean a loss of traditional culture.A Michael KraussB Salikoko MufweneC Nicholas OstlerD Mark PagelE Doug WhalenQuestions 10-13Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet writeYES if the statement agrees with the views of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the views of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this10 The Navajo Language will die out because it currently has too few speakers.11 A large number of native speakers fail to guarantee thesurvival of a language.12 National governments could do more to protect endangered languages.13 The loss of linguistic diversity is inevitable.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE IN AUSTRALIAThe first students to study alternative medicine at university level in Australia began their four-year, full-time course at the University of Technology, Sydney, in early 1994. Their course covered, among other therapies, acupuncture. The theory they learnt is based on the traditional Chinese explanation of this ancient healing art: that it can regulate the flow of ‘Qi’or energy through pathways in the body. This course reflects how far some alternative therapies have come in their struggle for acceptance by the medical establishment.Australia has been unusual in the Western world in having a very conservative attitude to natural or alternative therapies, according to Dr Paul Laver, a lecturer in Public Health at the University of Sydney. ‘We’ve had a tradition of doctors being fairly powerful and I guess they are pretty loath to allow any pretenders to their position to come into it.’In many other industrialised countries, orthodox and alternative medicine have worked ‘hand in glove’for years. In Europe, only orthodox doctors can prescribe herbal medicine. In Germany, plant remedies account for 10% of the national turnover of pharmaceuticals. Americans made more visits to alternative therapists than to orthodox doctors in 1990, and each year they spend about $US 12 billion on therapies that have not beenscientifically tested.Disenchantment with orthodox medicine has seen the popularity of alternative therapies in Australia climb steadily during the past 20 years. In a 1983 national health survey, 1.9% of people said they had contacted a chiropractor, naturopath, osteopath, acupuncturist or herbalist in the two weeks prior to the survey. By 1990, this figure had risen to 2.6% of the population. The 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists reported in the 1990 survey represented about an eighth of the total number of consultations with medically qualified personnel covered by the survey, according to Dr Laver and colleagues writing in the Australian Journal of Public Health in 1993. ‘A better educated and less accepting public has become disillusioned with the experts in general, and increasingly sceptical about science and empirically based knowledge,’ they said. ‘The high standing of professionals, including doctors, has been eroded as a consequence.’Rather than resisting or criticising this trend, increasing numbers of Australian doctors, particularly younger ones, are forming group practices with alternative therapists or taking courses themselves, particularly in acupuncture and herbalism. Part of the incentive was financial, Dr Laver said. ‘The bottom line is that most general practitioners are business people. If they see potential clientele going elsewhere, they might want to be able to offer a similar service.’In 1993, Dr Laver and his colleagues published a survey of 289 Sydney people who attended eight alternative therapists’practices in Sydney. These practices offered a wide range of alternative therapies from 25 therapists. Those surveyed had experienced chronic illnesses, for which orthodox medicine hadbeen able to provide little relief. They commented that they liked the holistic approach of their alternative therapists and the friendly, concerned and detailed attention they had received. The cold, impersonal manner of orthodox doctors featured in the survey. An increasing exodus from their clinics, coupled with this and a number of other relevant surveys carried out in Australia, all pointing to orthodox doctors’inadequacies, have led mainstream doctors themselves to begin to admit they could learn from the personal style of alternative therapists. Dr Patrick Store, President of the Royal College of General Practitioners, concurs that orthodox doctors could learn a lot about bedside manner and advising patients on preventative health from alternative therapists.According to the Australian Journal of Public Health, 18% of patients visiting alternative therapists do so because they suffer from musculo-skeletal complaints; 12% suffer from digestive problems, which is only 1% more than those suffering from emotional problems. Those suffering from respiratory complaints represent 7% of their patients, and candida sufferers represent an equal percentage. Headache sufferers and those complaining of general ill health represent 6% and 5% of patients respectively, and a further 4% see therapists for general health maintenance.The survey suggested that complementary medicine is probably a better term than alternative medicine. Alternative medicine appears to be an adjunct, sought in times of disenchantment when conventional medicine seems not to offer the answer.Questions 14 and 15Choose the correct letter, A, B C or D.Write your answers in boxes 14 and 15 on your answer sheet.14 Traditionally, how have Australian doctors differed from doctors in many Western countries?A They have worked closely with pharmaceutical companies.B They have often worked alongside other therapists.C They have been reluctant to accept alternative therapists.D They have regularly prescribed alternative remedies.15 In 1990, AmericansA were prescribed more herbal medicines than in previous years.B consulted alternative therapists more often than doctors.C spent more on natural therapies than orthodox medicines.D made more complaints about doctors than in previous years.Questions 16-23Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 16-23 on your answer sheet writeYES if the statement agrees with the views of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the views of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this16 Australians have been turning to alternative therapies in increasing numbers over the past 20 years.17 Between 1983 and 1990 the numbers of patients visiting alternative therapists rose to include a further 8% of the population.18 The 1990 survey related to 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists.19 In the past, Australians had a higher opinion of doctorsthan they do today.20 Some Australian doctors are retraining in alternative therapies.21 Alternative therapists earn higher salaries than doctors.22 The 1993 Sydney survey involved 289 patients who visited alternative therapists for acupuncture treatment.23 All the patients in the 1993 Sydney survey had long-term medical complaints.Questions 24-26Complete the vertical axis on the table below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 2 for answer.Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.READING PASSAGE 3You should ,spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 belowPLAY IS A SERIOUS BUSINESSDoes play help develop bigger, better brains?Bryant Furlow investigatesA Playing is a serious business. Children engrossed in a make-believe world, fox cubs play-fighting or kittens teasing a ball of string aren’t just having fun. Play may look like a carefree and exuberant way to pass the time before the hard work of adulthood comes along, but there’s much more to it than that. For a start, play can even cost animals their lives. Eighty per cent of deaths among juvenile fur seals occur because playing pups fail to spot predators approaching. It is also extremely expensive in terms of energy. Playful young animals use around two or three per cent of their energy cavorting, and in children that figure can be closer to fifteen per cent. ‘Even two or three per cent is huge,’says John Byers of Idaho University. ‘You just don’t find animals wasting energy like that,’he adds. There must be a reason.B But if play is not simply a developmental hiccup, as biologists once thought, why did it evolve? The latest idea suggests that play has evolved to build big brains. In other words, playing makes you intelligent. Playfulness, it seems, is common only among mammals, although a few of the larger-brained birds also indulge. Animals at play often use unique signs —tail-wagging in dogs, for example —to indicate that activity superficially resembling adult behaviour is not really in earnest.A popular explanation of play has been that it helps juveniles develop the skills they will need to hunt, mate and socialise as adults. Another has been that it allows young animals to get in shape for adult life by improving their respiratory endurance. Both these ideas have been questioned in recent years.C Take the exercise theory. If play evolved to build muscle or as a kind of endurance training, then you would expect to see permanent benefits. But Byers points out that the benefits of increased exercise disappear rapidly after training stops, so any improvement in endurance resulting from juvenile play would be lost by adulthood. ‘If the function of play was to get into shape,’says Byers, ‘the optimum time for playing would depend on when it was most advantageous for the young of a particular species to do so. But it doesn’t work like that.’ Across species, play tends to peak about halfway through the suckling stage and then decline.D Then there’s the skills-training hypothesis. At first glance, playing animals do appear to be practising the complex manoeuvres they will need in adulthood. But a closer inspectionreveals this interpretation as too simplistic. In one study, behavioural ecologist Tim Caro, from the University of California, looked at the predatory play of kittens and their predatory behaviour when they reached adulthood. He found that the way the cats played had no significant effect on their hunting prowess in later life.E Earlier this year, Sergio Pellis of Lethbridge University, Canada, reported that there is a strong positive link between brain size and playfulness among mammals in general. Comparing measurements for fifteen orders of mammal, he and his team found larger brains (for a given body size) are linked to greater playfulness. The converse was also found to be true. Robert Barton of Durham University believes that, because large brains are more sensitive to developmental stimuli than smaller brains, they require more play to help mould them for adulthood. ‘I concluded it’s to do with learning, and with the importance of environmental data to the brain during development,’he says.F According to Byers, the timing of the playful stage in young animals provides an important clue to what’s going on. If you plot the amount of time a juvenile devotes to play each day over the course of its development, you discover a pattern typically associated with a ‘sensitive period’—a brief development window during which the brain can actually be modified in ways that are not possible earlier or later in life. Think of the relative ease with which young children — but not infants or adults —absorb language. Other researchers have found that play in cats, rats and mice is at its most intense just as this ‘window of opportunity’ reaches its peak.G ‘People have not paid enough attention to the amountof the brain activated by play,’ says Marc Bekoff from Colorado University. Bekoff studied coyote pups at play and found that the kind of behaviour involved was markedly more variable and unpredictable than that of adults. Such behaviour activates many different parts of the brain, he reasons. Bekoff likens it to a behavioural kaleidoscope, with animals at play jumping rapidly between activities. ‘They use behaviour from a lot of different contexts —predation, aggression, reproduction,’he says. ‘Their developing brain is getting all sorts of stimulation.’H Not only is more of the brain involved in play than was suspected, but it also seems to activate higher cognitive processes. ‘There’s enormous cognitive involvement in play,’says Bekoff. He points out that play often involves complex assessments of playmates, ideas of reciprocity and the use of specialised signals and rules. He believes that play creates a brain that has greater behavioural flexibility and improved potential for learning later in life. The idea is backed up by the work of Stephen Siviy of Gettysburg College. Siviy studied how bouts of play affected the brain’s levels of a particular chemical associated with the stimulation and growth of nerve cells. He was surprised by the extent of the activation. ‘Play just lights everything up,’he says. By allowing link-ups between brain areas that might not normally communicate with each other, play may enhance creativity.I What might further experimentation suggest about the way children are raised in many societies today? We already know that rat pups denied the chance to play grow smaller brain components and fail to develop the ability to apply social rules when they interact with their peers. With schooling beginning earlier and becoming increasingly exam-orientated, play is likelyto get even less of a look-in. Who knows what the result of that will be?Questions 27-32Reading Passage 3 had nine paragraphs labeled A-I.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter A-I in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.27 the way play causes unusual connections in the brain which are beneficial28 insights from recording how much time young animals spend playing29 a description of the physical hazards that can accompany play30 a description of the mental activities which are exercised and developed during play31 the possible effects that a reduction in play opportunities will have on humans32 the classes of animals for which play is importantQuestions 33-35Choose THREE letters A-F.Write your answers in boxes 33-35 on your answer sheet.The list below gives some ways of regarding play.Which THREE ways are mentioned by the writer of the text?A a rehearsal for later adult activitiesB a method animals use to prove themselves to their peer groupC an activity intended to build up strength for adulthoodD a means of communicating feelingsE a defensive strategyF an activity assisting organ growthQuestions 36-40Look at the following researchers (Questions 36-40) and the list of findings below.Match each researcher with the correct finding.Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet.36 Robert Barton37 Marc Bekoff38 John Byers39 Sergio Pellis40 Stephen SiviyList of FindingsA There is a link between a specific substance in the brain and playing.B Play provides input concerning physical surroundings.C Varieties of play can be matched to different stages of evolutionary history.D There is a tendency for mammals with smaller brains to play less.E Play is not a form of fitness training for the future.F Some species of larger-brained birds engage in play.G A wide range of activities are combined during play.H Play is a method of teaching survival techniques.剑桥雅思阅读4原文参考译文(test2)Passage 1参考译文Lost for wordsMany minority languages are on the danger list语言的消失——许多少数民族语言濒临灭绝In the Native American Navajo nation, which sprawls across four states in the American south-west, the native language is dying. Most of its speakers are middle-aged or elderly. Although many students take classes in Navajo, the schools are run in English. Street signs, supermarket goods and even their own newspaper are all in English. Not surprisingly, linguists doubt that any native speakers of Navajo will remain in a hundred years’time.对于居住在美国西南部四州的那瓦霍人来讲，他们的语言正在遭遇灭顶之灾。
重磅消息！雅思官宣启动单科重考计划，拼分时代要来了？
重磅消息！雅思官宣启动单科重考计划，拼分时代要来了？各位想要店铺的小伙伴看过来，雅思官宣启动单科重考计划，今天店铺小编就给大家介绍重磅消息！雅思官宣启动单科重考计划，拼分时代要来了？如果对这个话题感兴趣的话，欢迎点击。
重磅！雅思官宣启动单科重考计划，拼分时代要来了？你知道吗？在未来你的雅思考试可以”拼分“了！前几天，英国文化教育协会中国考试业务发展总监Robert Yu在采访中表示——“可以肯定，中国也要启动 One Skill Retake 考试机制。
”单科重考（One Skill Retake）：将使考生在第一次没有达到目标分数时，能够重考英语四项技能（听力、阅读、写作和口语）的其中一项。
也就是说，未来的雅思考试里，如果你对自己的雅思某个单项成绩不满意，可以重新再考一次听力/阅读/写作/口语。
虽然「雅思单科重考制度」在中国的运营落地时间还没定，但这个消息对于英语偏科的同学们来讲实在是个好消息。
近些年，各大院校提高了申校的语言要求门槛，还对单项小分有了更加细致的要求。
对学生来说：雅思高分很难，单项不满足刷小分难上加难。
因为不仅耗时耗力，每次全科重考的费用也在不断冲击这我们的钱包。
未来“拼分政策”实施后，雅思考试实实在在可以轻松很多。
雅思“单科重考”政策独家解读其实在3个月前，墨尔本已经开始实行「雅思单科重考制度」。
这里，我们根据IDP官网的介绍的One Skill Retake这项政策要点，简要解析一下：1听、说、读、写4个单项都能进行重考这里的“单项”是有限制的，也就是重考只能选择一科（听力、阅读、写作和口语四选一）。
此外，每一次雅思全科考试后，只能参加一次雅思单科重考，所以大家千万不要因此懈怠雅思学习。
2单科重考的形式为：机考One Skill Retake的时间安排和普通雅思考试相同，一般在雅思全科考试后的60天内进行报名和考试。
2参加重考的学生会收到一份新的成绩单因为也会出现单科重考成绩不如全科考试的情况。
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10.27雅思写作内容：一．大作文整体结构开头段（三要素：背景，引题，自己立场）主体段（正方/反方，让步/转折）结尾段（重述立场和分论点，建议）二．3种问法对应的文章框架结构Discuss both views and give your opinion.(蓝P199)To what extent do you agree or disagree.(蓝P202)作业：1.掌握同义词替换（资料）2.掌握得分句型3.积累话题词汇和素材(蓝）4.掌握两种不同问法的答题要点Discussion 类例题1：教育类In recent years, many young people have decided to further their study abroad. What are the benefits and drawbacks of studying abroad?In recent years, many young people have decided to further their study abroad. Some people claim that there are more benefits than drawbacks of studying abroad, do you agree or disagree? Benefits:∙Broaden /expand one’s horizons/vision, open minded, enrich knowledge∙Acquire / obtain advanced science and technology / concept∙easy access to first-rate educational facilities∙the latest development of …../up-to-date/field of study∙cultivate one’s independence / take care/ protect∙learn to get alone with people from different cultural backgrounds∙language environment∙more opportunities to obtain a decent job/well-paid/future career∙Be beneficial to / be conductive to∙Mixed / international mindset∙Better living environment∙Introduce our culture to western world∙self-betterment / self- realization / the best self Disadvantages:∙Costly/ financial burden, ordinary /average, cover / afford, living cost / tuition costStudying abroad might cause a financial burden for ordinary families; many of them cannot afford the high living and tuition cost.∙Fail to adapt themselves to the new environment / oversea life / cultural difference∙Psychological: Loneliness / homesick / far away from home, no company∙Language barrier∙Result in a serious brain-drain, huge loss of talent∙Supervision / supervisor/ some/ tend to ignore their studies ∙Temptation/go astray∙Self-discipline, self-control, immature, cannot distinguish right from wrong / imitate / bad behavior∙Time-management skill / study plan/ schedule / priority∙Workout∙Social circle∙culture shockBody paragraph:Topic sentence●First, firstly, first of all, first and foremost, to begin with, tostart with●Second, meanwhile, in addition, besides, moreover,furthermore, what’s more●Finally, lastly, last but not the leastOn the one hand,…On the other hand,…For one thing,….For another,…People’s living standards have improved over the years and many parents tend to pay more attention to their children’s education.Therefore, more and more young people choose to go abroad to pursue their higher education. Frankly speaking, studying overseas has both its advantages and disadvantages.(45)Critics / opponents argue that there are many good reasons against further study abroad.For one thing, living far away from home, students will suffer from loneliness and homesickness. Overseas students often feel disoriented and depressed from lack of adequate/sufficient knowledge and understanding of the local customs and lifestyle.For another, many students do not want to return to their native country after graduation because most of them want to seek a more comfortable life and a brighter future overseas. This may result in a serious brain-drain and our country will inevitablyincur a huge loss of talents. (96)claim that overseas study has so many advantages. First of all, it can broaden the students’ horizons. knowledge of high technology and social customs acquired inbecome moredevelopment,several distinctadvantages.Students can learn advanced science andup-to-date. Theprofessors are aware of all the latest development in their fields. Therefore the standard of teaching is much higher.Thirdly, when they finish studies abroad, they will havemore choices in their future careers.All the above are conductive totheir self-betterment and self-realization.In my opinion, while oversea study has its drawbacks, the advantages are obvious.It can broaden one’s horizon. Students have easy access to the first rate facilities and the latest development in science and technology. When they finish their study, students have more job opportunities.Therefore, as long as it is financially feasible, an oversea education may do a person more good than harm.(64) Discussion 类例题2：科技类What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Internet? Advantages:∙Convenience (life, study,work)∙Share information∙Make friends∙Apply to the education and work∙Improve work efficiencyArgument类例题1：科技+教育类Distance education vs. Traditional educationMany people use distance-learning programs to study at home, but some people think that it cannot bring the benefit asmuch as attending college or university. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? (041113, 081023, 100515) Distance education:●Flexible – time, location●Convenient -●Cost●Information range●Efficiency –●Distraction●Interaction –●Skills – writing skills, …Traditional education●Face-to-face interaction●Efficiency – feedback, help immediately,●Skills –communication skill, interpersonal skill, corporation skill, teambuilding, ….●Make friends – expand our social circle, built social network开头段5.5 band：With the technology developing, more and more people like studying at home by computers. So there is a hot topic on whether this way is good for people. In my opinion, I think people should study at universities. (386.5 band：So rapid is the progress of technology that a growing number of teenagers are keen on studying at home by media like computers or TV. Thus, a topic is being discussed on whether this method is more benefit than those who studying atuniversities. Personally speaking,I tend to this view that universities are good place for studying. (58)让步段：Undeniably,it is convenient for teenagers to study at home. Obviously,compared with going to universities, studying at home can save time and money.Besides,only by clicking the mouse can students gain large information which they need. However,quite a few children have to face some physical health problems like short sight, if they spend too much time watching computers or TV. (63)理由1：However, the most vital merit of studying at universities is that some abilities can be cultivated, like interpersonal skills. If youths always face computers, they might do not know how to make friends or communicate with others. But, on the contrary, universities are good places which can provide some opportunities for children to share their experiences, interests and hobbies with others. (62)理由2：Moreover / W hat’s more,….To sum up, although using computers and TV for learning is benefit for students, they can obtain more precious experience at colleges or universities. For my part, I support the view that it is necessary for teenagers to go to universities or colleges.(43)。