Chinese culture(中国文化)
中国文化介绍英文版Chinese Culture introduction
The commonly used techniques and styles in Chinese painting include ink painting, meticulous painting, freehand brushwork, etc., each with its unique aesthetic value and artistic expression.
Chinese Ceramics and Chinese Knives
Chinese porcelain is most famous for porcelain from Jingdezhen, Longquan Kiln, and other places, with a history dating back to the Tang Dynasty.
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Buddhism and Zen Buddhism have a deep impact on Chinese culture, including Chinese poetry, calligraphy, painting, music, and folk customs They also spread to other countries and regions in the world
The Origin of Chinese Culture
The origin of Chinese culture can be traced back to the Yellow River basin, which is considered the slogan of Chinese civilization The Yellow River is an important river in China that has nurtured the growth of many urban civilizations
中国文化(中英文对照)
中国文化(中英文对照)中国文化(中英文对照)1. 元宵节:Lantern Festival2. 刺绣:embroidery3. 重阳节:Double-Ninth Festival4. 清明节:Tomb sweeping day5. 剪纸:Paper Cutting6. 书法:Calligraphy7. 对联:(Spring Festival) Couplets8. 象形文字:Pictograms/Pictographic Characters9. 人才流动:Brain Drain/Brain Flow10. 四合院:Siheyuan/Quadrangle11. 战国:Warring States12. 风水:Fengshui/Geomantic Omen13. 铁饭碗:Iron Bowl14. 函授部:The Correspondence Department15. 集体舞:Group Dance16. 黄土高原:Loess Plateau17. 红白喜事:Weddings and Funerals18. 中秋节:Mid-Autumn Day19. 结婚证:Marriage Certificate20. 儒家文化:Confucian Culture21. 附属学校:Affiliated school22. 古装片:Costume Drama23. 武打片:Chinese Swordplay Movie24. 元宵:Tangyuan/Sweet Rice Dumpling (Soup)25. 一国两制:One Country, Two Systems26. 火锅:Hot Pot27. 四人帮:Gang of Four28. 《诗经》:The Book of Songs29. 素质教育:Essential-qualities-oriented Education30. 《史记》:Historical Records/Records of the Grand Historian31. 大跃进:Great Leap Forward (Movement)32. 《西游记》:The Journey to the West33. 除夕:Chinese New Year’s Eve/Eve of the Spring Festival34. 针灸:Acupuncture35. 唐三彩:Tri-color Pottery of the T ang Dynasty/ The Tang Tri-colored pottery36. 中国特色的社会主义:Chinese-charactered Socialist/Socialist with Chinese characteristics37. 偏旁:radical38. 孟子:Mencius39. 亭/阁:Pavilion/ Attic40. 大中型国有企业:Large and Medium-sized State-owned Enterprises41. 火药:gunpowder42. 农历:Lunar Calendar43. 印/玺:Seal/Stamp44. 物质精神文明建设:The Construction of Material Civilization and Spiritual Civilization45. 京剧:Beijing Opera/Peking Opera46. 秦腔:Crying of Qin People/Qin Opera47. 太极拳:Tai Chi48. 独生子女证:The Certificate of One-child49. 天坛:Altar of Heaven in Beijing50. 小吃摊:Snack Bar/Snack Stand51. 红双喜:Double Happiness52. 政治辅导员:Political Counselor/School Counselor53. 春卷:Spring Roll(s)54. 莲藕:Lotus Root55. 追星族:Star Struck56. 故宫博物院:The Palace Museum57. 相声:Cross-talk/Comic Dialogue58. 下岗:Lay off/Laid off59. 北京烤鸭:Beijing Roast Duck60. 高等自学考试:Self-taught Examination of Higher Education61. 烟花爆竹:fireworks and firecracker62. 敦煌莫高窟:Mogao Caves63. 电视小品:TV Sketch/TV Skit64. 香港澳门同胞:Compatriots from Hong Kong and Macao65. 文化大革命:Cultural Revolution66. 长江中下游地区:The Mid-low Reaches of Yangtze River67. 门当户对:Perfect Match/Exact Match68. 《水浒》:Water Margin/Outlaws of the Marsh69. 中外合资企业:Joint Ventures70. 文房四宝(笔墨纸砚):"The Four Treasure of the Study" "Brush, Inkstick, Paper, and Inkstone"71. 兵马俑:cotta Warriors/ Terracotta Army72. 旗袍:cheongsam。
Chinese_Culture--中国文化介绍 终成版(1)
the "Great Wall" reputation. The Great Wall in China's vast land of the north east and west lie the rolling one, imposing, as long as more than ten thousand li long wall. This is considered the world's architectural history of the Great Wall a great miracle. Great Wall is China's ancient defense project is a great crystallization of ancient Chinese people's strong determination and a high degree of wisdom in ancient China embodies the remarkable achievements of engineering technology, but also shows the Chinese nation's long history.
长城位于中国的北部,它东起河北省渤海湾的山海关,西至 内陆地区甘肃省的嘉峪关。横贯河北、北京、内蒙古、山西、陕 西、宁夏、甘肃等七个省、市、自治区,全长约6700公里,约 13300里,在世上有“万里长城”之誉。 万里长城在我国北方辽 阔的土地上,东西横亘着一道绵延起伏、气势雄伟、长达一万多 里的长墙。这就是被视为世界建筑史上一大奇迹的万里长城。万 里长城是我国古代一项伟大的防御工程它凝聚着我国古代人民的 坚强毅力和高度智慧,体现了我国古代工程技术的非凡成就,也 显示了中华民族的悠久历史。
chinese culture(中国文化)
TIAN'ANMEN SQUARE (天安门广场)
• At the south side of tiananmen square, is located in the centre of Beijing, the Forbidden City, and the tiananmen square on the other side of the chang 'an avenue, is the Ming and qing dynasties imperial palace gate.On October 1, 1949, the People's Republic of China held here the founding ceremony, it becomes a symbol of modern China, and is designed into the national emblem.It with its more than 500 years history of heavy connotation, highly concentrated in the Chinese ancient civilization and modern civilization, a symbol of new China, and unparalleled political attention and yearning, is the place where the Chinese people of all ethnic groups to yearn for.Leabharlann SUZHOU GARDENS
Suzhou garden is China jiangsu suzhou landscape garden construction of a general designation, also known as the "suzhou classical garden, with private gardens primarily, began in the spring and autumn period, wu capital gusu when company (prince he lu period, 514 years BC), formed in the five dynasties, mature in song dynasty, the flourishing heyday, Ming to qing dynasty suzhou has more than one hundred and seventy various gardens, now there are more than 60 intact, opening to the outside of the garden there are 19.In 1997, suzhou classical gardens as a representative of the Chinese garden was listed in "world heritage", was praised as a "near reengineering qiankun", is the best of Chinese garden culture and pride.Suzhou gardens are surging wave pavilion, lion grove, humble administrator's garden, lingering garden, the nets garden, garden, etc. •
2022年关于中国文化的英语作文_Chinese culture 5篇
关于中国文化的英语作文_Chinese culture 5篇导读:关于”中国文化“的英语作文模板5篇,作文题目:Chinese culture。
以下是关于中国文化的高三英语模板,每篇作文均为真题模板带翻译。
关于”中国文化“的英语作文模板5篇,作文题目:Chinese culture。
以下是关于中国文化的高三英语模板,每篇作文均为真题模板带翻译。
高分英语作文1:Chinese cultureEvery year, the world is paying close attention to the Nobel Prize for literature. The winners will receive both fame and wealth, their writing career reach the peak of Chinese culture. China has a history of thousands of years and many great works are famous in the world.Therefore, why Chinese writers have to go so long to win the Nobel Prize is that English, as an international language, is accepted by the world, Chinese great works need to be translated into English so that they can be read by the judges. But the bad thing is that in the process of translation, the artistic conception is lost to some extent, leaving only the main significance. Therefore, we do not need to question our literature.It is excellent and the world will see it one day.中文翻译:每年,全世界都在关注诺贝尔文学奖,获奖者将名利双收,使自己的写作生涯登上中国文化的巅峰,中国有几千年的历史,有许多伟大的作品闻名于世,所以中国作家为什么要走这么长的路才能获得诺贝尔奖最明显的因素是英语作为国际语言的语言被世界所接受,中国的伟大作品需要翻译成英文,这样才能被评委们阅读,但不好的是,在翻译过程中,意境在某种程度上有所损失,只留下了主要的意义,所以我们不需要质疑我们的文学,它是优秀的,总有一天世界会看到它的。
chinese culture
Lecture 9 Chinese Culture 中国文化? 中国已有5 000年的文明发展史,中国文化是世界最古老的文化之一,而且是世界上唯一的长期延续没有中断的文化。
? China has a 5 000-year history of the development of civilization. The Chinese culture is one of the most ancient cultures in the world, and the only one that has lasted for thousands of years without suspension. ? 中国人的传统世界观、价值观和思维模式,是在长期的历史发展中积淀而成的。
? The traditional worldview, values and mode of thinking of the Chinese people stem from a perennial process of historical development. ? 理性的求和谐主平衡的世界观the rational world outlook seeking for harmony and maintaining equilibrium ? 大一统的观念和注重整体利益的价值取向the conception of great national unity and values of collectivism ? 中国古代文化的核心是它的思想文化部分。
中国古代的思想文化源远流长、博大精深,且内容丰富、学派众多,但其基干部分是儒、道两家的思想。
? The core of ancient Chinese culture is its way of thinking. Boasting a long history and a variety of contents and schools, ancient Chinese thought is extensive and profound, with Confucianism and Taoism as the principal part.佛学思想? 中国古代思想文化,除了作为主干的儒、道两家思想外,值得注意的还有佛学思想。
(完整版)Chinese Culture--中国文化介绍
based on economic benefits, it is also the collision and communicating between different cultures that each side has. C. Every person is grown in a particular culture, learning the “right way” of doing things .
Confucius
Teachings of Confucianism
Ren 仁 (benevolence, love) & Li 礼 (rites)---respect for the system of social hierarchy.
• The basic clou of Confucianism stresses the importance of the individual moral development, so that the state can be governed by moral virtue rather than by the laws.
• Golden mean (philosophy): the felicitous middle between the extremes of excess and deficiency “ Rid the two ends, take the middle one.”
• Relationships are central to Confucianism. Particular duties arise from one's special situation in relation to others.
Chinese culture 中国文化
Ways to show filial piety
• 1. supporting parents • 2. showing respect to parents • 3. obeying parents’ orders etc.
Critical commentng harmonious family Moral improvement Motivating etc. Demerits Blind obedience Regarding having descendants as top piority. etc.
Phases to show filial piety
1. the time when parents are alive.
2. the time when parents are dead.
Doing it when parents are still alive, it will be too late to show filial peity when parents died.
• 2. Mencius(孟子)
• Of services which is the greatest? The service of parents is the greatest. (事孰为大,事亲为大) ( Mencius ,Book II)
• 3. Wang Yongbin(王永彬)
• Filial peity ranks the first among all human virtues.(百善孝为先)
IV. Critical comment on filial piety
Significance of filial piety
• 1. confucius(孔子)
Chinese_culture_中国传统文化介绍
Ⅱ. Teaching Contents
Lecture One: What Culture Is Lecture Two: Confucianism Lecture Three: Taoism Lecture Four: Buddhism Lecture Five: Traditional Chinese Festivals Lecture Six: Chinese Arts and Crafts
广阔
文化”是人类创造物质财富 和精神财富的总和,而“文 与“文明”的含义更为接近 明”是文化成果中的精华部
分。
Some notions of culture
culture
civilization
origin content
cult to cultivate
civ---civil cit---city
• The Culture of China is one of the world's oldest and most complex cultures. The area in which the culture is dominant covers a large geographical region in East Asia and Southeast Asia (so-called Sinosphere) with customs and traditions varying greatly between provinces and regions.
In 1952,Alfred Kroeber and Clye Kluckhohn complied a list of 164 definition of "culture" in the book of A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions.
初中英语作文:中国的文化 Chinese Culture
初中英语作文:中国的文化 Chinese Culture【篇一】中国的文化 Chinese CultureChinese is the necessary subject for students to learn. Even though some students learn Chinese all the time, they knowlittle about Chinese culture. Today, the world is crazy about learning mandarin. A lot of foreigners are interested in Chinese culture, and they learn the traditional thoughts from Chinese great minds, such as Confucious. They also learn Tai Chi and they love it. On the contrary, many Chinese students are not interested in our culture, and they feel bored to learn. We should learn and get to know our culture well. Itis our duty, or someday we will be kicked out and lag behind others. In the future, China will take the lead on economy.汉语对学生来说是必学的科目。
不过即使有些学生一直在学习汉语,但是他们对中国文化知之甚少。
如今,全世界都在疯狂地学习普通话,很多外国人都对中国文化感兴趣,他们从伟大的思想家那里学习中国的传统思想,比如孔子。
中国文化概况英汉对照版
中国文化概况英汉对照版中国文化概况英汉对照版一:英文版:Chinese culture, with its rich heritage spanning thousands of years, is one of the oldest and most diverse cultures in the world. It is a blend of traditions, art, philosophy, and customs that have been shaped by the vast and diverse geography of China. From the ancient times of the Yellow Emperor and Confucius to the modern era, Chinese culture has continuously evolved while maintaining its unique identity.At the heart of Chinese culture lies its philosophical traditions, including Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. These philosophies have profoundly influenced the moral and social values of the Chinese people. Confucianism, for instance, emphasizes the importance of family, respect for elders, and the pursuit of knowledge and wisdom.Chinese art, another vital aspect of its culture, encompasses a wide range of styles and mediums, including painting, calligraphy, sculpture, and ceramics. Chinese painting, known for its use of brush and ink, often depicts natural landscapes and scenes from history and mythology. Calligraphy, considered both an art and a way to cultivate one's character, is highly revered in Chinese culture.Cuisine is also a significant part of Chinese culture, characterized by its diversity and emphasis on harmony and balance. Chinese cuisine varies greatly from region to region, with each area having its own unique flavors and specialties. Traditional Chinese medicine, with its holistic approach to health, is another important aspect of the culture.Lastly, Chinese festivals and customs play a crucial role in cultural expression. The Spring Festival, or Chinese New Year, is the most important and widely celebrated festival in China. It is a time for family reunions, feasting, and the giving of red envelopes. Other notable festivals include the Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, and Lantern Festival, each with its own traditions and significance.汉语对照版:中国文化,拥有数千年的丰富遗产,是世界上最古老、最多样化的文化之一。
中国文化-Chinese Culture (中英文)
兰 有 秀 兮 菊 有 芳 ︐ 怀
草 木 黄 落 兮 雁 南 归 ︒
秋 风 起 兮 白 云 飞 ︐
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笔
画
Stroke
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中 书
国 法
Calligraphy
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文房四宝
Four Treasures of the Study
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名
Given Nmae
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京 /jīng/
忠 /zhōng/
健 /jià n/
some names embody the location, time or natural phenomenon when the person was born.
冬 /dōng/
雪 /xuě/
With ancient official titles eventually adopted as the surname, such as Sima and Situ.
中 国 姓 氏
Chiense Surnames
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李 /lǐ/ 王 /wáng/ 张 /zhāng/
Some are one-character surnames, while others are compound surnames made up of two or more charaers. Up
Overview of China Chinese Culture
目 录
壹
中 国 人 的 姓 名
贰
中 国 汉 字
叁
中 国 传 统 节 日
中国文化英语作文模板带翻译初一
中国文化英语作文模板带翻译初一Chinese Culture。
Chinese culture, one of the oldest and richest cultures in the world, is a source of pride for the Chinese people. With a history of over 5,000 years, it has been greatly influential in shaping the culture of East Asia, and it continues to have a profound impact on the world today.Chinese culture is characterized by its diversity and richness. It encompasses a wide range of traditions, customs, and practices that have been passed down from generation to generation. From the ancient philosophy of Confucianism to the traditional Chinese medicine, from the exquisite art of calligraphy to the vibrant celebrations of Chinese New Year, Chinese culture is a treasure trove of wisdom, beauty, and tradition.One of the most distinctive features of Chinese culture is its emphasis on harmony and balance. This is reflected in various aspects of Chinese life, from the principles of yin and yang in traditional Chinese medicine to the concept of the Five Elements in Chinese philosophy. The Chinese also place great importance on the harmony between humans and nature, which is evident in practices such as feng shui and tai chi.Another key aspect of Chinese culture is its strong sense of family and community. Family is considered the foundation of society, and filial piety is a core value in Chinese culture. Respect for elders, caring for one's parents, and maintaining strong family ties are all highly valued in Chinese society. In addition, the concept of guanxi, or personal connections, plays a crucial role in Chinese social interactions and business dealings.The arts have always been an integral part of Chinese culture, and they continue to thrive today. Chinese literature, with its rich tradition of poetry, prose, and drama, has produced some of the world's most enduring literary classics. Chinese painting and calligraphy, with their emphasis on brushwork and symbolism, are admired for their elegance and expressiveness. Chinese music, with its distinctive instruments and melodies, is celebrated for its beauty and emotional depth.Chinese cuisine, with its diverse flavors and regional specialties, is another important aspect of Chinese culture. From the fiery dishes of Sichuan to the delicate dim sum of Guangdong, Chinese food is renowned for its variety and complexity. The traditional Chinese tea culture, with its elaborate tea ceremonies and rituals, is also an integral part of Chinese culinary heritage.In recent years, Chinese culture has gained increasing recognition and popularity around the world. Chinese language and literature, traditional Chinese medicine, martial arts, and Chinese cuisine have all found enthusiastic audiences in many countries. The global appeal of Chinese culture is a testament to its enduring vitality and relevance in the modern world.In conclusion, Chinese culture is a rich and multifaceted tapestry that reflects the wisdom, beauty, and traditions of one of the world's oldest civilizations. Its influence can be seen in every aspect of Chinese life, from philosophy and art to cuisine and social customs. As China continues to play an increasingly important role on the world stage, its culture will undoubtedly continue to captivate and inspire people around the globe.。
中国文化英文演讲稿-中国传统节日Chinese-Culture
It’s Chinese Valentine’s Day
An Ancient Chinese Legend About It
A Love Story Between A Cowherd And A Girl Weaver
An Opera About The Story
Double Ninth Day
❖ Also known as Duanwu Jie
❖ It falls on the fifth day of the fifth month in Chinese lunar calendar.
Traditional Customs Relating To The Festival
❖ Racing dragon boats
❖ Setting off fire-crackers ❖ (The favorite activity of
children, which is said to drive off evil spirits according to legend)
Traditional Customs Relating To The Spring Festival
The Spring Festival
❖ The year mark with 12 animals, including rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, rooster, dog, pig
Traditional Customs Relating To The Spring Festival
❖ Children Getting money in red envelopes from their parents and relatives
chinese单词
chinese单词Chinese:- 释义:中国的;中国人的;汉语的;中国人;中文;汉语。
- 用法:作形容词时修饰名词,如 Chinese culture(中国文化);作名词指中国人或中文。
- 近义词:Chinaman(不常用且含贬义)。
- 短语搭配:Chinese language(汉语)、Chinese food(中国食物)、Traditional Chinese Medicine(中医)。
- 双语例句:- I'm learning Chinese now. It's really interesting!(我现在正在学中文呢,真的很有趣呀!)- Do you like Chinese food? Of course, it's delicious!(你喜欢中国食物吗?那当然,超好吃的!)- She can speak fluent Chinese. That's amazing!(她能说流利的中文。
太厉害了吧!)- My friend is teaching me Chinese. How kind he is!(我朋友在教我中文呢。
他真好啊!)- We are going to watch a Chinese movie tonight. Cool!(我们今晚要去看一部中国电影。
太棒啦!)- The Chinese culture is so profound. Isn't it?(中国文化好深奥啊。
不是吗?)- They are studying Traditional Chinese Medicine. That's a great choice!(他们在学习中医呢。
这是个很棒的选择呀!) - His Chinese writing is very beautiful. How can he do that?(他的中文书写好漂亮啊。
他怎么做到的呢?)- I love to listen to Chinese music. It makes me feel relaxed.(我喜欢听中国音乐。
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中国文化论文题目:中国的象征主义文化课程名称:中国文化专业:班级:学号:姓名:Chinese Symbolism cultureSymbolic meaning have played a significant role in the lives of the Chinese .The nature of their written and spoken language has contributed to the rich vocabulary of symbolism.The large numbers of homophones in the Chinese language means that words with different meanings become associated with each other due to a similarity of sound when spoken.As well as linguistic symbolism,there are symbols which originated from ancient cosmological and mythical beliefs .Symbolic meanings from an intrinsic part of culture and readily understood by Chinese people .中国的象征主义文化象征意义在中国人的生活中扮演了重要角色,无论是口头的还是书面的语言都对丰富了词汇的象征意义。
部分象征意义是由于同音同形异义引起的,还有的是起源于古代宇宙学和神秘的信仰。
象征意义作为中国文化本质的一部分,已深深地扎根于中年国人心目中。
Animal s:Chinese Dragon中国龙Chinese dragon is a mythical creature in ancient Chinese mythology and folklore..It is comprised of nine different kinds of animals but resembles none and what these nine kinds of animal are is not sure .Nowadays ,,it is accepted that dragon is a totem formed in primitive society of China .It is said that it can change its shape and do almost everything .In Feudal times ,dragon is the symbol of the emperor ,it also refers to the things which belongs to the emperor ,such as long zhong which means the son of the king and long yan which means the mood of the king and so on . Dragon is ranked the five in the Chinese zodiac signs and called four god beasts together with white tiger ,jujak and genbu .中国古代的神话与传说中,龙是一种神异动物,具有九种动物合而为一之九不像之形象。
具体是哪九种动物有争议。
目前公认龙是原始社会形成的一种图腾崇拜的标志。
传说多为其能显能隐,能细能巨,能短能长。
春分登天,秋分潜渊,呼风唤雨,无所不能。
封建时代龙是帝王的象征,也用来指帝王和帝王的东西:龙种、龙颜、龙廷、龙袍、龙宫等。
龙在中国传统的十二生肖中排第五,其与白虎、朱雀、玄武一起并称“四神兽”。
Some scholars believe that the Chinese dragon form originated from totems of different tribes in China, as a merger of totems of various tribes consequential to tribal mergers. Legendary figures like Nüwa (女媧) and Fuxi (伏羲) are depicted as having snake bodies. Some scholars have noted that a myth arose that the first legendary Emperor of China, Huangdi (黃帝, Yellow Emperor) used a snake for his coat of arms. According to the myth, every time he conquered another tribe, he incorporated his defeated enemy's emblem into his own, thus explains why the dragon appears to have features of various animals.有学者认为龙的形象是不同部族的图腾演化而来的,其具有了不同图腾所具有的一些特征。
像在神话传说中,女娲,伏羲都是人头蛇身的形像。
中国第一个皇帝——黄帝有蛇一样的手臂,因此有学者认为每次他收复一个部落都会把那个不落地图腾作为自己的标志,这就很好的解释的为什么龙会有不动动物的特征。
After a long period of study and research ,people have drawn an agreement on its origin that is it’s a combination of different kinds of animal and it was thought to be a totem in primitive society .in early age , people couldn’t explain the natural phenomena and they thoughthe totem of their nation must be powerful as winds , rains and thunders ,has a majestic appearance like mountains , and it can cruise under the water like fish and fly like birds .gradually , dragon became what it is today , It’s the symbol of the most powerful god .在经历了长期的研究和考证后,人们终于取得了一个较为一致的共识:龙是多种动物的综合体,是原始社会形成的一种图腾崇拜的标志。
在早期,古人对大多自然现象无法做出合理解释,于是便希望自己民族的图腾具备风雨雷电那样的力量,群山那样的雄姿,像鱼一样能在水中游弋,像鸟一样可以在天空飞翔。
因此许多动物的特点都集中在龙身上,龙渐渐成了"九不像"(具有九种动物的特征)的样子,这种复合结构,意味着龙是万兽之首,万能之神。
Chinese Phoenix 中国凤凰Images of an ancient bird have appeared in China for over 8000 years, as earliest as the Hongshan neolithic period, on jade and pottery motifs, then appearing decorating bronze as well as jade figurines. Some experts believe they may have been a good-luck totem among eastern tribes of ancient China.古代鸟的形象出现在中国已经有八千多年了,最早可追溯到红山新石器时代的玉器和陶器图案上,然后出现在青铜器装饰及玉石雕像上。
一些专家认为这在古代中国的东部部落中可能是一种象征好运的图腾标志。
During the Han Dynasty (2,200 years ago) two phoenixes, one a male (feng, 鳳) and the other a female (huang, 凰) were often shown together facing one other. Later, during the Yuan Dynasty the two terms were merged to become the generally translated "phoenix", but the "King of Birds" came to symbolize the empress when paired with a dragon as a dragon represented the emperor. From the period of the Jiajing Emperor (1522–66) on, a pair of phoenixes was differentiated by the tail feathers of the two birds, typically together forming a closed circle pattern—the male identified by five serrated tail feathers (five being an odd, or yang number) and the female by what appears to be one, but is in fact, two (two being an even, or yin number) curling or tendrilled tail feathers. It was also in the Ming Dynasty that phoenixes first began to appear with combs, hence comb-less phoenixes are pre-Ming, and phoenixes depicted with combs, Ming or post-Ming.在汉朝时期(2200年前),两只凤凰,一只雄性,叫作凤,另一只是雌性,叫作凰经常面对面出现在一起。