英汉翻译复习资料
自考英汉翻译复习资料
Translation Conclusion Unit 1 stories 1. He was thirty-six, his youth had passed like a screaming eagle, leaving him old and disillusioned. 他已三⼗六岁,青春像⼀路鸣叫的鹰,早已⼀闪⽽逝, 留给他的是衰⽼和幻灭.2. average height 普通⾼度3. gleaming eyes 两眼闪着光辉 4. in his middle twenties ⼤概是⼆⼗五六岁的年龄 5. ignoring the chair offered him, Chu The stood squarely before this youth more than ten years his junior and in a level voice told him who he was, what he had done in the past, how he had fled from Yunnan, talked with Sun Yat-sen, been repulsed by Chen Tu-hsiu in Shanghai, and had come to Europe to find a new way of life for himself and a new revolutionary road for China. 朱德顾不得拉过来的椅⼦,端端正正地站在这个⽐他年轻⼗岁的青年⾯前,⽤平稳的语调, 说明⾃⼰的⾝份和经历: 他怎样逃出云南, 怎样会见孙中⼭, 怎样在上海被陈独秀拒绝, 怎样为了寻求⾃⼰的新的⽣活⽅式和中国的新的⾰命道路⽽来到欧洲. 6. When both visitors had told their stories, Chou smiled a little, said he would help them find rooms, and arrange for them to join the Berlin Communist group as candidates until their application had been sent to China and an answer received. 两位来客把经历说完后,周恩来微笑着说,他可以帮他们找到住的地⽅,替他们办理加⼊党在柏林的⽀部的⼿续, 在⼊党申请书寄往中国⽽尚未批准之前,暂时作候补党员. 7. Chinese Communist Party 中国共产党 8. 两条要求, 忠实------内容, 通顺-------语⾔ 9. Several times on his trips to China, which he made as a guest of the Chinese Government, Bill's birthday occurred while he was in Beijing. 以中国官⽅客⼈的⾝份, ⽐尔来访中国已多次了, ⽽且在北京停留期间恰适他⽣⽇也有好⼏次了. 10. ‘ This is for you,' Bill Morrow heard on many occasions he would never forget----such as when he was taken a boat down the Grand Canal and every boat that passed sounded its siren in salutation. Or when he shown over the great Nanjing bridge, built where the ferries used to carry trains across the Changjiang River. He was given a chair and asked to wait a little as darkness came on, then suddenly the whole bridge was outlined in lights. “这是为你安排的.” 这句话⽐尔.莫诺听到过好⼏次, 每⼀次都令他难以忘怀. 有⼀次, 他沿⼤运河乘船顺⽔⽽下,途经的每艘船都鸣笛致敬. 还有⼀次, 他参观雄伟的南京长江⼤桥------以前没桥时, 要靠轮渡托载⽕车横渡长江. 夜幕渐渐降临了, 他被安排坐下,并被告知稍坐等候, 然后突然间, 整个桥⾝被灯光勾画出了⼀个清晰的轮廊. 11. The most important day I remember in all my life is the one on which my teacher, Anne Mansfield Sulliven, came to me. I am filled with wonder when I consider the immeasurable contrast between the two lives which it connects. 在我的记忆⾥, 安妮.曼斯匪尔德.沙利⽂教师来的那⼀天,是我⼀⽣中最重要的⽇⼦. 从这⼀天开始, 我的⽣活与以前迥然不同, ⼀想到这⼀点, 我就感到⾮常兴奋. 12. On the afternoon of that eventful day, I stood on the porch, dumb, expectant. 那天下午,我⼀声不响, 怀着期待的⼼情站在门廊⾥. 13. Have you been at sea in a dense fog, when it seemed as if a tangible white darkness shut you in ,and the great ship, tense and anxious, groped her way toward the shore with plummet and sounding-line and you waited with beating heart for something to happen? I was like that ship before my education began, only I was without compass or sounding-line, and had no way of knowing how near the harbour was. “ light! Give me light!” was the wordless cry of my soul, and the light of love shone on me in that very hour. 不知你是否有过这样的经历---在海上航⾏遇上了⼤雾,周围⼀⽚⽩,好像着实把你关在⼀个⿊暗的地⽅,⼤船上的⼈⼜紧张⼜着急, ⼀⾯⽤铅锤探测深浅,⼀⾯向岸边慢慢驶去, 你的⼼也怦怦直跳,⽣怕出事. 我在开始受教育之前, 就像这样⼀条船, 只是没有罗盘, 没有测探绳, 也⽆法知道离海港有多远. “光明!给我光明!” 这就是发⾃我内⼼深处的⽆⾔的呼唤, 也就在这时候, 爱⼼的光芒照到了我的⾝上. 14. Someone took it, and I was caught up and held close in the arms of her who had come to reveal all things to me, and, more than all things else, to love me. 有个⼈握住了我的⼿, 于是我被抱了起来, 紧紧地抈在了她的怀⾥. 正是她来到我的⾝边, 将⼀切展切在我⾯前, 更重要的是,是她将爱带给了我. 15. monkey-like imitation. 猴⼦模仿似的 16. In the days that followed, I learned to spell in this uncomprehending way a great many words, among them pin, hat, cup and a few verbs like sit, stand and walk. 接下来的⼏天⾥, 我在根本不知⾃⼰在做什么样情况下,学会了拼好些单词, ⽐如PIN, HAT, CUP 及⼀些动词, 如SIT, STAND AND WALK. 17. That was because I saw everything with the strange, new sight that had come to me. On entering the door I remembered the doll I had broken. I felt my way to hearth and picked up the pieces, I tried vainly to put them together. 那是因为我正⽤⼀种刚刚获得的全新⽽奇特的视⾓来看待⼀切事物. 进屋时,我想起了被我弄坏的那个娃娃. 我摸索着来到壁炉前, 拾起那些碎⽚, 试图将它们拼接在⼀起, 却没办到. 18. it would have been difficult to find a happier child than I was as I lay in my crib at the close of that eventful day and lived over the joys it had brought me, and for the first time longed for a new day to come. 当那感概万千的⼀天快要结束时, 我躺在⾃⼰的⼩床⾥, 感受这⼀天带给我的那些快乐, 我觉得没有⼈⽐我更幸福了. ⼀⽣中第⼀次,我期待着新⼀天的来临. 19. ⼀切旧的传统观念, ⼀切阻⽌社会进步和⼈性发展的不合理的制度. All outmoded traditional thinking; any irrational system which obstructs social progress or human development. 20. 我觉得有⼀根鞭⼦在抽打我的⼼, ⼜觉得仿佛有什么⿁魂借我的笔为⾃⼰伸冤⼀样. I felt as if my mind was being whipped, as if a ghost had commandeered my pen and was writing to redress the injustices it had suffered. 21.另⼀个地⽅ On another occasion. 22. 长得好看的⼈⽤不着浓妆艳抹, ⽽我的⽂章就像⼀个丑⼋怪, 不打扮, 看起来倒还顺眼些. Physically attractive people don't need heavy make-up. Though my writing resembles an ugly monster, it actually looksa little better without any embellishment. 22. 我最恨那些盗名欺世, 欺骗读者的谎⾔。
英译汉复习资料
1.China insisted on its admission into the institution as a developing country, which called for abalance between its rights and obligations.中国坚持以发展中国家身份加入世贸组织，以求实现权利与义务的平衡。
2. China’s entry into the WTO is about more than trade, it is about China’s future role in theworld economy and about the future direction of the global economic development.中国加入世贸组织的意义不仅仅在于贸易方面，更关系到中国将来在世界经济中的作用，以及全球经济未来的发展方向。
3. We are a peaceful nation. Yet, as we have learned, there can be no peace in a world of suddenterror. In the face of today’s new threat, the only way to pursue peace is to pursue those who threaten it.我们是个爱好和平的国家。
但是，我们认识到恐怖分子一天不消灭，世界将永无宁日。
在恐怖威胁面前，追寻和平之路的惟一途径就是把那些威胁和平的人绳之以法。
4. The Statue of Liberty, which measures 93 meters from top to bottom and is officially calledLiberty Enlightening the World, stands on an island at the entrance to New York Harbour.坐落在纽约港入口小岛上的自由女神像，从上到下高93米，其正式名称为“照亮世界的自由之光”。
汉英翻译教程期末考试复习要点
1. 直译法(1) 英译按原文的字面翻译, 其比喻意义同原文一样生动, 译文使读者能很快联想起英文中的对等成语. 如:竭泽而渔to drain a pond to catch all the fish (相当于kill the goose that lays the golden eggs)2) 打草惊蛇to stir up the grass and alert the snake (相当于wake a sleeping dog)3)易如反掌to be as easy a s turning over one’s hand (相当于as easy as falling off a log)4) 玩火自焚to get burnt by the fire kindled by oneself (相当于fry in one’s own grease)5)掌上明珠a pearl in the palm (相当于the apple of one’s eye)6)对牛弹琴to play the lute to a cow (相当于cast pearls before swine)7)守口如瓶to keep one’s mouth closed like a bottle (相当于keep a still tongue in one’s head)8) 雪中送炭to send charcoal in snowy weather (相当于help a lame dog over a stile)9) 画蛇添足to draw a snake and add feet to it (相当于paint the lily)(2) 不少汉语成语不一定有非常对等的英语成语, 但它们的字面翻译也能使译文读者得到正确无误的形象意义. 如:1) 声东击西to shout in the east and strike in the west2) 刻骨铭心to be engraved on one’s heart and bones3)井底之蛙to be like a frog at the bottom of a well4)调虎离山to lure the tiger from the mountain5)口蜜腹剑to be honey-mouthed and dagger-hearted2. 意译法如：手忙脚乱in a frantic rush 立竿见影get instant results它虽难以保全成语的文化特色和具体形象，却能简洁明快的反应出成语的喻义。
英汉互译复习资料
供复习用〔供第二轮复习用〕翻译技巧课后练习一、答复下列问题1.何谓翻译？〔开放式问题〕2.翻译过程是什么？3.翻译是技能、艺术还是科学？〔开放式问题〕4.翻译标准是什么？5.一名合格翻译工作者应具备什么样素质？〔开放式问题〕6.钱钟书先生关于文学翻译标准是什么？二句子翻译练习，注意语境对翻译选词影响[见第3章：英汉词义比照与翻译中根据语境选词]句子翻译练习：注意语境对翻译选词影响1.After he had a row with his wife at home he had a row with his mistress on the lake.2.Needing some light to see by, the burglar crossed the room with a light step to light the light with the light green shade.3. Lead as an element that gets into your body is absorbed into the bones and thus does harm to your health.4. Child enrolment is also affected by household size, birth order, livestock ownership and the ability of the household to absorb economic shocks.5. You could tell he was absorbed in his conversation, and not paying much attention to the road.6. As luck would have it, no one was in the building when the explosion occurred.7. As luck would have it, there was rain on the day of the picnic.8. He made a wise choice.9. We went away, as wise as we came.10. People praised highly the hero’s gl orious deeds.11. He had lied to me and made me the tool for his wicked deeds.12.Under the direction of the teachers, he has made great progress.13. Under the direction of Hitler and Mussolini, Franco started a civil war.14. For 15 years, Dr. Neil Todd has been searching for cats. Not big cats, like lions or tigers or pumas or leopards; nor fancy cats, like overbred Persians or Abyssinians or Siamese or Angoras.15. 谁说他从不喝酒？你看，他喝起白酒来，一杯又一杯。
英汉翻译期末复习资料
Knit one’s brow 皱眉头
Lay sth to heart 把某事放在心上
Trojan horse 特洛伊木马
Sour grapes 酸葡萄（阿Q精神）
Sphinx’s riddle 斯芬克斯之谜
As wise as Solomon 富有智慧
The fifth column 间谍
A Judas kiss 犹大之吻
Wash one’s hands of 撒手不管
In a pig’s wisper 低声的，顷刻间
Draw blood 伤人感情，惹人生气
Hang on sb’s sleeve 依赖某人
Hand on sb’s lips 对某人言听计从
Make a monkey of 愚弄
To be full of beans 精力旺盛
Bend an ear to 倾听
Get cold feet 怀疑、胆怯
A skeleton at the feast 扫兴的东西
A bolt from the blue 晴天霹雳
Six of one and half a dozen of the other 半斤八两After one’s own heart 正中下怀
Show the cloveb hoof 露出马脚
Hand by a hair 千钧一发
Have an axe to grind 别有用心
Talk through one’s hat 胡言乱语
To be as poor as Job 家徒四壁
No respector of persons 一视同仁
Hole and corner 偷偷摸摸
By the skin of one’s teeth 九死一生。
英汉翻译复习材料
A New Coursebook On English-Chinese TranslationChapter One: Introduction of Translation1.1Definition1.1.1What is translation?1.1.2Translatability (可译性)1.1.3Translatability has limitations1.1.4Classification①intralingual translation & interlingual translation②interpretation & translation③Translation of literary works, of scientific materials ,of practical writing, of journalese(newspapers and magazines)④full text; extracted; adapted translation1.2 Criterion of translation1.2.1 Criterion at home and abroad(1)严复的“信、达、雅”(faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance)(2) 钱钟书的“化境”(sublimation)(3) 傅雷的“神似”(similarity in spirit)(4) Alexander F. Tytler’s three principles of translation1.2.2 Basic criterion : faithfulness & smoothnessFaithfulness①Faithful to the original meaninge.g. 1. Jane does not work hard because she wants to earn money.误译：因为简想赚钱，所以才不下力干。
汉英翻译期末复习资料
题型一、单选（1分*10个=10分）n、adj、v、prep、短语二、句子翻译（3分*10个=30分）教材上、PPT上内容三、段落翻译（20分）选自PPT练习，10个句子四、简单句（20分）7个句型（1分），例句（2分）五、论述题（20分）二、1.楼高106米的深茂商业中心占地4201平方米，南靠深南大道，西临香密湖度假村，东连未来市中心新政大楼建筑群，共有楼面26层和地上车库两层。
Shenmao Commercial Centre stands 106meters high on a 4201 sq. meters site, consisting of 26 storeys and double-level underground car park. It borders Shennan Road to the south, Xiangmi Lake Holiday Resort to the west and the new municipal office building complex, the would-be city center, to the east.2.天目山树深人少，古树掩映，清泉石上流，雾生半山腰，如仙境一般。
Mt. Tianmu is like a fairy land. It is densely forested and scarcely frequented, with spring flowing over the rocks and fog streaming around the mountain sides.3.花前月下，情深深，意浓浓。
Many a moonlit night saw us sauntering along the flower-flanked paths exchanging words of love and affection.4.做好今年的政府工作，要高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜，以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导深入贯彻落实科学发展观。
英语复习资料-英译汉(含中文对照).doc
英译汉I. 0n an average of six time a day, a doctor in Holla nd practices “active” eutha nasia: intention ally administering a lethal drug to a terminally ill patie nt who has asked to be relieved of suffering.2. Last fall 19 distinguished British doctors wrote an open letter calling for the legalization of euthanasia for AIDS patients in the advaneed stages of their illness.3.Some zealous actions by pro-euthanasists have supplied ammunition to those who contend that legalizing active voluntary euthanasia would be the sin edge of the wedge for a variety of abuses.4. Even in the Netherlands, the proposals now before Parliament would restrict euthanasia to a small number of cases and would surround even those with elaborate safe guards・5. To many of us, gambling is, in many cases, a non-toxic drug against boredom and apathy, and may well help preserve good temper, patience and optimism, which will do us a world of good.6. If a man makes gambling an obsession—almost a form of insanity—he will not lose his property gained through years of toil, he will also lose his dignity and conscience・7. We can accomplish this by encouraging an interest in so many other activities that gambling itself will lose its fascination as an opiate to a colorless and dreary existenee8. The search for an answer brings you face to face with problems that are at once both the bane and lifeblood of virtually all research into human emotions.9. Provine is one of the few researchers trying to go beyond anecdote and speculation by looking at laughter as an animal behaviorist might study birdsong or a wolfs howl.10. Politicians and other public speakers understand the power of laughter to break down barriers and forge a connection with their audience. A large part of President John Kennedy's charm came from his ability to make jokes at his own expense, says Morreall. By inviting the audience to join him in laughter, Kennedy bridged much of the social gap between his wealthy, noble status and ordinary voters. Almost every after-dinner speaker ope ns with a joke for a similar reas on.II. But laughter can exclude as well as include, as another American president learnt to his cost.12 That cultural imperialism is said to impose American values as well as products, promote the commercial at the expense of the authentic, and substitute shallow gratification for deeper satisfaction.13. Globalizati on not only in creases in dividual freedom, but also revitalizes cultures and cultural artifacts through foreign influences, technologies, and markets. Thriving cultures are not set in stone. They are forever changing from within and without.14. But although many languages are becoming extinct, English is rarely to blame.15. Where local languages are dying, it is typically national rivals that are stamping them out. French has all but eliminated Provencal, and German Swabian.16. Germans once objected to soccer because it was deemed English; now their soccer team is emblematic of national pride.17. English may be all-conquering outside America, but in some parts of the United States, it is now second to Spanish.18. People may lament the passing of old ways. Indeed, many of worries about globalization echo age-old fears about decline, a lost golden age, and so on.19. Few understand the magnitude of the potential tragedy; fewer still have a good idea of what to do about it.20. The Titanic's passengers were mainly innocent victims, but the dilemma now facing society is largely of our own making. And for us, there is still hope.21. These fundamental assaults on the atmosphere are caused almost entirely by rich nations that use most of the fossil fuels and ozone-depleting chemicals. Yet, the Iong-term costs will be borne by humanity as a whole.22. In many n ations, environ mental degradati on is now recog nized as a key barrier to govemments' ability to meet basic needs and sustain living standards.23. Stabilizing the climate, for example, depe nds on restructuring nation al en ergy policies. Getting the brakes on populati on growth requires fun dame ntal cha nges in social values and services. So far, only a handful of countries have undertaken such initiatives.24. Once the self-reinforcing trends of environmental degradation and deepening poverty are too deeply established, only a superhuman effort could break the cycle and reverse the trend.中文对照1.荷兰的庾生平均每天6次实丿施“主动”安乐死:即冇意提供给要求从痛苦中得以解脱的晚期病人致命药物.2.19位杰出的英国医生写了一封公开信，要求对已进入晚期的艾滋病患者，进行安乐死的合法化。
英汉翻译复习资料
填空题复习资料：1.翻译人才在中国古代被称作象寄之才/象胥/舌人。
2.东晋时期的道安提出 “按本而传”的翻译思想,被人们称为直译的鼻祖。
3.六朝时期鸠摩罗什曾提出“改梵为秦，失其藻蔚，虽得大意，殊隔文体，有似嚼饭与人，非徒失味，乃令呕哕也。
”主张“依实出华。
”被人们称为意译的鼻祖。
4.《春秋谷梁传》中记载了孔子的“名从主人，物从中国”的翻译思想，而该译论比古罗马哲人西塞罗提出的“不要逐字翻译”早四五百年。
5.三国时期的支谦所作《法句经序》被看作是我国第一篇有关翻译的论文。
钱钟书在其《管锥编》中指出：“严复译《天演论》牟例所标：‘译事三难：信、达、雅’，三字皆已见此序。
”6.中国译学理论中不同时期的翻译标准可大致描述为：案本—求信—神似—化境—忠实，通顺—翻译标准多元互补论。
7. 按翻译题材，翻译可分为文学翻译、政论翻译、应用文翻译和科技翻译。
8．20世纪50年代初，傅雷在《〈高老头〉重译本序》中提出了“所求的不在形似而在神似”的重要观点；60年代初，钱钟书在《林纾的翻译》中提出了“化境”的翻译标准。
9. Translations are like women—when they are faithful they are not beautiful, when they are beautiful they are not faithful. 此比喻与我国老子的一个说法不谋而合。
老子说：“信言不美、美言不信”。
10．20世纪90年代，美籍意大利学者韦努蒂（Lawrence Venuti ）提出了抵抗式翻译/反翻译resistance translation翻译理论，该理论对于提高译者的地位很有帮助，但还不足以构成新的范式。
11.斯内尔-霍恩比（Mary Snell-Hornby）在其2006年的新著 《翻译研究的多重转向》中介绍：20世纪80年代，西方翻译研究出现文化转向；90年代出现实证论转向和全球化转向；而进入新世纪，翻译研究又回到了语言学时代，出现了“U字形转向”（U-turn）。
汉英翻译课外复习资料
英译常用的中国成语爱屋及乌Love me, love my dog.百闻不如一见Seeing is believing.比上不足比下有余worse off than some, better off than many; to fall short of the best, but be better than the worst.笨鸟先飞A slow sparrow should make an early start.不眠之夜white night不以物喜不以己悲not pleased by external gains, not saddened by personal losses不遗余力spare no effort; go all out; do one's best不打不成交No discord, no concord.拆东墙补西墙rob Peter to pay Paul辞旧迎新bid farewell to the old and usher in the new; ring out the old year and ring in the new 大事化小小事化了try first to make their mistake sound less serious and then to reduce it to nothing at all 大开眼界open one's eyes; broaden one's horizon; be an eye-opener国泰民安The country flourishes and people live in peace过犹不及going too far is as bad as not going far enough; beyond is as wrong as falling short; too much is as bad as too little功夫不负有心人Everything comes to him who waits.好了伤疤忘了疼once on shore, one prays no more好事不出门恶事传千里Good news never goes beyond the gate, while bad news spread far and wide.和气生财Harmony brings wealth.活到老学到老One is never too old to learn.既往不咎let bygones be bygones金无足赤人无完人Gold can't be pure and man can't be perfect.金玉满堂Treasures fill the home.脚踏实地be down-to-earth脚踩两只船sit on the fence君子之交淡如水the friendship between gentlemen is as pure as crystal; a hedge between keeps friendship green老生常谈陈词滥调cut and dried, cliché礼尚往来Courtesy calls for reciprocity.留得青山在不怕没柴烧Where there is life, there is hope.马到成功achieve immediate victory; win instant success名利双收gain in both fame and wealth茅塞顿开be suddenly enlightened没有规矩不成方圆Nothing can be accomplished without norms or standards.每逢佳节倍思亲On festive occasions more than ever one thinks of one's dear ones far away. It is on the festival occasions when one misses his dear most.谋事在人成事在天The planning lies with man, the outcome with Heaven. Man proposes, God disposes. 弄巧成拙be too smart by half; Cunning outwits itself拿手好戏masterpiece赔了夫人又折兵throw good money after bad抛砖引玉a modest spur to induce others to come forward with valuable contributions; throw a sprat to catch a whale破釜沉舟cut off all means of retreat；burn one‘s own way of retreat and be determined to fight to the end抢得先机take the preemptive opportunities巧妇难为无米之炊If you have no hand you can't make a fist. One can't make bricks without straw.千里之行始于足下a thousand-li journey begins with the first step--the highest eminence is to be gained step by step前事不忘，后事之师Past experience, if not forgotten, is a guide for the future.前人栽树，后人乘凉One generation plants the trees in whose shade another generation rests. One sows and another reaps.前怕狼，后怕虎fear the wolf in front and the tiger behind hesitate in doing something强龙难压地头蛇Even a dragon (from the outside) finds it hard to control a snake in its old haunt - Powerful outsiders can hardly afford to neglect local bullies.强强联手win-win co-operation瑞雪兆丰年A timely snow promises a good harvest.人之初性本善Man's nature at birth is good.人逢喜事精神爽Joy puts heart into a man.人海战术huge-crowd strategy世上无难事，只要肯攀登Where there is a will, there is a way.世外桃源a fictitious land of peace away from the turmoil of the world;死而后已until my heart stops beating岁岁平安Peace all year round.上有天堂下有苏杭Just as there is paradise in heaven, there are Suzhou and Hangzhou on earth.塞翁失马，焉知非福Misfortune may be an actual blessing.三十而立A man should be independent at the age of thirty. At thirty, a man should be able to think for himself.升级换代updating and upgrading (of products)四十不惑Life begins at forty.谁言寸草心，报得三春晖Such kindness of warm sun, can't be repaid by grass.水涨船高When the river rises, the boat floats high.时政表达汉译英发展是为了人民、依靠人民，发展成果全体人民共享Development is for the people, by the people, and its fruits should be shared by the people加强薄弱环节shore up weak links控制信贷投放rein in credit supply粮食供求关系趋紧There is a trend towards tighter grain supply./ Grain supply is tightening.建立了功能比较齐全的疾病防止体系A disease prevention and control system with a fairly comprehensive range of functions was set up.不搞一刀切refrain form taking uniform/one-size-fits-all approach to different situations调动了农民积极性These measures have encouraged farmers to grow more.增加了经济发展的后劲strengthen the basis for further/sustaining economic and social development环境友好型社会理念深入人心Public awareness of the need to develop an environment-friendly society heightened. 实施总体战略We followed a master strategy for…东部地区经济实力显著提高The eastern region has made marked gains in economic strength.贫困人口逐年减少 The size of the poor population has been reduced year after year. 破除迷信 do away with superstition冲破不合时宜的观念束缚break the shackles of outdated ideas改革开放是决定中国命运的重大而关键的选择Reform and opening-up is a major and crucial choice that is shaping the destiny/future of China.决不动摇never deviate from this policy执政为民run the government fro the people政府工作的出发点和落脚点basic consideration and aim of the work of the government保障和改善民生ensure the well-being of the people and improve their lives帮助解决他们的生活困难help them make ends meet in their daily lives特大自然灾害large-scale natural disaster/devastating disaster防灾减灾能力the ability to guard against disasters and mitigate their damages大部门larger departments进一步发展和解放生产力further promote the unfettered development of the productive forces我们要用制度管权、管事、管人We need to have proper rules and disciplines to govern administrative agencies, in exercising their power, conducting their businesses and managing their officials放开外贸经营权lift controls over access to foreign trade认真履行了加入WTO的各项承诺honored all the commitments we had made to join the WTO涉外经济体制regulatory mechanism governing external economic relations社会保障体系social safety net / social security system提高个人所得税起征点The threshold for personal income tax was raised.社会管理public administration解决土地征收征用损害群众利益问题resolve infringements on public interest inland expropriation and requisition宗教事务管理走向法制化Administration of religious affairs was put on a more solid legal footing.中国与其它发展中国家的合作开创了新局面China’s cooperation with other developing countries entered a new stage.坚持不懈的开展反腐败斗争unceasingly combat corruption经济增长的环境资源代价过大The price paid for economic growth in terms of resources consumption and environmental pressure is too high.由于推动价格上涨因素还存在，今年价格上涨的压力仍然较大Because factors for driving up prices are still there, upward pressure on prices will remain great this years.把CPI的增长幅度控制在比去年略低的水平We must hold the rise in this year’s CPI to a level slightly lower than of last year.固定资产投资反弹压力较大。
英汉翻译复习资料
英汉翻译复习资料第一节西方翻译理论的发展概略, 翻译的定义，翻译的任务一、1、西方翻译理论经历了哪四个阶段？第一阶段: 语文学阶段第二阶段: 结构主义阶段第三阶段: 解构主义阶段第四阶段: 文化翻译阶段2、什么是翻译？翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来，以达到沟通思想情感，传播文化知识，促进社会文明，特别是推动译入语文化兴旺发达的目的。
3、翻译作为一种双语转换活动,其本质究竟是什么? 第一，翻译是一门科学。
第二，翻译是一种技巧。
第三，翻译是一门艺术。
第四，翻译是一种风格。
第二节翻译的标准1、翻译的基本标准翻译的根本问题有两个：忠实与通顺。
2、翻译的最高标准忠实而通顺是翻译的基本标准；在此基础上，还能充分传达出原作的神韵，则可视为翻译的最高标准。
3、翻译的过程一般来讲，可将翻译过程概括为：理解、表达和校核三个步骤。
第三节可译性的限度无对等词，文化冲突以及可译性的限度这三个因素是英汉语言文化差异在翻译过程中的主要体现。
了解这三种英汉殊异现象、他们产生的原因和在英汉翻译中的具体体现对于译者来说是十分必要的。
只有充分认识语言的差异性，深入研究和探讨其特点和规律，再进行比较，才能选取尽可能贴切、准确的词语和句式来表达原文的含义和语言特色，实现最佳的翻译效果。
第四节直译与意译；异化法与归化法直译和意译是两种基本的翻译方法。
直译有助于保留原文的格调并引进新鲜、生动的词语、句法结构和表达方法，从而使译语不断丰富、日益完善，同时能保留原文的异国情调或称“洋味儿”。
而意译则便于调和原文与译文形式上的矛盾，使译文通顺流畅，符合译语的语法规范和表达习惯。
需要强调的是，直译不是死译或硬译，不是生搬硬套，逐字照译。
直译强调“留其形” 而“达其意” ,意译不是任意增删，不是胡译或乱译。
意译则强调“传其神”, 不需要“留其形”。
异化法与归化法异化和归化可以看作是直译和意译的概念延伸，但又不完全等同于直译和意译。
直译和意译所关注的核心问题是如何在语言层面处理形式和意义，往往是单个词，短语或句子采取何种翻译方法，形式、意义和语言风格是否忠实的问题。
复习资料汉译英
一、中翻英1.中国加入了1,000多个国际组织，其贸易排名已从第22位上升至第11位，并被认为2020年将成为仅次于美国的第二大贸易国。
中国的市场改革推动了长达20多年的前所未有的经济增长，贫困人口从二亿五千万降至五千八百万。
城市人均收入仅在过去的十年中就已上升了550%。
由于中国经济开放，中国人民享有更多的流动自由、更大的择业范围、更好的学校和居住条件。
今天，大多数中国人享有比中国近代历史上任何一个时期都要高的生活水平。
China is a member of more than 1,000 international organization.It has moved from the 22nd largest trading nation to the 11th.It is projected to become 2nd largest trader,after the US,by 2020.Market reforms have spread more than two decades of unprecedented growth. The number of people live in poverty has dropped from 250 million to 58 million. Per capital income in cities has jumped 550% in just past decade as China has opened its economy, its people has enjoyed greater freedom of movement and choice of employment, better schools and housing. Today, most Chinese enjoy a higher standard of living than that any time of Chinese modern history.2.环境污染是当今人们所面临的一个严重的问题。
英语复习资料-汉译英(含英文对照)
汉译英1.不少病入膏肓者为了求得解脱往往要求医生使用致命药物;也有一些病人家属觉得彻底治愈病人已经无望,因此要求医生不要对病人再进行保命式的治疗.最近,"安乐死”这一问题在欧洲国家已酿成一场激烈的大争论.2.人们对“安乐死”可能被人滥用,或不必要使用的担心不无道理,但只要政府和有关方面措施得力,医院严格控制,这个问题最终或许可以得到解决.3.我们这么冒险尝试，无非是为了与自己或与命运堵一把，并从中实现自我之价值。
其后果不是被闹个灰头土脸，就是历经磨难，终成事业，或是一直得到上帝的眷顾，一帆风顺，而后无比自豪。
4.一旦一个人沉溺于赌，他不仅会挥霍掉多年辛勤工作换来的财产，而且也会失去自尊和良知。
所以奉劝这类人赶紧打住停手，脱离无穷的烦恼。
5.笑扮演的作用与角色比人们想象的复杂，发笑的原因众说纷纭。
6.我们为什么笑？令人信服的解释有待更多的证明。
但全世界人们都相信笑有很多好处。
笑能使人们保持身心健康，笑可以作为人与人之间交流的润滑剂，因为研究表明人们在社交场合中笑的可能性比独处时大，笑能消除人们之间的障碍，建立相互之间的联系。
7. 语言是价值观念体系和文化表达形式的载体，是团体和个人身份的决定性因素。
然而，据估计，世界上6000种语言中，超过50%的语言都处在消亡的边缘。
事实上，平均每两个星期就有一种语言消亡。
造成语言消亡的原因是多方面的，但英语在全球盛行难辞其咎，它的一统天下是令人担忧的。
8.有大量证据表明，美国在许多方面无疑都扮演着全球领头羊的角色。
它在输出其高科技产品和商业产品的同时，也在潜移默化地向世界兜售美国的价值观念。
9.从全球范围来看，环保运动已经开展了数十年，公众的环保意识也已相应地提高了。
但尽管如此，地球母亲的健康仍在以史无前例的速度恶化。
许多人不禁要问人类何时才能扭转局势。
10.在过去的几十年里，由于不遵循基本的生态原则，一些欠发达国家虽取得了快速的经济增长，却牺牲了环境。
英汉互译课后复习资料 L1
1 Definition of Translation (P1)In a broad sense:interlingual translation 语际翻译the process of transferring information from one language into anotherlanguage.（不同种语言之间的转换）intralingual translation 语内翻译the process of transferring information between different varieties withina language（同种语言的不同变体之间的转换）varieties指语言的不同变体：比如历史变体（historical variety）、社会变体（social variety）、地域变体（regional variety）等intersemiotic translation 符际翻译the process of transferring information between linguistic symbols andnon-linguistic symbols（语言和非语言符号之间的转换）In a narrow sense：translation just refers to interlingual translation2 History of Translation2.1 History of Translation Research in China (P1-3)in the Xia Dynasty，material and spiritual exchanges based on translation began to emerge and developthe Zhou & Qin Dynasty，borrowed words started to show up, which demonstrated the further development of activities involving translation.the Eastern Han Dynasty，translation began to serve as an independent course or profession2.1.1 The First Climax(the Eastern Han Dynasty –the Northern Song or Earlier Song Dynasty ): Translation of the Buddhist Scriptures2.2.2 The Second Climax(the late Ming Dynasty –the Opium War): Translation of Bible, Science & Technology, Philosophy, Literature, etc.2.2.3 The Third Climax (the May 4th Movement –the foundation of the People’s Republic of China): Translation of Western Politics, Economy, trends of thought, Culture, etc.the translation of democracy, science, human rights, patriotism, Marxism, etc2.2.4 The Fourth Climax (the foundation of the People’s Republic of China – the present): Translation of Overall Development and Rapid Progress2.2 History of Translation Research in the West (P3-6)2.2.1 Translation in the Ancient TimesThe First Climax (In the middle of the 3rd Century BC)The Second Climax (the 4th Century, AD - the 6th Century, AD)2.2.2 Translation in the Medieval TimesThe Third Climax (the 11th Century, AD - the 12th Century, AD)2.2.3 Translation in the RenaissanceThe Fourth Climax (the 14th Century, AD - the 16th Century, AD)The Fifth Climax (the late 17th Century, AD - the early 20th Century, AD)2.2.3 Translation in the Modern TimesThe Sixth Climax (the Second World War – the present):3 Criteria of Translation3.1 Criteria of Translation in China (6-7)3.1.1 Controversy between “Form” and “Content”3.1.2 Focus on Accuracy as well as Easiness3.1.3 Faithfulness, fluency and Elegance3.1.4 Pursuit of Easiness and Consistency in Style3.2 Criteria of Translation in the West (7-9)3.2.1 Brief Introduction of the Western Theories●P7: Marcus Tullius Cicero (马库斯·图留斯·西塞罗) (106 BC –43BC), a famouspolitician, speechmaker (演说家), rhetorician (雄辩家), legist (雄辩家) and philosopher (哲学家) during the period of ancient Rome, proposed the theory of “Literal Translation (直译) VS Free Translation (意译)”.●P8: Irish scholar Alexander F. Tytler (泰特勒) proposed three elements in Essay onthe Principles of Translation:⏹The translation should be a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. (译文应与原文的思想完全相符)⏹The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of theoriginal. (译文应与原文的风格及体裁相同)⏹The translation should have all the ease of original composition. (译文应与原作完全一样通顺自然)●P8: Eugene Nida (尤金·奈达), a major founder of the modern translation theories aswell as an excellent representative of translation practice, proposed “functional equivalence” (功能对等) based on “dynamic equivalence” (灵活对等) .One way of defining a D-E translation is to describe it as “the closest natural equivalent to the source-language message. This type of definition contains three essential terms 1) equivalent, which points toward the source-language, 2) natural, which points toward the receptor language, and 3) closest, which binds the two orientations together on the basis of the highest degree of approximation.”He animadverted on the traditional translation criteria focusing on the objective passage, and boldly raised a criterion that emphasizes on rea ders’ mental reaction ---- if the translated version can lead to the same mental reaction among its readers as that of the original readers’, then such translation is a success.3.2.2 Main Themes of the Western Translation (P9)●Theme One: Translation based on Literature and Art●Theme Two: Translation based on Linguistic Theories (Structural Linguistics 结构语言学)3.3 Translation Criteria for English Teaching (P9-10)●Accuracy●Fluency●Style Consistency4 Approaches of Translation (P10)●Literal Translation VS Free Translation●Form VS Content●Functional Equivalence VS Formal Correspondence●Source Language Oriented VS Target Language Oriented●Author Centered VS Reader Centered●The Purpose of the Writer VS The Purpose of the Translator⏹Exercise 1 (P30)1.There are many different understandings about translation. In a broad sense, translationincludes , and .2.refers to the process of transferring information from onelanguage into another language.3.refers to the process of transferring information betweendifferent varieties within a language.4.refers to the process of transferring information betweenlinguistic symbols and non-linguistic symbols.5.In a narrow sense, translation just refers to .6.In terms of translation, the western society has undergone the following fourstages: , , and .1. interlingual translation, intralingual translation, intersemiotic translation2. interlingual translation3. intralingual translation4. intersemiotic translation5. interlingual translation6. the Ancient Times, the Medieval Times, the Renaissance, the Modern Times⏹Exercise 2 (P30-31)⏹According to some historical literature, material and spiritual exchanges based ontranslation began to emerge and develop in .During , borrowed words started to show up, which demonstrated the further development of activities involving translation. It is universally acknowledged that translation didn’t serve as an independent course or profession until .⏹A) the Xia Dynasty B) the Shang Dynasty⏹C) the Zhou & Qin Dynasty D) the Eastern Han DynastyACD⏹Generally speaking, there are four climaxes in the Chinese history of translation. The firstclimax refers to from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty. The second climax refers to from the late Ming Dynasty to the First and Second Opium Wars. The third climax refers tofrom the May 4th Movement to the foundation of People’s Republic of China. The fourth climax refers to from the establishment of China till now.⏹A) the translation of democracy, science, human rights, patriotism, Marxism, etc.⏹B) the translation of the Buddhist Scriptures⏹C) the overall development and thriving advance of translation⏹D) the translation of Bible, science and technology, philosophy, literature, etc.B, D, A, C⏹Translation criterion is the focus of all translation theories. The translation criterionof , proposed by Yan Fu (严复), the greatest translator in the modern history of China, has captured a unique and significant position in both theory studies and practices. This translation criterion can be translated into “fidelity”, “expressiveness” and “elegance” in English.⏹A) 忠、通、雅B) 信、达、美⏹C) 信、达、雅D) 忠、顺、美C。
翻译考试复习资料
翻译考试复习资料翻译考试复习资料————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：翻译练习：第一部分汉译英(短文)Exercise:1. 匆匆我不知道他们给了我多少日子，但我的手确乎是渐渐空虚了。
在默默里算着，八千多日子已经从我手中溜去；像针尖上一滴水滴在大海里，我的日子滴在时间的流里，没有声音，也没有影子，我不禁头涔涔而泪潸潸。
去的尽管去了，来的尽管来着；去来的中间，又怎么地匆匆呢？早上我起来的时候，小屋里射进两三方斜斜的太阳。
太阳他有脚啊，轻轻悄悄地挪移了；我也茫茫然跟着旋转，于是-----洗手的时候，日子从水盆里过去；吃饭的时候，日子从饭碗里过去；默默时，便从凝然的双眼前过去，我觉察他去的匆匆了，伸出手遮挽时，他又从遮挽着的手边过去，天黑时，我躺在床上，他便伶伶俐俐地从我身上跨过，从我脚边飞去了。
等我睁开眼和太阳再见，这算又溜走了一日，我掩面叹息。
但是新来的日子的影儿又开始在叹息里闪过了。
在逃去如飞的日子里，在千门万户的世界里的我能做些什么呢？只有徘徊罢了，只有匆匆罢了；在八千多日的匆匆里，除徘徊外，又剩些什么呢？过去的日子如轻烟，被微风吹散了，如薄雾，被初阳蒸融了；我留着些什么痕迹呢？我何曾留着像游丝样的痕迹呢？我赤裸裸来到这世界，转眼间也将赤裸裸地回去吧？但不能平的，为什么偏要白白走这一遭啊Swallows may have gone, but there is a time of return; willow trees may have died back, but there is a time of renewal; peach blossoms may have fallen, but they will bloomagain. Now , you the wise, tell me—why should our days leave us, never to return?—if they had been stolen by someone, who could it be? Where could it he hide them? If they had made the escape themselves, then where could they be hiding now?I don’t know how many days I have been given to spend, but I do feel my hands are getting empty. Taking stock silently, I find that more than eight thousand days have already slipped away form me. Like a drop of water from the point of a needle disappearing into the ocean, my days are dripping into the stream of time—soundless, traceless. Already sweat is beading on my forehead, and tears are welling up in my eyes.Those that have gone have gone for good, those to come keep coming; yet in between, how swift is the shift, in such a rush? When I get up in the morning, the slanting sun marks its presence in my small room in two or three oblongs. The sun has feet-look, he is treading, lightly and furtively; and I am caught, blankly, in his revolution. Thus- the day flows away through the sink when I wash my hands, rubs off in the bowl when I eat my meal, and passes away before my day-dreaming gaze as I reflect in silence.I can feel his haste now, so I reach out my hands to hold him back, but he keeps flowing past my body, glides past my feet, in his agile way. The moment I open my eyes and meet the sun again, one whole day has gone. I bury my face in my hands and heave a sigh. But the new day begins to flash past in the sigh.What can I do, in this bustling world, with my days flying in their escape? Nothing but to hesitate, to rush. What have I been doing in that eight-thousand-day rush, apart from hesitating? Those bygone days have been dispersed as smoke by a light wind, or evaporated as mist by the morning sun. What traces have I left behind me? Have I ever left behind any gossamer traces at all? Ihave come to the world, stark naked; am I to go back, in a blink, in the same stark nakedness? It is not fair though: why should I have made such a trip for nothing.2. 浪漫一个小伙子暗恋着一个女孩。
汉英翻译复习材料
汉英翻译考试复习材料汉语词语和英语词语之间不存在机械的对应，翻译中不能随意把某个汉语词和某个英语词划上等号。
发展水平level of development英语水平English proficiency生活水平living standard游泳水平swimming skills领导水平art of leadership使你的工作保持在高水平上Keep your work on a high plane.把我们的素质提高到一个新的水平to raise our quality to a new height住房紧张housing shortage历史经验past experience这家工厂只有几年的历史。
This factory was set up only a few years.他主要抓生产。
He is mainly in charge of production.他抓紧时间进行技术训练。
He lost no time in technical training.这部电影抓住了许多观众。
The movie appealed to a lot of audience.抓重点stress the essentials关心人民生活to care about the living of the people关心局势发展to follow the developments closely共同关心的问题issues of mutual interest我们关心中国是否能保持持续发展。
We would like to know whether China will be able to achieve a sustainable development.领导人对两国关系的发展非常关心。
Our leaders have taken interest in the development of our bilateral relations.在这种情况下under these/such circumstances; such being the case; in accordance with this specific condition这种情况必须改变。
英语复习资料+中文翻译
英语复习资料+中文翻译Unit1Passage A4. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary1.The group elected one of its members to be their spokesperson.小组选出他们的一名成员以作他们的代言人2.Wage increases are being kept to a(n) minimum in many companies because of the economic depression.由于经济不景气,在许多公司里工资增长被保持最低。
3.The engineering profession now has many distinct branches.工程专业现在有许多突出的分支机构4. Now that you're 13 you should have more sense of responsibility.现在你十三岁了你应该有更多的责任感5.Students usually pursue one or more of the subjects which they have studied at "A" level, such as Art, Drama, English, Music, etc.学生们通常追求的一个或多个学科,在他们已研究过的水平,如艺术、戏剧、英语、音乐等6.We need to make sure that we exploit our resources as fully as possible.我们应该确使我们尽可能充分地利用资源7. Congress is considering measures to restrict the sale of cigarettes.国会正在考虑采取措施限制出售香烟8. College courses should be designed to equip studentswith knowledge and skills to help them survive in modern society.大学课程的设计应使学生具备知识和技能,以帮助它们在现代社会生存9. The local government granted $1.1 million so that the old theatre could be taken down and rebuilt.当地政府提供赠款110万美元使旧剧院可以重建。
英汉翻译复习
英汉翻译复习I will build a motor car for the great multitude.我要造一种平民汽车。
It will be large enough for the family but small enough for the individual to run and care for.这种汽车，举家出游不嫌小，个人驾驶不嫌大，维护保养又方便。
It will be constructed of the best materials, by the best men to be hired, after the simplest designs that modern engineering can devise.它将使用最优良的材料，按照现代工程学最简洁的设计，由最优秀的工人建成。
But it will be so low in price that no man making a good salary will be unable to own one -- and enjoy with his family the blessing of hours of pleasure in God's great open spaces.但是这种汽车价格低廉，工薪阶层人人都能买上一辆，都能和家人一起，在上帝那辽阔的大地上纵情驰骋，尽享欢乐。
Illness comes on horseback and goes on foot.病来如骑快马，病去步履蹒跚。
病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。
He is said to be a rough diamond.人们说他是一块浑金璞玉。
Marriage, with peace, is this world’s paradise; with strife, this life’s purgatory.和睦的婚姻，是这个世界的乐园；对抗的婚姻，是这个人生的炼狱。
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填空题复习资料：1.翻译人才在中国古代被称作象寄之才/象胥/舌人。
2.东晋时期的道安提出 “按本而传”的翻译思想,被人们称为直译的鼻祖。
3.六朝时期鸠摩罗什曾提出“改梵为秦，失其藻蔚，虽得大意，殊隔文体，有似嚼饭与人，非徒失味，乃令呕哕也。
”主张“依实出华。
”被人们称为意译的鼻祖。
4.《春秋谷梁传》中记载了孔子的“名从主人，物从中国”的翻译思想，而该译论比古罗马哲人西塞罗提出的“不要逐字翻译”早四五百年。
5.三国时期的支谦所作《法句经序》被看作是我国第一篇有关翻译的论文。
钱钟书在其《管锥编》中指出：“严复译《天演论》牟例所标：‘译事三难：信、达、雅’，三字皆已见此序。
”6.中国译学理论中不同时期的翻译标准可大致描述为：案本—求信—神似—化境—忠实，通顺—翻译标准多元互补论。
7. 按翻译题材，翻译可分为文学翻译、政论翻译、应用文翻译和科技翻译。
8．20世纪50年代初，傅雷在《〈高老头〉重译本序》中提出了“所求的不在形似而在神似”的重要观点；60年代初，钱钟书在《林纾的翻译》中提出了“化境”的翻译标准。
9. Translations are like women—when they are faithful they are not beautiful, when they are beautiful they are not faithful. 此比喻与我国老子的一个说法不谋而合。
老子说：“信言不美、美言不信”。
10．20世纪90年代，美籍意大利学者韦努蒂（Lawrence Venuti ）提出了抵抗式翻译/反翻译resistance translation翻译理论，该理论对于提高译者的地位很有帮助，但还不足以构成新的范式。
11.斯内尔-霍恩比（Mary Snell-Hornby）在其2006年的新著 《翻译研究的多重转向》中介绍：20世纪80年代，西方翻译研究出现文化转向；90年代出现实证论转向和全球化转向；而进入新世纪，翻译研究又回到了语言学时代，出现了“U字形转向”（U-turn）。
12. 1964年, 奈达博士在《翻译科学初探》(Toward a Science of Translating)一书中将译文读者引入翻译标准，提出了功能翻译（Functional Equivalence）(请用中英文填写)的翻译原则。
13．辜正坤在全国首届翻译理论研讨会上提出了“翻译标准多元互补论”，在该理论体系中,提出了翻译的最高标准是最佳近似度，这是一个形同虚设的抽象标准，真正有意义的是一大群具体标准。
14．英汉两种语言在主述位结构上有差别。
英语属主语显著（subject-prominent）语言，汉语属主题显著（topic-prominent）语言。
（请用中英文填写）15.英语句子以动词为核心，形成一个复杂严谨的空间型构造，而关系词/连接词是粘合这种空间型构造的水泥。
汉语多流水句，一小句接一小句，很多地方可断可连；相对而言，汉语显得有些结构松弛。
16．翻译的过程可分为: 理解、表达和校核。
17. 英译汉常用的方法和技巧中词语翻译的方法技巧有：词义的选择、引申和褒贬、词类转译法、增词法、重复法、省略法和正反互译法等。
18.翻译按源出语和目的语，可分为语内翻译（intralingual translation）、语际翻译（interlingual translation）和符际翻译（intersemiotic translation）。
（请用中英文填写）19. 我国翻译的历史起源于对佛经的翻译。
20. 我国历史上的佛经翻译三大家指的是鸠摩罗什、真谛和玄奘。
21. 佛经翻译家鸠摩罗什一改以前佛经翻译古直的风格，提倡意译佛经，因此他的译著有“天然西域之语趣”。
22. 翻译家玄奘把老子著作的一部分译成梵文，成为第一个把汉文著作介绍到国外的中国人。
23. 根据Roman Jakobson对翻译的分类，古文译成现代文属于语内翻译intralingual translation。
24.《巴黎茶花女遗事》、《黑奴吁天录》、《块肉余生述》等等是林纾的译著。
25. Nida（奈达）的动态对等dynamic equivalence翻译理论，关注读者反应，认为译文读者或译入语听众对于译文或译语的反应，要和原文读者或原文讲话听众对于原文或原讲话的反应大体一致。
26. 鲁迅的翻译观点：“凡是翻译，必须兼顾两面，一当然力求其易解，一则保持原作的丰姿。
”27. 严复认为：“译事三难信、达、雅。
求其信已大难矣。
顾信矣不达。
虽译犹不译也。
则达尚焉。
…易曰修辞立诚。
子曰辞达而已。
又曰言之无文，行之不远。
三者乃文章正轨，亦即为译事楷模。
故信达而外，求其尔雅。
” 他提出的翻译标准“信、达、雅”流传至今，仍有强大生命力。
28. “文学翻译的最高标准是‘化’。
把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既不能因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原有的风味，那就算入于‘化境’。
这是钱钟书提出的翻译化境说。
29. 傅雷认为“以效果而论， 翻译应当像临画一样，所求得不在形似而在神似（similarity in spirit）。
” 他的翻译观称为翻译神似论。
30. The translation should give a complete transcript of the idea of the original work. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. The translation should have all the ease of the original composition.英国学者Tytler泰特勒提出的“翻译三原则”被认为和严复的“信达雅”翻译标准有异曲同工之妙。
31. 英语句法结构重形合(hypotaxis)，句中各成分的相互结合常用适当的连接词语，以表示其结构关系。
汉语句法结构重意合(parataxis)，句中各成分的相互结合多依靠语义的贯通，语境的映衬，少用连接词语。
32. 英语的静态修辞实质是名词和介词词类优势。
汉语整体上呈现动态，是由其动词词类优势造成的。
33. 西方客体型的思维方式导致英语语言中大量使用无生命的名词做主语。
例如：An idea suddenly struck me. 和What has happened to you?34. 汉语中存在着大量的无主句和主语省略句，主语“用得着就用，用不着就不用，只要能使人听懂说话人的意思，就算了”。
这说明汉语是主题显著topic-prominent的语言。
35. 受西方哲学“主客二分”思想的影响，英语语言严格区分主客观，大量使用被动语态。
受中国传统哲学影响，汉语语言多以人做主语，大量使用主动语态。
36.英汉语在表达语义重心方面有所不同。
一般说来，英语句子以前重心居多，而汉语句子多后重心。
改译题复习资料：1. The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.看到我们的喷气式飞机，听到隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。
2. Its wings, as the photographs had indicated, were its most startling feature except that the photographs hadn’t prepared us for the actuality.就象照片上所展示的那样，机翼是它最令人吃惊的部分, 只是照片上无法看出实物的大小罢了。
3. Jane does not work hard because she wants to earn money.简并不是因为想赚钱才下力气干的。
4. Rubber is a better dielectric but a poorer insulator than air.橡胶的介电性比空气好，绝缘性比空气差。
5. It will strengthen you to know that your distinguished career is so widely respected and appreciated.当您认识到您的杰出事业是如此广泛地受到人们的尊敬和赞赏时，您就会为自己增添力量的。
6. Marianne’s preserver, as Margaret, with more elegance than precision, styled Willoughby, called at the cottage early the next morning to make his personal enquiries.玛丽安的救命恩人（这是玛格丽特对威洛比言过其实的美称），第二天一早就到乡舍来问安。
7. The heavily laden infantry, though enjoying a superiority of six to one, simply could not keep to schedule and lost 60.000 men in one day.这只步兵尽管在数量上享有六比一的优势，但由于负担太重，完全不能按时行动，因而在一天内就损失了六万人。
8. I had not known him for 20 years without learning that he always kept in upper-left pocket of his waistcoat the little book in which he put down his engagement.我认识他已有二十年，我知道在他马甲的左上方口袋里，总是放着一本小册子，里面写着他的约会安排。
9. The first point about chores is that they are repetitive. They come every day or thereabouts, and once done they require after a certain time to be done again.家务事的第一个特点是反反复复。
几乎天天都有，而且做完之后，过一段时间又要重做一番。
10. Certainly people in enterprises must be mathematically informed if they are to make wise decision.当然，企业管理人员如想做出明智的抉择，必须懂得数学。